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�µ-$¤¥R�"R¥�¯id. at 1022�.�����Dr. Pepper Co. v. Sambo’s Rests., Inc., 517 F. Supp. 1202, 1208 (N.D. Tex. 1981); see also Autoskill Inc. v. Nat’l Educ. Support Sys., Inc., 994 F.2d 1476, 1498 (10th Cir. 1993)��úû²�����û3��9©$Ò�RKúû3ef¢²ä$½¥Rüý�

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�áâ�²£�-�vQÑp�îïð3ï�¦�ÐQÑ»3��quoting Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat’l Educ. Support Sys. Inc., 793 F. Supp. 1557, 1572 (D.N.M. 1992)��internal quota-tion marks omitted)�; Bestland v. Smith, No. 06CV00466WYDPAC, 2006 WL 3218893, at *5 (D. Colo. Nov. 6, 2006)�� ���â���!K!"È#$²%$½¥Rüý�

¦��ѵ-$Ò���¦���&µ-¦s�µ-¡"'¡º�è�quoting Autoskill Inc., 994 F.2d at 1498)); cf. Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of N. Am., Inc., 833 F.2d 1342, 1346 (9th Cir. 1987���(«ÀÁefg$Ò�kl!ä)Ïý*3üý�¦kl��Ô

¨+,¬­R¥�è--.QR¥��.�����Brewer v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 749 F.2d 527, 529 (9th Cir. 1984).�����Ty, Inc. v. W. Highland Publ’g, Inc., No. 98 C 4091, 1998 WL 698922, at *16 (N.D. Ill. �

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Oct. 5, 1998); see also Castle Rock Entm’t v. Carol Publ’g Group, Inc., 955 F. Supp. 260, 272 (S.D.N.Y. 1997)�� Uþ��03wþx06yj¦Hz{��O$��|}

��µ-!Q�¥è-¥¿úû3ä<2~-QR3��è$�º¦�¥R¥��.�����See Bohannan, supra note 279, at 1026-27; see also Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 900 F. Supp. 1287, 1300 (C.D. Cal. 1995)�� James Bond -�j�3�

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�­ËKJames Bond 3��¦���áâ�²�¥�s�.���M�644 F. Supp. 1089 (S.D.N.Y. 1986).���c�Id. at 1092.�����See, e.g., Ty, Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l Ltd., 292 F.3d 512 (7th Cir. 2002); Ty, Inc. v. Le Clair, 103 F. Supp. 2d 1047 (N.D. Ill. 2000); W. Highland Publ’g, 1998 WL 698922; Ty, Inc. v. GMA Accessories, Inc., 959 F. Supp. 936 (N.D. Ill. 1997), aff’d, 132 F.3d 1167 (7th Cir. 1997).���®�W. Highland Publ’g, 1998 WL 698922, at *16 (citing GMA Accessories, 132 F.3d at 1171).�����GMA Accessories, 959 F. Supp. at 943 (quoting Gary Samuels, Mystique Marketing, FORBES, Oct. 21, 1996, at 276, 276) (internal quotation mark omitted).�

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�������������������������������������Id.�����Id. (quoting Ty, Inc. Memorandum in Support of Preliminary Injunction at 8, GMA Accessories, 959 F. Supp. 936 (No. 96 C 8465); see also GMA Accessories, 132 F.3d at 1173�� Ty !KBeanie Babies 38ø¦ÓCQÑ¥-��R½¼Kµ­Ê¡Â­$¹

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²Á{��µ-��»Ø���s�.�����See GMA Accessories, 132 F.3d at 1173; W. Highland Publ’g, 1998 WL 698922, at *21; GMA Accessories, 959 F. Supp. at 945.�����See, e.g., W. Highland Publ’g, 1998 WL 698922, at *16.�����Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 590 (1994) (quoting 4 MELVILLE B. NIMMER & DAVID NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 13.05(A)(4) (1993)).���M�Richard Anderson Photography v. Brown, No. 85-0373-R, 1990 WL 538929, at *2 (W.D. Va. Apr. 16, 1990); see also, e.g., Gregerson v. Vilana Fin., Inc., 446 F. Supp. 2d �

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1053, 1058 (D. Minn. 2006); W. Highland Publ’g, 1998 WL 698922, at *16.���c�Spinmaster, Ltd. v. Overbreak LLC, 404 F. Supp. 2d 1097, 1111 (N.D. Ill. 2005).�����See, e.g., Couleur Int’l Ltd. v. Opulent Fabrics Inc., 330 F. Supp. 152, 154 (S.D.N.Y. 1971). ��®�82 F.3d 1533 (10th Cir. 1996).�����Id. at 1547.�����See LANDES & POSNER, supra note 71, at 226. ����Boyds Collection, Ltd. v. Bearington Collection, Inc., 360 F. Supp. 2d 655, 663 (M.D. Pa. 2005) (quoting Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2d Cir. 1960)).�

