y vesicle, bulla, papule, nodule
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
Definition
Terminology
History
Examination
Classification
Diagnosis
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Primary lesion –vesicle, bulla, papule, nodule.
Secondary lesion – erosion, ulcer, pseudo membrane,
desquamation.
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INTRODUCTION
Deep crater that extend through the entire thickness of the epithelium
and involve the underlying connective tissue.-Wood & Goaz.
Break in continuity of the epithelium.- Bailey & love’s
An ulcer is a excavation of surface of an organ or tissue resulting from
the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.- Robbins.
oral ulcer is characterized by complete loss of epithelium accompanied
by a variable loss of underlying connective tissue resulting in a
crateriform appearance which may be augmented by edema or
proliferation of surrounding tissue. J oral pathol med(2009) 38:241-253.
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Vesicle- small circumscribed elevated blister containing clear fluid that is 1 cm in diameter.
Bulla- circumscribed blister containing clear fluid that more than 1 cm in diameter
Papule- a small, solid well circumscribed lesion raised above the skin surface that are less than 1 cm in diameter.
Plaques- solid well circumscribed lesion raised above the skin surface that are more than 1 cm in diameter.
Nodule-the lesion is deep seated in the dermis, and the epidermis can be easily removed over them.
Erosion- moist red lesion often caused by the rupture of vesicle or bulla or as well as trauma.
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Mode of onset
Duration
Pain
Discharge
Associated disease
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Sudden-Traumatic ulcer heals when the traumatic agent is removed.
Ulcer which originates gradual may follow swelling, - matted tuberculosis lymph nodes or gumma or a rapidly growing malignant tumour(epithelioma or malignant melanoma).
Marjolin’s ulcer develop on the scar of a sun burn.
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Duration
An acute ulcer is present for a short period
Chronic ulcer will remain for a long period
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Pain Those ulcer associated with inflammation will be painful.
Syphilitic ulcer and tropic ulcer - painless.
Tuberculous ulcer are slightly painful.
Malignant ulcer like epithelioma or basal cell carcinoma are painless and never become painful unless they infilterate the surrounding structure
Discharge
If discharge enquiry must be made about its nature-serum,blood or pus.
Associated disease
Such as fever, tuberculosis may lead to ulcer formation. Syphilis at the primary stage give rise to chancre and in the tertiary stage give rise to a gummatous ulcer.
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Site
Size and shape
Number
Edges
Floor
Discharge
Surrounding area
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Position
Apthous ulcer – non keratinized mucosa.
HGS- keratinized
Herpangina- posterior palate.
Malignant ulcer are mostly seen on lip, tongue, breast and penis.
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Size and shape
The size of the ulcer is important in deciding the time which will be required for healing. A bigger ulcer will take a longer time to heal than smaller ulcer.
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Number
Single ulcer-traumatic, sq cell carcinoma.
Tuberculosis, gummatous, varicose, and soft chancre may be more than one in number.
Undetermined edges
ulcer spreads destroying the subcutaneous
tissue faster than it destroys the
skin.
EG-Tuberculosis ulcer
Punched out edges
The edge drops down
at right angle to the skin surface as if it has
been cut out with a punch.
EG-Gumma
Sloping edges
mostly seen in healing
traumatic or venous
ulcer, which is reddish purple in color and consist of
new healthy epithelium.
Raised and pearly-white
beaded edges
type of edges
develop in invasive cellular
disease and necrotic at the center.
Rolled out edges
fast growing cellular
disease, the growing
portion at the edge of the ulcer heaps up and spills
over the normal skin
to produce an everted edges.
Eg-SCC
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Floor – the exposed surface of the ulcer.
red granulation tissue- healthy and healing.
Pale and smooth granulation tissue - slow healing ulcer.
wash-leather slough on the floor - gummatous ulcer.
A black mass on the floor - malignant melanoma.
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Discharge
healing ulcer - serous discharge
Spreading and inflammed ulcer -purulent discharge
Sero-sanguineous discharge -tuberculosis or malignant ulcer.
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Tenderness
Edges and margin
Base
Depth
Bleeding
Relation to deeper structure
Surrounding skin
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Tenderness
An acutely inflamed ulcer is always tender.
Chronic ulcer – Are slightly tender like tuberculous, syphilitic ulcer.
Neoplastic ulcer – Are never tender.
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Margin - junction between normal epithelium and ulcer.
Edge – area between the margin and floor of the ulcer.
