xya {eju h|$Ð. com. part-i... · xya {eju h|$Ð ì`mdgm{`h$ aw©emñÌ nona-1 d 2 ... kq>h$ 2...

$: Xya {ejU H|$Ð. Com. Part-I... · Xya {ejU H|$Ð ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ nona-1 d 2 ... KQ>H$ 2 dñVy ~mOmamVrc qH$_V {ZpíMVr - ^mJ-1 114 ... (viii) odÚmÏ`mªZm$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

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ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌnona-1 d 2

àW_df©: dmoUÁ`

go{_ñQ>a 1 d 2 gmR>r

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)

àW_md¥Îmr : 2007

{ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr : 2011

V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr : 2013

~r. H$m°_. (ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ) ^mJ - 1 H$[aVm

gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

àVr : 2,000

n

àH$meH$ :

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio

Hw$bg{Md,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,

H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

_wÐH$ :

AYrjH$,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,

H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

ISBN-978-81-906178-4-0

H Xya oejU H|$Ð AmoU oedmOr odÚm[rR> `m]ÔcMr _mohVr [wT>rc [Î`mda o_iy eH{$c.oedmOr odÚm[rR>, odÚmZJa, H$m{ëhm[ya - 416 004. (^maV)

H Xya oejU [nafX - B§oXam Jm§Yr amîQ>r` _w·V odÚm[rR>, Zdr oXëcr `m§À`m odH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gmohË`mMr oZo_©Vr H{$crAmh{.

(ii)

n Aä`mg_§S>i : ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ n

(iii)

l S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXoHo$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya, {O. gm§Jcr

l S>m°. S>r. Or. Mm¡JwcoÝ`y H$m°coO, {edmOr noR>, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. Eg. E. OmYdS>r. Ama. _mZo _hm{dÚmc`, H$mJc, {O. H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. E. Eg. H$ma§S>o_{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, H$amS>, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. w. E_. _miH$aAmQ>©g, H$m°_g© A°ÊS> gm`Ýg H$m°coO, ncyg, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. lr_Vr nr. Eg. Jm`H$dmS>N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

l S>m°. E. ~r. gw ©d§er{d^mJà_wI, ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ {d^mJ,

~r. nr. gmimoIo H$m°_g© H$m°coO, ~meu, {O. gmocmnya.

l S>m°. lr_Vr dm`. ìhr. OwJioqMVm_Uamd H$m°coO Am°\$ H$m°_g©, gm§Jcr.

AÜ`j - - - - - S>m°. S>r. Ho$. _moao[a¨J amoS>, ZdrZ ~ho ZmH$m, _hmXodZJa, Bñcm_nya, Vm. dmidm, {O. gm§Jcr

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

_m. àmMm © (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>oà-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma_m. Hw$cJwê$, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,

kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,


S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,


S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,


S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerd¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§qnJ ñQ>oeZ

Odi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,

_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006

àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`mg§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV

{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe

S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,


S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$m oëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,


àm. (S>m°.) E. Ama. ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)g§MmcH$,

Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

(iv)

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

àm. S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXo 1 --H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`,

Bñcm_nya, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. ~r. Ho$. _mZo 2 1Hw$gy_VmB© amOmam_~mny nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`,


S>m°. S>r. Ho$. _moao 3 --AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, AmîQ>m,

Vm. dmidm, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. S>r. Or. Mm¡Jwco 4 --Ý y H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. Ho$. nmQ>rc -- 2, 3nr. ìhr. nr. _hm{dÚmc`, H$dR>o_hm§H$mi, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. E_. ~r. dmK_moS>o -- 4H$cm Am{U dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmc`, gmVmam.

S>m°. EZ. ~r. OmYd -- 4{edamO gm{hË`, dm{UÁ` Am{U S>r. Eg. H$X_,

{dkmZ _hm{dÚmc`, JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya.

coIZ gh^mJ

S>m°. S>r. Ho$. _moaoAmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, AmîQ>m,

Vm. dmidm, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXoH$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`,


n g§nmXH n

gÌ-1

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

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àñVmdZm

OyZ 2007 [mgyZ oedmOr odÚm[rR>mZ{ ]oh•ñW odÚmÏ`mªgmR>r XyaoejU H$m ©H«$_

am]odÊ`mM{ R>aodc{ Amh{. Ë`m AZwf§JmZ{ ]r. H$m°_. ^mJ-1 `m dJm©À`m odÚmÏ`mªgmR>r

ì`mdgmo`H$ AW©emñÌ h{ [wñVH$ ocohc{ Amh{. AW©emñÌ `m odf`mVrc VÁkm§Zr `m

[wñVH$mMr d{Jd{Jir àH$aU{ ochÿZ odf` odÚmWuo^_wI H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H{$cm Amh{. `m

[wñVH$mV àË`j ì`dgm`mer oZJS>rV AW©emñÌr` ogÕm§VmMr gIm{c MMm© gm{ß`m d

gwQ>gwQ>rV ^mf{V H{$cr Amh{. odÚmWu d dmMH$m§Zm odf`mM{ kmZ d Ame` g_Omdm åhUyZ

Amdí`H$ Ë`m oR>H$mUr V·V{ d Amc{I H$mTy>Z odf` AoYH$ gm{[m H$ê$Z gm§oJVcm Amh{.

`m [wñVH$mV ì`mdgmo`H$ AW©emñÌmMr Am{iI, _mJUrMr cdoMH$Vm, ì`m»`m,

àH$ma, _m[Z[ÕVr, _mJUrMr cdoMH$Vm R>aodUma{ KQ>H$ d _hÎd, _mJUr AZw_mZ /

A§XmO àH$ma, _m[ZmÀ`m [ÕVr, Vg{M CË[mXZogÕm§V, ]XcË`m à_mUmMm oZ`_,

CË[mXZ\$c ogÕm§V, _m{R>çm CË[mXZmM{ \$m`X{, CË[mXZ IM© g§H$ë[Zm d IMm©M{

Aë[H$mocZ AmoU XrK©H$mcrZ dH«$, CË[mXZIM© odf`H$ ÑoîQ>H$m{Z, àmßVrdH«$, [yU©

ñ[Ym©, _·V{Xmar, _·V{Xmar w·V ñ[Ym©, Aë[moYH$ma ]mOma `m§Mr godñVa MMm© H$aÊ`mV

Amcr Amh{. `m]am{]aM od^mOZmMm gr_m§V CË[mXH$Vm ogÕm§V, I§S>, d{VZ, ì`mO d

Z\ $m `m]m]VÀ`m g§H$ë[Zm d ogÕm§V `m§Mr godñVa MMm© H{$cr Amh{.

]oh•ñW odÚmÏ`mªZm odf`mM{ ËdnaV AmH$cZ ìhmd{ åhUyZ odf`mMr _m§S>Ur,

CoÔîQ>ç{, àñVmdZm, odf`mMr _Ü`dVu H$ë[Zm, gmam§e, ñd`§•AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ,

gamdmgmR>r àíZ d AoYH$ dmMZmgmR>r [wñVH$m§Mr Zmd{ e{dQ>r oXcr Amh{V. AemnaVrZ{

odÚmÏ`mªZm odf`mM{ Mm§Jc{ AmH$cZ hm{B©c Aer A[{jm Amh{.

g§nmXH$Û`

{d^mJ n{hcm : go{_ñQ>a-1

KQ>H$ 1 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌmMr AmoiI 1

KQ>H$ 2 _mJUr \$cZ 28

KQ>H$ 3 _mJUrMo AZw_mZ 50

KQ>H$ 4 CËnmXZ \$cZ 67

{d^mJ Xwgam : go{_ñQ>a-2

KQ>H$ 1 CËnmXZ IM© d àmßVr 87

KQ>H$ 2 dñVy ~mOmamVrc qH$_V {ZpíMVr - ^mJ-1 114

KQ>H$ 3 dñVy ~mOmamVrc qH$_V {ZpíMVr - ^mJ-2 142

KQ>H$ 4 CËnmXZ KQ>H$ qH$_V {ZpíMVr 158

AZwH«$_{UH$m

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(vii)

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr

A[{jm Amh{.

ñd`§ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd § AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ C[ w·V

R>aVrc.

1

gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ 1

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌmMr AmoiI(INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ECONOMICS)

1.1 C{Ôï>ço

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.3 àmñVm{dH$

1.4 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`m»`m

1.5 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`mßVr d ñdê$n

1.6 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr d¡{eï>ço

1.7 {ZU© à{H«$`m {gÕm§V d ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó

1.8 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr d¡{eï>ço

1.9 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó - Cnm``moOH$ emó

1.10 _hÎm_ Z\$m-CÚmoJg§ñWoMo EH$ C{Ôï>

1.11 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

1.12 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

1.13 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.14 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.1 C{Ôï>ço :

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó hm {df` g_OyZ KoUo.

~r. H$m°_. ^mJ 1ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó

2

2. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMo ñdê$n Am{U ì`már Aä`mgUo.

3. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr {d{dY d¡{eï>ço Aä`mgUo.

4. CÚmoJ§ñWm _hÎm_ Z\$m H$gm {_i{dVo Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

5. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMo ì`dhmamVrb _hÎd g_OyZ KoUo.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho AmOÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV _hÎdmMo Amho. AW©ì`dñWoV {d{dY àH$maMo ì`dgm`

Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m gd© {R>H$mUr AW©emómMm dmna ì`dñWmnH$s` Am{U Cn`mo{OV AW©emó åhUyZ hmoV Amho.

^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrZ§Va doJmZo ~Xbbr Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

ZdZdrZ CËnmXZmbm MmbZm {_iV Jobr. `m ~XbË`m Am{W©H$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrMo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z

AW©emómVrb {d{dY {gÕm§V VÎdo d g§H$ënZm `m§Mm dmna ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo `mMo

{ddoMZ ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómV Ho$bo OmVo. `m AZwf§JmZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr AmoiI Cn wŠV R>aVo.

1.3 àmñVm{dH$ :

ì`dgm` :

ì`dgm` m eãXmb B§J«OrV Business Ago åhUVmV. Business hm eãX Busy + ness m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ

V`ma Pmbm Amho. Busy åhUOo H$m ©_¾ AgUo d ness åhUOo pñWVr. Aem arVrZo ""ì`dgm` åhUOo _Zwî`mMr

gVV H$m ©_¾ pñWVr hmo .''1 "gm_m{OH$emó EZgm`Šbmo{n{S>`m'Zwgma ""ì`dgm` hr _Zwî`mMr H$m ©_¾ AdñWm

hmo , Á`m_Ü o gmVË` AgVo d CËnÞ {_i{dUo hm Ë`m pñWVrMm hoVy AgVmo.'' CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AgUmar

_Zwî`mMr gVVMr H$m`©_¾Vm åhUOo ì`dgm` hmo`. àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r d Hw$Qw> §~mÀ`m

nmbZnmofUmgmR>r CËnÞmMr JaO AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ ì`ŠVr doJdoJù`m H$m_mV ì`J« AgVo. CXm. eoVH$ar

eoVr ì`dgm`mV, CÚmoOH$ CÚmoJY§ÚmV, ì`mnmar ì`mnmamV, ~±H$ MmbH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vbobo AgVmV, Va

àmÜ`mnH$, dH$sb, S>m°ŠQ>a dJ¡ao bmoH$ Amnë`m godm bmoH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV d Ë`mVyZ CËnÞ {_i{dVmV.

Ë`m§À`m `m ì`dgm`mbm "godm ì`dgm`' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

""ì`dgm` åhUOo Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo dm{UpÁ`H$ H¥$Vr H$aUo qH$dm Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ

Ho$bobo g§KQ>Z hmo .''2 `m ì`m» odê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ì`dgm` åhUOo bmoH$m§Zr Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ

1. "Business means a state of being busy, parctically it is any consistent and continuous

activity aimed at earning an Income." - Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences.

2. "Business referred to commercial activities aimed at making a profit or to organisations

formed to make a profit."

3

Ho$bobr CÚmoJg§ñWm, CÚmoJY§Xm qH$dm VemM àH$maMo EImXo g§KQ>Z qH$dm Zâ`mÀ`m AnojoZo ~±H$ ì`dgm`,

{d_m, dmhVyH$ `mgmaIo ì`dgm` Mmb{dUo hmo . `mbm "dm{UpÁ`H$ H¥$Vr' Ago åhUVmV.

ì`dgm` `m eãXmMm AW© A{YH$ ñnï> ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`mMr gd©g_mdoeH$ Aer nwT>rbà_mUo ì`m»`m

{Xbr OmVo.

E\²$. gr. Hy$naÀ`m _Vo, ""ì`dgm` åhUOo g§nyU dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ joÌ hmo , Á`m_Ü o _yb yV CÚmoJ,

à{H«$`m CÚmoJ, dñVy{Z{_©Vr CÚmoJ Am{U {d{dY nyaH$ godm, {d^mOZ, ~±H$m, {d_m, dmhVyH$ dJ¡ao g_m{dï>

AgVmV. `mbmM "CÚmoJ-OJV' Ago åhUVmV.''3

Aem arVrZo CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _Zwî` H$arV Agboë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ H¥$VtZm ì`dgm` åhQ>bo

OmVo. Ë`m_Ü o {d{dY àH$maMo CÚmoJY§Xo, godm ì`dgm`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`dgm`mV dñVyMo CËnmXZ, dmQ>n d

{d{Z_` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

T>mo~i_mZmZo ì`dgm`mMo ì`mnma, dm{UÁ`, CÚmoJY§Xo d godm Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ì`mnmamV dñVy§Mr

XodmU-KodmU hmoV AgVo. hm ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m§Zm ì`mnmar Ago åhUVmV. dm{UÁ`m_Ü o dñVyÀ`m {d{Z_`

ì`dhmamgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m godm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü o ~±H$, ì`dgm`, {d_mjoÌ, _mbgmR>dUyH$

gmo r, godm ì`dgm`, dmhVyH$ BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CÚmoJY§Úm_Ü o Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrMm emoY KoUo, CËIZZmÛmao

YmVy d I{ZOo H$mT>Uo, Ë`mda à{H«$`m H$aUo dJ¡a|Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. godmjoÌmV drOnwadR>m, nmUrnwadR>m, Vma-

Q>nmb-Q>o{b\$moZ godm, XiUdiU, dmhVyH$ BË`mXr {d{dY gm_m{OH$ godm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem arVrZo

ì`dgm`m_Ü o Mma KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgVmV.

åhUyZ, ì`dgm` = ì`mnma + dm{UÁ` + CÚmoJ + godm hmo .

AW©ì`dñWoV Aem àH$maMo {d{dY ì`dgm` ApñVËdmV AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o gh^mJr AgUmè`m§Zm

ì`mdgm{`H$ (Businessmen) Ago åhUVmV.

AW©emó åhUOo H$m` ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r A°S>_ pñ_W, _me©b, {nJy, am°{~Ýg dJ¡ao AW©emókm§Zr ì`m»`m

{Xë`m AmhoV. A°S>_ pñ_WZo AW©emó amÁ`emómnmgyZ doJio H$ê$Z Vmo EH$ ñdV§Ì {df` ~Zdbm.

A°S>_ pñ_WÀ`m _Vo, ""AW©emó åhUOo g§nÎmrMo emó hmo .''4 Ë`mÀ`m _Vo _mZdr JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Amdí`H$ Agboë`m dñVy d godm åhUOo g§nÎmr hmo . _mZdr l_mVyZ g§nÎmr {Z_m©U hmoVo d {VMm Aä`mg AW©emómV

Ho$bm OmVmo.

3. F. C. Cooper - "Business means the whole complex filed of commerce and industry,

the basic Industries and the network of ancilliary service, distribution, banking, insurance,

transport and so on, which serve and interpenetrate the world of business as a whole."

4. "An enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of Nation." - Adam Smith.

4

ì`dgm`

1. ì`mnma 2. dm{UÁ` 3. CÚmoJY§Xo 4. godm

A§VJ©V Am§Vaamï´>r` ~±H$ ì`dgm`, eoVr d eoVrda Vma, Q>nmb,

ì`mnma ì`mnma {d_m ì`dgm`, AmYm[aV CÚmoJ, drO,

{dÎm nwadR>m g§ñWm O§Jb ì`dgm`, nmUrnwadR>m,

ñWm{ZH$ Am`mV dmhVyH$, _pÀN>_mar, aoëdo,

ì`mnma {Z`m©V IaoXr-{dH«$s gd© àH$maMo H$maImZo añVo dmhVyH$,

g§ñWm, ~m§YH$m_,

amÁ`nmVirdarb Om{hamV dJ¡ao XiU-diU dJ¡ao

ì`mnma

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma

{ZgJ©dmÚm§Zr ""AW©emómbm ì`mnmar KS>m_moS>rMo emó åhQ>bo.''5 VwJm} d ŠdoZoÀ`m _Vo, _mZdr JaOm nyU©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYZg§nÎmr Jmoim H$aÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oVyZ Am{W©H$ KS>m_moS>r {Z_m©U

hmoVmV.

_me©bÀ`m _Vo, ""AW©emó _mZdmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamMm Aä`mg H$aVo, VgoM _mZdr H$ë`mUmgmR>r

Amdí`H$ Agbobr m¡{VH$ gmYZo {_i{dUo d Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mer {ZJ{S>V d¡ {ŠVH$ d gm_m{OH$ à`ËZm§Mm

Aä`mg H$aVo.'' `m ì`m» oV _me©bZo g§nÎmr ~amo~aM _mZdr àíZm§Mm XoIrb {dMma Ho$bm Amho. g§nÎmr H$er

{_idm`Mr? _mZdr JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VMm dmna H$gm H$am`Mm? d Am{W©H$ àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$er H$am`Mr?

`m _Zwî`mÀ`m dmJUyH$ser AW©emó g§~§{YV AgVo. åhUOo _Zwî`mÀ`m CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oMm Aä`mg

AW©emómV Ho$bm OmVmo, Ë`m_wio Vo Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>ter {ZJ{S>V AgVo, Ago _me©b åhUVmo.

àmo. am°{~ÝgÀ`m _Vo, ""A_`m©{XV JaOm d n`m© r na§Vw _`m©{XV Agboë`m gmYZm§er g§~§{YV _mZdr

dV©UwH$sMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo AW©emó hmo .''6

5. "Economics is the science of business Activity." - Physicorates.

6. "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between

ends and scare means, which have alternative uses." - Prof. Robbins.

5

_mZdmÀ`m A_`m©{XV JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r _`m©{XV gmYZm§Mm dmna H$gm H$am`Mm, mMm Aä`mg AW©emó

H$aVo. CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmYZ-gm_wJ«rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ì`dgm` MmbdyZ Z\$m H$gm {_idm`Mm?

`m~m~V AW©emó _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo.

Aem arVrZo AW©emó g§nÎmr d {VÀ`mer {ZJS>rV Am{W©H$ KSm_moS>r, _Zwî`mMo Am{W©H$ àíZ d gm_m{OH$

n«íZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. _Zwî`mbm Am{W©H$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V, VÎdo,

g§H$ënZm `m§Mm Aä`mg AW©emómV Ho$bm OmVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo, g_mOmV CËnmXZ H$emMo, H$moR>o, {H$Vr, H$go

d H$moUmgmR>r H$amd`mMo, ho Am{W©H$ àíZ AgVmV; Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg AW©emómV Ho$bm OmVmo.

ì`dgm` d AW©emó `m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó hm eãX V`ma Pmbm Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$

AW©emómV Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V d àË`j ì`mdgm{`H$ H¥$Vr m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$bobo AgVo. Ë`m_Ü o àË`j ì`dhmamer

g§~§{YV {ZU© KoVbo OmVmV. CXm. AmXmZ-àXmZ g§~§Y, Jw§VdUyH$, ^{dî`H$mbrZ {Z`moOZ dJ¡a|~m~V XoIrb

{ZU© KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$ ì`dgm`mVrb n[apñWVrMo AW©emómÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {díbofU H$aVmo

d AW©emór` {gÕm§V d VÎdm§Mm dmna àË`j ì`dhmamV H$arV AgVmo. åhUyZ ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómbm

"ì`dñWmnH$s` AW©emó' (Managerial Economics) qH$dm "ì`mdhm[aH$ AW©emó' (Applied Economics)

Agohr åhUVmV. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómV ì`dhmam§Zm àË`j Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm§Mr OmoS> {Xbobr AgVo. AW©emór`

{gÕm§V d VÎdm§À`m ghmæ`mZo ì`dgm`mVrb n[apñWVrMo {díbofU H$ê$Z {ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV. AW©emómV

{d{eï> C{Ôï>m§À`m nyVugmR>r, gmYZgm_J«rMm n`m©á dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V, VÎdo d V§Ìm§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm Am{W©H$ {díbofUmMr gmYZo d V§ÌmMm nwadR>m H$aVo, Ë`m§Mm dmna

H$ê$Z Vmo Amnbr ì`mdgm{`H$ YmoaUo R>a{dVmo. ì`dñWmnH$ ì`dgm` qH$dm CÚmoJ Mmb{dVmo, Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm

ì`mdgm{`H$ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ì`dñWmnH$ EImXr ì`ŠVr qH$dm AZoH$ ì`ŠVr AgVmV. ì`dñWmnH$mMr à_wI

XmoZ H$m } AgVmV - (1) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©K KoUo d (2) ì`dgm`m~m~V mdr {Z`moOZ H$aUo. hr H$m } H$aÊ`mgmR>r

ì`dñWmnH$ AW©emómMr _XV KoV AgVmo. åhUyZ ""ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó åhUOo ì`mdgm{`H$ H¥$Vrbm

AW©emór` {gÕm§V d VÎdo `m§Mr {Xbobr OmoS> hmo .''

ì`dgm`

ì`dñWmnZAW©emó

ì`mdgm{`H$

AW©emó

+

6

1.4 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`m»`m :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó åhUOo H$m`? - ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m AW©emókm§Zr ì`m»`m {Xë`m

AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr à_wI ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. _°H$Zoa d _oar`_À`m _Vo, ""ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m {díbofUmgmR>r AW©emór` H$ënZm§Mm Cn`moJ

H$aUo åhUOo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó hmo .''7

2. ñnoÝga d gmBJb_ZÀ`m _Vo, ""{ZU©` à{H«$`m d ^{dî`H$mbrZ {Z`moOZmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r

AW©emór` {gÕm§V d ì`mdgm{`H$ H¥$Vr `m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU åhUOo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó hmo`.''8 åhUOo

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m {ZU© m§Mr AW©emór` ~mOy ñnï> H$aVo, Á`m_Ü o AW©emó AgVo.

3. B©. Q>r. {~«hm_ d Oo. Eb. nnmg `m§À`m _Vo, ""ì`mdgm{`H$ H¥$VtZm AW©emór` {gÕm§V d nÕVr bmJy

H$aUo åhUOo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó hmo .''9 `m ì`m» odê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s ì`dñWmnH$ Amnbr H$m } nma

nmS>Ê`mgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómVrb VÎdo, H$ënZm d {gÕm§Vm§Mm dmna H$arV AgVmo.

Aem arVrZo darb gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z {XgyZ oVo H$s, ì`dñWmnH$ Ë`mbm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Ü o Oo ì`mdgm{`H$

àíZ AgVmV Vo gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AW©emómMr _XV KoVmo. AW©emómV Am{W©H$ {díbofUmMr {d{dY gmYZo

g_m{dï> AgVmV. CXm. _mJUr, nwadR>m, qH$_Vr, ~mOmaì`dñWm, ñnYm© dJ¡ao. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© mgmR>r `m

H$ënZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mdê$Z ì`dñWmnH$ {ZU© KoV AgVmo d ì`dgm`mer g§~§{YV ^{dî`H$mbrZ

YmoaUo R>a{dbr OmVmV. CXm. H$mJX H$maImÝ`mMm ì`dñWmnH$ _mJUr, CËnmXZmg§~§Yr H$go {ZU© KoVmo d Ë`m~m~V

Amnbo ^{dî`H$mbrZ YmoaU H$go R>a{dVmo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

df© XoemVJ©V CËnmXZ _mJUr

(000 Q>Z) (000 Q>Z)

1980-81 13.94 100

1981-82 16.90 100

1982-83 37.10 100

1983-84 43.30 100

7. According to the McNair and Meriam, "Managerial Economics Consists of the use of

economic modes of thought to analyse business situations."

8. M. H. Spencer and L. Siegelman expressed as "Managerial Economics is the integreation

of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of faciliating decision making and

forward planning."

9. E. T. Brigham and J. L. Pappas, "Managerial Economics is the application of economic

theory and methodology to business administration practice."

7

gZ 1980-81 Vo 1983-84 `m Mma dfm©V XoemVrb H$mJXmMo CËnmXZ _mJUrnojm \$maM H$_r Amho,

Ë`m_wio H$mJX CËnmXZ dmT>dyZ Amnë`mbm _moR>çm à_mUmV Z\$m {_iob `mMm A§XmO ì`dñWmnH$mbm oVmo.

Ë`m_wio Vmo CËnmXZ dmT>rMm {ZU© KoVmo d ^{dî`mV {H$Vr CËnmXZ H$am`Mo `mg§~§YrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmo. Aem

arVrZo _mJUr d CËnmXZmÀ`m {díbofUmdê$Z XoemV H$mJX Q>§MmB© Amho d {dî`mV XoIrb Vr amhmUma Amho mMm

ì`dñWmnH$mbm A§XmO `oVmo d ^{dî`H$mbrZ H$mJX CËnmXZm~m~VMo YmoaU Vmo {Z{üV H$aVmo. Aem arVrZo

AW©emómVrb _mJUr, nwadR>m, CËnmXZ, Z\$m `m H$ënZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Vmo Amnë`m ì`dgm`mg§~§Yr {ZU© KoV

AgVmo. mbmM ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó Ago åhUVmV, H$s Á`m_Ü o ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrbm AW©emór` H$ënZm

bmJy H$ê$Z {ZU© KoVbo OmVmV.

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómÀ`m ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ë`mMr nwT>rb à_wI d¡{eï>ço d ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo.

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{eï> KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo, Ë`m_wio Vo gyú_bjr

AW©emómer {ZJS>rV AgVo.

2. VgoM, Vo amï´>r` CËnÞ, gaH$mar YmoaUo, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, gmd©O{ZH$ Am`ì`` BË`mXr ñWyb KQ>H$m§er

XoIrb g§~§{YV Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo g_J«bjr AW©emómÀ`m H$joV oVo.

Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgmV gyú_bjr d g_J«bjr AW©emómMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1.5 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`már d ñdê$n :

CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$mbm Á`m Á`m àíZm§Zm Vmo§S> Úmdo bmJVo, Ë`m§À`mer g§~§{YV gd© Am{W©H$

KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómÀ`m ì`már_Ü`o hmoVmo. ho àíZ gyú_bjr AW©emó d g_J«bjr

AW©emó Aem XmoÝhr joÌmVrb AgVmV. `m àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r Ë`m Ë`m joÌmVrb Am{W©H$ H$ënZm d

{gÕm§V Am{W©H$ {díbofUmgmR>r dmnabo OmVmV. `mn¡H$s H$moUË`m ^mJmMm dmna H$am`Mm, ho Ë`m àíZmÀ`m

ñdê$nmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmV OoWo Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V dmnabo OmVmV Ë`m joÌm§Mo dJuH$aU

XmoZ ^mJmV Ho$bo OmVo.

1. H$m ©H$mar qH$dm A§VJ©V ~m~r (Operational or Internal Issues)

2. n[apñWVrOÝ` qH$dm ~mø ~m~r (Environmental or External Issues)

1. H$m ©H$mar qH$dm A§VJ©V ~m~r (Operational or Internal Issues) :

ì`dñWmnH$mbm OmUdUmao H$mhr àíZ ho ì`dgm`mÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~ter g§~§{YV AgVmV. åhUOo ho àíZ

ì`dgm`mVJªV {Z_m©U hmoUmao d ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z {Z §{ÌV Ho$bo OmUmao AgVmV. CXm.

(1) dñVyÀ`m {ZdS>rMm àíZ, H$moUË`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo?

(2) V§ÌkmZmÀ`m {ZdS>rMm àíZ - åhUOo CËnmXZ H$go H$am`Mo? m§S>dbàYmZ H$s l_àYmZ V§Ì dmnam`Mo?

8

(3) ^m§S>db-H$m_Jma à_mU {H$Vr R>odm`Mo?

(4) dñVyMr qH$_V {H$Vr AmH$mam`Mr?

(5) dñVyÀ`m {dH«$sMm àíZ - ñnY}bm Vm|S> H$go Úmd`mMo?

(6) ì`dgm`mVrb Jw§VdUyH$sMm àíZ - Jw§VdUyH$ {H$Vr d H$er H$am`Mr?

(7) Z\$m d ^m§S>dbmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$go H$am`Mo?

`mgmaIo àíZ ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa AgVmV Am{U Ë`mbm Ë`mMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$amdr bmJVo. ho àíZ

ì`dñWmnH$mbm ^{dî`H$mbrZ {Z`moOZmgmR>r XoIrb Cn wŠV R>aVmV. ì`dgm`mV `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$

ì`dñWmnH$mbm `m àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. ì`dñWmnH$ Am{W©H$ H$ënZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo `m àíZm§Mo {díbofU

H$ê$Z Vo gmoS>{dVmo d ì`dgm` `eñdr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo.

ho gd© àíZ nwT>rb Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm§er g§~§{YV AgVmV.

(1) _mJUr {díbofU

(2) CËnmXZmMo {gÕm§V

(3) {d{Z_`mMo qH$dm _yë` {gÕm§V

(4) Z\$m{df`H$ {gÕm§V

(5) ^m§S>db-Jw§VdUyH$ {gÕm§V dJ¡ao.

ho {gÕm§V CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~ter g§~§{YV AgVmV d Vo gyú_bjr AW©emómÀ`m H$joV oVmV.

2. n[apñWVrOÝ` qH$dm ~mø ~m~r (Environmental or External Issues) :

Á`m n[apñWVrV CÚmoJ qH$dm ì`dgm` Mmb{dbm OmVmo Ë`mbm ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVr Ago åhUVmV.