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�������������������������������������See, e.g., Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d 262, 272 (2d Cir. 2001); Dawson v. Hinshaw Music Inc., 905 F.2d 731, 734 (4th Cir. 1990); Selle v. Gibb, 741 F.2d 896, 904 (7th Cir. 1984)�� ý¤3fÏ3���3þ�¦����$£Ñ�R�Í�Í�!K����

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�������������������������������������Bronwyn H. Hall & Rosemarie Ham Ziedonis, The Patent Paradox Revisited: An Em-pirical Study of Patenting in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry, 1979-1995, 32 RAND J. ECON. 101 (2001).���®�Id. at 101 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ann Bartow, Separating Market-ing Innovation from Actual Invention: A Proposal for a New, Improved, Lighter, and Bet-ter-Tasting Form of Patent Protection, 4 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 1, 8 (2000)�� .¥¤¥R¥��3Ò¿$�÷�(«è$¤¥R�"R¥��; Gideon Parchomovsky & R. Polk Wagner, Patent Portfolios, 154 U. PA. L. REV. 1 (2005)��(«�0���þU$¤¥R�"R¥����

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����������������������������������M��O’Connell, supra note 25 (quoting De Beers Group).��M��Id. (quoting De Beers Group).��M��Rosemary J. Coombe, Steven Schnoor & Mohsen Ahmed, Bearing Cultural Distinction: Informational Capitalism and New Expectations for Intellectual Property, 40 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 891, 892 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).��MM�See Jeff Pratt, Food Values: The Local and the Authentic, 27 CRITIQUE OF ANTHRO-

POLOGY 285, 287 (2007).��Mc�MARC AUGÉ, NON-PLACES: INTRODUCTION TO AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF SUPERMODER-

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����������������������������������M��Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights art. 22.1, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, art. 22.1, 108 Stat. 4809, 869 U.N.T.S. 299, [hereinafter TRIPS Agreement] available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf.��M®�See Comm’n of the European Cmtys., Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Towards a Sustainable European Wine Sector, COM (2006) 319 final (June 22, 2006).��M��See id. at 4; see also Kym Anderson, Wine’s New World, FOREIGN POL’Y, May/June 2003, at 47, 47�� U­Kº1 ²��323$=�RºR¥��U0=�/þ�K

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����������������������������������c��See TRIPS Agreement, supra note 346, arts. 22, 23. �c��Id. art. 22.2(a) (emphasis added).��c��See Justin Hughes, Champagne, Feta, and Bourbon: The Spirited Debate About Geo-graphical Indications, 58 HASTINGS L.J. 299, 316-17 (2006).

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����������������������������������cM�TRIPS Agreement, supra note 346, art. 23.1.��cc�See Kal Raustiala & Stephen R. Munzer, The Global Struggle over Geographical Indi-cations, 18 EUR. J. INT’L L. 337, 362 (2007).�

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����������������������������������c��TRIPS Agreement, supra note 346, art. 24.4.��c®�See William New, Collapse of WTO Talks Washes Away Hope for TRIPS Changes, IN-

TELL. PROP. WATCH, July 29, 2008, http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=1181.��c��Press Release, European Comm’n, WTO Talks: EU Steps up Bid for Better Protection for Regional Quality Products (Aug. 28, 2003), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/ pressReleases Action.do?reference=IP/03/1178.��c��Agreement Between the United States of America and the European Community on Trade in Wine, U.S.-E.C., Mar. 10, 2006, http://www.ttb.gov/agreements/eu-wine-agreement. pdf [hereinafter U.S.-E.C. Wine Agreement]. See generally Scott Danner, Note, Not Con-fused? Don’t Be Troubled: Meeting the First Amendment Attack on Protection of “Generic” Foreign Geographical Indications, 30 CARDOZO L. REV. 2257 (2009)��uv3fg$¤¥RªCQR¥��.�

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�����������������������������������®�See, e.g., UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Oct. 17, 2003, 2368 U.N.T.S. 35; African Intellectual Property Org., Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Proper-ty Organization, Annex VII, tit. I (February 24, 1999), available at http://www.oapi.wipo. net/doc/en/bangui_agreement.pdf; World Intellectual Property Org. [WIPO], Intergovern-mental Comm. on Intellectual Property and Genetic Res., Traditional Knowledge and Folk-lore, The Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of Folklore: Revised Objectives and Principles, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/9/4 (Jan. 9, 2006) [hereinafter Revised Objec-tives and Principles]; Secretariat of the Pacific Cmty., Regional Framework for the Protec-tion of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture (2002) [hereinafter South Pacific Model Law], available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/laws/pdf/spc_ framework.pdf; UNESCO & WIPO, Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions (1985) [hereinafter Model Provisions], available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/ laws/pdf/unesco_wipo.pdf; UNESCO & WIPO, Tunis Model Law on Copyright for Devel-oping Countries (1976) [hereinafter Tunis Model Law].�TCE ¦kl��Ñ#3{ñ���]�3f¹�3&'Y$¤¥R3âã¦^÷��»3-QRKsee Noriko Aikawa, An Historical Overview of the Preparation of the UNESCO International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 56 MUSEUM INT’L 137 (2004).�����See, e.g., Revised Objectives and Principles, supra note 367, Annex at 13Hä%(�&-

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µ-¦�æQR¥��s�.�����See, e.g., Model Provisions, supra note 367, ¶ 36Häkl¬­�%��01;�r�&

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����������������������������������®��See, e.g., id. ¶ ¶ 1-4.��®��Michael F. Brown, Can Culture Be Copyrighted?, 39 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 193, 202 (1998).��®��See JANE E. ANDERSON, LAW, KNOWLEDGE, CULTURE: THE PRODUCTION OF INDIGE-

NOUS KNOWLEDGE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 101-05 (2009).��®��Brown, supra note 371, at 197.��®M�Id.; see also Wendy Brown, Pueblo Seeks Respect for Zia Symbol, SANTA FE NEW

MEXICAN, Oct. 31, 2007, at A1.��®c�Brown, supra note 371, at 197.��®��(1994) 54 F.C.R. 240 (Austl.).��®®�Id. at 246.�

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�¬­��s�; Sarah Harding, Value, Obligation and Cultural Heritage, 31 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 291, 314 (1999)�� òo¡£�µ-!K(v3Æö¢K¦K§=ýH�Û3ô�¬$

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�������������������������������������See KILLERBY, supra note 2, at 15.���� �Douglas MacMillan, Big Spenders of Second Life, BUS. WK., Apr. 16, 2007, http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/apr2007/tc20070416_386810.htm. ����See F. Gregory Lastowka & Dan Hunter, The Laws of the Virtual Worlds, 92 CAL. L. REV. 1, 29-37 (2004).�

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�����������������������������������M�See Andrey Kotelnikov, Trade Marks and Visual Replicas of Branded Merchandise in Virtual Worlds, 12 INTELL. PROP. Q. 110 (2008).���c�MacMillan, supra note 392��ÐÖ�Dd�e=3 CEO ¡£� Reuben Steiger 3Õ]¦�Ä���internal quotation marks omitted�.�����Albert C. Lin, Virtual Consumption: A Second Life for Earth?, 2008 BYU L. REV. 47, 95.���®�See, e.g., id. at 97.�

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�������������������������������������See Frank, supra note 79.�����NEAL STEPHENSON, SNOW CRASH 24 (2000). M���See MAREN HARTMANN, TECHNOLOGIES AND UTOPIAS: THE CYBERFLANEUR AND THE

EXPERIENCE OF “BEING ONLINE” (2004); Mike Featherstone, The Flâneur, the City and Virtual Public Life, 35 URB. STUD. 909, 919-923 (1998); see also LEV MANOVICH, THE

LANGUAGE OF NEW MEDIA 274 (2001); Christa Erickson, Networked Interventions: De-bugging the Electronic Frontier, in EMBODIED UTOPIAS: GENDER, SOCIAL CHANGE, AND

THE MODERN METROPOLIS 225, 226 (Amy Bingaman et al. eds., 2002).�

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���������������������������������M���See, e.g., LARRY RAY, GLOBALIZATION AND EVERYDAY LIFE 105 (2007)�� Sjâ0e

��!K[Georg] Simmel ²�«ê�13��¦s�»3¡£�-QÑKño¬3

�¥�¬-ò"$Ò��àV�S�¦|���s�.�M���GEORG SIMMEL, The Metropolis and Mental Life, in SIMMEL ON CULTURE, supra note 38, at 174, 178.�M���Id. at 184.�M�M�See generally CHRIS ANDERSON, THE LONG TAIL: WHY THE FUTURE OF BUSINESS IS

SELLING LESS OF MORE (2006).�M�c�SCOTT SIMPKINS, LITERARY SEMIOTICS: A CRITICAL APPROACH 101 (2001).�M���RENÉ GIRARD, DECEIT, DESIRE, AND THE NOVEL: SELF AND OTHER IN LITERARY

STRUCTURE 162 (Yvonne Freccero trans., Johns Hopkins Univ. Press Paperbacks ed. 1976) (1961).�M�®�Campbell, supra note 46, at 341.�

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���������������������������������M���See MAYNARD, supra note 47, at 88�� ��3�öY¬­Ñ�=��Y�D$½¥

RKì6�$q ¬­�¥Ò¿�&ø63�¥½>=.0½=K�]¬�»÷ñ�

�áâ�²£��s�.�M���See FREDERIC JAMESON, Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture, in SOCIAL TEXT (1979), reprinted in THE JAMESON READER 123, 130 (Michael Hardt & Kathi Weeks eds., 2000)��9)9©²¥�$QRä��-%-sÆö&3øË-QÑ�Á{¦[¿¢*

�Dè¦�Y��3�$¤¥Rñ�QR¥��.�M���See Brian J. McVeigh, How Hello Kitty Commodifies the Cute, Cool and Camp: ‘Con-sumutopia’ versus ‘Control’ in Japan, 5 J. MATERIAL CULTURE 225, 234-35 (2000)��Hello Kitty 3SC0�3är�áâ�è$¤¥Rñ�QR½¼KäÂ3Ô�¬$Ò�RK

7;0b��!��£�#É$Ò�R X¬­ù#�­�µ-¦Â¤�N3Ò¿

�ö�-QR(�õ��­�è-QR¥�¯id. at 234�, cited and discussed in ROB

WALKER, BUYING IN: THE SECRET DIALOGUE BETWEEN WHAT WE BUY AND WHO WE ARE 17-18 (2008).�M���See Beebe, supra note 267, at 669.�

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=M��K1þxS��Ê.�jßM�®K£�¥!ä&Ã�$üõ¨/�:;�

���������������������������������M���See ROLAND MARCHAND, ADVERTISING THE AMERICAN DREAM: MAKING WAY FOR

MODERNITY, 1920-1940, at 94-104 (1986).�M���See, e.g., DAVID FOSTER WALLACE, INFINITE JEST (1996). M�M�Wilson, supra note 335��AmÏTiS�0¡£� Nicole Miller 3Õ]¦�ÄQR¥��; see supra p. 868.�M�c �See YOCHAI BENKLER, THE WEALTH OF NETWORKS: HOW SOCIAL PRODUCTION

TRANSFORMS MARKETS AND FREEDOM 119-22 (2006), available at http://www.benkler. org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf.�M���See Open Source Initiative, The Open Source Definition, http://www.opensource.org/ docs/osd (last visited Jan. 9, 2010)��©��Ä¢�²äU0:j©0=©��Ä¢�è

-QR�#�­�Ñ#$F#�ÌÍ3£���3_Çw:¦lmQR¥��; see also CHRISTOPHER M. KELTY, TWO BITS: THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FREE SOFTWARE (2008). M�®�See Creative Commons, About, http://creativecommons.org/about (last visited Jan. 9, 2010).�

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���������������������������������M���BENKLER, supra note 415, at 60 (internal quotation marks omitted).�M���See id. at 116-22; Magnus Bergquist & Jan Ljungberg, The Power of Gifts: Organizing Social Relationships in Open Source Communities, 11 INFO. SYS. J. 305 (2001).�M���See CLAY SHIRKY, HERE COMES EVERYBODY: THE POWER OF ORGANIZING WITHOUT

ORGANIZATIONS 133 (2008)��&Ã�$üõ¨/�:;�16yj$í|��V�3

ì¤!äÒ¥µ-¦QÑ¥-¥¿;Sè¡£�--.QR¥��.�M���See Josh Lerner & Jean Tirole, Some Simple Economics of Open Source, 50 J. INDUS. ECON. 197 (2002)��¼�3�W¦:;Ã/*0²U0:j©0=:;�¢1�$í

|��V�-QR��QR¥��. But see Maria Alessandra Rossi, Decoding the Free/ Open Source Software Puzzle: A Survey of Theoretical and Empirical Contributions, in THE

ECONOMICS OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 15, 17-22 (Jürgen Bitzer & Philipp J.H. Schröder eds., 2006)��Lerner - Tirole 3ª5$o4¦�`���ê'�'

Ï$¤¥R�"R¥����

M���See, e.g., Creative Commons, License Statistics, http://wiki.creativecommons.org/ License_statistics (last visited Jan. 9, 2010) �1þxS��Ê.�jß3/S<j\0

$Ò�RîשּׂR¥�/S<j=w:$���~,¦´|QR¥��.�M���See JOHAN SÖDERBERG, HACKING CAPITALISM: THE FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFT-

WARE MOVEMENT 156-59 (2008).�M�M�U0:j©0=ÈV3�¥��"Y$¤¥R!Ksee KELTY, supra note 416; and �

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