Base- on which the ulcer rest
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Depth – recorded using examination sheet in millimeter Bleeding – whether the ulcer bleeds on touch or not? It is a common feature of a malignant ulcer. Relation to deeper structure – the ulcer is made to move over the deeper structure to know whether it is fixed to any of these structure.
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Spreading ulcer
• T.B ulcer
Healing ulcer
• Traumatic ulcer.
• pemphigus
• Erythema multiform
Chronic ulcer/callous
• SCC
clinically
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single
• Traumatic
• Histoplasmosis
• Blastomycosis
• Mucormycosis
multiple
• RAU
• EM
• Epidermolysis bullosa
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According to etiology and pathology:
Traumatic
• Mechanical irritant • Chemical irritant • Thermal burn • Radiation burn • Anesthetic necrosis • Oral trauma from
sexual practice
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Viral infection
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster
• Hand-foot and mouth disease
• Herpangina
• Chickenpox
• Infectious mononucleosis.
Bacterial infection
• NUG
• Tuberculosis
• Syphilis
• Scarlet fever
Fungal infection
• Histoplasmosis
• Blastomycosis
• Mucormycosis
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Allergy
• Local
• Systemic
Neoplastic
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Malignant melanoma
• Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Blood disorder
• Cyclic neutropenia
• Leukemia
• Aplastic anemia
GIT
• Crohns disease.
• Malabsorption syndrome.
Auto immune
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Mucous membrane pemphigoid
• Pemphigus
• Systematis lupus erythematous
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dermatology
• Erosive lichen planus
Disease of unknown etiology
• Apthous ulcer
• Erythema multiform
• Epidermolysis bullosa.
Syndrome
• Behcet’s syndrome
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Steven-johnson syndrome
miscellanious
• Necrotizing sialometaplasia
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Acute multiple ulcer
• Acute herpetic stomatitis
• Erythema multiform
• Herpes zoster infection
• Cytomegalovirus infection
• Coxsackie virus infection
• NUG
• Allergic reaction
Chronic
• Pemphigus
• Pemphigoid
• Cicatrical pemphigoid
• Epidermolysis bullosa
• Para-neoplasia pemphigus
• Subepithelial bullous dermatoses
• Chronic bullous disease of childhood
Recurrent ulcer
• Recurrent aphthous stomatitis
• Behcet’s disease
Single ulcer
• Traumatiic ulcer
• Eosinophilic ulcer of tongue
• Histoplasmosis
• Blastomycosis
• Mucormycosis
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Mostly common ulcer.
History of trauma.
Acute – single-Painful
Surface – yellow pseudo membrane.
Usually heals with no scar formation.
Common – lateral border of tongue.
Ulcer associated with trauma
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Often in children.
Pain , difficulty upon swallowing.
Oral vesicles which may be widespread and breakdown to leave Oral ulcers that are initially pinpoint but fuse to produce irregular painful ulcer.
Acute marginal gingivitis - Gingival oedema, erythema and ulceration are prominent.
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RHL
Lip lesions at the mucocutaneous junction
Lesion begins as macules that rapidly turn papular, then vesicular For about 48 hrs, then become pustular, and finally scab and heal without scarring.
RIH • Vesicles break rapidly to form small red ulceration. •Occur only on the hard palate and gingiva.
• H/O recurrence • Lesion are preceded by itiching ,burning sensation
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Clinical diagnosis- along the distribution of nerve
Pain- unilateral, severe
Like chickenpox, it goes through macular, papular, vesicular and pustular stages before crusting and healing, sometimes with scars.
Maxillary nerve involved-rash and pain over ipsilateral cheek ,palate and maxillary teeth .
Mandibular nerve involved- face; lip; tongue and soft tissue.
Investigation- PCR; Biopsy, fluoresent antibody testing.
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Usually –children.
Skin vesicles that are small, painful and surrounded by inflammatory haloes, especially on the dorsum and lateral aspect of the fingers and toes.
Oral ulcers usually affect the tongue or buccal mucosa and are shallow, painful, very small and surrounded by inflammatory haloes .
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Children 3-10yr.
Commonly occur in posterior pharynx, tonsil and soft palate.
Vesicles mainly on the soft palate, which rupture to leave Ulcers round, shallow, painful.
Erythematous pharyngitis is commonly present.
Heals without any treatment within 1 week.
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First 2 decay of life.
A classic pattern of vesicle surrounded by zone of erythema.
Common -trunk and head and neck (i.e.centripetal).
The typical rash goes through macular, papular, vesicular and pustular stages before crusting
Vesicles, especially in the palate, which rupture to produce ulcers; painful, round or ovoid with an inflammatory halo.
resolve 2-3 week
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Young adults.