Ë`m_Ü o Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` n[apñWVtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. hr n[apñWVr ì`dgm`~mø AgVo qH$dm

Vr ì`dgm`~mø KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgVo. m n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ ì`dgm`mda hmoVmo. AW©ì`dñWm m§S>dbemhr,

g_mOdmXr H$s {_l ñdê$nmMr Amho, Iwbr Amho H$s ~§{XñV Amho, Ë`mZwgma ì`dñWmnH$mbm Amnë`m ì`dgm`mMo

ì`dñWmnZ H$amdo bmJVo. AW©ì`dñWoVrb CËnmXZ, amoOJma, CËnÞ, qH$_Vr, ~MV-J§wVdUyH$ `m joÌm§Vrb

gd©gmYmaU n[apñWVr, ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, _hm_§S>io, Ë`m§Mr H$m }, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo ñdê$n d pñWVr,

l_ d ^m§S>db ~mOmamVrb pñWVr, gaH$maMr Am{W©H$ YmoaUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUo, _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU, qH$_V{df`H$

YmoaU, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, J«mhH$ g§KQ>Zm dJ¡ao ~m~tMm g_mdoe Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrV hmoVmo.

amOH$s` n[apñWVrV XoemV bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmXr H$s hþHw$_emhr emgZàUmbr H$m ©aV Amho mdê$Z ì`dñWmnH$

Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVrer AZwê$n {ZU© KoV AgVmo d ì`dgm`mg§~§Yr ^mdr YmoaUo R>a{dVmo. emgZmMm ImOJr

ì`mnma d ì`dgm` Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ `m~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moU, amOH$s` ñW¡ © dJ¡ao ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z Vmo

9

{ZU© KoV AgVmo. CXm. gaH$maMm ImOJr joÌm~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moU CXma Agob Va CÚmoOH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV

Jw§VdUyH$ H$ê$Z CÚmoJmMm {dñVma H$aVmV. `mCbQ> XoemV hþHw$_emhr gÎmm Agob d gaH$maMm Ñ{ï>H$moU

ImOJr joÌmbm nmofH$ Zgob Va CÚmoOH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$_r H$aVmV. Aem arVrZo gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mm ì`dgm`mda

n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$ZM ì`dñWmnH$mbm {ZU©` ¿`mdo bmJVmV. `mgmR>r Ë`mbm g_J«bjr

AW©emómÀ`m H$ënZm Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. ì`dñWmnH$mbm OmUdUmao `m joÌmVrb àíZ g_J«bjr AW©emómer

g§~§{YV AgVmV. Vo g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoer {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` n[apñWVrMmhr n[aUm_

ì`dgm`mda hmoV AgVmo. XoemMr Am`mV-{Z`m©V, Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamVrb MT>CVma, _mJUr, {d{Z_` Xa,

naH$s` ^m§S>db dJ¡a|Mo ì`dgm`mda hmoUmao n[aUm_ {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV. Aem arVrZo g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWm

d Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmVrb KS>m_moS>tMm {dMma ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdm bmJVmo. `m KQ>H$m§er g§§~§{YV àíZm§Mo

{díbofU g_J«bjr AW©emómÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Vmo H$arV AgVmo, Ë`m_Ü`o amï´>r` CËnÞ, amï´>r` CËnmXZ, Am{W©H$

{dH$mg d dmT>, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, Am{W©H$ YmoaU, _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU dJ¡a|er g§~§{YV {gÕm§Vm§Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo.

Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`már gyú_bjr d g_J«bjr AW©emómn ªV nmohmoMVo. ì`mdgm{`H$

AW©emó `m {df`mV nwT>rb {gÕm§V d VÎdm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. _mJUr-{díbofU (Demand Analysis) : CÚmoJg§ñWobm Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m ~mOmamVrb _mJUrMm

{dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r AW©emómVrb _mJUr {díbofU d Ë`mg§~§{YV {gÕm§V {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV.

_mJUrMm {gÕm§V Cn^moŠË`m§À`m dV©UyH$sg§~§Yr {díbofU XoVmo. Cn^moŠVm dñVyMr IaoXr H$er d {H$Vr qH$_Vrbm

H$aVmo, H$moR>o IaoXr Wm§~{dVmo `m~m~V {ddoMZ XoVmo. VgoM Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r, CËnÞ, qH$_V `m

KQ>H$m§V ~Xb Pmë`mg Ë`mMm _mJUrda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMo {díbofU hm {gÕm§V XoVmo. _mJUr {gÕm§VmÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMm ~mOmamVrb ~amo~a A§XmO H$mTy>Z Vmo CËnmXZm~m~V {ZU© KoVmo. VgoM

_mJUrda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m BVa KQ>H$m§Mmhr {dMma Ë`mbm H$amdm bmJVmo. _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMm {dMma

H$ê$Z dñVyÀ`m _mJUrg§§§~§Yr A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV. Aem arVrZo _mJUr {gÕm§VmMo kmZ ì`dñWmnH$mbm Cn wŠV

R>aVo.

2. CËnmXZ {gÕm§V (Theory of Production) : CËnmXZ {gÕm§VmbmM CÚmoJg§ñWoMo {gÕm§V Ago

XoIrb åhUVmV. `m_Ü o CÚmoJg§ñWoMm EHy$U IM©, gamgar IM©, gr_m§V IM©, EHy$U àmár, gamgar d gr_m§V

àmár `m§Mm Aä`mg AmVmo. {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Vrb g§~§Y, AmXmZo-àXmZo `m_Yrb g§~§Y, ^m§S>db H$m_Jma

à_mU, n`m©á CËnmXZ à_mU `m§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. `m g§H$ënZm ì`dñWmnH$mbm CËnmXZmg§~§{YV àíZm§Mr

gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mg Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

3. IM©-{díbofU (Cost-Analysis) : ì`dñWmnH$ Vmo CËnmXZ H$arV Agboë`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ

IMm©Mm {dMma H$arV AgVmo. CËnmXZ IM© {Z{üV H$aUo, IM©-CËnmXZ g§~§Y, VgoM IM© d Zâ`mg§~§YrMo

10

A§XmO dJ¡a|Mm Aä`mg ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdm bmJVmo. CËnmXZ IMm©Mo gImob kmZ d Ë`m§Mm ì`dhmamV Cn`moJ

H$aÊ`mÀ`m Hw$ebVoda CÚmoJg§ñWoMo `e Adb§~yZ AgVo.

4. _yë` {gÕm§V : qH$_VrÛmao CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnÞ {_iV AgVo. CÚmoJg§ñWoMo `e {VÀ`m qH$_V{df`H$

YmoaUmV AgVo. doJdoJù`m ~mOmam§V åhUOo nyU©ñnYm©, _ŠVoXmar, _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm©, Aënm{YH$ma BË`mXt_Ü o

dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr H$em R>aVmV, VgoM Ë`m§Mr qH$_V{df`H$ YmoaUo d A§XmO m§Mr _m{hVr ì`dñWmnH$mbm Agmdr

bmJVo. {ZU© à{H«$ oV Vr ì`dñWmnH$mbm Cn wŠV R>aVo. Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r qH$_VrMo kmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.

Ë`mgmR>r gyú_bjr AW©emór` _yë` {gÕm§V Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

5. Z\$m{df`H$ {gÕm§V (Theory of Profit) : Z\$m {_i{dUo ho àË oH$ CÚmoOH$mMo Ü o AgVo.

XrK©H$mimV Z\$m {_i{dUo ho eñdr CÚmoJg§ñWoMo bjU AgVo. Z\$m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ ~gVmo. Ë`m_Ü o

CÚmoJg§ñWoMo A§VJ©V d ~møKQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgVmV. CXm. _mJUr, AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr, ñnYm©, CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m

qH$_Vr dJ¡ao. ì`dgm`mVrb YmoHo$ H$_r H$ê$Z Z\$m H$gm {_idmdm, Jw§VdUyH$sMm IM© H$gm H$_r H$amdm, `mo½`

Z\$m{df`H$ YmoaUm§Mr {ZdS>, Z\$m {Z`moOZmMr V§Ìo, Zâ`mMo ñdê$n d _moO_mn `m Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe Zâ`mÀ`m

ì`dñWmnZmV hmoVmo. `m gdmªMr _m{hVr ì`dñWmnH$mbm Agmdr bmJVo.

6. gmYZgm_J«rMo dmQ>n (Resource Allocation) : AW©emómV gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m dmQ>nmMm àíZ

_hÎdmMm AgVmo. ì`dñWmnH$mbm gmYZgm_J«rMo H$m`©j_ dmQ>n KS>dyZ AmUmdo bmJVo. ho H$arV AgVmZm

Ë`mbm gmYZgm_J«r dmQ>nmÀ`m àíZmbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo ^m§S>db, l_,

y_r, H$ƒm _mb dJ¡a|Mm g_mdoe gmYZgm_J«rV hmoVmo. hr gmYZo Xw{_©i na§Vw n`m© r Cn`moJmMr AgVmV. n`m©á

CËnmXZ d Zâ`mgmR>r ^m§S>db Am{U l_m§Mo n`m©á à_mU H$moUVo, ho ì`dñWmnH$mbm emoYmdo bmJVo. Xw{_©i

gmYZm§Mm n`m©á dmna H$ê$Z Vmo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmo. gmYZgm_J«r dmQ>nmMm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r "AmXmZo-

àXmZo {díbofU' (Input-Output Analysis), "gaiaofr` {díbofU' (Linear Programming) `m§Mm dmna

H$amdm bmJVmo. `m gJù`m§Mr _m{hVr ì`dñWmnH$mbm Agbr nm{hOo. doJdoJù`m Cn`moJmV `m Xw{_©i gmYZm§Mo

dmQ>n H$go H$am`Mo? H$moUË`m Cn`moJmV Vr A{YH$ dmnam`Mr? d H$moR>o H$_r dmnam`Mr?- `mg§~§YrMo {ZU©

ì`dñWmnH$mbm ¿`mdo bmJVmV.

7. ^m§S>db-Jw§VdUyH$ {díbofU (Capital-Investment Analysis) : ^m§S>db hm CÚmoJmMm _yb yV

d Xw{_©i KQ>H$ AgVmo. ^m§S>dbmÀ`m CnbãYVoda CÚmoJY§ÚmMo AmH$ma_mZ Adb§~yZ AgVo. ^m§S>db C^maUrMo

_mJ©, ^m§S>dbmMo H$m ©j_ dmQ>n d ì`dñWmnZ, Jw§VdUyH$ àH$ënm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo, ^m§S>dbmÀ`m bm^j_VoMo

_yë`_mnZ H$aUo, m§S>dbr A§XmOnÌH$, m§S>dbmMm IM© BË`mXt~m~VMm Aä`mg m§S>db-Jw§VdUyH$ {gÕm§Vm_Ü o

AgVmo. ì`dñWmnH$mbm AW©nyU© {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r `m ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ {gÕm§VmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

Jw§VdUyH$ àH$ënm§Mr {ZdS> H$er H$am`Mr? Jw§VdUyH$ H$er, H$moR>o d {H$Vr H$am`Mr? Jw§VdUyH$sda Z\$m {H$Vr

11

{_iob? {d{dY KQ>H$mV ^m§S>dbmMo H$m ©j_ dmQ>n H$go H$amd`mMo? ^m§S>dbmMm IM© H$_r H$gm H$am`Mm?

BË`mXr àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>db{df`H$ {gÕm§VmMo kmZ Cn wŠV AgVo.

8. _mb gmR>m ì`dñWmnZ (Inventory Management) : CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnmXZmgmR>r H$ÀÀ`m

_mbmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo, åhUyZ Ë`mMm gmR>m H$ê$Z R>odmdm bmJVmo. H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm AmXe© gmR>m {H$Vr

Agmdm H$s Á`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV ^m§S>db Jw§VyZ amhmUma Zmhr Am{U CÚmoJg§ñWobm H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr

Q>§MmB©hr ^mgUma Zmhr, hm àíZ ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$ÀÀ`m _mbmÀ`m

gmR>çmMo {Z`§ÌU H$go H$amdo, Ë`mbm IM© H$_r H$gm H$amdm mMo kmZ Ë`mbm H$ƒm _mb gmR>m ì`dñWmnZmVyZ

{_iVo.

9. Om{hamV~mOr (Advertising) : Amnbr dñVy bmoH${à` ìhmdr, {VÀ`m {dH«$sV dmT> ìhmdr åhUyZ

Om{hamV~mOrÀ`m {dH«$s nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. Om{hamVrda IM© {H$Vr H$amd`mMm, Om{hamV~mOrMo

CÚmoJg§ñWoda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmV, `m gdmªMm {dMma ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdm bmJVmo. Om{hamV~mOr hm {ZU©

à{H«$`m d ^{dî`H$mbrZ {Z`moOZmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVo.

10. n[apñWVrOÝ` AWdm ~mø KQ>H$ (Environmental or External Issues) : CÚmoJg§ñWobm Á`m

ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrV d dmVmdaUmV H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo Ë`mg ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVr Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m_Ü o

Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` n[apñWVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m n[apñWVrer nwT>rb KQ>H$ g§~§{YV AgVmV.

AW©ì`dñWoMm àH$ma, amï´>r` CËnmXZ, amoOJma, qH$_Vr, ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$, ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, {d_m H§$nÝ`m,

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, ^m§S>db d l_ ~mOmamMr pñWVr, gaH$maMr Am{W©H$ YmoaUo, _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU, dJ¡ao. VgoM

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, J«mhH$ g§KQ>Zm dJ¡ao KQ>H$XoIrb `mV g_m{dï> AgVmV. `m gd© ~m~t

g_J«bjr AW©emómer {ZJS>rV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómÀ`m ì`márV g_J«bjr AW©emómMm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emóm_Ü o gyú_bjr d g_J«bjr AW©emómMo {gÕm§V d H$ënZm§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1.6 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr d¡{eï>ço :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho {ZU© à{H«$`m d {dî`H$mbrZ {Z`moOZmer g§~§{YV AgVo. Ë`m_Ü o AW©emór`

{gÕm§VmMm dmna ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m {díbofUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo d ì`mdgm{`H$ àíZ gmoS>{dbo OmVmV.

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMm `m ñdê$nmdê$Z Ë`mMr nwT>rb d¡{eï>ço gm§JVm oVmV.

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMo gyú_bjr ñdê$n CÚmoJg§ñWm d ì`dgm`mÀ`m {d{dY àíZm§er g§~§{YV

AgVo.

2. CÚmoJg§ñWoMo {gÕm§V, {d^mOZmMo Zâ`mda AmYm[aV {gÕm§V `m§À`mer Vo g§~§{YV AgVo.

3. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMm g_J«bjr ^mJ CÚmoJ d ì`dgm`mÀ`m n[apñWVrOÝ` àíZmer Vo {ZJS>rV

AgVmo. Ë`mMm dmna ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m {díbofUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.

12

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó d AW©emó `mVrb \$aH$ :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó AW©emó

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómV AW©emómVrb

{gÕm§V d VÎdo `m§Mm Cn`moJ ì`dgm` d

CÚmoJm§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.

2. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó gyú_bjr

AW©emómda OmñV â XoVo Va g_J«bjr

AW©emómda H$_r â XoVo.

3. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómÀ`m gyú_bjr

^mJmV \$ŠV CÚmoJg§ñWoMm {dMma Ho$bm

OmVmo, ì`ŠVrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

4. `m AW©emómVrb gyú_bjr ^mJ \$ŠV

Zâ`mer g§~§{YV AgVmo.

1. AW©emómV AW©emór` VÎdo d {gÕm§V

g_m{dï> AgVmV.

2. AW©emómbm gyú_bjr d g_J«bjr Aer

XmoÝhr d¡{eï>ço AgVmV, Ë`mMm Xmohmoda

gmaImM â AgVmo.

3. AW©emómVrb gyú_bjr ^mJmV ì`ŠVr d

CÚmoJg§ñWm m XmoÝhtMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.

4. AW©emómVrb gyú_bjr ^mJ

{d^mOZmÀ`m I§S>, ì`mO, doVZ d Z\$m

`m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgVmo.

1.7 {ZU© à{H«$`m {gÕm§V d ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó :

(Theory of Decision-making and Business Economics) :

gZ 1950 Z§Va {ZU©` à{H«$`m {gÕm§V hm EH$ ZdrZ {df` {Z_m©U Pmbm. {ZU©` à{H«$`m {gÕm§V

ì`dñWmnH$mbm EH$mM doir AZoH$ C{Ôï>o H$er gmÜ` H$amdrV `mg§~§Yr _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. ho {gÕm§V AW©emór`

{gÕm§Vm§nojm A{YH$ dmñVddmXr d bmJy nS>Umao AgVmV.

Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó BVa {df`m§er g§~§{YV AgVo d Ë`m§Mm dmna Amnë`m ì`mdgm{`H$

{ZU© à{H«$ oV H$arV AgVo.

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` à{H«$`m :

(Business Economics and Business Decisions) :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómV ì`dñWmnH$ Amnbr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©emór` VÎdo, gmYZo d V§Ìo

`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrMo {díbofU H$ê$Z, Ë`mdê$Z A§XmO ~m§YVmo d {ZU© KoV AgVmo. {ZU©

13

KoUo ho ì`dñWmnH$mMo _hÎdmMo H$m © AgVo, Vmo ì`dñWmnH$ à{H«$ oMm H|$Ðq~Xy AgVmo. {ZU© mVrb AMyH$Voda

ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWoMo `e Adb§~yZ AgVo. ì`dñWmnH$mbm XaamoO AZoH$ {ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. ì`dñWmnH$ Oo

H$mhr H$arV AgVmo Vo {ZU© mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$arV AgVmo.

{ZU© à{H«$`m åhUOo, ""EImXr H¥$Vr àË`j H$aÊ`mnydu KSy>Z oUmao ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m © hmo .'' Aer {ZU©

à{H«$ oMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. `mMm AW©, ì`dñWmnH$ EImXr ì`dgm`mg§~§YrMr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mnydu Omo {dMma

H$arV AgVmo, Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ {d{dY KQ>H$m§Vrb g§~§Y VnmgyZ nmhV AgVmo Ë`mbm ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m © Ago

åhUVmV. CXm. CËnmXZdmT>rMm {ZU© KoÊ`mnydu ì`dñWmnH$ dñVyMr _mJUr, bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ, Am`mV-{Z`m©V

dñVy§Mm nwadR>m, gaH$mar YmoaU, n`m© r dñVy§Mr CnbãYVm `m§Mm {dMma H$arV AgVmo d Am{W©H$ {díbofUmVyZ

Ë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>ë`mg CËnmXZ dmT>rMm {ZU© Vmo KoVmo. åhUyZ {ZU© à{H«$`m åhUOo àË`j H¥$Vrnydu Ho$bo OmUmao

~m¡{ÕH$ H$m © hmo .

{ZU© à{H«$ oÀ`m emómoŠV ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xë`m OmVmV.

(1) bwB©g A°bZÀ`m _Vo, ""{ZîH$f© qH$dm {ZdmS>çmàV `oÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$ H$arV Agbobo H$m`©

åhUOo {ZU© à{H«$`m hmo .''10

EImÚm ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© màV oÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdr bmJUmar H$m } åhUOo {ZU© à{H«$`m

hmo , Agohr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$aVo.

(2) Om°O© Q>oarÀ`m _Vo, ""XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ n`m© m§VyZ H$mhr {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmamda EH$mMr {ZdS> H$aUo

åhUOo {ZU© KoUo hmo .''11

(3) S>r. B©. _°H$\$ab§S>À`m _Vo, ""doJdoJio n`m© CnbãY AgVmZm {d{eï> n[apñWVrV H$m` H$am`Mo ho

R>adyZ `mo½` n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$aUo åhUOo {ZU© à{H«$`m hmo .''12

darb ì`m»`m ì`dñWmnH$mbm Amnbo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oo AZoH$ n`m© r _mJ© CnbãY AgVmV,

Ë`mn¡H$s `mo½` Aem EH$mMr {ZdS> H$aUo åhUOo {ZU© KoUo Agm AW© ñnï> H$aVmV.

10. "Decision making is the work which a manager performs to arrive at conclusion and

judgement." - Louis A. Allen - 'Management and Organisation.'

11. "Decision making is the selection based on some criteria from two or more possible

alternatives." - George Terry - 'Principles of Management.'

12. "A decision is an act of choice wherein an executive forms a conclusion about what

must be done in a given situation. A decision represents behaviour chosen from a number of

possible alternatives." - D. E. MacFarland - 'Management, Principles and Practice.'

14

(4) h~©Q>© gm`_ZÀ`m _Vo, ""{ZU© KoUo `mV VrZ à_wI AdñWm g_m{dï> AgVmV; Ë`m åhUOo `mo½`

doioMr {ZdS> H$aUo, g§ mì` _mJ© emoYUo d Ë`mn¡H$s `mo½` _mJm©Mr {ZdS> H$aUo `m hmoV.''13

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$er _XV H$aVo `m~m~V Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoVo h~©Q>© gm`_Z

åhUVmV, ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` doioMr {ZdS> H$aUo, H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ mì` _mJ© emoYUo, {ZdS>

Ho$boë`m àË oH$ H¥$VrnmgyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞ d IMm©Mo _moO_mn H$aUo d CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r AZoH$mVyZ

EH$m gdm}Îm_ H¥$VrMr {ZdS> H$aUo m~m~V AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm _XV H$aVo. ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m {ZU© à{H«$ oV,

CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmV {dH«$s, Z\$m `m_Ü o OmñVrV OmñV dmT> H$er H$am`Mr, CËnmXZIM© H$_rV H$_r H$gm

R>odm`Mm, `m n`m©áVm dV©UyH$sÀ`m g§X^m©V AW©emó _XV H$aVo. n`m©áVm pñWVr åhUOo OmñVrV OmñV (_hÎm_)

qH$dm H$_rV H$_r pñWVr hmo . ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómVrb n`m©áVm VÎd ì`dñWmnH$mbm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo CËnmXZ,

{dH«$s, IM©, Z\$m BË`mXr§~m~V {ZU© KoÊ`mg _XV H$aVo.

Aem arVrZo {ZU© KoUo åhUOo ì`dgm`mÀ`m C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m AZoH$ n`m© r _mJm©VyZ

EH$mMr {ZdS> H$aUo hmo`. {ZU©` KoUo hr ~m¡{ÕH$ à{H«$`m Amho. MMm© d {dMmamVyZ {ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV.

ì`dñWmnH$mbm XaamoO Ago AZoH$ {ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. H$mhr {ZU© _yb yV ñdê$nmMo Va H$mhr YmoaUmË_H$

AgVmV. {ZU© à{H«$ oV ì`dñWmnH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ dmVmdaU d n[apñWVr Am{U CnbãY gmYZgm_J«r `m§Mm

{dMma H$arV AgVmo. {ZU© doioV d AMyH$ Agmdo bmJVmV; AÝ`Wm Ë`mMm ì`dgm`mda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoV

AgVmo. ì`mdgm{`H$ dmVmdaUmV XmoZ àH$maMo KQ>H$ n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV. (1) A§VJ©V KQ>H$ d (2) ~mø

KQ>H$. A§VJ©V KQ>H$ CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~ter g§~§{YV AgyZ Vo ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV AgVmV. `m

A§VJ©V ~m~ter g§~§{YV àíZ gyú_bjr AW©emómÀ`m H$joVrb AgVmV. ì`dñWmnH$ m àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r

gyú_bjr AW©emómMm dmna H$arV AgVmo. VgoM CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m ~mø n[apñWVrer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m àíZm§Mr

XoIrb gmoS>dUyH$ ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdr bmJVo, Vo àíZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV ZgVmV. m àíZm§À`m g§X^m©V

{ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$ g_J«bjr AW©emómMm dmna H$aVmo, H$maU Vo g_J«bjr AW©emómer {ZJ{S>V

AgVmV.

ì`dñWmnH$ `m ì`mdgm{`H$ àíZm§À`m g§X^m©V {ZU© KoVmZm àW_ C{Ôï> {Z{üV H$aVmo, Ë`mMr ì`m»`m

H$aVmo, XoemVrb Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d Vm§{ÌH$ n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr KoD$Z `mo½` doioMr dmQ> nmhVmo d

`mo½` doir H¥$Vr H$ê$Z C{Ôï> nyU© H$aVmo. `m {ZU© à{H«$ oV Vmo AW©emór` g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V, VÎdo `m§Mm gmYZ

åhUyZ dmna H$arV AgVmo. AW©emór` {gÕm§VmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§Vrb g§~§Y ñnï> Ho$bo OmVmV d

Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm_wio Am{W©H$ H$ënZm ñnï> hmoVmV. CXm. CËnmXZ

13. "Decision making comprises, three principle phases - Finding Occasions for making

decisions, finding possible courses of action and choosing among courses of action."

- Herbert Simon.

15

IM©, qH$_V, _mJUr, nwadR>m, ~mOma à{H«$`m dJ¡ao. Ë`mdê$Z ì`dgm`mer g§~§{YV Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Vrb g§~§Y

ñnï> hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {díbofUmbm gwg§JVr àmá hmoD$Z Ë`mdê$Z ì`dñWmnH$ ~amo~a AZw_mZ H$mTy>Z

{ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmo d {ZU© KoVmo. Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm Am{W©H$ {díbofUmgmR>r,

{ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r d àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVo. CXmhaUmW©,

(1) ^m§S>db C^maUrMm àíZ : CÚmoJmÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r qH$dm {dñVmamgmR>r ^m§S>dbmMr Amdí`H$Vm

AgVo. ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa hm m§S>db C^maUrMm àíZ Amho Ago _mZy. m àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mg_moa

nwT>rb n`m© r _mJ© AmhoV. ~±Ho$H$S>yZ H$O© ¿`md`mMo? ^mJm§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z ^m§S>db C o H$am`Mo? H$s ImOJr

gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z ¿`m`Mo? ~±Ho$Mm ì`mMm Xa 15%, ImOJr gmdH$mamMm 20%, Va ^mJ ^m§S>dbmda ì`mO Úmdo

bmJV Zmhr na§Vw ^m§S>db C^maUrgmR>r gwédmVrbm _moR>m IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. VgoM ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© {_iÊ`mg 6

_{hÝ`m§Mm H$mbmdYr bmJVmo, ^mJ {dH«$sÛmao ^m§S>db C^maUrgmR>r 1 _{hÝ`mMm H$mbmdYr bmJVmo, Va

gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z Ëd[aV ^m§S>db {_iVo. `mn¡H$s H$moUË`m n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$am`Mr, `m~m~V ì`mdgm{`H$mbm

{ZU© ¿`mdm bmJVmo. ~±H$mH$Sy>Z ^m§S>db ¿`m`Mo åhQ>ë`mg ì`mOXa _Ü`_ na§Vw H$mbmdYr OmñV, ^mJ^m§S>db

{dH«$sVyZ ^m§S>db Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`mO Zmhr na§Vw gwédmVrbm _moR>m IM©, ImOJr gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z ^m§S>db

¿`m`Mo Va ^m§S>dbmMr Ëd[aV CnbãYVm na§Vw ì`mOmMm Xa OmñV Aer n[apñWVr Amho. `m~m~V Vmo ì`mO,

Z\$m, ^m§S>db, H§$nÝ`mMr ^mJ {dH«$s `m AW©emómVrb H$ënZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$_r IMm©V, `mo½` doir ^m§S>db

CnbãY hmoB©b Aem EH$m n`m© mMr `m {VÝhrVyZ {ZdS> H$aVmo.

(2) dñVyÀ`m {ZdS>rMm àíZ : H$moUË`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$amdo, hm àíZ CÚmoOH$mbm ^oS>gmdVmo.

g_Om, ^maVmVrb H$mnyg d gwVr H$mnS>mbm naXoemV _moR>çm à_mUmV _mJUr Amho. H$mnyg IaoXr H$ê$Z {Z`m©V

Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm 60 H$moQ>r én o {_iVmV, Ë`mnmgyZ YmJm V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr {Z`m©V Ho$ë`mg 119 H$moQ>r én o

{_iVmV, Ë`mMo H$mnS> V`ma H$ê$Z {Z`m©V Ho$ë`mg 190 H$moQ>r én o {_iVmV, Va H$mnS>mnmgyZ ao{S>_oS> H$nS>o

V`ma H$ê$Z {Z`m©V Ho$ë`mg 500 H$moQ>r én o {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa Agm àíZ nS>Vmo H$s, H$moUË`m

dñVyMr {ZdS> H$am`Mr? H$mnyg IaoXr H$ê$Z Vmo {Z`m©V H$am`Mm, Ë`mnmgyZ YmJm V`ma H$ê$Z Vmo {Z`m©V H$am`Mm,

H$mnS> V`ma H$ê$Z Vo {Z`m©V H$am`Mo, H$s ao{S>_oS> H$nS>o V`ma H$ê$Z {Z`m©V H$am`Mo? Ë`mÀ`m g_moa ho Mma n`m©

AmhoV. Vmo AW©emómVrb _mJUr, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, H$a dJ¡ao§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mbm `mo½`

dmQ>ob Ë`m darbn¡H$s EH$m n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo.

3) CËnmXZmg§~§YrMm {ZU© : CËnmXZ {H$Vr H$am`Mo? gZ 1994-96 `m XmoZ dfm©V ^maVmVrb

gmIaoMo CËnmXZ AZwH«$_o 145 d 160 bj Q>Z BVHo$ Pmbo. Ë`mn¡H$s Xoem§VJ©V Cn^moJmgmR>r AZwH«$_o 118 d

125 bj Q>Z gmIa bmJbr d 1995-96 `m dfm©V 10 bj Q>Z gmIa {Z`m©V Ho$br. Var XoIrb 1994-95

`m dfm©Vrb 27 bj Q>Z d 1995-96 `m dfm©Vrb 25 bj Q>Z Aer EHy$U 52 bj Q>Z gmIa XoemV {e„H$

am{hbr. åhUOo gmIaoMo A{V[aŠV CËnmXZ Pmbo. `m n[apñWVrV gmIa H$maImÝ`mÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa Agm

16

àíZ nS>Vmo H$s CËnmXZ dmT>dm`Mo? Amho Vo Mmby R>odm`Mo? H$s H$_r H$am`Mo? CËnmXZ dmT>{dbo Va qH$_Vr H$_r

Pmë`mZo VmoQ>m hmoVmo; Mmby Amho Vo H$m`_ R>odbo Var gmIaoÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mZo VmoQ>m hmoVmo; H$_r Ho$bo Va CËnÞ

H$_r hmoD$Z VmoQ>m hmoVmo. AmVm mn¡H$s H$moUVm n`m© {ZdS>m`Mm hm àíZ ì`dñWmnH$mbm nS>Vmo. ì`dñWmnH$ XoemVrb

gmIa CËnmXZ, Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr, _mJUr, {Z`m©V, Am§Vaamï>r` ~mOmanoR>oVrb gmIaoMr _mJUr, BVa Xoem§H$Sy>Z VoWo

hmoUmam nwadR>m, Am§Vaamï>r` ~mOmamVrb gmIaoÀ`m {H§$_Vr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmo. AW©emór` H$ënZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo

Ë`m§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z H$_rV H$_r VmoQ>m H$gm hmoB©b `mgmR>r darbn¡H$s EH$m _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVmo.