Sore throat, inflammation of the
tonsils , tonsils are covered by
white or grayish
pseudomembrane.
Palatal petechiae, especially at the
junction of the hard and soft
Paul-Bunnell test for
heterophilc antibodies (positive
in IM)
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common-young adult
Craterform painful
ulceration of the
interdental papillae.
A pronounced tendency to
gingival bleeding.
Sever pain with Halitosis.
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H/o low graded fever, weigth loss. night sweet , cough with sputum, chest pain.
Common - dorsum of the tongue and palate.
Single painful chronic ulcer; undermined margin; minimal induration.sentinel tubercle.
Sputum sample
Staining method- ziehl-neelsen; carbol fucschin.
Tuberculin skin test- montoux test.
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Primary syphilis (Hunterian or
hard chancre).
regional lymphadenitis
a small papule which develops
into a large painless , indurated
ulcer (chancre),which heals
spontaneously in 1-2 months.
Rarely chancres are seen on the
lip(upper) or tongue.
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Secondary syphilis
Coppery coloured rash typically on
palms and soles.
Oral lesions (mucous patches, split
papules or snail-track ulcers) are
highly infectious and painful. They are
seen mainly on the tongue.
Multiple indurated and slightly
papillary nodule on the dorsal surface
of the tongue- condyloma lata.
Tertiary syphilis
Oral lesions, which are noninfectious and painless.
Gumma (usually midline in palate or tongue).
Investigation
Lesion biopsy
Treponemal antigen test
Non-Treponemal antigen test
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Common children.
H/o fever normal within 6 days.
Skin rash- a sunburn with goose pimples common - pressure and skin folds.
White strawberry tongue- white coating,fungiform papillae-edematous,hyperemic projecting above the surface as small red knobs
Red raspberry tongue – coating of tongue is lost soon from the tip followed by lateral margin expect for swollen, hyperemic papilla.
Culture of throat secretion .
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H/O chronic cough, low grade
fever, night sweet, weight loss.
Oral lesion secondary to
pulmonary infection.
Painful ulcerated granulomatous
mass common – tongue, palate,
gingiva, recent extracted site.
ulcer have rolled margin, firm
Biopsy, Serology test.
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Common in adult.
Mimic more of tuberculosis.
The lesion have an irregular, erythematous
or white intact surface or as ulceration with
irregular rolled borders and varying degree
of pain.
chest x-ray; Special stains - PAS method.
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Usually it rise from the lateral wall of the nose and maxillary sinus and rapidly spread by arterial invasion involve orbit, palate, maxillary alveolus.
Nose appear reddish black nasal turbinate and septum.
Ulcer on the palate appear black and necrotic.
CT – detecting of bone destruction.
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H /O – chronic ulcer, painless, habits.
Common site- lower lip, tongue , alveolar ridge.
Deep chronic ulcer, rolled out edges, indurated base, initially painless later painful, fixed to underlying structure, bleeds readily on palpation.
Lymph node-initially mobile, later fixed.
Biopsy.
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H/o recurrane with uniform
spaced episode for every 21 days;
Recurrent pyogenic infections;
mouth ulcers-painful and
chronic, deep, Punched out, with
grayish white necrotic base.
Advanced periodontitis.
Neutrophils count less than
500/cu mm for 3-5 days for at
least 3 successive cycle. 54
• gingiva firm on palpation. Spontaneous gingival haemorrhage (and prolonged post-extraction bleeding);
• Leukaemic deposits occasionally cause swelling; gingival swelling is a feature especially of myelomonocytic leukaemia.
• Candidiasis , Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex herpes labialis is common.
• Immature- WBC.
• Decrease platelet count.
• Prolonged bleeding and clotting time.
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Gingival hemorrhage, Oral mucosal petechiae,purpura and ecchymosis
Mucosa appear pale
Oral ulcer associated with infection particularly that involves the gingival tissue
Gingival hyperplasia.
RBC-low 1 million/cu mm
WBC- >2000/cu mm.
>2000platelet/cu mm.
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Early adulthood; males usually 2nd and 3rd decades.
Typically with abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea with passage of blood and mucus, anaemia and weight loss.
Oral lesions are most likely in those who develop skin, eye or joint complications.
Folding of the oral mucosa may lead to a 'cobblestone' appearance.
Angular stomatitis; Persistent irregular linear ulcers –buccal mucosa; Mucosal tags.
Biopsy -granulomatous inflammation
Blood tests for full blood picture.
Intestinal radiology, endoscopy, and biopsy
Malabsorption syndrome/celiac disease
Intestinal disturbance- diarrhea,constipation.
Skin- brownish pigmentation face; neck; arm
Glossitis, painful burning sensation of tongue and mucosa.
Small projection which ar ered and erythematous swelling and palatal lession as multiple apthous ulcer.
Low blood calcium level.
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Lesion is typically painful. Recurrent, often ovoid ulcer -
yellowish necrotic base with an inflammatory halo, are small, 2-4 mm in diameter.
Last 7-10 days; Heal with no obvious scarring Most patients develop not more
than six minor ulcers at any single episode.
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Recurrent, often ovoid ulcers
with an inflammatory halo, but are less common, much larger and more persistent than minor aphthae, and can affect the soft palate and dorsum of tongue as well as other sites.
Can be well over 1 cm in diameter.
Can take several months to heal
May leave obvious scars on healing
At any one episode there are usually fewer than six ulcers present.
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HU are more common in females. • lacking the associated fever, gingivitis and lymph. • Start as multiple pinpoint aphthae; • Enlarge and fuse to produce irregular ulcers • Can be seen on any mucosa, but especially on the ventral of the tongue.
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Young adults males.
Acute onset.
Common site- lip-lesion are extensive with presence of hemorrhagic crusting.
Oral lesions - macules to blisters and irregular ulceration.
Erythematous skin lesion appear on extremities .
Last for 2-6 week
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•Adult women less than 40. •h/o burning sensation, xerostomia •Skin; the characteristic rash is a 'butterfly rash' over the nose; • Kidneys; CNS; heart. • central area composed of red atrophic surrounded by 2-4 mm elevated keratotic zone that dissolve into small white line. lupus band test- immunoglobulin deposits at the basement membrane zone in epithelium. Serum: anti nuclear antibodies - antinuclear antibodies, are present in SLE, not DLE or LP
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More common - adults
Initially affects the respiratory tract; and renal damage.
Persistent oral ulceration, especially buccally or on tongue;Painless.
Progressive gingival enlargement that may have a fairly characteristic 'strawberry-like' appearance.
Lesional biopsy; Serology; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA); Chest radiograph.
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5th-6th decades;
Pressure on the blister may cause it to spread (Nikolsky sign).
Bullae, which rapidly break down to produce persistent irregular ragged-edged erosions or ulcers .
Associated with sever discomfort.
Lesions - trauma, such as on the palate , buccal mucosa, and gingiva.
A biopsy (with immuno staining) is essential.
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Age : < 50; 2:1.
The oral lesions of MMP affect especially the gingivae and palate.
Desquamative gingivitis- main manifestations.
Bullae or vesicles which are tense may be blood-filled and remain intact for several days. Pressure on the blister may cause it to spread;
Persistent irregular erosions or ulcers after the blisters burst .Heals with scars.
Conjunctival scarring. (entropion, symblepharon or ankyloblepharon; or glaucoma leading to impaired sight.
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Age : 60-80; 2:1.
Pruritis followed by multiple bullae remains locally and heals with out scar.
Oral lesion show large shallow ulceration with smooth, distinct margin are present after the bullae rupture.
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•Oral lesions are most common in the junctional types of EB. •Enamel hypoplasia may be seen in some subtypes. •Bullae appear early in life in some subtypes, often precipitated by suckling; •Blisters break down to persistent ulcers that eventually heal with scarring. • The tongue becomes depapillated . •Scarring in the dystrophic form affects the extremities including the nails
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Common – middle aged
women c/o- burning sensation. Presence of vesicle and bullae
or irregular shallow ulcer. Accompanied by
characteristic wickham’s striae.
Common- posterior buccal mucosa and lateral margin of tongue.
Biopsy, immunofluoresent study.
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Young adult.
Erythema multiform
skin, oral cavity, eye and genital lesion.
Oral lesion- extremely painful,mucous vesicle rupture and leave surface covered with thick whit or yellow exudate.
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• Recurrent oral ulceration (more than 2 episodes in 12 months). • Plus two or more of the following. • Recurrent genital ulceration. • Eye lesions. • Skin lesions-erythema
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Oral manifestation-
Lesion- painless red slightly elevated areas
Site- buccal mucosa, tongue, palate.
Consist of tetrad of
urethritis
arthritis
conjunctivitis
mucocutaneous lesion
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Common in male.
4th-5th decade.
Site – palate .
Initially an asymptomatic swelling;
Followed by painful solitary ulceration In the palate, though any oral tissue may be affected; deep, crater like non draining ulcer of 1-3cm .
Self-limiting, healing over 5 to 8 weeks.
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