Aem arVrZo ì`dgm`mgm§~§YrMo {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r AW©emómMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó

d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© `m XmohmoV {ZH$Q>Mo g§~§Y AgVmV.

1.8 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Business Economics) :

ì`dñWmnH$mbm ì`dgm` Mmb{dVmZm ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV A§VJ©V àíZ d ~mø àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.

A§VJ©V àíZ gyú_bjr AW©emómer Va ~mø àíZ g_J«bjr AW©emómer g§~§{YV AgVmV.

1. gyú_bjr AW©emó (Micro-Economics) :

gyú_bjr AW©emómbmM A§ebjr AW©emó Ago XoIrb åhUVmV. gyú_bjr AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb

Ho$di EH$m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg H$aVo (Study of a Unit), g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$arV Zmhr. ho AW©emó

AW©ì`dñWoVrb gyú_ KQ>H$m§Mm qH$dm A§emMm Aä`mg H$aVo. åhUOoM ho AW©ì`dñWoVrb bhmZmV bhmZ

KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó Amho. CXm. EImXr CÚmoJg§ñWm, Cn^moŠVm, {d{eï> qH$_V, doVZ, ì`{ŠVJV

CËnÞ, Z\$m, {d{eï> CÚmoJ dJ¡ao.

gyú_bjr AW©emómMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr OmVo, ""gyú_bjr AW©emó åhUOo ì`{ŠVJV KQ>H$

qH$dm bhmZmV bhmZ JQ>m§À`m Am{W©H$ dmJUwH$sMm Aä`mg hmo`.''14 `mMm AW© gyú_bjr AW©emómV

AW©ì`dñWoVrb EImÚm KQ>H$ qH$dm bhmZ JQ>mMm Aä`mg AgVmo. {d{eï> KQ>H$, {d{eï> JQ>, {d{eï> CÚmoJ

`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. EImXm Cn^moŠVm ~mOmamV dñVyMr IaoXr H$er H$aVmo, EImXr

CÚmoJg§ñWm H$er H$m © H$aVo qH$dm {d{eï> CÚmoJ, CËnmXZ, qH$_V, {dH«$s, Z\$m `m~m~V H$go {ZU© KoVmo, Aem

ì`{ŠVJV JQ>m§Mm qH$dm KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg gyú_bjr AW©emó H$aVo. CXm. _hmamï´>mVrb ghH$mar gmIa

H$maImÝ`mn¡H$s A§~m ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm {H$Vr gmIaoMo CËnmXZ H$aVmo, Ë`mMm CËnmXZ IM© {H$Vr, Ë`m

H$maImÝ`mMm gmIa CVmam {H$Vr, `m H$maImÝ`mVrb doVZ, Z\$m, {H$Vr Amho `mMm Aä`mg åhUOo gyú_bjr

AW©emó hmo . _hmamï´>mVrb AZoH$ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`mn¡H$s Vmo EH$ H$maImZm Amho; åhUyZ gyú_bjr

AW©emó åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoVrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg hmo .

14. "Micro Economics is the study of the economic actions of individuals and small groups

of Individuals."

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Aem àH$mao gyú_bjr AW©emómV `m KQ>H$m§À`m g§~§Yr g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg ZgyZ d¡ {ŠVH$

KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo; EImÚm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo CËnÞ, Z\$m, qH$_Vr, CËnmXZ, doVZ, _mJUr, {dH«$s dJ¡ao

KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. gyú_bjr AW©emómV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg ZgyZ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m EImÚm

KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg AgVmo, `m~m~V àmo. ~mopëS>¨J åhUVmV, ""O§JbmVrb AZoH$ PmS>m§n¡H$s EH$m PmS>mMm Aä`mg

åhUOo gyú_bjr AW©emó hmo .''

gyú_bjr AW©emómÀ`m ghmæ`mZo AW©ì`dñWm H$er H$m`© H$aVo Vo g_OVo. VgoM Am{W©H$ YmoaUo

R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {díbofUmMr gmYZo nwa{dVo. CXm. ~mOma §ÌUm, qH$_V §ÌUm dJ¡ao gyú_ AW©emómV

g_m{dï> AgVmV. Ë`mdê$Z qH$_V {H$Vr AmH$mam`Mr Vo R>a{dbo OmVo. gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m H$m ©j_ dmQ>nmgmR>r,

H$_mb CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Cn^moŠË`mMr _mJUr R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r, dñVyMm CËnmXZ IM© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r, {d{dY

H$a{df`H$ _m{hVrgmR>r gaH$mar YmoaUmMo dñVyMr qH$_V d doVZ `mdarb n[aUm_ d ^{dî`H$mbrZ A§XmO

R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV AgVo.

Aem arVrZo gyú_bjr AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo A§VJ©V àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo.

CËnmXZ H$emMo, H$moR>o, {H$Vr, H$go d H$moUmgmR>r H$am`Mo, ho Oo n«íZ ì`dñWmnH$mg_moa AgVmV, Vo gyú_bjr

AW©emómVrb _mJUr, CËnmXZ, qH$_V, Z\$m, ^m§S>db, Jw§VdUyH$ dJ¡ao {gÕm§Vmer {ZJS>rV AgVmV. gyú_bjr

AW©emómMm dmna H$ê$Z ì`dñWmnH$ ho àíZ gmoS>drV AgVmo. Aem arVrZo CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~ter

g§~§{YV AgUmao àíZ gyú_bjr AW©emómÀ`m H$joV oVmV. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$ oV gyú_bjr AW©emómMm

dmna H$ê$Z ì`dgm`mg§~§Yr dV©_mZ d ^{dî`H$mbrZ {ZU© KoVbo OmVmV.

2. g_J«bjr AW©emó (Macro-Economics) :

g_J«bjr AW©emómbmM g_yh AW©emó Agohr åhUVmV, H$maU g_J«bjr AW©emómV g_yhmMm qH$dm

JQ>mMm Aä`mg (Study of Group) Ho$bm OmVmo. g_J«bjr AW©emómMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr OmVo.

""g_J«bjr AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$Um§Mm qH$dm gamgatMm Aä`mg H$aVo.''15

àmo. ~mopëS>¨JÀ`m _Vo, g_J«bjr AW©emó ì`{ŠVJV KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$arV Zmhr Va gm_y{hH$ KQ>H$m§Mr

MMm© H$aVo. d¡ {ŠVH$ CËnÞmEodOr amï´>r` CËnÞ, {d{eï> qH$_VrEodOr gd©gmYmaU qH$_V nmVir, d¡ {ŠVH$

CËnmXZmEodOr amï´>r` CËnmXZmMr MMm© H$aVo. Aem arVrZo g_J«bjr AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U CËnmXZ,

EHy$U amoOJma, amï´>r` CËnÞ, EHy$U Jw§VdUyH$, EHy$U Cn^moJ, EHy$U ~MV, EHy$U _mJUr d nwadR>m,

AW©ì`dñWoVrb doVZ nmVir, EHy$U IM© `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. Xwgè`m ^mfoV, ho AW©emó g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoer

{ZJ{S>V {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo d Ë`m§À`mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$aVo.

15.. "Macro Economic is the study of aggregates or averages covering the entire

economy."

18

àmo. A°ŠboÀ`m _Vo, g_J«bjr AW©emó Am{W©H$ ~m~tMm ì`má d Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm gdmªJrU {dMma

H$aVo. åhUOo g_J«bjr AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb ì`{ŠVJQ> KQ>H$m§EodOr g_y{hH$ KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVo.

EImXr CÚmoJg§ñWm EImXm J«mhH$, qH$dm {d{eï> KQ>H$ `m§Mm Aä`mg Z H$aVm, AW©ì`dñWoVrb gd© KQ>H$, gd©

J«mhH$, gd© CÚmoJg§ñWm, gd© CÚmoJY§Xo `mMm Aä`mg H$aVo. WmoS>Š`mV, ~mopëS>¨J åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo g_J«bjr

AW©emó åhUOo O§JbmVrb EImÚm PmS>mMm Aä`mg Zìho Va g§nyU© O§JbmMm Aä`mg hmo . `m AW©emómV

AW©ì`dñWoVrb amï>r` CËnÞ, amï>r` CËnmXZ, EHy$U amoOJma, ~oH$mar, mddmT>, mdKQ>, ì`mnma MH«o$, Am§Vaamï>r`

ì`mnma, Am{W©H$ dmT> d {dH$mg, gmd©O{ZH$ Am`-ì``, gaH$mar YmoaUo BË`mXter g§~§{YV AgVo.

ì`dñWmnH$mbm g_J«bjr AW©emómÀ`m joÌmVrb àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mg Vo Cn wŠV R>aVo. ì`dgm` Mmb{dVmZm

CÚmoJg§ñWobm ~mø qH$dm n[apñWVrOÝ` àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. `m ~m~r ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV ZgVmV.

CÚmoJg§ñWm H$m © H$arV Agboë`m AW©ì`dñWoVrb Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` n[apñWVrer g§~§{YV H$mhr

àíZ AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZ, amoOJma, qH$_Vr, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, gaH$mar YmoaUo, amOH$s`

ñW¡ ©, AW©ì`dñWoVrb Cn^moJmMr pñWVr `m§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©da ho KQ>H$ n[aUm_

H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`dgm`mg§~§Yr {d{eï> {ZU© KoÊ`mnydu ì`dñWmnH$ ho KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoV AgVmo.

Ë`m~amo~aM Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoVbr OmVo. XoemMr Am`mV-{Z`m©V, Am§Vaamï´>r`

~mOmamVrb MT>-CVma, {d{Z_` Xa, naH$s` ^m§S>db, Jw§VdUyH$ BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Ë`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mda n[aUm_

hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZ ì`dñWmnH$mbm `m KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Amnë`m ì`dgm`m~m~m~V

KoVboë`m {ZU© mda gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoB©b mMm {dMma ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$amdm bmJVmo d Ë`mZwgma

ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. ho gd© KQ>H$ g_J«bjr AW©emómÀ`m H$joV oVmV. m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z

ì`dñWmnH$mbm g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMo g§MmbZ H$go hmoVo Vo g_OVo. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$ oV Vo ì`dñWmnH$mbm

Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

1.9 ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó - Cnm``moOH$ emó(Bridges the gap between theoretical Economics or Prescriptive Science) :

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho Am{W©H$ àíZm§gmR>r Cnm``moOZm gwM{dUmao emñÌ Amho. S>m°ŠQ>a Ogm EImÚm

amoJmda Am¡fY `moOZm gwMdyZ amoJ Zmhrgm H$aVmo, VgoM AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm {d{dY Am{W©H$ àíZm§da

Cnm``moOZm gwMdyZ Vo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ì`dñWmnH$mbm {d{dY Am{W©H$

g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V d gmYZm§Mm nwadR>m H$aVo. Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo ì`dñWmnH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$aVmo d

{d{eï> {ZîH$fm©àV nmohmoMVmo. AW©emó Am{W©H$ àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r XmoZ àH$maMr Vm{H©$H$ V§Ìo nwa{dVo.

(1) n`m©áVm VÎd d (2) g_VmobmMo VÎd. n`m©áVm VÎdmMm Cn`moJ ì`dñWmnH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m {ZU© à{H«$ oV hmoV

AgVmo. CXm. dñVyMo CËnmXZ {H$Vr H$amdo, hm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r gyú_bjr AW©emómVrb CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m

g_Vmobmdê$Z ì`dñWmnH$mbm g_OVo H$s Á`m {R>H$mUr CÚmoJg§ñWoMo gr_m§V àmár d gr_m§V IM© g_mZ hmoVmV,

19

Ë`m q~Xybm CËnmXH$mbm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZ Omon ªV gràm d grI g_mZ hmoV ZmhrV Vmon ªV

Vmo CËnmXZ dmT{dV OmVmo. Á`m {R>H$mUr XmoÝhr g_mZ hmoVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr CËnmXZ dmT> Wm§~{dVmo. ho CËnmXZ n`m©á

CËnmXZ AgVo H$maU Ë`m CËnmXZmbm Ë`mbm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_iVmo. `m CËnmXZmgmR>r Omo gamgar CËnmXZ

IM© oVmo Ë`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z Vmo qH$_V R>a{dVmo d Z\$m {_i{dVmo. Aem arVrZo n`m©á CËnmXZ H$go H$am`Mo?

OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m H$moUË`m CËnmXZ q~Xybm {_iob? ho ì`dñWmnH$mbm CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m g_Vmobmdê$Z g_OVo.

CËnmXZ {H$Vr H$am`Mo `m n«íZmMo CÎma Vmo emoYyZ H$mT>Vmo.

`m AmH¥$VrV, grI = gr_m§V IM© dH«$, gI = gamgar IM© dH«$, gàm = gamgar àmár dH«$, Va gràm =

gr_m§V àmár dH«$ Xe©{dbo AmhoV d Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo nyU©ñnY}À`m ~mOmamVrb CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob Xe©{dbm

Amho. AmH¥$VrV "H$' q~XyV grI dH«$ gràm dH«$mbm ImbÀ`m {XeoZo N>oXy>Z da OmVmo. Ë`m_wio "H$' hm g_Vmob

q~Xy {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `m g_Vmobmbm CÚmoJg§ñWm "A~' BVHo$ CËnmXZ H$aVo d "An' qH$_V AmH$mê$Z n`m©á Z\$m

{_i{dVo. `mMm AW© "A~' ho n`m©á CËnmXZ Amho. Ë`mnwT>o CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg grI hm gràm nojm OmñV hmoVmo

Ë`m_wio CÚmoJg§ñWobm VmoQ>m hmoVmo. åhUyZ ì`dñWmnH$ `m n[apñWVrV "A~' EdT>o CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVmo.

Aem arVrZo CËnmXZ {H$Vr H$am`Mo, `m n«íZmMo CÎma ì`dñWmnH$mbm AW©emómVrb CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob `m

g§H$ënZodê$Z {_iVmo.

AW©emómMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. g¡Õm§{VH$ qH$dm dmñVddmXr AW©emó (Positive Economics) d

AmXe©dmXr qH$dm H$ë`mUH$mar AW©emó (Normative Economics). g¡Õm§VrH$ AW©emó AW©emómMo _yb yV

{Z`_, VÎdo d {gÕm§V ñnï> H$aVo, Va AmXe©dmXr AW©emó {d{eï> àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$er H$amdr ho g_OÊ`mg

Cn wŠV AgVo. Ë`mdê$Z Am{W©H$ YmoaUo R>a{dbr OmVmV, åhUyZ Vo ì`dñWmnH$mbm Cn wŠV R>aVo.

n

A ~ j

gàm/gràm/qH$

g_Vmob

H$grI gI

qH$_

V

CËnmXZ

20

CXm. "_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm' hr H$ënZm CËnmXH$mbm dñVyMr qH$_V {H$Vr AmH$mam`Mr, `m àíZmMo CÎma

emoYÊ`mg Cn wŠV R>aVo. g_Om, CËnmXH$ CËnmXZ H$arV Agboë`m dñVyMr _mJUr bd{MH$ Agob Va CËnmXH$mbm

Ë`mÀ`m dñVyMr OmñV qH$_V AmH$maVm oV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mZo qH$_V dmT>{dë`mg Ë`mÀ`m dñVyMr _mJUr H$_r

hmoD$Z Ë`mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m dñVybm ~mOmamV n`m© r dñVy CnbãY Agë`mg J«mhH$ Ë`m n`m© r

dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aVrb d qH$_V dmT>{dë`m_wio n{hë`m CËnmXH$mÀ`m dñVyMr _mJUr H$_r H$aVrb. n`m© mZo

CËnmXH$mMm VmoQ>mM hmoB©b. CXm. "agZm erV no .' agZm `m erV no mbm ~mOmamV JmoëS>ñnm°Q>, {b_H$m, {H$gmZ

ñH°$me BË`mXr AZoH$ n`m© r no o CnbãY AmhoV. g_Om, agZm CËnmXH$mZo Amnë`m no mMr qH$_V dmT>{dbr

Am{U BVa no m§À`m qH$_Vr nydr© BVŠ`mM H$m`_ AgVrb Va bmoH$ agZmEodOr BVa no m§Mr IaoXr H$aVrb.

n[aUm_r, agZmMr _mJUr H$_r hmoB©b d CËnmXH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b. H$maU agZm no mMr _mJUr bd{MH$ Amho

d Ë`m no mbm ~mOmamV n`m© r no o CnbãY AmhoV. åhUyZ agZm CËnmXH$mbm Amnë`m no mMr qH$_V àM{bV

qH$_Vrnojm dmT>{dVm oUma Zmhr. `m àH$maMo AZw_mZ CËnmXH$mbm AW©emómVrb _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$Vodê$Z

H$mT>Vm oVo. Amnë`m dñVyMr qH$_V {H$Vr AmH$mam`Mr, `m àíZmMo CÎma CËnmXH$mbm _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm `m

g§H$ënZodê$Z emoYyZ H$mT>Vm oVo.

VgoM ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó gaH$maMo Am{W©H$ YmoaU, H$a{df`H$ YmoaU, ~±H$m§Mo nVnwadR>m YmoaU, Am`mV-

{Z`m©V YmoaU BË`mXr gaH$mar YmoaUo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. gaH$mZo Amnë`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV CËnmXZ

H$a H$_r Ho$ë`mg CËnmXZ CËnmXZ dmT>dyZ A{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. CËnmXZ H$a H$_r Pmë`m_wio

Vmo dñVyMr {H§$_V H$_r H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio _mJUr dmTy>Z Ë`mÀ`m dñVyMr {dH«$s dmT>Vo d Ë`mbm Z\$m hmoVmo.

~±H$m§Zr ì`mOXa H$_r Ho$ë`mg CËnmXH$ ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z ^m§S>db KoD$Z ì`dgm`mVrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dVmo.

CÚmoJmMm {dñVma H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>{dVmo. VgoM gaH$maZo dñVydarb {Z`m©VH$a H$_r H$ê$Z Am`mVH$amV dmT>

Ho$ë`mg CËnmXH$mbm dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r hmoD$Z Xoem§VJ©V d naXoer ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mJUr dmT>Uma Amho `mMm

A§XmO oVmo. `m n[apñWVrMm bm^ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Vmo CËnmXZ dmT>rMm {ZU© KoVmo d Z\$m dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmo. Aem arVrZo ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómVrb g§H$ënZm, VÎdo d {gÕm§V ì`dñWmnH$mbm {ZU© à{H«$`m d

^{dî`H$mbrZ YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mg Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho ì`mdhm[aH$ AW©emó Amho. Vo gyú_bjr d g_J«bjr AW©emór` H$ënZm§Mm

dmna ì`dhmamV H$ê$Z ì`dñWmnH$mbm CËnmXZ {H$Vr, H$moR>o, H$go d H$moUmgmR>r H$am`Mo, hm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r

g¡Õm§{VH$ VÎdo d H$ënZm§Mm nwadR>m H$aVo. m H$ënZm d {gÕm§V àË`j ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrbm bmJy H$aÊ`mgmR>r

g§»`memó, J{UV, H$m`© g§emoYZ, ì`dñWmnZ {gÕm§V, g§JUH$emó dJ¡ao {df`m§Mr _XV KoVo. Ë`mdê$Z

ì`mdgm{`H$ àíZm§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z {ZU© KoVbo OmVmV d Cnm``moOZm gwM{dë`m OmVmV. CXm. g§»`memómVrb

AmboI, gamgar H$mT>Uo, _m{hVr g§H$bZ, {VMo {díbofU, ghg§~§Y, à{VJ_Z, {ZX}em§H$, H$mbgmaUr dJ¡ao

H$ënZm dmnaë`m OmVmV, Va J{UVmVrb gaiaofr` nÕVr, Jo_ {WAar, {Û{_Vr` y{_Vr, \$bZ, KmVm§H$,

21

dJ©g_rH$aUo, ghg_rH$aUo dJ¡a|Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ {gÕm§VmMo {díbofU H$ê$Z Vo ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrbm

bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV d Ë`mdê$Z {ZU© KoD$Z ì`dñWmnH$ Amnë`m ì`dgm`mgm§~§Yr ^{dî`H$mbrZ YmoaUo R>a{dVmo.

Aem arVrZo ho emó {d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$ àíZm§da Cnm``moOZm emoYyZ H$mT>Vo. åhUyZ ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómbm

Cnm``moOZm gwM{dUmao emó Ago åhUVmV. Vo g¡Õm§{VH$ AW©emó d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© `m§Zm OmoS>Umam Xwdm

Amho.

1.10 _hÎm_ Z\$m-CÚmoJg§ñWoMo EH$ C{Ôï>

(Profit Maximization - A Goal of Business Firm) :

OwÝ`m qH$dm nma§n[aH$ {dMmagUrZwgma CÚmoJg§ñWm hr EH$ Am{W©H$ g§ñWm AgyZ OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dUo

ho {VMo EH$_od C{Ôï> AgVo, Ago _mZbo OmV hmoVo. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ AW©emók ~mopëS>§J, ~m°_mob, àmo. {hJrÝg², {Q>~a

{gQ>moìhñH$s, _obdrZ [aS>a, nrQ>a S>H$a, àmo. Omob S>rZ dJ¡a|À` _Vo CÚmoJg§ñWoMo _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dUo EdT>o EH$M

C{Ôï> ZgVo, Va Ë`m~amo~aM _hÎm_ {dH«$s dmT>, _hÎm_ CËnÞ {_i{dUo, H$_mb {dH$mg Xa amIUo, nwaoer amoIVm

R>odUo, ~mOmamV {Q>Hy$Z amhUo, Zmdbm¡{H$H$ àñWm{nV H$aUo BË`mXr C{Ôï>o XoIrb CÚmoJg§ñWoMr AgVmV.

CÚmoJg§ñWm åhUOo EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ ì`ŠVr AgVmV, Vo {VÀ`mg§~§Yr CËnmXZ, {dH«$s, Z\$m dJ¡ao~m~V

{ZU©` KoV AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mg§~§Yr {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo. Z\$m {_i{dUo ho

CÚmoJg§ñWoMo à_wI C{Ôï> AgVo. Z\$m XmoZ àH$maMm AgVmo (1) gd©gmYmaU Z\$m d (2) A{V[aŠV Z\$m.

gd©gmYmaU Z\$m CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZIMm©VM g_m{dï> AgVmo, Vmo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm _mo~Xbm AgVmo. Va

A{V[aŠV Z\$m _hÎm_ Zâ`mÀ`m VÎdmer {ZJ{S>V AgVmo. _hÎm_ Z\$m åhUOo A{V[aŠV Z\$m hmo , Vmo gamgar

CËnmXZ IMm©nojm OmñV AgUmar {e„H$ AgVmo. åhUOo CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m gamgar CËnmXZ IMm©nojm OmñV {_iUmao

CËnÞ åhUOo A{V[aŠV Z\$m hmo . CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo _mo~Xbo d ì`dñWmnH$mMo doVZ {Xë`mZ§Va {eëbH$ amhUmè`m

CËnÞmbm A{V[aŠV Z\$m åhQ>bo OmVo. `mMm AW© CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m gd©gmYmaU Zâ`mnojm OmñV AgUmao CËnÞ

åhUOo _hÎm_ Z\$m hmo . Ë`mbmM OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m qH$dm H$_mb Z\$m Agohr åhUVmV. _hÎm_ Z\$m åhUOo

CËnmXH$mbm AënH$mi d XrK©H$mimV {_iUmar OmñVrV OmñV _moR>r a¸$_ hmo . AënH$mi hm H$_r H$mbmdYr

Agë`m_wio CËnmXH$mbm dñVyÀ`m nwadR>çmV Vm~S>Vmo~ ~Xb H$aVm oV Zmhr. qH$_Vr dmT>ë`mg _mJUrÀ`m

à_mUmV CËnmXZ dmT>{dVm oV Zmhr. na§Vw XrK©H$mimV _mÌ _mJUrÀ`m à_mUmV nwadR>m dmT>{dVm oVmo d dmT>rd

qH$_VrMm bm^ KoVm oVmo. H$maU XrK©H$mi hm _moR>m H$mbmdYr Agë`m_wio CÚmoJg§ñWm ^m§S>db d CËnmXZ

gmYZgm_J«r Jmoim H$ê$Z Amnbm {dñVma H$aVo, CËnmXZ dmT>{dVo d ~mOmamVrb Amnë`m dñVyMm nwadR>m dmT>{dVo.

CÚmoJg§ñWoMm _hÎm_ Z\$m hm CËnmXZ d qH$_V `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. nyU©ñnY}V ~mOmamV

AZoH$ CÚmoJg§ñWm AgVmV. `m ~mOmamV dñVyMr qH$_V dñVyÀ`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aVo. d¡`{ŠVH$

CÚmoJg§ñWobm nyU©ñnY}À`m ~mOmamV qH$_V R>a{dVm oV Zmhr. nyU©ñnY}V d¡ {ŠVH$ CËnmXZg§ñWm "qH$_V R>a{dUmar'

ZgVo Va "qH$_V KoUmar' AgVo. Ë`m_wio nyU©ñnY}À`m ~mOmamV ì`{ŠVJV CÚmoJg§ñWm ~mOmamV ApñVËdmV

22

AgUmè`m qH$_Vrbm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. ~mOmamV AnyU©ñnYm© Agob Va CÚmoJg§ñWm§Mr

g§»`m H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ CÚmoJg§ñWoMm qH$_Vrda H$mhr à_mUmV à^md AgVmo. m ~mOmamV CÚmoJg§ñWm

"qH$_V emoYUmar' AgVo. H$moUË`m qH$_Vrbm Amnë`mbm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m hmoB©b Ë`mMm emoY Vr KoV AgVo.

`m àH$maMr n[apñWVr _ŠVoXmar, _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm©, Aënm{YH$ma BË`mXr ~mOmamV AmT>iyZ oVo.

doJdoJù`m ~mOmamV CÚmoJg§ñWm qH$_V d CËnmXZ `m Xmohm|À`m g_Ýd`mVyZ _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm

à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWoMm _hÎm_ Z\$m hm A{V[aŠV Zâ`mer g§~§{YV AgVmo. Á`m CËnmXZ d qH$_VrÀ`m

g_Vmobmbm CÚmoJg§ñWobm A{V[aŠV Z\$m {_iVmo Ë`mbmM _hÎm_ Zâ`mMr AdñWm Ago åhUVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWoMr

hr pñWVr XmoZ nÕVrZo XmI{dVm oVo.

(1) EHy$U àmár d EHy$U IM© nÕVr

(2) gr_m§V àmár d gr_m§V IM© nÕVr.

1. EHy$U àmár d EHy$U IM© nÕVr (Total Revenue and Total Cost) :

`m nÕVrV CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m EHy$U CËnÞ d EHy$U IMm©Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. EHy$U CËnÞmbmM EHy$U

àmár Ago åhUVmV. EHy$U CËnmXZmbm qH$_VrZo JwUbo AgVm EHy$U àmár oVo, Va EHy$U CËnmXZmbm gamgar

IMm©Zo JwUë`mg EHy$U IM© oVmo. EHy$U IMm©nojm EHy$U àmár _moR>r Agë`mg Z\$m hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio EHy$U Z\$m

= EHy$U àmár - EHy$U IM©. hm Z\$m CËnmXZmÀ`m Á`m q~Xybm OmñVrV OmñV AgVmo, Ë`m {R>H$mUr CÚmoJg§ñWoMm

g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo d Ë`m {R>H$mUr gr_m§V IM© d gr_m§V àmár XmoÝhr g_mZ AgVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m _hÎm_

Zâ`mMr hr AdñWm AmH¥$VrV XmI{dbr Amho.

AmH¥$VrV EHy$U àmárdH«$ d EHy$U IM©dH«$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m _hÎm_ Zâ`mMr AdñWm XmI{dbr

Amho. "An' hm EHy$U àmßVr dH«$ Amho Vmo S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o da OmVmo, H$maU CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmV

`

CËnmXZ

A ~ j

I

nS>

H$

EHy$U

IM

©/àmá

r

23

OgOer dmT> hmoV OmVo, VgVer {VÀ`m EHy$U àmárV dmT> hmoVo. "AI' hm EHy$U IM©dH«$ Amho. Vmo XoIrb

S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o da OmUma Amho. Aem arVrZo XmoÝhr dH«$ da OmUmao AgVmV. EHy$U àmárdH«$ daÀ`m

~mOybm Va EHy$U IM©dH«$ ImbÀ`m ~mOybm Amho. H$maU CÚmoJg§ñWoMr gamgar àmár hr gamgar IMm©nojm

OmñV AgVo. gwédmVrbm CÚmoJg§ñWm H$m ©j_VoZo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vr CËnmXZ OgOgo dmT>{dV

OmVo VgVgm {VMm gr_m§V IM© KQ>V OmVmo. na§Vw CËnmXZmÀ`m EH$m {d{eï> AdñWoZ§Va CÚmoJ g§ñWoMr H$m ©j_Vm

KQ>Vo d CËnmXZmV KQ>Ë`m \$bmMm {gÕm§V àË``mbm oVmo. Ë`m_wio EH$m {d{eï> q~XyZ§Va gr_m§V IM© dmT>V

OmVmo. Ë`m_wio gwédmVrbm EHy$U àmárdH«$ "An' d EHy$U IM©dH«$ "AI' `m XmohmoVrb A§Va dmT>V OmVo d EH$m

{d{eï> q~XyZ§Va Vo H$_r hmoV OmVo. Ë`m_wio AmH¥$Vrbm H$_imÀ`m nmH$irgmaIm AmH$ma oVmo.

AmH¥$VrV Á`m {R>H$mUr EHy$U àmárdH«$ "An' d EHy$U IM©dH«$ "AI' `m XmohmoVrb A§Va OmñVrV OmñV

Amho, Ë`m {R>H$mUr CÚmoJg§ñWobm _hÎm Z\$m {_iVmo. hr AdñWm A~ `m CËnmXZ q~Xybm oVo. A~ CËnmXZmbm

"~H$' hm EHy$U IM© Va "~S>' EHy$U àmár Amho. `m {R>H$mUr ~S> - ~H$ = H$S> BVH$m Z\$m hmoVmo. AmH¥$VrV

"An' d "AI' `m XmoZ dH«$mVrb A§Va A~ `m CËnmXZmbm OmñVrV OmñV Amho; åhUyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr {_iUmam

H$S> hm Z\$m _hÎm_ qH$dm OmñVrV OmñV Amho.

VgoM An dH«$mbm S> q~XyV EH$ ñne©aofm H$mT>br Amho d AI dH«$mbm H$ q~XyV VerM ñne©aofm H$mT>br

Amho. `m XmoÝhr ñne© aofm§Mm CVma (Slope) gmaImM qH$dm g_mZ Amho. Ë`m_wio "A~' CËnmXZmbm gr_m§V àmár

d gr_m§V IM© XmoÝhr g_mZ (gràm = grI) hmoVmV. åhUyZ A~ CËnmXZ q~Xybm CÚmoJg§ñWobm OmñVrV OmñV

Z\$m {_iVmo. Aem arVrZo Á`m {R>H$mUr EHy$U àmárdH«$ d EHy$U IM©dH«$mVrb A§Va OmñVrV OmñV AgVo, Ë`m

{R>H$mUr CÚmoJg§ñWobm _hÎm_ Z\$m {_iVmo.

EHy$U IM© d EHy$U àmár `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo _hÎm_ Zâ`mMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb CXmhaUmdê$Z XoVm oVo.

CËnmXZ qH$_V/gàm EHy$U gr_m§V gamgar EHy$U gr_m§V

ZJ àmár àmár IM© IM© IM©

1 20 20 - 10 10 -

2 18 36 16 9 18 8

3 14 42 6 8 24 6

4 12 48 6 8 32 8

5 10 50 2 9 45 13

CÚmoJg§ñWm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r dñVy§À`m {dH«$sV dmT> H$aVo, Ë`mgmR>r qH$_V H$_r H$aVo.

24

`m VŠË`mV dñVyMo CËnmXZ, Ë`mÀ`m qH$_Vr, EHy$U ì`már, EHy$U IM©, gamgar IM©, gr_m§V IM©, gr_m§V àmár

XmI{dbr Amho. CÚmoJg§ñWm Amnbo CËnmXZ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ZJ dmT>{dV OmVo, Ë`mMr {dH«$s ìhmdr åhUyZ

qH$_V AZwH«$_o 20, 18, 14, 12 d 10 é. Aer H$_rVH$_r H$arV OmVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ OgOgo dmT>V OmVo

VgVer dñVyÀ`m {dH«$snmgyZ {Vbm AZwH«$_o 20, 36, 42, 48, 50 é. Aer EHy$U àmár {_iVo.

dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmMm gamgar IM© 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 `m CËnmXZmÀ`m ZJmbm AZwH«$_o 10, 9, 8, 8 d 9 é.

Agm oVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m H$m ©j_ ì`dñWmnZm_wio IM© gwédmVrbm H$_r hmoV OmVmo. na§Vw CËnmXZmÀ`m EH$m

{d{eï> AdñWoZ§Va Vmo dmT>V OmVmo. H$maU CËnmXZg§ñWobm AmVm _moR>çm CËnmXZmMo VmoQ>o OmUdy bmJVmV.

n[aUm_r, {VMr H$m ©j_Vm H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gamgar IM© {Vgè`m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmZ§Va dmT>V OmVmo. gamgar

IM© gwédmVrbm KQ>Vmo d nwÝhm Vmo dmT>Vmo, Ë`m_wio gr_m§V IM© XoIrb gwédmVrbm KQ>V OmVmo d {Vgè`m dñVyÀ`m

CËnmXZmZ§Va dmT>V OmVmo.

dñVyÀ`m m CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV, CÚmoJg§ñWm Ooìhm 3 dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aVo Voìhm EHy$U àmár d EHy$U IM© m

XmohmoVrb A§Va gdm©V OmñV Amho, åhUOo Vo 18 é. BVHo$ Amho. `mMm AW© CÚmoJg§ñWobm EHy$U IMm©nojm EHy$U

àmárÀ`m énmZo 18 é. A{YH$ dmT>mdm {_iVmo. Aem arVrZo 3 dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmbm CÚmoJg§ñWobm OmñVrV OmñV

Z\$m {_iVmo. VgoM Ë`m CËnmXZmbm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo gr_m§V IM© d gr_m§V àmár XoIrb g_mZ hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio 3 m

CËnmXZ ZJ g§» obm CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo d {Vbm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_iVmo.

2. gr_m§V IM© d gr_m§V àmár {díbofU nÕVr :

(Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue Analysis) :

`m nÕVrV CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob gr_m§V IM© d gr_m§V àmárdH«$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gmYbm OmVmo. m g_Vmob

q~Xybm AgUmè`m CËnmXZmÀ`m ZJ g§» obm CÚmoJg§ñWobm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m hmoVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWobm g_Vmob

àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ AQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr bmJVo. (1) Amdí`H$ AQ> d (2) Xwæ`_ AQ>. Amdí`H$

AQ>r_Ü o grI d gràm XmoÝhr g_mZ (MC = MR) Agbr nm{hOo. Va Xwæ`_ AQ>r_Ü o grI dH«$mZo gràm dH«$mbm

ImbÀ`m {XeoZo N>oXyZ da Jobo nm{hOo. mMm AW© gràm dH«$ KQ>Vm Agmdm d grI dH«$ dmT>Ë`m ñdê$nmMm Agbm

nm{hOo. `m XmoÝhr AQ>tMr nyV©Vm Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo, Ë`m {R>H$mUr CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob gmYbm OmD$Z {Vbm

OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m hmoVmo. Omon ªV CÚmoJg§ñWoMr gr_m§V àmár gr_m§V IMm©nojm OmñV AgVo Vmon ªV CËnmXZ

dmT>{dbo OmVo; Á`m {R>H$mUr gr_m§V àmár d gr_m§V IM© g_mZ hmoVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr CËnmXZ dmT> Wm§~{dbr OmVo.

H$maU nwT>o CËnmXZ Mmby R>odë`mg gr_m§V IM© gr_m§V àmárnojm OmñV hmoV OmVmo. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJg§ñWobm VmoQ>m

hmoVmo. Xwgè`m eãXmV, Omon ªV {dH$ë`m OmUmè`m gr_m§V ZJmnmgyZ {_iUmao CËnÞ Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZ IMm©nojm

OmñV AgVo, Vmon ªV CËnmXZ dmT>{dbo OmVo, Ë`m {R>H$mUr XmoÝhr g_mZ hmoVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr CËnmXZ g§ñWobm

"_hÎm_ Z\$m' hmoVmo.

25

CÚmoJg§ñWoMm _hÎm_ Zâ`mMm hm g_Vmob AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> Ho$bm Amho.

`

CËnmXZ

A ~

àmár

/ I

M©

j

gràm

gàm

gIgrI

g

`

an

\$

_hÎm_ Z\$m

j-Ajmda CËnmXZ d -Ajmda àmár d IM© Xe©{dbo AmhoV. AmH¥$VrV "g' q~XyV, "grI' dH«$ "gràm'

dH«$mbm ImbÀ`m {XeoZo N>oXyZ da OmVmo. Ë`m_wio "g' q~XyV CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoD$Z "A~' `m

CËnmXZmbm "n\$`a' m Mm¡H$moZmBVH$m Z\$m hmoVmo. Vmo _hÎm_ Z\$m AgVmo. "g' q~XyÀ`m nwT>o CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg grI

hm gràm nojm OmñV hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio "A~' `m CËnmXZmnojm OmñV CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg CÚmoJg§ñWobm VmoQ>m hmoVmo.

åhUyZ "A~' hr CËnmXZmMr CƒV_ nmVir R>aVo. "gàm' dH«$ CÚmoJg§ñWoMr gamgar àmár Xe©{dVmo Va "gràm' hm

dH«$ gr_m§V àmár Xe©{dVmo.

darb ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb H$mën{ZH$ CXmhaUmdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo.

CËnmXZ qH$_V/gàm EHy$U gr_m§V gamgar EHy$U gr_m§V

ZJ àmár àmár IM© IM© IM©

1 15 15 - 7 7 -

2 12 24 9 6 12 5

3 9 27 3 5 15 3

4 7 28 1 5.50 22 7

26

CÚmoJg§ñWm OgOgo CËnmXZ dmT>{dVo VgVer {VMr EHy$U àmár d EHy$U IM© XoIrb dmT>V OmVmo.

{Vgè`m ZJmÀ`m CËnmXZmbm {VMr gr_m§V àmár d gr_m§V IM© g_mZ hmoVmV. Ë`m {R>H$mUr CÚmoJ g§ñWobm

OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_iVmo. åhUyZ dñVyÀ`m VrZ ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ H$ê$Z CËnmXZ g§ñWm _hÎm_ Z\$m {_idob.

Aem arVrZo CÚmoJg§ñWm Eàm d EI Am{U grI d gràm `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dVmV.

1.11 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

ì`dgm` : H$m ©_¾ AdñWm

A§VJ©V KQ>H$ : ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV AgUmao d ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z {Z §{ÌV hmoUmao KQ>H$

~mø KQ>H$ : Oo KQ>H$ CÚmoJg§ñWm d ì`dñWmnH$ `m§À`m {Z §ÌUmV ZgVmV

Z\$m : IM© dOm OmVm {e„H$ amhUmar a¸$_

ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` : àË`j H¥$Vr nydu Ho$bo OmUmao ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m ©

1.12 ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :

Imbrb dmŠ o MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1. ì`ŠVrMr AH$m ©_¾ pñWVr åhUOo ì`dgm` hmo .

2. dm{UÁ`H$ H¥$Vr hr ì`dgm`mMm EH$ ^mJ Amho.

3. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho Ho$di g¡Õm§{VH$ emó Amho.

4. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó ho Cn`moOH$ emó Amho.

5. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$`m hr ~m¡{ÕH$ {H«$`m Zmhr.

6. gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aUo ho CÚmoJg§ñWoMo _w»` C{Ôï> AgVo.

CÎmao :

1. MyH$ 2. ~amo~a 3. MyH$ 4. ~amo~a 5. MyH$ 6. MyH$

1.13 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

(A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr g§H$ënZm {dfX H$am.

2. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

3. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr ì`már ñnï> H$am.

4. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$`m `mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

5. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emómMr à_wI d¡{eï>o {bhm.

6. CÚmoJg§ñWm _hÎm_ Z\$m H$gm {_i{dVo Vo ñnï> H$am.

27

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1. ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©

2. gyú_ AW©emó

3. ñWyb AW©emó

4. _hÎm_ Z\$m CÚmoJg§ñWoMo EH$ C{Ôï>

1.14 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1. S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXo> : "gyú_bjr AW©emó'

A{OV npãbHo$eÝg², Bñbm_nya, {O. gm§Jbr

2. S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXo : "ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emó'

_ohVm npãbqeJ hmD$g, nwUo 30

3. àm. am_ Xoe_wI : "gyú_bjr AW©emó'

4. H. L. Ahuja : "Modern Economic Theory"

5. M. L. Seth : "Principles of Economics"

6. K. K. Dewtt : "Modern Economic Theory"

7. Dr. M. N. Shinde : "Managerial Economics"

8. D. Gopalkrishana : "Managerial Economics"

9. O. M. Agarwal and : "Business Economics"

R. Narayan

³³³

28

gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ 2

_mJUr \$bZ(Demand Function)

2.1 C{Ôï>ço

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

2.3 _mJUrMr g§H$ënZm

2.4 _mJUrMo àH$ma

2.5 _mJUr \$b

2.6 _mJUrMm {Z`_

2.7 _mJUrMm {dñVma d g§H$moM

2.8 _mJUrVrb dmT> d KQ>

2.9 _mJUrV ~Xb KS>{dUmao KQ>H$

2.10 dñVy§Mo àH$ma

2.11 _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm

2.12 qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo _mnZ

2.13 _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm

2.14 _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm

2.15 gmam§e

2.16 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX


29




2.1 C{Ôï>ço :

1. _mJUrMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

2. _mJUrMo ñdê$n Aä`mgUo.

3. dñVy§Mo àH$ma Aä`mgUo.

4. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

2.2 àmñVm{dH$ :

Amnë`m Zoh_rÀ`m ì`dhmamV AmnU _mJUr hm eãX AZoH$ AWm©Zo dmnaV AgVmo. na§Vw AW©emómV

_mJUr `m eãXmbm ì`mnH$ AW© Amho. Amnë`m JaOm dñVyMr CnbãYVm IaoXrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam n¡gm

Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§er _mJUrMm g§~§Y oV AgVmo. qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm§Mo _mJUrda {d{dY n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmV,

åhUyZ qH$_V d _mJUrVrb nañna à_mUera g§~§YmMmhr Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo AmnU

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o _mJUr \$bZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

2.3 _mJUrMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Demand) :

Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Á`m {d{dY JaOm AgVmV Ë`m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r AZoH$ dñVy§Mr JaO AgVo. mgmR>rM

àË oH$ ì`ŠVr AZoH$ dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aV AgVo. àË oH$mbm AZoH$ dñVy§À`m IaoXrMr BÀN>m AgVo. na§Vw Ho$di

BÀXm AgyZ MmbV Zmhr H$maU BÀN>obm _mJUr åhUVm oV Zmhr. H$moUVrhr dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrMr Or

BÀN>m AgVo Ë`m BÀN>obm Am{W©H$ Hw$dVrMo nmR>~i Agmdo bmJVo. `mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s ì`ŠVrbm EImXr

JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Or dñVy Amdí`H$ AgVo, Vr dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr BÀN>m Agbr nm{hOo

Am{U _hÎdmMo åhUOo Aem dñVyMr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Amdí`H$ {VVHo$ n¡go Agbo nm{hOoV. Aem

àH$mao ì`ŠVrbm JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m dñVy§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Ë`m§À`m IaoXrgmR>rÀ`m BÀN>obm Am{W©H$

nmR>~i Agob VaM Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va _mJUr_Ü o hmoD$ eH$Vo. `mdê$Z Ago åhUVm oVo H$s _mJUr åhUOo dñVy

IaoXrgmR>r BÀN>obm Agbobo n¡emMo Am{W©H$ nmR>~i hmo .

Amnë`m XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV AmnU AZoH$ dñVy d godm§Mr _mJUr H$aV AgVmo. AÞYmÝ`, Mhm, gmIa,

30

^mOrnmbm, XyY, KaJwVr dmnamÀ`m {d{dY dñVy, embo gm{hË`, H$nS>o, ImÚnXmW© `mgma»`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr

H$aV AgVmo. AWm©V, gwédmVrbm AmnU `m§À`m IaoXrgmR>rMr BÀXm ì`ŠV H$aVmo Am{U Oa Amnë`mH$S>o n¡go

CnbãY Pmbo Va Ë`m§Mr IaoXr H$aVmo åhUOoM BÀN>obm Am{W©H$ nmR>~i {_imbo VaM Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va _mJUrV

hmoVo. `m ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo _mJUrbm AW©emómV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ghO ~mobr ^mfoV dmnabm OmUmam _mJUr

hm eãX doJim AgVmo Am{U AW©emómVrb _mJUr hm eãX doJim AgVmo. AW©emómVrb eãXmbm Am{W©H$

Hw$dVrMo nmR>~i A{^àoV AgVo. `mAZwf§JmZo AW©emómV _mJUrÀ`m ì`m»`m {d{dY AW©emókm§Zr Ho$boë`m

AmhoV.

1. ñQ>mo{Z`a d hoJ - ""_mJUr åhUOo {Vbm n¡emMo nwaogo nmR>~i bm^bobo AgVo Aem dñVy§Mr Ho$bobr

_mJUr hmo .''

2. ~oZh°_ - ""dñVyMr _mJUr åhUOo {d{eï> doiobm, {d{eï> qH$_Vrbm IaoXr Ho$br OmUmar dñVy§Mr

ZJg§»`m hmo .''

3. ~m°~a - ""Cn^moŠVm ~mOmamV {d{eï> doiobm doJdoJù`m qH$_Vrbm qH$dm doJdoJù`m CËnÞ nmVù`m§Zm

dñVy§Mo Oo {d{dY ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo Ë`mg _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.''

4. ""Á`m _mZ{gH$ BÀN>obm Am{W©H$ eŠVrMo nmR>~i AgVo Ë`mbm _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.''

_mJUrÀ`m g§H$ënZoV doiobm _hÎd Amho. hr doi EH$ Vmg, EH$ {Xdg, EH$ AmR>dS>m, EH$ _{hZm qH$dm

A{YH$ df} Aem ñdê$nmV Agy eH$Vo. `m ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, _mJUrer H$m§hr à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm

g§~§Y oV AgVmo. Vo KQ>H$ åhUOo ì`ŠVrMo CËnÞ, dñVyMr qH$_V, n`m© r d nyaH$ dñVy, VgoM dñVy CnbãY

hmoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr dJ¡ao hmoV. gm_mÝ`V: `mdê$ZM _mJUrMo àH$ma nS>V AgVmV.

2.4 _mJUrMo àH$ma (Types of Demand) :

1. qH$_V _mJUr (Price Demand) : dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U _mJUr `m_Yrb g§~§Y {H§$_V _mJUrÛmao

Xe©{dbm OmVmo. {d{eï> doiobm doJdoJù`m qH$_VtZm Ho$bobr _mJUr `m qH$_V _mJUrÛmao Xe©{dbr OmVo. BVa

n[apñWVr H$m`_ qH$dm pñWa AgVmZm qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV H$gm ~Xb hmoVmo `mMo {ddoMZ `m

qH$_V _mJUrÛmao ñnï> Ho$bo OmVo. BVa KQ>H$ qH$dm n[apñWVr åhUOo J«mhH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r, nyaH$ d n`m© r

dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr d CnbãYVm, ì`ŠVrMo CËnÞ `m hmoV. d¡ {ŠVH$ Am{U ~mOmamVrb _mJUrnÌH$ ho qH$_V

_mJUrÛmao Xe©{dbo OmVo.

2. CËnÞ _mJUr (Income Demand) : bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ Am{U dñVy§Mr _mJUr `m_Yrb g§~§Y CËnÞ

_mJUrÛmao ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo. CËnÞmV ~Xb Pmë`mZ§Va _mJUrV H$go ~Xb hmoVmV `mMo {ddoMZ `m _mJUrÛmao

Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$m§À`m CËnÞmV dmT> Pmbr Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo Am{U CËnÞmV KQ> Pmbr Va _mJUrVhr KQ>

hmoVo. gm_mÝ`V: ì`dhmamV Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s bmoH$m§À`m CËnÞmV dmT> Pmbr Va bmoH$ nydunojm Cƒ àVrÀ`m

31

dñVy dmnaVmV. `mCbQ> CËnÞmV KQ> Pmbr Va _mÌ IaoXr H$_r Ho$br OmVo. {edm` nydunojm H$_r XOm©À`m dñVy

dmnaë`m OmVmV. Cn^moŠË`m§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r VgoM Ë`m§Mo CËnÞ, dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr, nyaH$ d n`m© r dñVy§À`m

qH$_Vr dJoao KQ>H$ pñWa AgVmV Ago J¥{hV Yê$Z CËnÞ _mJUrMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo.

3. N>oXH$ _mJUr (Cross Demand) : EImÚm dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV nyaH$ qH$dm n`m© r dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV

~Xb Pmë`m_wio hmoUmao ~Xb N>oXH$ _mJUr Xe©{dVo. åhUOo nyaH$ qH$dm n`m© r dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`m_wio

Xwgè`m EImÚm dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV hmoUmao ~Xb N>oXH$ _mJUr ñnï> H$aVo. n`m© r dñVy åhUOo Mhm d H$m°\$s, Jwi

d gmIa, g§Ìr d _mog§~r dJ¡ao dñVy hmoV Va nyaH$ dñVy åhUOo EImÚm dñVyMr IaoXr Ho$ë`mg Ë`m dñVy~amo~a IaoXr

H$amdr bmJUmar dñVy hmo . CXm. ~yQ> gm°Šg, KmoS>m ImoJra, Q>r. ìhr. d A°ÝQ>oZm, eQ>©-n°ÝQ> dJoao. Aem arVrZo

MhmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> Pmë`mg Ë`mMo H$m°\$sÀ`m _mJUrda hmoUmao n[aUm_ qH$dm Q>r. ìhr. À`m qH$_VrV dmT>

Pmë`mda A°ÝQ>oZmÀ`m _mJUrda hmoUmao n[aUm_ N>oXH$ _mJUr ñnï> H$aVo.

_mJUrÀ`mdarb àH$mamn¡H$s qH$_V _mJUrMm dmna Zoh_rÀ`m ì`dhmamV OmñV à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m

AZwf§JmZo AmnU _mJUrMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

2.5 _mJUr (Demand Function) :

dñVyMr _mJUr d _mJUrda à^md Q>mH$Umao {d{dY KQ>H$ `m§À`m_Ü o nañna g§~§Y AgVmo. `m KQ>H$m§_Ü o

Omo H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y AgVmo. Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU _mJUr \$bmÛmao Ho$bo OmVo. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ Ë`m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r

dñVyMr qH$_V nyaH$ d n`m© r dñVy§Mr CnbãYVm BVa dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr bmoH$g§»`m dñVy§À`m Om{hamVr `m§Mm

à^md _mJUrda nS>V AgVmo. `m gdmªMm _mJUrer AgUmam g§~§Y åhUOoM _mJUr \$bZ hmo . Ë`mMr g{dñVa

ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm oVo.

""_mJUr \$bZ åhUOo dñVyMr _mJUr d {VÀ`mda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ `m_Yrb g§~§Y Xe©{dUmao

J{UVr g_rH$aU hmo . ho g_rH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo Xe©{dbo OmVo.

D = f (A, B, C, D, E.... n)

D = dñVyMr _mJUr

F = \$bZ \$b

A = dñVyMr qH$_V

B = ì`ŠVrMo CËnÞ

C = BVa dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr

D = bmoH$g§»`m

E = Om{hamV~mOr

n = EHy$U KQ>H$/eodQ>Mm KQ>H$

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`m g_rH$aUmMm AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s dñVyMr _mJUr hr `m gd© KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ Amho.

1. ì`{ŠVJV qH$dm d¡ {ŠVH$ _mJUr :

Cn^moŠVm {d{eï> qH$_Vrbm dñVy§À`m doJdoJù`m ZJm§Mr _mJUr H$arV AgVmo Ë`mbm ì`{ŠVJV _mJUr

Ago åhUVmV. Va ~mOmamVrb AZoH$ J«mhH$m§À`m _mJUrMo EH$ÌrH$aU ~mOmamVrb EHy$U _mJUr hmo . ì`{ŠVJV

_mJUrnÌH$ åhUOo dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`mg EImXr dñVy qH$dm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m _mJUrV hmoUmao ~Xb

Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$ hmo . dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m Va Cn^moŠVm IaoXr H$_r H$aVmo. `mCbQ> qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m

Va IaoXr dmT>dVmo. Aem arVrZo BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVmZm qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV hmoUmao ~Xb

d¡ {ŠVH$ _mJUrnÌH$m_wio g_OVmV. nwT>rb H$moï>H$mÛmao ho d¡ {ŠVH$ _mJUrnÌH$ ñnï> hmoVo.

qH$_V _mJUr

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darb CXmhaUmV Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s qH$_V 50 é. AgVmZm 100 ZJm§Zm _mJUr oVo. dñVy§Mr qH$_V

OgOer H$_r hmoB©b Vgo _mJUr dmT>V OmVo. åhUOoM qH$_V H$_r Pmbr Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoV OmVo.

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m _mJUr nÌH$mdê$Z nwT>rbà_mUo _mJUr dH«$ V`ma H$aVm oVmo.

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AmH¥$Vr_Yrb __ hm _mJUr dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr OmUmam Amho dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U _mJUr

`mVrb ì`ñV g§~§Y `m_YyZ ñnï> hmoVmo. qH$_V 10 én`mdê$Z 50 é. dmT>V Joë`mg _mJUr 500 ZJmdê$Z 100

ZJ Aer H$_r hmoVo. åhUOo dñVyMr qH$_V d _mJUr XmohmoV nañna{damoYr/ì`ñV à_mU g§~§Y AgVmV.

2. ~mOmamMo _mJUrnÌH$ :

AZoH$ J«mhH$m§À`m _mJUrMo EH$ÌrV nÌH$ åhUOo ~mOmamMo _mJUrnÌH$ hmo . ~mOmamV {d{dY J«mhH$

doJdoJù`m qH$_Vrbm dñVy§Mo AZoH$ ZJ IaoXr H$aV AgVmV. doJdoJù`m J«mhH$m§Zm EH$mM dñVyMr Cn`mo{JVm

{^Þ {^Þ AgVo Ë`mZwgma IaoXr Ho$br OmVo. Á`mbm EImÚm dñVyMr Cn`mo{JVm OmñV dmQ>V Ë`mMr IaoXr Vr

ì`ŠVr OmñV à_mUmV H$aVo. Á`mbm Cn`mo{JVm H$_r dmQ>Vo Vr ì`ŠVr dñVyMr IaoXr H$_r H$aVo. ~mOmamV gd©

J«mhH$m§Zr {d{eï> {H§$_V nmVirbm Or IaoXr Ho$bobr AgVo {VMr EH$ÌrV ~oarO åhUOoM ~mOmamMr EHy$U

_mJUr AgVo åhUyZ Ë`mbm ~mOmamMo _mJUr nÌH$ Ago åhUVmV.

qH$_V A Mr _mJUr ~ Mr _mJUr ~mOmamMr

_mJUr

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darb VŠË`m_Üò Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, ~mOmamV XmoZ J«mhH$ AmhoV. dñVyMr qH$_V 50 é. AgVmZm

Vo J«mhH$ AZwH«$_o 20 Vo 15 ZJm§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`mMr EHy$U ~oarO 35 ZJ BVH$s hmoVo Vr ~oarO

åhUOoM ~mOmamMo _mJUrnÌH$ hmo`. qH$_Vr_Üò OgOer KQ> hmoV OmB©b VgVer _mJUrV dmT> hmoV

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Joë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. qH$_V é. 50, 40, 30, 20 Aer H$_r hmoV Joë`mZ§Va ~mOmamVrb _mJUr AZwH«$_o

35, 50, 65, 80 ZJ Aer dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ~mOmamVrb J«mhH$m§À`m _mJUrMm Omo dH«$ AgVmo

Ë`m gd© dH«$m§Mr ~oarO åhUOo ~mOmamVrb EHy$U _mJUr dH«$ hmo`. Ë`mMo {ddoMZ nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo H$aVm òVo.

darb AmH¥$VrV A d ~ J«mhH$m§Mm "__' hm ~mOmamMm EH${ÌV _mJUr dH«$ Xe©{dbm Amho. Vmo S>mdrH$Sy>Z

COdrH$S>o Imbr KgaV OmUmam Amho. `mMm AW© _mJUr d qH$_V Xmohm|V ì`ñV à_mU g§~§Y AgVmV, ho ñnï>

H$aVmo.

2.6 _mJUrMm {Z`_ (Law of Demand) :

dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U _mJUr `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mÛmao ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo. _mJUrMm {Z`_

nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

""BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVmZm dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> Pmë`mg dñVy§À`m _mJUrV KQ> hmoVo `mCbQ>

dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV KQ> Pmë`mg dñVy§À`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo.''

BVa n[apñWVr åhUOo J«mhH$m§Mo CËnÞ Ë`m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r, bmoH$g§»`m, \°$eÝg, n`m© r dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr

dJ¡ao ho gd© KQ>H$ pñWa AgVmZm _mJUrMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oVmo. dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U dñVyMr _mJUr `m_Yrb

g§~§Y hm _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mÛmao ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo.

dñVyMr qH$_V _mJUr ZJg§»`m

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dñVyMr qH$_V hr OgOgr H$_r hmoV OmB©b VgVgo dñVy§À`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoV OmVo. dñVyMr qH$_V

AZwH«$_o 50, 40, 30, 20 Am{U 10 én o Aer H$_r hmoV Joë`mZ§Va _mJUr hr AZwH«$_o 100, 120, 140,

160 Am{U 180 ZJ Aer dmT>V Jobr Amho. åhUOoM dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U dñVyMr _mJUr `m§_Ü o nañna

{damoYr g§~§Y AgVmo.

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_mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mMr J¥{hVo -

1. bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ pñWa AgVo.

2. bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r pñWa AgVmV.

3. n`m© r dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr pñWa AgVmV.

4. XoemMr bmoH$g§»`m pñWa AgVo.

_mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mÀ`m _`m©Xm :

BVa n[apñWVr Oa pñWa Zgob Va _mJUrMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oV Zmhr. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm BVa KQ>H$ ghgm

pñWa ZgVmV Ago ì`dhmamV {XgyZ oVo. bmoH$g§»`m, J«mhH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r, CËnÞnmVir, \°$eÝg m KQ>H$m§_Ü o

~Xb hmoV AgVmV. Oa `m KQ>H$m§_Ü o ~Xb Pmbo Va hm {gÕm§V AZw dmg oV Zmhr åhUyZ {gÕm§VmÀ`m _`m©Xm

nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. bmoH$m§À`m CËnÞmVrb ~Xb : qH$_VrV dmT> Pmbr Va _mJUrV KQ> hmoVo d qH$_VrV KQ> Pmbr Va

_mJUrV dmT> hmoV AgVo. qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m AgVmZm CËnÞmVhr KQ> Pmbr Va _mJUr dmT>Ê`mEodOr KQ>V

AgVo. `mCbQ> qH$_Vr dmT>V Joë`m d CËnÞhr dmT>V am{hbo Va _mJUr dmT>V Ago.

2. bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r, \°$eÝg_Yrb ~Xb : {d{dY dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s,

J«mhH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>r gVV ~XbVmV. VgoM \°$eZ ~XbVo. dñVy AmdS>br Va qH$_VrMm \$ma {dMma Z

H$aVm IaoXr Ho$br OmVo. \°$eZ ~Xbbr åhUOo qH$_V dmT>br Varhr dñVy IaoXr Ho$br OmVo. `m AdñWoV hm

{gÕm§V bmJy hmoV Zmhr.

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3. n`m© r dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrb ~Xb : J«mhH$ Á`m dñVy IaoXr H$aVmo Ë`m dñVy§Zm n`m© r dñVy CnbãY

Pmë`m Va _yi dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$_r Ho$br OmVo. åhUOoM qH$_Vr H$_r hmoD$Zhr _mJUr dmT>V Zmhr. VgoM EImÚm

dñVyMr qH$_V dmT>V AgVmZm Ë`m dñVybm n`m© AgUmar dñVy ñdñV {_iV Agob Va bmoH$ ñdñV dñVyMr

IaoXr H$aVmV.

4. bmoH$g§» oV ~Xb : H$moUË`mhr XoemV bmoH$g§»`m pñWa amhV ZgVo. bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V Jobr Am{U

qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m Varhr _mJUrV dmT>M hmoV OmVo. `mCbQ> bmoH$g§»`m H$_r Pmbr d qH$_Vrhr H$_r Pmë`m

VargwÕm _mJUrV KQ>M hmoV AgVo, åhUOoM hm {gÕm§V AZw dmg oV Zmhr.

_mJUr {gÕm§VmMo AndmX :

_mJUrÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm nwT>rb AndmX AmhoV.

1. {J\o$ZÀ`m dñVy : Á`m dñVy H$_r àVrÀ`m AgVmV Ë`m dñVy§Zm {J\o$ZÀ`m dñVy Ago åhUVmV. H$m§hr

dñVy Aem AgVmV H$s Ë`m§À`m {H§$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m Varhr Ë`m§Mr _mJUr dmT>V Zmhr. CXm. H$_r àVrMo YmÝ`,

OmS>o aS>o H$mnS>, `m dñVy _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mbm AndmX AmhoV. _me©bZo hm {Z`_ _m§S>ë`mZ§Va B§½b§S>_Ü o ga

am°~Q>© {J\o$Z `m§Zr `m dñVy§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo, åhUyZ `m dñVy§Zm {J\o$ZÀ`m dñVy Ago åhUVmV. `m dñVy _mJUrÀ`m

{Z`_mbm AndmX R>aVmV.

2. wÕH$mbrZ pñWVr : Á`m XoemV wÕ gwê$ AgVo Aem XoemV ZmJ[aH$ ^{dî`H$mbrZ gmo åhUyZ

qH$_Vr dmTy>Zhr OmñV _mJUr H$aVmV. ^{dî`mV dñVy {_iUma ZmhrV `m {^VrZo OmXm qH$_Vrbm dñVy§Mr IaoXr

Ho$br OmVo.

3. _§XrMm H$mi : Á`mdoir AW©ì`dñWoV _§XrMr AdñWm AgVo Ë`mdoir ZmJ[aH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr H$_r

hmoD$Zhr dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aV ZmhrV qH$dm Iny H$_r IaoXr H$aVmV. åhUOoM qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m Varhr dñVy§À`m

_mJUrV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ Am{W©H$ _§XrMm H$mi _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mbm AndmX Amho.

4. _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy d Xw{_©i dñVy : `m dñVy§_Ü o _m{UH$ _moVr, {hao, Xw{_©i {MÌo, _yVu `m§Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo. Aem dñVy lr_§V bmoH$ Ho$di à{VîR>m åhUyZ dmnaVmV. Ë`m_wio `m dñVy {OVŠ`m _hmJ {VVH$s Ë`m§Mr

IaoXr OmñV Ho$br OmVo. åhUOoM Ë`m§Mr _mJUr dmT>VM AgVo. `mCbQ> `m dñVy§Mr qH$_V H$_r Pmbr Va Ë`m§Mr

_mJUr H$_r hmoVo, åhUyZ Ë`m dñVy {Z`_mbm AndmX R>aVmV.

5. OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy : OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Zm hm {Z`_ bmJy hmoV Zmhr. H$maU `m dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr

dmT>ë`m Varhr Ë`m§Mr IaoXr H$amdr bmJVM AgVo. EImÚm Hw$Qw>§~mbm Xa _{hÝ`mbm 10 {H$.J«°. Jhÿ bmJV

AgVrb Va JìhmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m åhUyZ Ë`mMr IaoXr H$_r Ho$br OmV Zmhr. `mCbQ> JìhmMr qH$_V H$_r

Pmbr Va _mJUr Xa _{hÝ`mbm 25 {H$.J«°. Ho$br OmV Zmhr. åhUOoM OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§gmR>r hm {Z`_ bmJy hmoV

Zmhr.

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2.7 _mJUrMm {dñVma d g§H$moM :

""BVa KQ>H$ pñWa amhÿZ \$ŠV dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> qH$dm KQ> Pmë`m_wio dñVyMr _mJUr H$_r qH$dm

OmñV hmoV Agob Va Ë`mbm _mJUrMm {dñVma d g§H$moM Ago åhUVmV.'' _mJUrMm {dñVma qH$dm g§H$moM

hmoVmZm \$ŠV qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoV AgVmo, BVa KQ>H$ nyduà_mUoM pñWa AgVmV. qH$_VrV dmT> Pmë`mZ§Va

_mJUr KQ>Vo hm g§H$moM AgVmo. `mCbQ> qH$_VrV KQ> Pmë`mZ§Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo hm _mJUrMm {dñVma AgVmo.

2.8 _mJUrVrb dmT> d KQ> :

dñVyMr qH$_V H$m`_ amhÿZ BVa KQ>H$m§_Ü o ~Xb Pmë`m_wio _mJUrV Or dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoV AgVo Ë`mbm

_mJUrVrb dmT> d KQ> Ago åhUVmV. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ dmT>bo, \°$eZ ~Xbbr Va qH$dm AmdS>{ZdS> ~Xbbr

Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo Ë`mbm _mJUrVrb dmT> Ago åhUVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo Ago {XgyZ oVo {H$ CËnÞmV dmT>

Pmë`mZ§Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo. Ë`mbm _mJUrVrb dmT> Ago åhUVm oVo Va CËnÞmV KQ> Pmë`mZ§Va _mJUrV KQ>

hmoVo Ë`mbm _mJUrVrb KQ> Ago åhUVmV.

2.9 _mJUrV ~Xb KS>{dUmao KQ>H$

_mJUrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$ Imbrbà_mUo.

1. dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoVmo.

2. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ ~Xbbo Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoVmo.

3. bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>rV ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoVmo.

4. n`m© r d nyaH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoVmo.

5. bmoH$g§»`m dmT>br Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoVmo.

6. n`m©daU d hdm_mZ{df`H$ KQ>H$ _mJUrda n[aUm_ H$aVmV.

2.10 dñVy§Mo àH$ma (Types Goods) :

dñVy§Mo {d{dY àH$ma nwT>rbn«_mUo nS>VmV.

1. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy Am{U CËnmXH$m§À`m dñVy : Á`m dñVy A§{V_ Cn^moJmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV

Ë`m§Zm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy Ago åhUVmV. Aem dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$ê$Z bmoH$ Amnë`m JaO nyU© H$aVmV. àË oH$

ì`ŠVr {d{dY dñVy§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moJ KoV AgVo. VgoM H$m ©j_Vm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ dñVy

d godm§Mm Cn^moJ KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`m gd© dñVy§Zm Cn^mo½` dñVy Ago åhUVmV. AÞ, Mhm, H$m°\$s, XyY, \$io,

^mOrnmbm, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, ~oH$ar \y$S> d BVa gd©àH$maMo ImÚnXmW©, gm`H$br, dmhZo, gm~Z, gm¢X ©àgmYZo,

KaJwVr dmnamÀ`m dñVy, Q>r. ìhr. \«$sO, {_Šga, \y$S> àmogoga, _mo~mB©b d BVa {dÚwV CnH$aUo dJ¡a|Mm g_mdoe

Cn^mo½` dñVy§_Ü o Ho$bm OmVmo.

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Cn^mo½` dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m dñVy dmnaë`m OmVmV Ë`m dñVy§Zm CËnmXH$mÀ`m dñVy Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. {d{dY àH$maMr §Ìgm_wJ«r, H$ƒm _mb, B_maVr, dmhZo `m§Zm CËnmXH$m§À`m dñVy Ago åhUVmV.

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy Am{U CËnmgXH$mÀ`m dñVy m XmoÝht_Ü o nañna g§~§Y hm g_ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. mMm

AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy§À`m _mJUr_Ü o dmT> Pmbr Va CËnmXH$mÀ`m dñVy§_Ü ohr dmT> hmoV AgVo.

2. {dZmer dñVy Am{U A{dZmer dñVy : Á`m dñVy Cn^moJ KoVë`mZ§Va Zï> hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm Zmed§V dñVy

Ago åhUVmV. CXm. AÞ, Mhm, H$m°\$s, XyY, \$io, ^mOrnmbm, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, ~oH$ar, \y$S>, Á yg, erVno o d

BVa gd©àH$maMo ImÚnXmW© m gd© dñVy§Mm Cn^moJ KoVë`mZ§Va g§nwï>mV oVmV åhUyZ m dñVy§Zm Zmed§V dñVy Ago

åhUVmV.

Á`m dñVy§Mm Cn^moJ nwZ:nwÝhm H$aVm oVmo Aem dñVy§Zm A{dZmer dñVy Ago åhUVmV. dmhZo, gm`H$br,

Q>r. ìhr., \«$rO, {_Šga, \y$S>àmogoga, _mo~mB©b, dm°qeJ _{eZ, BVa {dÚwV CnH$aUo, KaJwVr dmnamÀ`m dñVy,

^m§S>r, H$nS>o dJ¡a|Mm g_mdoe CËnmXH$m§À`m dñVy_Ü o Ho$bm OmVmo.

3. ñdV§Ì dñVy : Á`m dñVy dmnam_Ü o à_wI AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì _mJUr AgVo Ë`m dñVy§Zm ñdV§Ì

dñVy Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM à_wI dñVy hr ñdm`Îm AgVo. CXm. dmhZ à_wI dñVy Amho Va noQ´>mob ho Xwæ`_ dñVy

Amho. Ka hr à_wI dñVy Amho Va {dQ>m {g_|Q, dmiy `m dñVy Xwæ`_ AmhoV.

4. namoj qH$dm ào[aV dñVy : Á`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr BVa dñVy§À`m _mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgVo Aem dñVy§Zm

namoj qH$dm ào[aV dñVy Ago åhUVmV. CXm. Ka `m à_wI dñVyMr _mJUr dmT>br Va ~mOmamV AmnmoAmnM IS>r,

{g_|Q>, dmiy, {dQ>m, gir m dñVy§Mr _mJUr dmT>Vo. Ka m à_wI dñVyÀ`m _mJUrda m ~mH$sÀ`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr

Adb§~yZ Amho åhUyZ `m dñVy namoj g_Oë`m OmVmV. dmhZm§Mr _mJUr dmT>br VaM Ë`m§Mo gwQ>o ^mJ `m§Mr

_mJUr dmT>Vo. åhUOo gwQ>çm ^mJm§Mr _mJUr hr namoj _mJUr Amho, åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm namoj dñVy Ago åhUVmV.

2.11 _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm (Elasticity of Demand) :

_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm `m g§H$ënZobm AW©emómV A{Ve` _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. dñVyMr qH$_V d _mJUr

`m_Yrb nañna g§~§Y `m g§H$ënZoÛmao ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo. _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ Hw$Zm} `m

AW©emókmZo _m§S>br. Ë`mZ§Va Oo. Eb. {_b `m§Zr Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. S>m°. _me©b `m§Zr Amnbo Cn`mo{JVm

{díbofU _m§S>bo. Ë`m_Ü`o bd{MH$VoMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$bo. _mJUrMm {Z`_ hm Ho$di JwUmË_H$ ~Xb

Xe©{dVmo. _mJUrV Zo_H$m {H$Vr à_mUmV ~Xb Pmbm ho `m {Z`_mVyZ ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. _mJUrVrb ~XbmMo à_mU

_moOÊ`mgmR>r bd{MH$VoMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr. qH$_VrV {d{eï> à_mUmV ~Xb Pmë`mZ§Va _mJUrV

{H$Vr à_mUmV ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU `m g§H$ënZoÛmao g_OyZ oVo. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr Jw§VmJw§VrM

dmQ>Vo; nU àË`jmV Vr Ver Zmhr. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV hr g§H$ënZm J«mhH$ CËnmXH$ ì`mnmar `m§Zm Iyn

Cn wŠV Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ Amho.

39

_mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMr ì`m»`m :

1. S>m°. _me©b : ""_mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb Am{U qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo

_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hmo .''

2. àm. E. Eb. _o g© : ""{Xboë`m _mJUr dH«$mda qH$_Vrg§~§Yr ~Xb Pmbm AgVm Ë`mMm n[aUm_

åhUyZ _mJUr Ho$boë`m ZJg§» oV hmoUmè`m ~XbmÀ`m à_mUmg _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.''

_mJUrda Oo doJdoJio KQ>H$ à^md Q>mH$VmV Ë`m§Mm {dñVma H$ê$Z _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMo qH$_V bd{MH$Vm,

CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm Am{U N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm Ago VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm (Price Elasticity of Demand) :

_mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb Am{U qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo _mJUrMr qH$_V

bd{MH$Vm hmo . _mJUrÀ`m qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo gyÌ nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

ep =mq

dmp

ORmq

cp

q p q mp

qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo àH$ma :

qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo à_wI nmM àH$ma nCVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. g§nyU© bd{MH$ _mJUr : dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV WmoS>mgm ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV _moR>çm à_mUmV

~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Va Ë`mbm g§nyU© bd{MH$ _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.

`

A j

qH$_V

_mJUr

_ _

40

2. g§nyU© Abd{MH$ _mJUr : dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV {H$Vrhr _moR>m ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV Aënà_mUmV

~Xb KSy>Z oVmo V|ìhm Ë`mbm g§nyU© Abd{MH$ _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.

`m{R>H$mUr _mJUr __ dH«$ hm A` Ajmbm g_m§Va AgVmo. qH$_VrV _moR>m ~Xb hmoD$Zhr _mJUrV

Aëngmhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr, ho `mVyZ ñnï> hmoVo.

3. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$ : O|ìhm _mJUrVrb d qH$_VrVrb ~Xb g_mZ AgVmV Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr

bd{MH$Vm hr EH$ BVH$s g_Obr OmVo. CXm.

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

= 1 qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

H$H$1 Am{U ~~1 ho A§Va g_mZ Amho.

`

A j

qH$_V

_mJUr

_

_

`

A j

qH$_V

_mJUr

_

_

H$

H$1

~1~

41

4. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV : Oo§ìhm _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb ho qH$_VrVrb à_mUera

~Xbmnojm OmñV AgVmV Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV g_Obr OmVo.


= 2 qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 5%

H$H$1 ho A§Va ~~1 A§Vamnojm H$_r Amho. ~~1 ho A§Va OmñV Amho. åhUOoM _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

OmñV Amho.

`

A j

qH$_V

_mJUr

_

_

H$

H$1

~1~

5. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm H$_r : Oo§ìhm _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb ho qH$_VrVrb à_mUera

~Xbmnojm H$_r AgVmV Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV g_Obr OmVo.


= 0.5 qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

`

A j

qH$_V

_

_

H$

H$1

~1~ _mJUr

42

H$H$1 ho A§Va ~~1 A§Vamnojm OmñV Amho. ~~1 ho A§Va H$_r Amho. åhUOoM qH$_VrVrb à_mUera

~Xb OmñV Amho.

2.12 qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo _mnZ (Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand) :

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm _moOÊ`mÀ`m à_wI VrZ nÕVr AmhoV.

(1) EHy$U IM© nÕVr (2) JwUmoÎma nÕVr (3) q~Xy_mnZ qH$dm y{_Vr nÕVr

1. EHy$U IM© nÕVr (Total outlay Method) : qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`mZ§Va Cn^moŠË`mMm Ë`m dñVy§darb

IM© H$gm ~XbVmo `mdê$Z bd{MH$Vm _moObr OmVo, Ë`mbm EHy$U IM© nÕV Ago åhUVmV. ""EImÚm dñVyÀ`m

qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoÊ`mnydu d ~Xb Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m dñVydarb IMm©V Ogo ~Xb hmoVmV Ë`mbm EHy$U IM© nÕVr

Ago åhUVmV. qH$_VrV dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoD$Zhr IMm©V ~Xb hmoV Zgob Va Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$

AgVo. qH$_V dmT>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m dñVydarb IM© nydunojm H$_r Pmbm Am{U qH$_V H$_r Pmë`mZ§Va IM© dmT>bm

Va _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV AgVo. qH$_VrV dmT> Pmë`mg IM© dmT>Vmo d qH$_V H$_r Pmbr Va

IM© H$_r Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm H$_r AgVo, ho nwT>rb VŠVm Xe©{dVmo.

qH$_V _mJUr EHy$U _mJUrMr

(é.) (ZJ) IM© (é.) bd{MH$Vm

10 5 50_m.b. = 1

5 10 50

10 5 50 _m.b>. h 1

5 20 100 nojm OmñV

10 5 50 _m.b. g 1

5 7 35 nojm H$_r

darb VŠVm qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`m_wio dñVyÀ`m _mJUrVrb ~XbmÛmao dñVydarb EHy$U IMm©V Pmboë`m

~Xbmdê$Z _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm1, 1 nojm OmñV qH$dm 1 nojm H$_r Agë`mMo Xe©{dVmo.

2. JwUmoÎma nÕVr (Proporitional Method) : m nÕVrV qH$_VrV à_mUera ~Xb Pmë`m_wio _mJUrV

Oo à_mUera ~Xb KS>yZ oVmV Ë`mMo JwUmoÎma H$mT>bo OmVo d Ë`mdê$Z _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm _moObr OmVo.

JwUmoÎma nÕVr_Ü o _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb gyÌ dmnabo OmVo.

o

o

o

43

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 10%

= 1, _mb = 1 qH$_VrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 10%

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 10

= 2, _mb = 1 h 2 qH$_VrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 5

1 nojm OmñV

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 5

= 0.5, _mb = 1 g 0.5 qH$_VrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb 10

1 nojm H$_r

3. q~Xy_mnZ qH$dm ^y{_Vr nÕVr (Point Method or Geometrical Method) : _mJUrMr

bd{MH$Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r y{_H$m nÕVrMr dmna H$ê$Z _mJUr dH«$mdarb {d{eï> AWdm doJdoJù`m q~XyMr

bd{MH$Vm _moObr OmVo. _mJUr dH«$mdarb _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r hr nÕVr dmnabr OmVo.

_mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrdH«$mdarb {d{eï> q~XynmgyZ ImbMo A§Va

_mJUrdH«$mdarb {d{eï> q~XynmgyZ ImbMo A§Va

`

A j

qH$_V

_m.b. = V

_

A

~

H$

_1

_m.b. = 0

_m.b. h 1

_m.b. = 1

_m.b. g 1

_mJUr

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o __ hm _mJUr dH«$ Amho Vmo AmR> g|._r. Amho Ago AmnU J¥{hV Yê$`m. `mdê$Z àË oH$

q~XyOdi AgUmar bd{MH$Vm g_OVo.

1. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$ : AmH¥$VrV d q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr dH«$mMo ImbMo d daMo A§Va

g_mZ Amho åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr EH$ Amho.

44

~ q~XyV _mb =~_1 =

4= 1, EH$Îd bd{MH$ _mJUr

~_ 4

2. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm H$_r : AmH¥$VrV H$ q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr dH«$mMo ImbMo A§Va

H$_r Amho Am{U daMo A§Va OmñV Amho åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr EH$nojm H$_r Amho.

H$ q~XyV _mb =H$_1 =

2= 0.33, 1 nojm H$_r

H$_ 6

3. _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV : AmH¥$VrV A q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr dH«$mMo ImbMo

A§Va OmñV Amho Am{U daMo A§Va H$_r Amho. åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr EH$nojm OmñV Amho.

A q~XyV _mb =A_1 =

6= 3, 1 nojm OmñV

A_ 2

_ q~XyV _mb =_

=8

= V, _mb = V_1 0

_1 q~XyV _mb =_1 =

0= 0, _mb = 0

_ 8

2.13 _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm (Income Elasticity of Demand) :

_mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb Am{U CËnÞmVrb à_mUera ~Xb `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo _mJUrMr CËnÞ

bd{MH$Vm hmo . _mJUrÀ`m CËnÞ bd{MH$VoMo gyÌ nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

_mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

YE =mq

dmy

q y

mq = _mJUrV Pmbobm ~Xb

q = _yi _mJUr

my = CËnÞmV Pmbobm ~Xb

y = _yi CËnÞ

45

CËnÞ bd{MH$VoMo àH$ma :

CËnÞ bd{MH$VoMo à_wI nmM àH$ma nS>VmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. g§nyU© bd{MH$ _mJUr : Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÞmV WmoS>mgm ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV _moR>çm à_mUmV

~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Va Ë`mb g§nyU© CËnÞ bd{MH$ _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.

`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr dH«$ hm Aj Ajmbm g_m§Va AgVmo. CËnÞmV _moR>m ~Xb hmoD$Zhr _mJUrV ~Xb hmoV

Zmhr ho `mVyZ ñnï> hmoVo.

2. g§nyU© Abd{MH$ _mJUr : Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÞmV {H$Vrhr _moR>m ~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrV

Aënà_mUmV ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo V|ìhm Ë`mb g§nyU© Abd{MH$ _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.

`

A j

CËnÞ

_mJUr

_ _1

`

A j

CËnÞ

_mJUr

_1

_

`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr dH«$ hm A` Ajmbm g_m§Va AgVmo. CËnÞmV _moR>m ~Xb hmoD$Zhr _mJUrV Aëngmhr

~Xb hmoV Zmhr ho `mVyZ ñnï> hmoVo.

46

3. _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm EH$ : Oo§ìhm _mJUrVrb d CËnÞmVrb ~Xb g_mZ AgVmV Ë`mdoir

_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr EH$ BVH$s g_Obr OmVo. CXm.

_mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm = _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

= 1 CËnÞmVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

`

A j

CËnÞ

_mJUr

_1

_

H$

H$1

~1~

H$H$1 Am{U ~~1 ho A§Va g_mZ Amho.

4. _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV : Oo§ìhm _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb ho CËnÞmVrb

à_mUera ~Xbmnojm OmñV AgVmV Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm OmñV g_Obr OmVo.


= 2 CËnÞmVrb à_mUera ~Xb 5%

`

A j

CËnÞ

_mJUr

_1

_

H$

H$1

~1~

47

H$H$1 ho A§Va ~~1 A§Vamnojm H$_r Amho. ~~1 ho A§Va OmñV Amho. åhUOoM _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb

OmñV Amho.

5. _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm H$_r : Oo§ìhm _mJUrVrb à_mUera ~Xb ho CËnÞmVrb

à_mUera ~Xbmnojm H$_r AgVmV Ë`mdoir _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm EH$nojm H$_r g_Obr OmVo.


= 0.5 qH$_VrVrb à_mUera ~Xb 10%

`

A j

CËnÞ

_1

_

H$

H$1

~1~ _mJUr

H$H$1 ho A§Va ~~1 A§Vamnojm OmñV Amho. ~~1 ho A§Va H$_r Amho. åhUOoM CËnÞmVrb à_mUera ~Xb

OmñV Amho.

2.14 _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm :

EH$m dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`m_wio Xwgè`m dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`m_Yrb nañna g§~§YmMo

JwUmoÎma `m g§H$ënZoÛmao Ho$bo OmVo.

ì`m»`m - ""` dñVyMm qH$_VrV à_mUera ~Xb Pmë`m_wio j dñVyMm _mJUrV Oo à_mUera ~Xb hmoVmV

Ë`m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm hmo .''

_mJUrMr N>XH$ bd{MH$Vm = j dñVyÀ`m _mJUrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb

` dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrVrb eoH$S>m ~Xb

N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm hr YZ, F$U qH$dm eyÝ` AgVo.

1. XmoÝhr dñVy EH$_oH$mg n`m© r AgVrb Va _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm YZ AgVo.

2. XmoÝhr dñVy nañna nyaH$ AgVrb Va _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm F$U AgVo.

48

3. XmoÝhr dñVy nañnam§er g§~§YrV ZgVrb Va _mJUrMr N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm eyÝ` AgVo.

2.15 gmam§e :

_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm hr g§H$ënZm X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMr Amho. CËnmXH$,ì`mnmar, J«mhH$ `m§À`mgmR>r bd{MH$Vm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVo. dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U _mJUrVrb ~Xb `m_Ü o Omoà_mUera g§~§Y AgVmo Ë`mMo {ddoMZ _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoÛmao hmoVo. gaH$mabm Amnbr gmd©O{ZH$ IM©{df`H$YmoaUo AmIVmVZm bd{MH$Vm Cn wŠV R>aVo. Ë`mMà_mUo ~mOmamVrb ~XbVr pñWVr g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnmardJm©bm `m g§H$ënZoMm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.


_mJUr : {d{eï> doir {d{eï> qH$_Vrbm IaoXr Ho$br OmUmar ZJg§»`m

Cn^moŠË`mMr dñVy : Cn^moJmgmR>r dmnabr OmUmar dñVy

{dZmer dñVy : Cn^moJmZ§Va Zï> hmoUmar dñVy

A{dZmer dñVy : nwZ:nwÝhm dmnamV `oUmar dñVy

ñdV§Ì dñVy : ñdV:gmR>r _mJUr AgUmar _w»` dñVy

namoj dñVy : _w»` dñVyÀ`m _mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgUmar dñVy

_mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm : qH$_VrVrb d _mJUrVrb à_mUera g§~§Y Xe©{dUmar g§H$ënZm



1. _mJUr_Ü o Am{W©H$ nmR>~i JaOMo AgVo.

2. dñVyMr _mJUr d dñVyMr qH$_V `m XmoÝhr_Ü o nañna g§~§Y AgVmo.

3. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy `m Cn^moJmgmR>r AgVmV.

4. ^mOrnmbm d XyY `m Zmed§V dñVy AmhoV.

5. {g_|Q> d IS>r `m namoj dñVy AmhoV.

6. {J\o$ZÀ`m dñVy `m _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mbm AndmX ZmhrV.

CÎmao :

1. MyH$ 2. ~amo~a 3. MyH$ 4. ~amo~a 5. ~amo~a 6. MyH$



1. _mJUrMr \$bmMr g§H$ënZm {dfX H$am.

49

2. _mJUr bd{MH$Vm hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

3. dñVy§Mo {d{dY àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1. qH$_V bd{MH$VoMo àH$ma

2. CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm

3. N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm

4. Zmed§V dñVy

5. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy d CËnmXH$mÀ`m dñVy

6. ào[aV dñVy













R. Narayan

³³³

50

gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ 3

_mJUrMo AZw_mZ/A§XmO(Demand Forcasting)

3.1 C{Ôï>ço

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.3 àmñVm{dH$

3.4 _mJUr AZw_mZmMm AW©

3.5 ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$ oV _mJUr AZw_mZmMo _hÎd

3.6 _mJUr AZw_mZ _moOÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr

3.7 gmam§e

3.8 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX




3.1 C{Ôï>ço :

1. _mJUr AZw_mZ hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

2. _mJUr AZw_mZmMo _hÎd g_OyZ KoUo.

3. _mJUr AZw_mZmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVtMm emór` Aä`mg H$aUo.

4. _mJUr AZw_mZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.


51

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

Xwgè`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU _mJUr{df`rMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. _mJUr _mJUrMr g§H$ënZm, _mJUrMo àH$ma,

_mJUr \$bZ, dñVy§Mo {d{dY n«H$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. `m{edm` _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMr g§H$ënZm qH$_V

bd{MH$Vm, CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm VgoM N>oXH$ bd{MH$Vm `m g§H$ënZm `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm. AmVm `m VrZ

H«$_m§H$mÀ`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU _mJUrÀ`m AZw_mZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. CËnmXH$ hm Amnë`m dñVy§Zm

^{dî`mV {H$Vr _mJUr Agob `mMm A§XmO KoV AgVmo Ë`mMo {ddoMZ `m KQ>H$m_Ü o H$am`Mo Amho.

3.3 àmñVm{dH$ :

_mJUrMo AZw_mZ hr g§H$ënZm ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emóm_Ü o A{Ve` _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. CËnmXZm~m~V

CËnmXH$ {d{dY YmoaUo R>a{dV AgVmo. Ë`mZwgma CÚmoJmMm {dñVma H$aV AgVmo. Aemdoir ^{dî`mMm A§XmO

KoD$ZM {ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. åhUyZ H$moUVrhr CÚmoJg§ñWm qH$dm CËnmXH$ ^{dî`mVrb Amnë`m CËnmXZmbm

_mJUr H$er Agob `mMm A§XmO KoV AgVmo. hm A§XmO Ambm Va CËnmXH$mbm {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr

OwidmOwid H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. H$m_Jma, H$ƒm _mb, §Ì gm_wJ«r, ^m§S>db C^maUr, ì`dñWmnZmVrb ~Xb

`mgma»`m {d{dY ~m~tMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. åhUOoM ~mOmamVrb n[apñWVrMm A§XmO Ambm Va ~mOmamVrb

_mJUr nwadR>m qH$_Vr `m§Mr nyd©H$ënZm CËnmXH$mg òV AgVo. `mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo {H$ àËòH$ CËnmXH$

Amnë`m CËnmXZmbm _mJUr H$er Agob? Ë`m_Üò ~Xb H$go hmoVrb? `mMm A§XmO ~m§YV AgVmo Am{U

Ë`mAZwf§JmZo Vmo ^{dî`mMm A§XmO KoV AgVmo. `m A§XmOmgmR>r àËòH$ CËnmXH$mbm qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$mbm

_mJUrAZw_mZ `m g§H$ënZoMm Cn`moJ hmoV AgVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m AZw_mZm_wio CËnmXH$mbm ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©

KoÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar `mo½` Vr ~¡R>H$ d nmíd© y_r V`ma H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oVo H$s, ^{dî`mV

Amnë`m dñVy d godm§Zm {H$Vr à_mUmV _mJUr oB©b `mg§X^m©V A§XmO ì`ŠV H$aUo åhUOo _mJUrMo AZw_mZ hmo .

3.4 _mJUr AZw_mZmMm AW© :

1. ""{d{eï> H$mbmdYrZ§Va dñVyMr _mJUr {H$Vr Agob ho OmUyZ KoUo åhUOo _mJUrMo AZw_mZ hmo .''

2. ""dñVyÀ`m ^{dî`H$mbrZ _mJUr~m~VMm A§XmO åhUOo _mJUrMo AZw_mZ hmo .''

àË oH$ CÚmoJg§ñWm {d{dY _mJm©Zr ~mOmamMm A§XmO KoV AgVmV. Ë`mAZwf§JmZo ~mOmam o gìh}jU Ho$bo

OmVo. Amnë`m CËnmXZmer g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMr _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br OmVo. dV©_mZH$mimV

Amnë`m dñVy§Zm _mJUr H$er Amho? Ë`m_Ü o dmT> hmoVo Amho H$s KQ> hmoV Amho? `mMr _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo.

~mOmamV n`m© r dñVy {H$Vr à_mUmV AmhoV? Ë`m§Mm Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m _mJUrda {H$Vr n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMmhr

Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. ñWm{ZH$ ~mOma, {d^mJr` ~mOma VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamV dñVy§Zm AgUmar _mJUr

`m§Mmhr A§XmO KoVbm OmVmo. m A§XmOmZwgma CËnmXH$ qH$dm CÚmoJg§ñWm Amnë`m CËnmXZmV ~Xb H$aV OmVmV.

nwT>rb CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _mJUrAZw_mZ hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ oVo.

52

df© dñVyMr _mJUr _mJUrVrb ~Xb

2008 5000

2009 6000 20 Q>¸o$

2010 7200 20 Q>¸o$

2011 8640 20 Q>¸o$

2012 10368 20 Q>¸o$

2013 12442 20 Q>¸o$

darb VŠË`m_Ü o 2008 gmbmnmgyZ CÚmoJg§ñWm dñVyZm AgUmar _mJUr Xe©{dbr Amho. Vr _mJUr

Xadfu AZwH«$_o 5000, 6000, 7200, 8640, 10368 Am{U 12442 BVŠ`m ZJmn`ªV dmT>bobr Amho.

åhUOoM hr dm{f©H$ dmT> 20 Q>¸o$ BVH$s Amho. åhUOo CËnmXH$mbm Agm A§XmO òVmo H$s Amnë`m dñVy§Zm

à{Vdfu 20 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr _mJUr dmT>V Amho. nwT>rb H$m§hr df} _mJUrV `mM XamZo dmT> hmoV amhÿ eH$Vo Ago AZw_mZ

CËnmXH$ H$mT>Vmo. AmVm `m AZw_mZmbm AZwgê$Z CËnmXH$ Amdí`H$ Ë`m gmYZgm_wJ«rMr Am{U BVa CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m§Mr OwidmOwid H$aVmo. H$ƒm _mb, H$m_Jma, `§Ìgm_wJ«r BË`m{X CËnmXZ KQ>H$ {H$Vr à_mUmV Jmoim

H$am`Mo `mMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV òVo. hr dmT>rd _mJUr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$m§Zm {dVaUì`dñWm H$er

CnbãY H$ê$Z Úm`Mr `mMohr {Z`moOZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. dñVy§Mr {dH«$s H$aVmZm Om{hamV H$er H$am`Mr? `m

Om{hamVrda {H$Vr IM© H$am`Mm? Om{hamVrgmR>rMo H$ama H$moUmer H$am`Mo? `m g§X^m©Vrb {ZU©` YoUo

CËnmXH$mbm eŠ` hmoVo. `m gd© ~m~tMm A§XmO Amë`mZ§Va CËnmXH$ Amnbo ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` ^¸$_nUo

KoD$ eH$Vmo Am{U ^{dî`mVrb YmoaUo AmIyZ Amnë`m ì`dgm`mMo `mo½` arVrZo {Z`moOZ H$aV amhVmo.

~mOmamVrb aâmQ> hmoUo, ñnYm©eŠVr_Üò dmT> hmoUo, ApñVËd {gÕ hmoUo m gd© ~m~r CËnmXH$mgmR>r ghOeŠ`

hmoVmV. ~mOmamV Z\$m {_i{dUo, {dH«$s dmT>{dUo `m gd© ~m~tÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _mJUrMm A§XmO CËnmXH$mg

\$m`ÚmMm R>aVmo.

Am{W©H$Ñï>çm àJV AgUmè`m Xoem§_Ü o {d{dY joÌmVrb CËnmXH$ _mJUrÀ`m AZw_mZmMm dmna ì`mdgm{`H$

{ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. Ë`m VwbZoV {dH$gZerb Xoem§V `mMm \$ma _moR>m dmna hmoV Zmhr. A{bH$S>o

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m àgmamZ§Va _mÌ gd©M Xoem§V H$m ©aV AgUmè`m ~hþamï>r` H§$nÝ`m m g§H$ënZoMm dmna gam©gnUo

H$aV AmhoV. Cn^mo½` dñVy, AÞnXmW©, ~oH$ar \y$S>, IoiUr, dmhZo, gm`H$br, {dÚwVdñVy, erVno o, embo

gm{hË`, V`ma H$nS>o, _mo~mB©b `m joÌmV Á`m H§$nÝ`m AmhoV Ë`m H§$nÝ`m _mJUrMo AZw_mZ g§H$ënZoMm _moR>çm

à_mUmV dmna H$aV AmhoV.

53

_mJUr AZw_mZmMo gmYmaUnUo AënH$mbrZ d XrK©H$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ Ago XmoZ à_wI àH$ma nS>VmV.

AënH$mbrZ _mJUrAZw_mZ XmoZ Vo VrZ dfm©n ªVMo A§XmO AgVmV Va XrK©H$mbm_Ü o nmM dfm©nojm OmñV

H$mbmdYrMo A§XmO AgVmV. Á`m CÚmoJg§ñWm EH$mnojm OmñV dñV§yMo CËnmXZ H$aVmV Ë`m g§ñWm XrK©H$mbrZ

_mJUrAZw_mZ nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aVmV. EImÚm CÚmoJg§ñWobm Amnë`m ñnY©H$ g§ñWoMr _m{hVr mo½` ñdê$nmMr

Agob Va XrK©H$mbrZ AZw_mZMm \$ma _moR>m Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

_mJUr AZw_mZmMo àH$ma :

_mJUr AZw_mZmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

1) AënH$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ d 2) XrK©H$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ

1) AënH$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ : AënH$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ `m àH$maMo _mJUrMo AZw_mZ XmoZ Vo

VrZ dfmªgmR>r Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mMm CÔoe gw mo½` CËnmXZ YmoaU R>a{dUo hm AgVmo. ~mOmamVrb nwadR>çmZwgma

_mJUrg§~§Yr A§XmO dV©{dUo, Á`m_wio A{V[aŠV CËnmXZ hmoUma Zmhr VgoM H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm IM© H$_r H$aUo,

gw mo½` qH$_VYmoaU R>a{dUo, ~mOmamVrb n[apñWVrZwgma CËnmXZmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r-OmV H$aUo VgoM {dH«$sMo

C{Ôï> R>a{dUo, CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m AënH$mbrZ JaOm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJUrMo AZw_mZ Cn wŠV R>aVo. åhUyZ ì`mdgm{`H$

AWdm CÚmoOH$ d ì`dñWmnH$ AënH$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ dV©dVmV.

2) XrK©H$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ : `m àH$maMo _mJUr AZw_mZ nmM qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV dfm©gmR>r

Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mMm CÔoe CÚmoJg§ñWoMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo, CÚmoJg§ñWoMm {dñVma dmT>{dUo hm AgVmo. CÚmoJmÀ`m

XrK©H$mbrZ JaOm ^mJ{dUo VgoM Amdí`H$ AgUmao _Zwî`~i R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r XrK©H$mbrZ _mJUr AZw_mZ

Cn`wŠV R>aVo.

3.5 ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$ oV _mJUr AZw_mZmMo _hÎd :

ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU© à{H«$ oV CËnmXH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ VgoM g§ moOH$ m§À`mgmR>r _mJUr AZw_mZmMr g§H$ënZm

A{Ve` _hÎdmMr R>aVo. nwT>rb _wÔçm§À`m ghmæ`mZo `m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd g_yOZ oVo.

1. ^{dî`H$mbrZ _mJUr AmH$S>çm§_Ü o g_OVo : _mJUr AZw_mZm_wio ^{dî`mV CËnmXZmbm {H$Vr

_mJUr {Z_m©U hmoB©b Vo g_OVo. _mJUrAZw_mZ_Ü o _mJrb H$m§hr dfm©Vrb AmH$S>odmarMm AmYma KoD$Z nwT>rb

dfm©V {H$Vr _mJUr dmT>ob `mMm A§XmO oVmo. `m A§XmOm_wio CËnmXH$ Amnë`m CËnmXZmMo {Z`moOZ H$emàH$mao

H$am`Mo ho R>ady eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV, nwT>rb VrZ-Mma dfm©_Ü o _mJUrV H$gm ~Xb hmoB©b `mMm {ZpíMV A§XmO

Amë`mZ§Va CËnmXH$mbm CËnmXZmMo AmË_{dídmgnyd©H$ {Z`moOZ H$aVm oVo. VgoM Ë`mMr ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©

j_Vm dmT>Vo. åhUyZ CËnmXH$mgmR>r _mJUrAZw_mZ hr g§H$ënZm Cn wŠV R>aVo.

2. dñVy§À`m nwaR>çmMm A§XmO oVmo : _mJUr AZw_mZm_wio yVH$mimVrb AmH$S>odmarMm AmYma AgVmo.

54

`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ^{dî`mV {H$Vr dñVy§Zm _mJUr Agob `mMm A§XmO oVmo Ë`m_wio AmnmoAmnM {H$Vr nwadR>m

H$amdm bmJob `mMm Zo_H$m A§XmO CËnmXH$mbm oVmo. AWm©V `m gdmªgmR>r _mJUr AZw_mZ IynM \$m`Xoera R>aVo.

^{dî`mV dñVy§À`m nwadR>çmMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aUo d Ë`mgmR>rMo YmoaU R>a{dUo `mgmR>r hr g§H$ënZm _mJ©Xe©H$

R>aVo Ago åhUVm oVo.

3. dñVy§À`m qH$_VrMm A§XmO oVmo : _mJUrÀ`m AZw_mZm_YyZ CËnmXH$mbm ~mOmamMm gd© A§XmO oV

AgVmo. {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. _mJUr nwadR>m Cn^moŠË`m§Mm dV©ZàH$ma ~mOmamVrb ì`dhmamÀ`m nÕVr,

nwadR>çmÀ`m nÕVr Aem gd© ~m~tMr _m{hVr Jmoim Pmë`mZ§Va qH$_Vr g_OVmV. mdê$Z {dî`mV qH$_VnmVirV

H$gm ~Xb hmoB©b `mMm Zo_H$m A§XmO Amë`mZ§Va CËnmXH$ Amnë`m Zâ`mÀ`m `moOZm R>ady eH$Vmo. `mÑ{ï>Zo

CËnmXH$mbm _mJUrAZw_mZ `m g§H$ënZoMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

4. H$ƒm _mb d CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr OwidmOwid H$aUo : CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ƒm _mb,

B§YZ, H$m_Jma, drO, COm©, I{ZOo, nmUr dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§Mr JaO Ago. AWm©V ho gd© KQ>H$ AJXr ghOnUo CnbãY

hmoV ZgVmV. Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ë`m§Mr Jmoim~oarO H$amdr bmJVo. CËnmXH$mbm EH$Xm ^{dî`mVrb _mJUrMm

A§XmO Ambm Va Vmo `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr C^maUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m KQ>H$m§Mr IaoXr {H$Vr d H$er H$am`Mr? Ë`mda

{H$Vr IM© H$am`Mm? `mMo {Z`moOZ H$aVm oVo.

5. ^m§S>dbmMr C^maUr H$aUo : CËnmXH$mbm ^{dî`mV CËnmXZ dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>dbmMr JaO

AgVo Oa _mJUrV dmT> hmoÊ`mMr {ZpíMV h_r {Z_m©U hmoUma Agob Va CËnmXH$ ^m§S>dbmMr C^maUr H$aVmo.

g_Om _mJUrV gmYmaUnUo drg Vo n§Mdrg Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm _mJUr AZw_mZmVyZ {XgyZ Ambr Va

Ë`mZwgma ^m§S>dbmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mMr V`mar CËnmXH$ H$aV amhVmo. `m gdm©gmR>r Ë`mbm _mJUr AZw_mZ hr

g§H$ënZm Cn wŠV R>aVo.

6. CÚmoJmMm {dñVma H$aUo : _mJUr AZw_mZm_wio CËnmXH$mbm ~mOmamMm g§nyU©nUo A§XmO Ambobm

AgVmo. Amnë`m dñVy H$emàH$mao {dH$ë`m OmVrb `mMm A§XmO oVmo. `m~amo~aM AÝ` H$moUË`m dñVy§Zm _mJUr

{Z_m©U hmoB©b `mMm AmamIS>m ~m§YVm oVmo. Ë`mAZwf§JmZo ZdrZ CËnmXZmÀ`m `moOZm V`ma H$aUo CËnmXH$mbm

eŠ` hmoVo. gÜ`m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoV AÞnXmW© CÚmoJ, dmhZ CÚmoJ, erVno o, ~oH$ar `mgma»`m CÚmoJm§_Ü o

{d{dY H§$nÝ`m BË`mXrgmR>r _mJUr AZw_mZ g§H$ënZoMm dmna H$aV AmhoV.

7. {dH«$s{df`H$ moOZm AmIUo : _mJUr AZw_mZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CËnmXH$ {dî`mV Amnë`m CËnmXZmMr

{dH«$s H$moUH$moUË`m ~mOmamV H$emàH$mao H$am`Mr `mÀ`m _moR>çm `moOZm {ZpíMV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CXm. ~hþamï´>r`

H§$nÝ`m ^maVr` CnI§S>mV _mJUrMo AZw_mZ H$ê$Z {dH«$s{df`H$ `moOZm AmIVmZm {XgVmV.

8. l_eŠVrMo {Z`moOZ : CÚmoJg§ñWobm qH$dm CËnmXH$mbm _mJUrÀ`m AZw_mZm_wio CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`m-

55

~amo~aM Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmar l_eŠVr H$emàH$mao dmnamV AmUm`Mr `mMo {Z`moOZ H$aVm `ooVo. CËnmXZ

dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Hw$eb H$m_Jma, V§Ìk, ì`dñWmn{H$` dJ©, dmhVyH$ d BVa H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmao H$m_Jma `m§Mo

{Z`moOZ CËnmXH$mg H$aVm oVo. Ë`m§Mr ^aVr H$emàH$mao H$am`Mr `mg§X^m©Vrb {ZU© CËnmXH$ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

3.6 _mJUr AZw_mZ _moOÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr :

_mJUr AZw_mZmÀ`m gìh}jU nÕVr Am{U g§»`memór` `m à_wI XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV. `m XmoZ nÕVt_Ü o

BVa H$m§hr CnnÕVr g_m{dð> AmhoV.

_mJUr AZw_mZ nÕVr

~mOma gìh}jU nÕVr g§»`memór` nÕV

1. àË`j _wbmIV nÕVr 2. _V AmO_mdUr nÕVr 1. AmboI nÕVr 2. H$mbgmaUr nÕVr

(A) g§nyU© gìh}jU (~) Z_wZm gìh}jU

nÕVr nÕVr

1. {dH«o$Vo _VAmO_mdUr 2. ~mOma Vkm§Mr 3. ì`mnmè`mMr

nÕVr _VAmO_mdUr nÕVr _VAmO_mdUr nÕVr

3.6.1 ~mOma gìh}jU nÕVr (Market Survey Method) :

hr nÕVr _mJUrMo AënH$mbrZ A§XmO dV©{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. `m_Ü o dñVy§Mo Oo J«mhH$ AgVmV

Ë`m§Mr nmhUr Ho$br OmVo. `m gìho©jUmV J«mhH$m§Mr _Vo AmO_mdbr OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m àË`jmV _wbmIVr KoVë`m

OmVmV. ~mOma{df`H$ Vkm§Mr _Vo AmO_mdbr OmVmV, VgoM {d{dY ì`mnmè`m§Mr _Vo AmO_mdbr OmVmV.

`m_YyZ gìh}jU nÕVr XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV Vo åhUOo àË`j _wbImV nÕVr Am{U _VAmO_mdUr gìh}jU

nÕVr `m hmoV.

1. àË`j _wbmIV nÕVr :

~mOmamVrb J«mhH$ Am{U Cn^moŠVo `m§À`m àË`j _wbmIVr KoVë`m OmVmV Ë`mbm àË`j _wbmIV nÕVr

Ago åhUVmV. J«mhH$ dñVyMr IaoXr {H$Vr H$aVmV? {H$Vr qH$_Vr XoÊ`mgmR>r V`ma AgVmV? qH$_VrV ~Xb

Pmbm Va _mJUrV H$gm ~Xb H$aVmV? {H$Vr IaoXr H$aVmV? `mMr _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo Am{U `mAZwf§JmZo

56

_wbmIVr KoVë`m OmVmV d _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo Am{U Ë`mZwgma _mJUrMo AZw_mZ Ho$bo OmVo. qH$_VrV

~Xb Pmbm Va _mJUrda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z _wbmIVrÛmao g_OyZ KoVbr

OmVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo Aer _m{hVr EH$ dfm©gmR>rMo AZw_mZ H$aVmZm dmnabr OmVo. `m nÕVr_Ü o Cn^moŠË`mer

d¡ {ŠVH$ nmVirda g§nH©$ gmYbm OmVmo Am{U IaoXr~m~V Ë`mMo YmoaUo d {dMma OmUyZ KoVbo OmVmV. Oo

CËnmXH$ ~mOmamV CËnmXH$mÀ`m dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV Ë`m§Mr `mXr Ho$br OmVo Am{U Ë`m§À`mer g§nH©$ R>oD$Z

^{dî`mV Vo `m CËnmXZm§Mr IaoXr {H$Vr n«_mUmV H$aVrb `mg§X^m©V Ë`m§Mr _Vo AmO_mdbr OmVmV. Aer _Vo

AmO_mdë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr `mXr H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mer g§nH©$ R>odbm OmVmo. Aem àH$mao `m nÕVrZwgma J«mhH$m§À`m

_wbmIVr KoD$Z dñVy§À`m _mJUrMo AZw_mZ Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Ë`mdê$Z A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV. àË`j _wbmIV

nÕVrMo XmoZ CnàH$ma AmhoV.

(A) g§nyU© gìho©jU qH$dm ImZogw_mar nÕVr : O|ìhm dñVy IaoXr H$aUmè`m gd© J«mhH$m§er g§nH©$

gmYyZ Ë`m§À`m _wbmIVr KoVë`m OmVmV V|ìhm Ë`mbm ImZogw_mar åhUVmV. IaoXr H$aUmè`m gd© J«mhH$m§Zm

dñVyg§X^m©V {d{dY _m{hVr {dMmabr OmVo. dñVyMo ñdê$n, AmH$ma, XOm©, JwUdÎmm, a§J m àmW{_H$ _m{hVr~amo~a

qH$_V {H$Vr Agmdr? Amnë`m Anojm H$m` AmhoV? ^{dî`mV {H$Vr IaoXr H$aUma? `m AZwf§JmZo {d{dY

_m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br OmVo, `m_wio ^{dî`mV J«mhH$ {H$Vr IaoXr H$aob `mMm A§XmO `oVmo. Aer ImZogw_mar

Ho$ë`mZ§Va gd© J«mhH$m§À`m Ano{jV IaoXrg§» oMr ~oarO Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio AmnmoAmnM _mJUrV {H$Vr dmT>

hmoB©b? mMm A§XmO CËnmXH$mbm oV AgVmo. g_Om ~mOmamV CËnmXH$mH$S>o 1000 J«mhH$ AmhoV Ë`m§Mr ImZogw_mar

Ho$br d gamgarZo àË oH$ J«mhH$mZo 10 dñVy OmñV IaoXr H$aUma Agë`mMo Z_yX Ho$bo Va EHy$U _mJUr 10000

dñVy BVH$s _mJUr dmT>ob, Agm A§XmO ~m§YVm oVmo.

AWm©V, `m nÕVrV H$m§hr Xmof AmhoV hr nÕVr _`m©{XV {d^mJmnwaVr `mo½` R>aVo. EH$m JmdmV ehamV qH$dm

EH$m ~mOmamV Cn^moŠVo qH$dm J«mhH$ `m§À`mer g§nH©$ gmYZo eŠ` hmoVo. na§Vw g§nyU© XoemV _moR>çm {d^mJmV Aer

ImZogw_mar eŠ` hmoV Zmhr Aer _moR>r ImZogw_mar H$am`Mr Pmbr Va doi, eŠVr, n¡gm _moR>çm à_mUmV IM©

H$amdm bmJVmo.

(~) Z_wZm gìh}jU nÕVr : O|ìhm ~mOmamVrb {ZdS>H$ J«mhH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYyZ Ë`m§À`m _wbmIVr

KoVë`m OmVmV V|ìhm Ë`mbm Z_wZm gìh}jU Ago åhUVmV. `m nÕVrV ~mOmamV gd© J«mhH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYbm

OmV Zmhr Va dñVy IaoXr H$aUmao Oo J«mhH$ AgVmV Ë`mVrb {d{eï> J«mhH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV oVo. Ë`mZm

dñVyg§X^m©V {d{dY àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV. g§nyU© ImZogw_mar_Ü o Ogo àíZ AgVmV VgoM ho àíZ AgVmV.

{H$Ë oH$Xm J«mhH$m§Zm àíZmdbr nmR>dyZ _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo. Aer _m{hVr Jmoim H$ê$Z Amnë`m dñVy§Zm ^{dî`mV

_mJUr {H$Vr dmT>ob `mMm A§XmO CËnmXH$mbm ~m§YVm oVmo. hr nÕVr gmonr d H$_r I{M©H$ Amho. àm_w»`mZo

AënH$mbrZ AZw_mZmgmR>r `mMm dmna CËnmXH$ H$aV AgVmV. `m nÕVr_Ü o à_wI Xmof nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

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1. `mo½` J«mhH$mMr {ZdS> H$aUo H$R>rU AgVo.

2. `m nÕVrV àíZH$Ë`m©Mm à^md H$_r amhVmo H$maU AZoH$Xm àíZmdbr nmR>dyZ _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo.

`mVrb gd©M _m{hVr Iar AgVoM Ago Zmhr.

2. _V AmO_mdUr nÕVr :

`m nÕVrbm gm_wXm{`H$ _V AmO_mdUr nÕVr Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo m nÕVrZo AënH$mbrZ _mJUr{df`rMo

A§XmO dV©{dVm oVmV. `m nÕVr_Ü o dñVwer g§~§{YV AgUmao {dH«o$Vo, ì`mnmar, ~mOmaVk `m§Mr _Vo {dMmamV

KoVbr OmVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWoH$S>o dñVyMr {dH«$s H$aUmè`m {dVaH$m§Mo Omio AgVo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z CÚmoJg§ñWm

_mJUrg§X^m©V J«mhH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m g_OyZ KoVo. dñVyMr _mJUr {H$Vr dmT>ob `mMm A§XmO KoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo

OmVo. {d{dY ehao, {d^mJ, CnZJao Aem {R>H$mUr J«mhH$m§er g§nH©$ R>odbm OmVmo d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _m{hVr Jmoim

H$aÊ`mV oVo. ì`mnmar dJm©H$Sy>Z Aer _m{hVr A{Ve` H$_r IMm©V {_i{dUo CÚmoJg§ñWobm eŠ` hmoVo. {deof

åhUOo ì`mnmar Am{U ~mOmamVrb VÁk `m§À`mH$S>o _mJUr{df`H$ AÚ`mdV _m{hVr CnbãY AgVo Ë`mMm

\$m`Xm CÚmoJg§ñWobm hmoVmo Am{U _mJUrMo AZw_mZ H$aUo gmo rMo hmoVo. CÚmoJg§ñWm, J«mhH$, ì`mnmar, ~mOmaVk,

ì`mdgm{`H$Vk m§À`m _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aV Agë`m_wio Amdí`H$ AmH$S>odmar CnbãY hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo

_mJUrMm A§XmO H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`mÑ{ï>Zo hr nÕVr A{Ve` gmonr d H$_r I{M©H$ Amho. ~mOmamVrb

ZdrZ ñnY©H$ dñVy§À`m ~m~VMr _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMm \$ma _moR>m Cn`moJ hmoVmo. `m nÕVrMo à_wI

Xmof nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. {dH«o$Vo, ì`mnmar, ~mOmaVk `mo½` d Iar _m{hVr XoVrbM Ago Zmhr.

2. àíZH$Vm© g_moa Zgë`m_wio J«mhH$ `mo½` _m{hVr XoB©bM Ago Zmhr.

3. `mVrb gd© _m{hVr Iar AgobM Ago ZgVo.

4. hr _m{hVr XrK©H$mbrZ AZw_mZmgmR>r \$m`Xoera R>aV Zmhr.

3.6.2 g§»`memór` nÕVr (Statistical Method) :

_mJUrÀ`m AZw_mZmgmR>r g§»`memór` nÕVrMm Adb§~a Ho$bm OmVmo. m_Ü o AmboInÕVr, H$mbgmaUr

nÕVr, ghg§~§YnÕVr, à{VnJ_ZnÕVr m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. mVrb AmboI nÕVr d H$mbgmaUr nÕVr m XmoZ

à_wI nÕVtMm Aä`mg AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV.

1. AmboI nÕVr :

`m nÕVr_Ü o Jmoim Ho$boë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao doJdoJio AmboI H$mTy>Z Ë`mdê$Z dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMm

H$b AmO_mdVm `oVmo Am{U Ë`mdê$Z A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV. AmboI H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ñV§^mboI, dH«$mboI

H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mo H$b Aä`mgbo OmVmV. ho AmboI Z\$m, _mJUr, {dH«$s, CËnmXZ dJ¡aog§~§Yr ^{dî`H$mbrZ A§XmO

58

ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mg Cn wŠV AgVmV. ho AmboI nwT>rb df© qH$dm H$mbmdYrn ªV dmT>{dë`mg Ë`m H$mimVrb _mJUrMm

A§XmO Ë`mdê$Z oVmo. Imbr {Xboë`m CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo AmnUmg ho AmboI g_OyZ KoVm oVmV.

df© _mJUr

2007 10000

2008 15000

2009 20000

2010 25000

2011 30000

2012 35000

2013 40000

2014 ?

g_Om 2007 Vo 2013 Xaå`mZ _mJUrV darbà_mUo dmT> Pmbr Agob Va 2014 _Ü o _mJUr {H$Vr

Agob ho AmboImV XmI{dVm oVo. AmboImMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

(A) ñV§ mboI : Aj Ajmda H$mbmdYr qH$dm df© KoD$Z A` Ajmda ZJg§»`m KoVbr OmVo d

nwT>rbà_mUo ñV§ mboI H$mT>Vm oVmV.

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AmH¥$VrV {d{dY dfm©Vrb _mJUrÀ`m ZJg§» oÀ`mAmYmao ñV§ mboI H$mT>bo AmhoV. àË oH$ ñV§ mMr C§Mr

dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. `mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s, Xadfu _mJUrV dmT> hmoV Jobobr Amho. `m_wio 2014

Z§VagwÕm _mJUrV dmT> hmoB©b Agm A§XmO qH$dm AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm oVo.

(~) dH«$mboI : darb _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao aofr` dH«$ H$mT>bo OmVmV d Ë`m§À`m H$bmdê$Z A§XmO

dV©{dbo OmVmV. hm dH«$ COdrH$S>o daVr OmUmam Agob Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoV Amho Agm H$b {ZpíMV hmoVmo.

`mCbA Vmo Imbr gaH$Umam Agob Va _mJUrV KQ> hmoV Agë`mMo AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm oVo. nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV

Xe©{dë`mà_mUo aofr` dH«$ AgVmV.

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doJdoJù`m dfm©Vrb _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao AmboIq~Xy H$mT>bo OmVmV ho gd© q~Xy OmoS>ë`mZ§Va S>mdrH$Sy>Z

COdrH$S>o OmUmam dH«$ V`ma hmoVmo. hm dH«$ dmT>Ë`m ñdê$nmMm Amho Vmo darb dfmª_Ü`o _mJUrV dmT> hmoV

Agë`mMo Xe©{dVmo. `mdê$Z 2007 Vo 2013 `mXaå`mZ dñVy§À`m _mJUrV dmT>V hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo

Ago AZw_mZ H$mT>Ê`mV oVo.

2. H$mbgmaUr nÕVr :

_mJUrMo AZw_mZ dV©{dÊ`mgmR>r {XemXe©H$ nÕVr åhUyZ H$mbgmaUr nÕVrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.

H$mbgmaUr_Ü o yVH$mimVrb _m{hVr Aä`mgbr OmVo {VMo n[ajU Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Z§Va ^{dî`H$mbrZ _mJUrMo

A§XmO Ho$bo OmVmV. yVH$mimVrb Oo KQ>H$ _mJUrÀ`m {ZYm©aUmgmR>r H$maUr yV AgVmV VoM KQ>H$ ^{dî`H$mbrZ

60

_mJUrgmR>r H$maUr^yV R>aVmV d VoM KQ>H$ _mJUrMm H$b {ZpíMV H$aVmV d _mJUrMr {Xem R>a{dVmV.

H$mbgmaUr_Ü o _mJUrV ~Xb KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Mma KQ>H$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV, Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. gd©gmYmaU ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$

2. h§Jm_r ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$

3. M{H«$` ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$

4. AZno{jV qH$dm A{Z`{_V ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$

gd©gmYmaU ~Xb ho {Z`{_V _mJUrV hmoUmar dmT> qH$dm KQ> m_wio hmoV AgVmV. hr ~Xbm§Mr gd©gmYmaU

àd¥Îmr AgVo. Oa _mJUrV hmoUmao ~Xb ho hdm_mZ dmVmdaUgmVrb ~Xb nmdgmim, {hdmim, CÝhmim BË`mXt_wio

hmoV AgVrb Va Ë`mbm h§Jm_r ~Xb Ago åhUVmV. Am{W©H$ VoOr d _§Xr_wio ~Xb KSy>Z oV AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm

MH«$s` ~Xb Ago åhUVmV Am{U _mJUrVrb ~Xb nya, XwîH$mi, yH§$n `mgma»`m AZno{jV KQ>Zm§_wio Pmbobo

AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm AZno{jV ~Xb åhUVmV. Aem arVrZo H$mbgmaUr_Ü o `m Mma àH$maMo ~Xb {dMmamV

KoVbo OmVmV qH$dm {d{eï> KQ>H$mV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg Mma n«H$maMo KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AgVmV, Ago

H$mbgmaUr nÕVrV J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. `mgmR>r `m nÕVrV KQ>H$m§Vrb ~Xb Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r ~oaOoMo àmê$n d

JwUmH$ma àmê$n _m§S>bo.

~oaOoMo àmê$n :

Y = T + S + C + I

Y = H$mbgmaUr T = gd©gmYmaU ~Xb

S = h§Jm_r ~Xb C = MH«$s` ~Xb

I = A{Z`{_V ~Xb

H$mbgmaUr (Y) hr `m Mma KQ>H$m§Mr ~oarO AgVo. Y `m KQ>H$mVrb ~Xb `m Mma KQ>H$m§À`m ~oaOoEdT>o

AgVmV. åhUOoM darb Mma KQ>H$m§_wioM Y KQ>H$mV ~Xb hmoVmo.

Y = T X S X C X I

ho àmê$n Ago ñnï> H$aVo H$s, H$mbgmaUr hr `m Mma KQ>H$m§À`m JwUmH$mamBVH$s AgVo. A{Z`{_V MH«$s`

d h§Jm_r ~Xbm§Mo A§XmO dV©{dÊ`mgmR>r g§»`mË_H$ nÕVr àMbrV Zgë`m_wio Ho$di {Z`{_V ~Xbm§Mm {dMma

H$ê$Z _mJUrMo A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV. `mgmR>r Mma nÕVr AmhoV.

1) AmboI nÕVr, 2) ~XbVr gamgar nÕVr, 3) AY© gamgar nÕVr, 4) {H$_mZ dJ© nÕVr.

1) AmboI nÕVr : `m nÕVrV _mJUrÀ`m dm{f©H$ AmH$S>odmarMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z AmboI H$mT>bm OmVmo.

j Ajmda df} d ` Ajmda _mJUrMr ZJg§»`m Xe©dyZ Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo n«Ë oH$ dfm©Mo AmboI q~Xy H$mT>bo

OmVmV. ho gd© q~Xy OmoS>ë`mg _mJUrMr {Xem qH$dm H$b Xe©{dUmam AmboI {_iVmo. hm dH«$ H$adVrÀ`m

61

XmVm§gmaIm qH$dm n[adbZ Agob Va AmboI q~XyÀ`m _YyZ OmUmar EH$ gai aofm H$mT>br OmVo. Ë`mg H$bXe©H$

aofm Ago åhUVmV. `m aofoÀ`m Imbr Am{U daÀ`m ~mOybm AmboI q~Xy nS>bobo AgVmV. ho AmboI q~Xy d

H$bXe©H$ aofm `m_Yrb A§Va H$_rH$_r AgVo. `m H$bXe©H$ aofodê$Z ^{dî`H$mbZr A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV.

nwT>rb CXmhaUmdê$Z AmboImÛmao ho A§XmO H$go dV©{dbo OmVmV Vo ñnï> hmoVo.

j Ajmda JìhmMr _mJUr d ` Ajmda df} Xe©dyZ nwT>rbà_mUo AmboI oVmo.

df© JìhmMr

_mJUr bjQ>Z

2006 50

2007 60

2008 55

2009 70

2010 65

2011 75

2012 65

2013 80

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2006 Vo 2013 `m dfm©V Jìhmbm AgUmè`m _mJUrMo {d{dY q~Xy Xe©{dbo AmhoV. ho gd© q~Xy Imbrda

{dIwabobo AmhoV. Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>ë`mg _mJUrMm H$b Xe©{dUmam AH$ hm dH«$ {_iVmo. na§Vw Vmo H$adVrÀ`m

XmVm§gmaIm Agë`mZo Ë`m gd© q~Xy_YyZ OmUmar A~ hr gai aofm H$mT>br Amho Vr gd© q~Xy§À`m _YyZ OmVo.

{VÀ`m da d Imbr Ago q~Xy {dIwabobo AmhoV. `m aofonmgyZ gd© q~Xy§Mo A§Va H$_rV H$_r Amho. `m aofobm

H$bXe©H$ aofm Ago åhUVmV hr aofm S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o da OmUmar Amho. `mMm AW© 2006 Vo 2013 n ªV

JìhmÀ`m _mJUrV gVV dmT> Pmbr Amho. Ë`m_wio 2014 `m dfm©VXoIrb JìhmMr _mJUr dmT>ob Agm {ZîH$f©

H$mT>Vm oVmo.

AWm©V hr nÕVr gmYr gmonr Agbr Var `mVrb A§XmO \$mago Iao ZgVmV åhUyZ H$mbgmaUr_Ü o _mJUr

AZw_mZmgmR>r BVa nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

2) ~XbVr gamgar nÕVr : `m nÕVrV {d{eï> dfm©Mr gamgar H$mT>br OmVo d Ë`mdê$Z A§XmO

Xe©{dbo OmVmV. g_Om, gamgar dmT>br Agob Va _mJUrV dmT> hmoB©b d gamgar KQ>Vr Agob Va _mJUr H$_r

hmoB©b, Agm A§XmO H$mT>bm OmVmo. `màH$mao ~XbVr gamgar H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r VrZ Vo Xhm df} qH$dm Ë`mnojm A{YH$

H$mbmdYr KoVbm OmVmo. `m nÕVrZo VrZ, Mma, nmM dfmªZr gamgar H$mTy>Z Ë`mdê$Z A§XmO dV©{dbo OmVmV.

gamgar H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r VrZ, nmM, gmV df} Agm {df_ H$mbmdYr KoVë`mg _Yë`m dfm©À`m g_moa gamgar

_m§S>br OmVo. gamgar H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r KoVbobm H$mbmdYr Mma, ghm, AmR> de} Agm g_ Agob Va Ë`m {d{eï>

dfm©Vrb _mJUrÀ`m ZJg§» oMr ~oarO H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr gamgar H$mT>br OmVo d Z§Va XmoZ dfm©Mr H|${ÐV gamgar

H$mTy>Z Vr _Ü`^mJr AgUmè`m dfm©g_moa _m§S>br OmVo.

CXm. g_Om Amnë`mbm VrZ dfu` ~XbVr gamgar H$mT>m`Mr Amho Vr nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm oVo.

df© _mJUrMr ZJg§»`m VrZ dfm©À`m _mJUrMr VrZ dfu`

H$mbgmaUr EHy$U ~oarO ~XbVr gamgar

2005 51 - -

2006 53 160 53.33

2007 56 164 54.67

2008 55 169 56.33

2009 58 175 57.33

2010 62 181 60.33

2011 61 186 62.00

2012 63 188 62.66

2013 64 - -

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_mJU

rMo Z

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VrZ dfu` ~XbË`m gamgarMm dmna H$ê$Z H$S> hr H$bXe©H$ aofm H$mT>br Amho. hr aofm S>mdrH$Sy>ZCOdrH$S>o da OmUmar Amho. Ë`m_wio 2014 `m dfm©Vhr dñVyMr _mJUr dmT>Vr amhrb Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmo.

3) {H$_mZ dJ© nÕVr : _mJUrVrb ~Xbm§Mo Zo_Ho$ A§XmO dV©{dÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.`m_Ü o H$bXe©H$ aofoVrb ~Xb Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r à{VnJ_Z (Regression) nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. H$bXe©H$aofoMm H$b hm J{UVmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _moObm OmVmo. Ë`mgmR>r {H$_mZ dJ©nÕVr dJu` g_rH$aUo, KmVm§{H$` g_rH$aUo`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. {H$_mZ dJu` nÕVrV H$bXe©H$ aofm H$mT>br OmVo Vr gaiaofm AgVo, H$adVrÀ`m XmVmgmaIrqH$dm n[adb` Agy eH$Vo. H$bXe©H$ aofm gai Agob Va {H$_mZdJ© nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z ho ~Xb Aä`mgboOmVmV. {H$_mZ dJ© nÕVrV aofoMm H$b R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb g_rH$aUo dmnabr OmVmV.

CXm. g°_g§J H§$nZrbm {\«$OÀ`m _mJUrMo AZw_mZ H$mT>m`Mo Amho, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm oB©b.

df© {dH«$s ZJg§»`m

2009 250002010 300002011 400002012 350002013 50000

64

`

j2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

{dH«$s

df}

0

H$

A

~S>

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

H$S> dH«$mdarb gd© q~Xy§er {_iVr OwiVr A~ aofm hr H$bXe©H$ aofm H$mT>br Amho. A~ aofoMo A§Va H$S>

aofodarb gd© q~XynmgyZ {H$_mZ Amho A~ gah aofm AgyZ Vr S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o daVr OmUmar Amho. `mMm AW©

A~ aofm {\«$OÀ`m {dH«$sV Xadfu dmT> hmoV Agë`mMo Xe©{dVo. `mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, 2014 _Ü ohr

{\«$OÀ`m {dH«$sV dmT> hmoB©b. H$bXe©H$ aofm g_rH$aUmV ~gdyZ {dH«$sV {H$Vr dmT> hmoB©b Vo emoYyZ H$mT>bo OmVo

Am{U Ë`mgmR>r {H$_mZdJ© nÕVr dmnabr OmVo.

3.7 gmam§e :

^{dî`mV Amnë`m dñVy§À`m _mJUrV {H$Vr à_mUmV dmT> hmoB©b `mMm A§XmO KoÊ`mMr nÕVr åhUOo_mJUrMo AZw_mZ hmo`. gmYmaUnUo ^yVH$mimV Amnë`m dñVy§Zm {H$Vr _mJUr hmoVr `mMm AmYma KoD$Z^{dî`H$mimMm A§XmO ~m§Ybm OmVmo. `mgmR>r {d{dY gìho©jU VgoM g§»`memór` nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.


_mJUr AZw_mZ : _mJUrg§~§YrMm A§XmO ì`ŠV H$aUo

~mOma gìh}jU : ~mOmamMr nmhUr

AënH$mbrZ AZw_mZ : EH$ Vo VrZ dfmªgmR>rMm A§XmO

XrK©H$mbrZ AZw_mZ : gmYmaUnUo nmM qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV dfmªgmR>rMm A§XmO

ImZogw_mar : gd© J«mhH$m§Mr g§nyU© _m{hVr KoUo

Z_wZm gìh}jU : {d{eï> J«mhH$m§Mr {ZdS>

65



1. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr g§H$ënZm hr J«mhH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _hÎdmMr Amho.

2. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr g§§H$ënZm hr AënH$mbrZ Am{U XrK©H$mbrZ H$mimV dmnabr OmVo.

3. AmboI nÕVr hr g§»`memór` nÕVr Amho.

4. _V AmO_mdUr nÕVr hr ~mOma gìh}jU nÕVr Amho.

5. _mJUrVrb ~Xbm§Mo {ZpíMV A§XmO dV©{dÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ dJ© nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

CÎmao :

1. MyH$ 2. ~amo~a 3. ~amo~a 4. ~amo~a 5. ~amo~a



1. _mJUr AZw_mZ åhUOo H$m`? _mJUr AZw_mZmMo àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.

2. _mJUr AZw_mZ åhUOo H$m`? _mJUr AZw_mZmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am.

3. _mJUr AZw_mZmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr ñnï> H$am.

4. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr gìh}jU nÕVr {dfX H$am.

5. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr AmboI nÕV ñnï> H$am.

6. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr ~XbVr gamgar nÕV ñnï> H$am.

7. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr {H$_mZ dJ© nÕV ñnï> H$am.

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1. _mJUr AZw_mZmrM AmboI nÕVr

2. _mJUr AZw_mZmMo _hÎd

3. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr àË`j _wbmIV nÕVr

4. _mJUr AZw_mZmMr _VAO_mdUr nÕVr

5. AmboI nÕVr

6. {H$_mZ dJ© nÕVr

7. Z_wZm gìh}jU nÕVr

8. ~XbVr gamgar nÕVr

66













R. Narayan

³³³

67

gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ 4

CËnmXZ \$bZ(Production Function)

4.1 C{Ôï>ço

4.2 àñVmdZm

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ

4.3.1 (A) CËnmXZ \$bZ

4.3.2 (B) CËnmXZ {gÕm§V

4.4 gmam§e

4.5 {dÚm{nR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ

4.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

4.7 {dÚm{nR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ



3.1 C{Ôï>ço :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm,

1. CËnmXZ \$bZ åhUOo H$m` Vo g_OyZ KoUo.

2. pñWa AmXmZo d ~XbVr AmXmZo `m§Mr _m{hVr Aä`mUo.

3. ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_mMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

4. à_mU \$bmMm {Z`_ Aä`mgUo.

5. A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V ~MVr~m~V _m{hVr KoUo.


68

1.1 àñVmdZm :

_mZdmÀ`m Ag§»` JaOm§Mr V¥ár H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ à{H«$`m _hÎdmMr AgVo. CËnmXZ (Production) hmXoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um AgVmo. CËnmXZ åhUOo dñVy Am{U godm `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmo . S>m°. _me©b `m§À`m_Vo, ""CËnmXZ åhUOo Cn`mo{JVoMr {Z{_©Vr hmo .'' (Production means creation of Utility) CËnmXZmdê$ZXoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr H$ënZm oVo. CËnmXZ åhUOo _mZdr à`ËZmÛmam {ZgJ©{Z{_©V dñVy d _Zwî` {Z{_©V,^m§S>dbr gmYZ gm_J«rÀ`m _XVrZo doJdoJù`m Cn`mo{JVoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo hmo . àm. _o g© `m§À`m _Vo, ""dñVy§À`md godm§À`m {d{Z_`mW© H$aÊ`mV Ambobr H$moUVrhr {H«$`m åhUOo CËnmXZ hmo .'' (Production is an activity

that resulets in goods or servises intended to exchange.)

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ :

4.3.1 (A) CËnmXZ \$bZ (Production Function) :

CËnmXZ \$bZ åhUOo AmXmZ Am{U àXmZ `m Xmohmo_Yrb Vm§{ÌH$ qH$dm H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y hmo . AmXmZmMo(Inputs) àXmZmV (Outputs) ê$nm§Va H$aUo åhUOo CËnmXZ hmo . EImÚm CÚmoJ g§ñWoZo qH$_VrMm {dMma Z H$aVmdmnabobr gmYZ gm_J«r Am{U {VÀ`m_wio dñVy qH$dm godm `m§Mo CËnmXZ `m Xmohm|_Yrb g§~§Ymg CËnmXZ \$bZ AgoåhUVmV. AmXmZmMo \$bZ åhUOo CËnmXZ qH$dm àXmZ hmo . CËnmXZ \$bZ Imbrb gyÌmdê$Z ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

Q = F (L. K.) Š y = E\$ (Eb.Ho$.)

Q (Š y) = àXmZmMo n[aUm_ (Quantity of output)

F (E\$) = H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y (Functional Relationship)

L (Eb) = H$m_JmamMo n[a_mU (Quantity of Labour)

K (Ho$) = ^m§S>dbmMo n[a_mU (Quantity of Capital)

darb g_rH$aU AmXmZmMo n[a_mU d àXmZmMo n[a_mU `m Xmohmo_Yrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$aVo.

ì`m»`m :

Imbrb ì`m»`m§dê$Z CËnmXZ \$bZmMr `mo½` H$ënZm oB©b.

1. àm. {bßgo : ""CËnmXZmÀ`m {H«$`oV Á`m godm AmXmZ `m ñdê$nmV dmnaë`m OmVmV Am{U Ë`m_wioCËnmXZ \$bZ (àXmZ) `m ñdê$nmÀ`m Á`m dñVy {_iVmV `m Xmohmo_Yrb nañna g§~§YmMm C„oI CËnmXZ \$bZAgm Ho$bm OmVmo.''

(The relation between the factor services used as inputs in the productive process & the

quantity of output obtained... this relation between input and output is usually referred as the

Production Function - Prof. Lipsey.)

2. àm. nr. E. g°å`wAbgZ : ""ApñVËdmV Agboë`m Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm {dMma H$aVm CËnmXZmÀ`m

doJdoJù`m g§À`mnmgyZ Or CËnmXZ g§ñWm CËnm{XV H$aUo eŠ` AgVo Ë`m Vm§{ÌH$ nañna g§~§Ymg CËnmXZ \$bZ

Ago åhUVmV.''

69

(The production function is the technical relationship telling the amount of output capable

of being produced by each and every sets of specified inputs or factors production. It is defined

for a given state of technical knowledge. - Prof. P. A. Samuelson)

CËnmXZ \$bZmMr d¡{eï>ço :

1. CËnmXZ \$bZ ho CËnmXZmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ _mÌm Am{U CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ _mÌm g§~§Y Xe©{dVo hr

g§H$ënZm AW©emñÌmV _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo.

2. CËnmXZ \$bZ ho Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmZwgma ~XbVo. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZàJV Pmë`mg Ë`mVrb g§§~§Y ~XbVmo. H$maU

Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrZo nydunojm OmñV CËnmXZ hmoVo.

3. CËnmXZ \$bZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm doi hm KQ>H$ {dMmamV ¿`mdm bmJVmo.

4. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m mo½` _m{hVr{edm` CËnmXZ \$bZmMm AW© H$iUma Zmhr. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§er n[adV©Z

erbVm d {d^mÁ`Vmhr _m{hV Agmdr bmJVo.

{d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© (Meaning of Various Concepts) :

H$moUË`mhr CËnmXZ g§ñWobm CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm (Input) dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

Ë`mVyZ CËnmXZmMr (Output) {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. åhUOoM AmXmZmMo (Inputs) àXmZmV (Output) ê$nm§Va H$aUo åhUOo

CËnmXZ hmo . nydu CËnmXZ KQ>H$ (Factors) hm eãX dmnabm OmV hmoVm. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ AW©emókm§À`m _Vo,

AmXmZ (Inputs) `m eãXmZo ì`mnH$ AW© XmI{dbm OmVmo. åhUyZ Vmo dmnaUo `mo½` R>aVo. `m g§X^m©Vrb {d{dY

g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© nwT>rbà_mUo -

1. AmXmZo (Inputs) : Or CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ ogmR>r dmnabr OmVo. Aem dñVy qH$dm godobm AmXmZ Ago

åhUVmV. åhUOoM AmXmZo åhUOo Aem dñVy d godm AgVmV H$s Á`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z dñVyMo CËnmXZ (Output)

Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio AmXmZo åhUOo Aem dñVy H$s, Á`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. AmXmZo åhUOoo CËnmXZ

KQ>H$ hmoV. Á`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo. `mMm AW© CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnmXZmgmR>r Á`m dñVy§Mr

IaoXr H$amdr bmJVo Ë`m§Zm AmXmZo Ago åhUVmV. CXm. H$m_Jma, ^m§S>db, §Ìgm_J«r, y_r, H$ƒm _mb B.

2. àXmZo (Outputs) : àXmZ åhUOo CÚmoJg§ñWm {dH«$sgmR>r CËnmXZ qH$dm à{H«$`m H$arV Agbobr

H$moUVrhr dñVy hmo . CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr dñVy qH$dm godm§Zm àXmZ Ago åhUVmV.

åhUOoM CÚmoJg§ñWm H$arV Agbobo CËnmXZ qH$dm àXmZ åhUOo Aer H$moUVrhr dñVy qH$dm godm, {OMo CËnmXZ

CÚmoJ g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo d Ë`mgmR>r AmXmZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM CËnmXZ à{H«$ oVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umar

dñVy qH$dm godm åhUOo àXmZ (Outputs) hmo .

AmXmZo d àXmZo `m g§H$ënZm nwT>rb CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVmV.

70

CXm. gmIa CËnmXZmgmR>r gmIa H$maImÝ`mV Cg, H$m_Jma, §Ìgm_J«r, drO, ^m§S>db, B_maVr B. dmna

H$ê$Z gmIa hr A§{V_ dñVy V`ma Ho$br OmVo. `m CXmhaUmV Cg, H$m_Jma, §Ìgm_J«r, drO, ^m§S>db, B_maVr

`m§Zm "AmXmZo' åhUVmV. Va gmIa hr A§{V_ dñVy Agë`mZo gmIa hr àXmZ åhUVmV.

3. pñWa AmXmZo (Fixed Inputs) : AënH$mimV Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m Abd{MH$ AgVmo Ë`mg pñWa

AmXmZo Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo AënH$mimV pñWa AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m _`m©{XV AgVmo. åhUyZM CËnmXH$m§Zm Vr

_moR>çm à_mUmV dmnamgmR>r CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV. Xwgè`m CËnmXH$mZo Ë`mMm OmñV dmna Ho$ë`mg Xwgè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm

Vr H$_r nS>VmV.

CXm. H$maImÝ`mMr OmJm, B_maVr, §Ìgm_J«r B.

CËnmXZmÀ`m {ZpíMV Aem nmVirn ªV pñWa Aem n[a_mUmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m AmXmZmg pñWa AmXmZo

Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM àXmZmV ~Xb Pmbm Var AmXmZmÀ`m n[a_mUmV H$moUVmhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.

4. ~XbVr AmXmZo (Variable Inputs) : Á`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m Aën H$mimV bd{MH$ AgVmo

Aem CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm ~XbVr AmXmZo Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo AënH$mimV CËnmXH$m§Zm `m ~XbË`m AmXmZm§Mm

nwadR>m dmT>{dVm oVmo qH$dm H$_r H$aVm oVmo. CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r CËnmXZ hr AmXmZo _moR>çm à_mUmV dmnaVmV.

CXm. H$m_Jma, H$ƒm _mb B. `m AmXmZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXH$ CËnmXZ dmT>dy eH$VmV.

àXmZmVrb ~Xbm~amo~a Á`m§À`m n[a_mUmV ~Xb H$aVm oVmo Ë`m§Zm ~XbVr AmXmZo Ago åhUVmV. Aën

H$mimV `m§Mm nwadR>m bd{MH$ AgVmo. CXm. l_, H$ƒm _mb, ^m§S>db B.

WmoS>Š`mV, pñWa AmXmZo åhUOo Oo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV pñWa AgVmV Ago CËnmXZ KQ>H$ hmoV.

Va ~XbVr AmXmZo åhUOo Á`m§Mm dmna CËnmXZm~amo~a ~XbVm oVmo Ago CËnmXZ KQ>H$ hmoV.

5. EHy$U CËnmXZ (Total Product) : CÚmoJg§ñWm dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma, ^m§S>db B.

KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$aVo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m g§ moJmZo Oo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mbm EHy$U CËnmXZ Ago åhUVmV.

åhUOoM EHy$U AmXmZm§À`m g§» obm {VÀ`m gamgar CËnmXZ ZJ g§» oZo JwUbo AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZ {_iVo.

`mMmM AW© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m g§» obm Ë`m§À`m gamgar CËnmXZmZo JwUbo AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZ {_iVo. CXm.

EH$m CÚmoJmV XmoZ H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aV AgVrb d Ë`m§Mo gamgar CËnmXZ 15 ZJ Agob Va EHy$U CËnmXZ (2

X 15 = 13) 30 dñVy§Mo hmoB©b. EHy$U CËnmXZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

EHy$U CËnmXZ = AmXmZ g§»`m X gamgar CËnmXZ

(CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g§»`m)

30 = 2 X 15

Oa AënH$mimV CËnmXZmMo H$mhr KQ>H$ pñWa AgVrb Va CËnmXZ g§»`m ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU

dmT>dyZ CËnmXZ dmT>{dVmV. åhUOoM O|ìhm CÚmoJg§ñWobm EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>dmd`mMo AgVo V|ìhm Vo H$m_Jma d

71

^m§S>dbr gmYZmV dmT> H$aVo. oWo CËnmXZ (àXmZ) ^m¡{VH$ EH$H$mV (unit) ì`ŠV Ho$bo OmVo. åhUyZ H$mhr doim

EHy$U CËnmXZmg EHy$U ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ (Total Physical Product) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

6. gamgar CËnmXZ (Average Product) : CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü o Oo ~XbVo KQ>H$ dmnabo OmVmV. Ë`m

EH$H$m§À`m g§» oZo EHy$U CËnmXZmbm ^m{Jbo AgVm gamgar CËnmXZ qH$dm gamgar ^m¡{VH$ (dñVyê$n) CËnmXZ

{_iVo. AënH$mimV BVa KQ>H$ pñWa AgVmV; nU H$mhr ~XbVo KQ>H$ dmT>{dVm oVmV. åhUOoM gamgar

dñVyê$n CËnmXZ ho \$ŠV ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgVo.

EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m ZJg§» obm AmXmZm§À`m EHy$U g§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm gamgar CËnmXZ oVo. `mMo gyÌ

nwT>rbà_mUo -

gamgar CËnmXZ =EHy$U CËnmXZ

EHy$U AmXmZm§Mr g§»`m

gamgar CËnmXZ =30

2

= 15

7. gr_m§V CËnmXZ (Marginal Product) : CËnmXZ g§ñWoZo EImÚm OmXm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mg H$m_mda

KoVbo AgVm Ë`m CÚmoJ g§ñWoÀ`m EHy$U CËnmXZmV dñVyê$nmZo Or ^a nS>Vo Ë`mbm Ë`m KQ>H$mMo gr_m§V CËnmXZ

qH$dm gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZ (Marginal Physical Product) Ago åhUVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV, AmXmZm§Mr g§»`m EH$mZo dmT>{dbr AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmV Or dmT> hmoVo Ë`mg gr_m§V CËnmXZ

Ago åhUVmV qH$dm eodQ>À`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr (AmXmZmMr) CËnmXH$Vm qH$dm CËnmXZ åhUOo gr_m§V CËnmXZ hmo .

EHy$U CËnmXZ, gamgar CËnmXZ d gr_m§V CËnmXZ `m_Yrb g§~§Y nwT>rb VŠË`mdê$Z ñnï> H$aVm oVmo.

H$m_Jma EHy$U CËnmXZ gamgar CËnmXZ gr_m§V CËnmXZ

1 10 10 10

2 24 12 14

3 45 15 21

4 68 17 23

5 80 16 12

6 90 15 10

7 98 14 08

72

darb VŠË`mdê$Z CËnmXZmMo BVa KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ H$m_Jma (l{_H$) `m KQ>H$mV dmT> H$aV Joë`mg

EHy$U gamgar d gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZmV H$go ~Xb hmoVmV ho XmI{dbo Amho. Mm¡Wm H$m_Jma H$m_mda KoVë`mg

EHy$U CËnmXZ 68 EdT>o hmoVo. Ë`mdoir gr_m§V CËnmXZ 23 BVHo$ Amho. Ë`mZ§Va H$m_Jma g§»`m dmT>dV Zoë`mg

EHy$U CËnmXZ 80% EdT>o hmoVo; nU gamgar CËnmXZ KQy> bmJVo. Vo 16 BVHo$ hmoVo. Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ doJmZo

KQ>Vo. Vo 12 BVHo$ Pmbo Amho. Aem àH$mao H$m_Jma g§» oV EH$m {d{eï> _`m©XoZ§Va dmT> H$aV Joë`mg EHy$U

CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. na§Vw gamgar CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ Ë`mhrnojm OmñV doJmZo KQ>Vo.

4.3.2 (B) CËnmXZ {gÕm§V (Production Theories) :

àñVmdZm : _mZdmÀ`m Ag§»` JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ à{H«$`m _hÎdmMr AgVo. CËnmXZ hm

XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um AgVmo. S>m°. _me©b `m§À`m _Vo, ""CËnmXZ åhUOo Cn`mo{JVoMr {Z{_©Vr qH$dm dmT>

H$aUo hmo .'' CËnmXZ åhUOo _mZdr à`ËZmÛmam {ZgJ©{Z{_©V dñVy d _Zwî`{Z{_©V ^m§S>dbr gmYZ gm_J«rÀ`m

_XVrZo {d{dY Cn`mo{JVoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo hmo . CËnmXZmdê$Z XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr H$ënZm oVo. CËnmXH$

CËnmXZmMo doJdoJio KQ>H$ EH$Ì AmUyZ CËnmXZ H$aV AgVmo. CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ ~Xbë`mZ§Va CËnmXZmda H$m`

n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZmMo {d{dY {gÕm§V Aä`mgmdo bmJVmV. CËnmXZmMo Mma KQ>H$ EH$Ì

AmUyZ Ë`m§Mo `mo½` à_mU R>a{dUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. CËnmXZ Cn wŠV KQ>H$ Am{U Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ {_iUmao \$b `m

Xmohmo_Yrb nañna g§~§Y Xe©{dUmao {gÕm§V åhUOo CËnmXZ {Z`_ (Law's of Production). `mgmR>r XmoZ n`m©

AgVmV. (1) CËnmXZ KQ>H$mn¡H$s \$ŠV EH$mM KQ>H$mÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb Ho$ë`mZ§Va CËnmXZmV H$gm d {H$Vr

~Xb hmoVmo ho Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ Cn wŠV R>aVmo. Va CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© KQ>H$mV ~Xb

Ho$ë`mZ§Va CËnmXZmV H$gm d {H$Vr ~Xb hmoVmo ho Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r à_mU \$bmMm {Z`_ Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

1. ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {gÕm§V ({Z`_) qH$dm AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ \$bZ : (Law of Variable Proportion) :

~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ hm Aën H$mimV AZw dmg oVmo. AënH$mi åhUOo Agm H$mi H$s, Á`m_Ü o

H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm (AmXmZo) nwadR>m Abd{MH$ (pñWa) AgVmo. åhUOo `m AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m AënH$mimV

_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>{dVm oV Zmhr qH$dm H$_r H$aVm oV Zmhr. CXm. OmJm, B_maV, §Ì gm_J«r B. `m CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m§À`m nwadR>çmV dmT> H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>{dVm oV Zmhr. na§Vw CËnmXH$mbm ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m

dmT>dyZ Amnë`m CËnmXZm_Ü o dmT> H$aVm oVo. H$maU Aën H$mimV ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m bd{MH$

AgVmo. åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m nwadR>çmV dmT> qH$dm KQ>H$ H$aVm oVo. CXm. ^m§S>db, H$ƒm _mb, H$m_Jma `m KQ>H$mV

(AmXmZo) dmT> H$ê$Z CËnmXH$mbm dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aVm oVo. AënH$mi hm H$mhr AmR>dS>o, H$mhr _{hZo

qH$dm àg§Jr EH$ dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr AgVmo. ~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mbmM AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ \$bZ Agohr

åhUVmV.

~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ CËnmXZ {df`H$ {díbofUmV AË §V _hÎdmMm Amho. KQ>Ë`m \$bmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo

AmYw{ZH$ ê$n åhUOoM ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ hmo . `m {Z`_m_Ü o ({gÕm§V) BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$ H$m`_ R>odyZ

73

EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV ~Xb Ho$bm AgVm CËnmXZ \$bmV KSy>Z oUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmVo. `m

{Z`_mbm ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ åhUÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mMr qH$dm KQ>Ê`mMr àd¥Îmr hr

{d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m ~XbË`m à_mUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. `m {gÕm§VmbmM gZmVZdmXr AW©emókm§Zr KQ>Ë`m

\$bmMm {gÕm§V ({Z`_) Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo dñVwê$n CËnmXZmV ê$nm§Va Ho$bo OmVo. CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ ho Xw{_©i AgVmV.

B_maV, §Ìgm_J«r, m§S>bd, ì`dñWmnZ m pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo _Oya/l{_H$, H$ƒm _mb, drOnwadR>m,

nmUrnwadR>m m A{ñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m H$_r Xw{_©i AgVmo. AënH$mimV CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV dmT> Ho$ë`mg

gwédmVrbm CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo Z§Va H$mhr H$mi pñWa amhVo Am{U eodQ>r CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ

oVo. CËnmXZmVrb `mM àd¥Îmrbm ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `mbmM Aà_m{UV CËnmXZ \$b

{gÕm§V Agohr åhUVmV. àm. g°å wAbgZ, àm. ~mopëS>¨J, lr_Vr am°{~ZgZ, àm. pñQ>Jba B. AW©emókm§Zr

gZmVZr {dMmagaUrVrb Xmof XmIdyZ KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr àd¥Îmr \$ŠV eoVrÀ`m joÌmVM Z {XgVm XoemÀ`m gd©M

joÌmV hr àd¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo ho ñnï> Ho$bo. åhUyZM `m {gÕm§Vmbm AmYw{ZH$ AW©emókm§Zr dmT>Vo CËnmXZ \$b,

pñWa \$b Am{U KQ>Vo \$b `m CËnmXZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m AdñWm Z _mZVm CËnmXZmMm ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_

åhUyZ Ë`mMo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.

ì`m»`m :

1) àm. g°å`wAbgZ : ""gmnojVoZo pñWa AgUmè`m BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo (AmXmZo) EH$m

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m_Ü o dmT> Pmbr AgVm CËnmXZ (àXmZ) dmT>ob. VWm{n, EH$m {d{eï> _`m©XoZ§Va Ë`m CËnmXZ

KQ>H$mV hmoUmè`m dmT>rnmgyZ {_iUmao CËnmXZ H$_r-H$_r hmoV OmVo.''

("An increase in same inputs relative to other comparatively fixed inputs cause output to

increase but after a point, the extra output resulting from the same additions of input will became

less & less." - Prof. Samuelson)

2) lr_Vr Om°Z am°{~ÝgZ : ""CËnmXZmMm EH$ KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ BVa KQ>H$mV H«$_e: dmT> H$arV Joë`mg

EH$m {d{eï> _`m©XoZ§Va CËnmXZmV KQ>Ë`m XamZo dmT> hmoVo Ë`mbm KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZmMm {Z`_ Ago åhUVmV.''

(The law of diminishing returns, as it is formulated, states with fixed amout of any one fact

or will after a point yield a diminishing increament of the produce. - Mrs. Joan Robinson)

3) àm. ~oZh°_ : ""CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_wXm`mn¡H$s EImÚm KQ>H$mMo à_mU dmT>{dV Zobo AgVm {d{eï>

q~XyZ§Va Ë`m ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMo àW_ gr_m§V CËnmXZ d Z§Va gamgar CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo.''

("As the proporation of one factor in a combination of factor increased, after a point the

marginal and average product of the factor will diministh. - Prof. Benham.")

74

darb ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$ (AmXmZo) H$m`_ R>odyZ EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr

g§»`m dmT>{dë`mg CËnmXZmda H$gm d H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoB©b ho ~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mV ñnï> hmoVo.

~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mMo {díbofU : ~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_m_Ü o AÝ` KQ>H$ (AmXmZo)

H$m`_ R>odyZ EImÚm KQ>H$mV ~Xb Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm CËnmXZmda H$gm d H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho ñnï> Ho$bo OmVo.

CXm. EH$m eoVH$è`mOdi XmoZ EH$a O_rZ AgyZ Vr pñWa Amho. åhUOoM Ë`mV H$mhrhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. Va

AmXmZohr H$m`_ AmhoV; nU l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m eoVH$ar dmT>{dVmo. åhUOoM l_ `m AmXmZmV (KQ>H$mV) ~Xb

Pmë`mg Ë`mMm CËnmXZmda H$gm n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho nwT>rb H$moï>H$mdê$Z ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

H$moï>H$ H«$. 4.1

O{_ZrMo joÌ l_ EHy$U gamgar gr_m§V CËnmXZmVrb Q>ßnm

(pñWa KQ>H$) (~XbVm CËnmXZ CËnmXZ CËnmXZ àd¥Îmr

(EH$a) KQ>H$) (q¹$Q>b) (q¹$Q>b) (q¹$Q>b)

2 EH$a 1 8 8 8dmT>Vo n{hbm2 EH$a 2 20 10 12\$b Q>ßnm

2 EH$a 3 36 12 16

2 EH$a 4 48 12 12

2 EH$a 5 55 11 7KQ>Vo Xwgam

2 EH$a 6 60 10 5 \$b Q>ßnm2 EH$a 7 63 9 3

2 EH$a 8 64 8 1

2 EH$a 9 64 7.11 0CUo {Vgam

2 EH$a 10 60 6 - 4 \$b Q>ßnm2 EH$a 11 55 5 - 5

darb H$moï>H$mV eoVr joÌmV XmoZ EH$a O{_Zr_Ü o l_ `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV (AmXmZ) H$gm ~Xb hmoV OmVmo

Vo ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 1, 2 d 3 Aer dmT>V Joë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV dmT>V hmoVo, Ë`mdoir

gamgar CËnmXZ 8, 10 d 12 Ago dmT>V OmVo, Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ 8, 12 d 16 Ago dmT>V OmVo. åhUOo EHy$U

CËnmXZmV Or dmT> hmoVo Vr CËnmXZ dmT>rMm (gr_m§V CËnmXZ) dmT>Vm Xa (Increasing Rate) Xe©{dVo åhUyZ

Ë`mg dmT>Vo \$b Ago åhUVmV. hr ~XbË`m à_mU {gÕm§VmMr n{hbr AdñWm Xe©{dVo.

Ë`mZ§Va H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Aer dmT>V Joë`mg gamgar CËnmXZ 12, 11, 10, 9 d 8

o

oo

75

Ago KQ>V OmVo, Ë`mdoir gr_m§V CËnmXZ 12, 7, 5, 3 d 1 Ago KQ>V OmVo, `m {R>H$mUr KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ

\$bmÀ`m {gÕm§V (Decreasing Rate) àË``mbm oVmo. hr ~XbË`m à_mU {gÕm§VmMr Xwgar AdñWm hmo .

VgoM H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 9, 10 d 11 Aer dmT>V Joë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo åhUyZ EHy$U

CËnmXZ dH«$ Imbr KQ>V OmVmo, `mdoir gamgar CËnmXZ 7.11, 6 d 5 Ago KQ>V OmVo Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ

0, -4 d -5 Ago KQ>V OmVo. `m {R>H$mUr ~XbË`m à_mU {gÕm§VmMr {Vgar AdñWm "CUo \$b' (Negative

Rate of return) àË``mbm oVo. `m AdñWoV gr_m§V CËnmXZmV hmoUmar KQ> hr gamgar CËnmXZmVrb KQ>rnojm

OmñV AgVo, åhUyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr gamgar CËnmXZ d gr_m§V CËnmXZ XmoÝhr g_mZ hmoVmV, Ë`mZ§Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ

dH«$ (grC) ImbÀ`m {Xeobm Va gamgar CËnmXZ dH«$ (gC) daÀ`m {Xeobm nS>bobm AgVmo Am{U Xwgè`m

AdñWoZ§Va EHy$U CËnmXZ dH«$ Imbr KgaV OmVmo. ho nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dbo Amho. hr AmH¥$Vr CËnmXZ

\$bmÀ`m VrZ AdñWm Xe©{dVo.

EHy$U

gamg

ar /g

r_m§V

CËn

mXZ

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

`

`

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

H$m_Jma (~XbVo KQ>H$)

grC

j

EC

gC

I

IIIII

76

{d{dY AdñWm / Q>ßno :

~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mÀ`m VrZ AdñWm/Q>ßno AmhoV Ë`mMo {díbofU nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) n{hbm Q>ßnm (AdñWm) - dmT>Vo \$c : n{hë`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>Ë`m XamZo dmT>Vo

Ë`m_who gr_m§V CËnmXZhr dmT>V OmVo. Va gamgar CËnmXZ dmT>V OmD$Z H$_b (_hÎm_) q~Xybm nmohmoMVo. EHy$U

CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo. åhUOoM n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV gamgar CËnmXZ EH$gmaIo dmT>V OmVo. H$maU pñWa AmXmZm§À`m

_mZmZo ~XbË`m AmXmZm§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ dmnaë`mZo pñWa KQ>H$ A{YH$ H$m ©j_ [aVrZo dmnabo OmVmV. EHy$U

CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. VgoM ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mr n[a_mUo dmT>ë`mZo l_{d^mJUr d {deofrH$aU eŠ` hmoVo. ~XbË`m

KQ>H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>ë`mZo dmT>Ë`m \$bmMr à{MVr oVo. gm_mÝ`V: pñWa AmXmZo hr A{d^mÁ` AgVmV.

Ë`mdoir ~XbË`m AmXmZmMr A{YH$m{YH$ n[a_mUo A{d^mÁ` pñWa AmXmZmÀ`m n[a_mUm~amo~a dmnaë`mZo pñWa

AmXmZmÀ`m n[a_mUm~amo~a dmnaë`mZo pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm àH${f©V dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUZyM CËnmXZ dmT>Vo.

`m CXmhaUmV l_mMr ZJg§»`m dmT>dë`mZo O{_ZrMm dmna H$m ©j_VoZo dmna H$aVm oVmo. åhUyZ EHy$U CËnmXZmV

dmT> hmoVo. CËnmXZmVrb A§VJ©V d ~mø ~MVr_wio dmT>Ë`m \$bmMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oVmo. åhUyZM `m n{hë`m

Q>ßß`mbm dmnaË`m \$bmMm Q>ßnm Ago åhUVmV.

2) Xwgam Q>ßnm (AdñWm) - KQ>Vo \$b : Xwgè`m Q>ßß`mV EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>V OmVo; nU `m dmT>rMm

doJ H$_r-H$_r hmoV OmVmo. `m Q>ßß`mV ~XbË`m AmXmZmMo gamgar d gr_m§V CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo. na§Vw Vo KZ

AgVo. `m Q>ßß`mV KQ>Ë`m \$bmMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo EH$m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mEodOr

Xwgam CËnmXZ KQ>H$ {H$Vr à_mUmV dmnaVm oB©b `mbm _`m©Xm AgVo. CËnmXZmMm gdm©{YH$ H$m ©j_ Am{U

n[aUm_H$maH$ q~Xy JmR>ë`mZ§Va ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§À`m dmT>boë`m EH$H$m§À`m VwbZoV pñWa KQ>H$m§Mo EH$H$ H$_r nSy>

bmJVmV åhUyZ CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. VgoM pñWa KQ>H$ A{d^mÁ` Agë`mZo Ë`mMm H$m ©j_VoZo d nyU©nUo dmna hmoV

Agë`mZo ~XbË`m AmXmZmMr g§»`m (_mÌm) dmT>dë`mZo gamgar CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo. pñWa d ~XbË`m AmXmZm§Mm

g_Ýd` {~KS>Vmo d Ag_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo CËnmXZ \$b H$_r hmoVo. `m CXmhaUmV Xwgè`m

Q>ßß`mV l_mÀ`m dmT>Ë`m AmXmZmÀ`m _mZmZo O{_ZrMo (eoVr) AmXmZ H$_r nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio A§VJ©V ~MV ~§X hmoVo.

åhUyZ l_mÀ`m A{V[aŠV ZJm§Mr (EH$H$) CËnmXH$Vm H$_r hmoVo. lr_Vr am°{~ÝgÀ`m _Vo, CËnmXH$ KQ>H$m§Mo

n`m© Vm AnyU© Agë`mZo KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr àd¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m n`m© VoMr bd{MH$Vm _`m©{XV

AgVo. àm. M|~a{bZ `m§À`m _Vo, H$mbm§VamZo l_{d^mJUr d {deofrH$aU H${R>U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AH$m ©j_Vm

{Z_m©U hmoVo. KQ>Ë`m \$bmMm hm Xwgam Q>ßnm _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. CËnmXH$ KQ>H$ EH$_oH$mg nyU© n`m© AgVo

Va hm {Z`_ AZw dmg Ambm ZgVm.

3) {Vgam Q>ßnm (AdñWm) - CUo/F$U \$b : {Vgè`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o EHy$U CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. ~XbË`m

AmXmZm§Mo gr_m§V CËnmXZ ho eodQ>r CUo hmoVo. H$maU pñWa AmXmZm§À`m _mZmZo ~XbË`m AmXmZm§Mr g§»`m A{V[aŠV

77

hmoD$Z CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m H$m`m©V AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mEodOr H$_r hmoVo. `m A{V[aŠV

ZJ g§» o_wio pñWa KQ>H$m§À`m H$m ©j_Voda A{Zï> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. m Q>ßß`mV ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§À`m {dnwbVoZo Ë`m§Mr

gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm F$U/CUo (Negative) hmoVo. gr_m§V CËnmXZmMm dH«$ "Aj' AjmImbr OmVmo. åhUyZ `m

Q>ßß`mbm CUo/F$U qH$dm ZH$mamË_H$ \$bmMm Q>ßnm åhUVmV. `m Q>ßß`mV ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m A{V[aŠV

Pmë`mZo CËnmXZmVrb VmoQ>o qH$dm ~o~MVr dmT>V OmVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr A{d^mÁ`Vm d Xw{_©iVm

hr ~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mMr H$maUo AmhoV.

WmoS>Š`mV, ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ åhUOo dmT>Vo \$b, KQ>Vo \$b Am{U CUo \$b `m§Mm g§ moJ Amho.

~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m {Z`_mV VrZ Q>ßß`mV VrZ \$bo {XgyZ oVmV.

J¥hrVo qH$dm _`m©Xm :

hm {Z`_ nwT>rb J¥hrVmda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo Ë`mda {d{dY _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

1. {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m à_mUmV ~Xb H$aVm Ambm nm{hOo.

2. ~XbË`m AmXmZm§À`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm g_mZ AgVo d Ë`m§Mr qH$_V pñWa AgVo.

3. ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU H$_rOmñV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m AmYmao pñWa KQ>H$m§Mm nyU© dmna H$aVm oVmo.

4. hm {Z`_ Ho$di AënH$mimVM AZw dmg oVmo, XrK© H$mimV Zmhr.

5. CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV H$mhr KQ>H$ pñWa Agbo nm{hOoV Va H$mhr KQ>H$ ~XbVo Agbo nm{hOo.

6. CËnmXZ V§Ì, CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr JwUdÎmm, ì`dñWmnZ nÕVr, §Ìgm_J«r d CÚmoJ {dÚm `m Jmoï>rV ~Xb

hmoV Zmhr.

7. n¡emVrb _yë`m~m~VrV hm {gÕm§V bmJy nS>V Zmhr.

8. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo AË wËH¥$ï> à_mU KodyZ CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m ~m~VrV hm {gÕm§V Iam

R>aVmo.

9. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo doJdoJio ZJ gmaIoM AgVmV Am{U CËnmXZ KQ>H$ nyU©nUo {d^mÁ` H$aVmV.

{Z`_mMo _hÎd/Cn`mo{JVm :

`m {Z`_mÀ`m darb _`m©Xm Agë`m Var hm {Z`_ ({gÕm§V) gd© àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZ joÌm§Zm bmJy nCVmo.

åhUyZM Ë`mMo AmOhr _hÎd Amho.

1. `m {Z`_m_wio H$maImÝ`mVrb ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo ZJ {H$Vr dmT>{dVm oVrb `mMr H$ënZm oVo.

2. A{dH${gV d {dH${gV amï´>mV CËnmXZmMo V§Ì {ZdS>VmZm `m {Z`_mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

78

3. `m {Z`_m_wio nwadR>çmÀ`m bd{MH$VoMr H$ënZm oVo.

4. hm {Z`_ {d^mOZ H$m`m©_Ü o CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm `mo½` _mo~Xbm XoÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

5. `m {Z`_m_wio n`m©á CËnmXZmMo Ü o gmÜ` H$aVm oVo.

6. hm {Z`_ gaH$mabm H$a AmH$maVmZm Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

7. `m {Z`_mZo eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb gImob d {dñV¥V eoVr nÕVrVrb \$aH$ ñnï> hmoVmo.

gmam§e : àm. g°å wAëgZ `m§À`m _Vo, hm {gÕm§V Amnë`m Zoh_rÀ`m nmhÊ`mVrb d AZw dmg oUmar EH$

Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMr dñVwpñWVr Amho. CËnmXZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r `m {gÕm§VmZo g_OVmV. åhUyZM

ì`dmdhm[aH$ Ñï>çm Vmo Cn wŠV d _hÎdmMm Amho.

2. CËnmXZ à_mU \$bmMm {Z`_ (Law of Returns to Scale) :

àñVmdZm : XrK© H$mimV CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUo eŠ` AgVo. gd© AmXmZo

~XbVm òVmV. `mgmR>r CËnmXZ g§ñWobm {d{dY KQ>H$mVrb AmXmZmMo à_mU àñWm{nV H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m à_mUmV ~Xb Ho$ë`mZ§Va EHy$U CËnmXZmV H$gm ~Xb hmoVmo `mMo {díbofU

CËnmXZ à_mU \$bmMo \$b `mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aVm òVo. XrK©H$mi åhUOo Agm H$mi H$s Á`m_Üò gd©

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m (AmXmZ) nwadR>m bd{MH$V AgVmo. XrK©H$mimV pñWa d ~XbË`m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m§Mm (AmXmZm§Mm) nwadR>m dmT>{dVm òVmo qH$dm H$_r H$aVm òVmo. åhUyZM XrK© H$mimV dñVyMo CËnmXZ

pñèa Am{U ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV dmT> H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>{dVm oVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CÚmoJmMo AmH$ma_mZ

IynM _moR>o AgVo. àËòH$ CÚmoJ gmVË`mZo Amnbo AmH$ma_mZ dmT>{dV AgVmo. `m Ñï>rZo à_mU \$bmÀ`m

{Z`_mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

CËnmXZ à_mU \$bmMm {Z`_ (Law of Returns to Scale) :

CËnmXZmMr gd©M AmXmZo ~Xbbr åhUOoM gd©M KQ>H$ gma»`mM à_mUmV dmT>dbo Va Ë`mMm

CËnmXZmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMo {ddoMZ CËnmXZ à_mU \$bmÀ`m {Z`_mV Ho$bo OmVo. VWm{n, gd©M

CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV gmaIrM dmT> H$aÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© AmXmZmV Ë`m§Mo AmnmngmVrb

à_mU R>abobo AgVo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo JwUmoÎma H$m`_ R>odyZ gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m

n[a_mUmV gmaIrM dmT> Ho$br AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZ H$em àH$mao dmT>Vo. `mMr H$ënZm `m {Z`_mZo òVo.

CXm. 10,000 é. ^m§S>db d 1 _Oya Ago à_mU CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo OmV Agob Va ^m§S>db nmM

nQ>rZo dmT>{dbo åhUOo é. 50,000 Ho$bo Va _Oyam§Mo g§»`m nmM nQ> åhUOo nmM H$amdr bmJob. `mMm

AW© ^m§S>db _Oya à_mU 10,000:1 ho H$m`_ amhVo. nwT>rb H$mën{ZH$ CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo hr

g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVm òVo.

79

H$moï>H$ H«$. 4.2

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU EHy$U CËnmXZ gr_m§V CËnmXZ àd¥Îmr

(q¹$Q>b Jhÿ) (q¹$Q>b Jhÿ)

1 _Oya + 1 EH$a O_rZ 8 8 dmT>Ë`m

2 _Oya + 2 EH$a O_rZ 17 9 \$bmMr àd¥Îmr

3 _Oya + 3 EH$a O_rZ 27 10 (n{hbr AdñWm)

4 _Oya + 4 EH$a O_rZ 38 11 pñWa \$bmMr

5 _Oya + 5 EH$a O_rZ 49 11 AdñWm

(Xwgar AdñWm)

6 _Oya + 6 EH$a O_rZ 59 10 KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr

7 _Oya + 7 EH$a O_rZ 68 09 n«d¥Îmr

8 _Oya + 8 EH$a O_rZ 75 07 ({Vgar AdñWm)

`m H$moï>H$mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, AmXmZm§À`m g§» oV à_mUera dmT> Ho$br AgVm àW_ dmT>Vo \$b Z§Va

pñWa \$b Am{U eodQ>r KQ>Vo \$b Ago à_mU \$b AZw dmg oVo. `m {VÝhr àd¥Îmr åhUOo EH$M {gÕm§V ({Z`_)

hmo . `m CXmhaUmVrb eoVH$ar JìhmMo CËnmXZ H$aVmo, Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho. CËnmXZmVrb AmXmZmMo à_mU

1 _Oya = 1 EH$a O_rZ Ago Yabo Amho. Vo eodQ>n ªV ~XbV Zmhr. CXm. 8 _Oya + 8 EH$a O_rZ. åhUOo

1 _Oya + 1 EH$a O_rZ ho à_mU H$m`_ amhVo. àma§ r 1 EH$a eoVrgmR>r 1 _Oya Cn`moJmV AmUë`mZo 8 q¹$Q>b

JìhmMo CËnmXZ hmoVo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo n«_mU XwßnQ> åhUOo 2 _Oya + 2 EH$a eoVr Ho$ë`mg JìhmMo CËnmXZ 17

q¹$Q>b åhUOo XwnQ>rnojm OmñV hmoVo. Va CËnmXZ AmXmZmMo à_mU {VßnQ> åhUOo 3 EH$a + 3 EH$a eoVr Ho$ë`mg

JìhmMo CËnmXZ 27 q¹$Q>b åhUOo {VnQ>rnojm OmñV hmoVo. oWo CËnmXZ \$bmMr dmT>Vr àd¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo. H$maU

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§_Ü o (AmXmZo) Ho$boë`m dmT>rnojm CËnmXZmV A{YH$ ^a nS>Vo. hr n{hbr AdñWm (Q>ßnm) hmo .

`mZ§Va 4 _Oya + 4 EH$a O_rZ d 5 _Oya + 5 EH$a O_rZ Ago CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU à_mU~Õ

dmT>{dë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>Vo; nU gr_m§V CËnmXZ pñWa amhVo. åhUyZ `m Xwgè`m AdñWog (Q>ßnm) pñWa

\$bmMr àd¥Îmr Ago åhUVmV. `mZ§Vahr 6 _Oya + 6 EH$a O_rZ, 7 _Oya + 7 EH$a O_rZ Am{U 8 _Oya + 8

EH$a O_rZ Ago à_mU~Õ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo n¦_mU odmMT>dë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo. na§Vw gr_m§V CËnmXZ

_mÌ KQ>V OmVo. åhUyZ `m {Vgè`m AdñWobm (Q>ßnm) KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr àd¥Îmr Ago åhUVmV. ho nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m

(4.2) ghmæ`mZo A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

80

~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$VrV (4.2) "Aj' Ajmda CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo ~XbVo à_mU Am{U "A`' Ajmda gr_m§V

CËnmXZ XmI{dbo Amho. AmH¥$VrV "~H$' hr aofm dmT>Vo \$b XmI{dVo Va "H$S>' hr aofm pñWa \$b XmI{dVo Am{U

"S>B' hr aofm KQ>Vo \$b XmI{dVo.

{gÕm§VmMr J¥hrVo : ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ nwT>rb J¥{hVmda AmYmabobm Amho.

1. AW©ì`dñWoV nyU© ñnYm© {XgyZ oVo.

2. CËnmXZ g§ñWoV _moOVm oVo.

3. CËnmXZmV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb hmoV ZmhrV.

4. H$m_Jma àM{bV AdOmao d hË`mao `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo H$m_ H$aVmV.

5. CËnmXZmMo gd© YQ>H$ ~XbVm oVmV _mÌ g§ moOH$ hm KQ>H$ pñWa AgVmo. hm KQ>H$ ~XbVm oV Zmhr.

CËnmXZ à_mU \$bmÀ`m AdñWm (Q>ßno) :

CËnmXZ à_mU\$bmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm H$m {XgyZ oVmV `mMo {díbofU nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) dmT>Vo à_mU \$b (Increasing Returns to Scale) : CËnmXZmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m

à_mUmV dmT> Ho$br AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmV O|ìhm CËnmXZ AmXmZm§À`m dmT>rnojm A{YH$ à_mUV hmoVo V|ìhm

CËnmXZ à_mUmMo dmT>Vo \$b AZw mg oVo. g_Om, gd© KQ>H$ 20% Zr dmT>{dbo AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmV 50%

`

j1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU

A

12

10

8

6

4

2

gr_m

§V CË

nmXZ

B~

pñWa \$b

dmT>Vo \$b KQ>Vo \$b

H$ S>

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.2

81

dmT> Pmbr Va hr CËnmXZ à_mUmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m \$bmMr àd¥Îmr hmo`. hr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo H$maU XrK© H$mimV

gamgar IM© KQ>V OmVmo. A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V bm^ àmá hmoVmV. {deofrH$aU d l_{d^mJUrMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV.

àm. M|~abrZÀ`m _Vo, l{_H$m§À`m d §Ìgm_J«rÀ`m {deofrH$aUmZo dmT>Vo \$b àmá hmoVo. A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V ~MVr

dmT>Ë`m \$bmg H$maUr yV R>aVmV.

2) pñWa à_mU \$b (Constant Returns to Scale) : CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Á`m à_mUmV dmT>{dbo OmVmV

Ë`m KQ>H$m§À`m dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV EHy$U CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo V|ìhm pñWa \$bmMo à_mU Ago g§~moYVmV. CXm.

CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§_Ü o 20% dmT> Ho$br AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmV 20% M dmT> hmoV Agob Va pñWa

à_mU\$bmMr àd¥Îmr AmT>iVo. àm. M|~abrZÀ`m _Vo, CËnmXZ H$m`m©_Ü o {d{dY àH$maMo \$m`Xo Am{U VmoQ>o

gmaIoM hmoVmV. V|ìhm pñWa à_mU \$bmMm AZw d oVmo. lr_Vr am°{~ÝgZ `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ nyU©

{d^mOZr` Agë`mZo hr àd¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo. `m pñWVrV ~MVr d ~o~MVr `m§Mm g_Vmob hmVmo. J{UVr joÌmV

Am{U CËnmXZ \$bZ {df`H$ {ddoMZmV hr g§H$ënZm _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo.

3) KQ>Vo à_mU \$b : gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m (AmXmZo) ZJg§» oV Á`m à_mUmV dmT> Ho$br OmVo

Ë`mnojm EHy$U CËnmXZmV H$_r à_mUmV dmT> hmoVo V|ìhm KQ>Ë`m à_mU \$bmMm AZwd^ oVmo. CXm. gd© CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m§V (AmXmZo) 10% dmT> Ho$br AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m 5% dmT> Pmë`mg `m à_mU \$bmMm AZw d

`oVmo. H$maU CËnmXZmÀ`m BVa AmXmZmà_mUo g§`moOH$ `m AmXmZmV (KQ>H$) dmT> H$aVm `oV Zmhr. g§`moOZ

H$m`m©V AH$m ©j_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. dmT>Ë`m CËnmXZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. Ë`m_wio KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr

àd¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo. pñWa KQ>H$ Am{U ~XbVo KQ>H$ m§Mo JwUmoÎma ~XbVo ì`dñWmnZ, {Z §ÌU, {Z`_Z, gwgy{ÌH$aU

`m~m~V AZoH$ AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. VgoM CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr (_Oyar, \§$S> B.) dmT>ë`mZo CËnmXZ

IM©hr dmT>Vmo. `m gd© H$maUm§_wio pñWa \$bmZ§Va KQ>Ë`m \$bmMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U hmoVo.

_yë`_mnZ/{Q>H$mË_H$ n[ajU :

1. H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$ A{d^mÁ` AgVmV. _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mdaM Ago KQ>H$ dmnaVm

oVmV. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZmMo à_mU bhmZ Agë`mg Ago KQ>H$ A§eV: dmnaVm oV ZmhrV.

2. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV gd©M KQ>H$ XwßnQ> H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. CXm. H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m dmT>dbr Va

Am¡Úmo{JH$ {eñV {~KS>Vo.

3. H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m _`m©{XV AgVmo. CXm. g§ moOH$ hm KQ>H$ _`m©{XV Agë`mZo hr H$ënZm

Aì`dhm © Amho.

4. M|~abrZ m§À`m _Vo, ì`dhmamV dmT>Vo \$b AZw dmg oUo A{YH$ eŠ` AgVo. H$maU §ÌmMo d l_mMo

{deofrH$aU eŠ` AgVo.

gmam§e : `m {Z`_mda darbà_mUo Q>rH$m Pmë`m Agë`m Am{U H$mhr J¥hrVo A_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambr

82

Agbr Var AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌm_Ü o `m {gÕm§Vmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$ A{d^mÁ` d

_`m©{XV Agbo Var `m {gÕUm§VmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CËnmXH$mbm (g§`moOH$) CËnmXZ {df`H$ `mo½` {ZU©` KoVm

oVmV. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m à_mUmV ~Xb Ho$ë`mg Vo H$moUË`m _`m©Xon ªV {H$\$m`Vera R>aob ho `m {Z`_mÀ`m

AmYmao H$iVo. XrK©H$mimV CËnmXZ{df`H$ {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r hm {Z`_ Cn wŠV R>aVo.

3. à_mUmVrb ~MVr (Economics of Scale) :

CÚmoJ g§ñWoÀ`m gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§V dmT> Ho$ë`mg CÚmoJ g§ñWoMo AmH$ma_mZ dmT>Vo. dmT>Ë`m AmH$ma_mZmZo

CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm doJdoJio bm^ hmoVmV. VgoM CËnmXZ à_mUmMm CËnmXZ IMm©da n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CËnmXZ à_mU

EH$m {d{eï> _`m©Xon`ñ§V dmT>V Joë`mg CËnmXZmMm gamgar IM© KQ>V OmVmo. Z\$m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZmMo

à_mU dmT>{dbo OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr dmT>V Amho.

EImXm {d{eï> CÚmoJ {d{eï> {R>H$msU dmT>bm H$s EH$mM dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Mm

g_yh {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWm§À`m {d{eï> {R>H$mUr Pmboë`m H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio Oo bm^ {_iVmV. Ë`m§Zm ~{hJ©V

~MVr/bm^ Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$mao CÚmoJg§ñWm§À`m dmT>r_wio d H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio hmoUmè`m bm^m§Mo dJuH$aU

S>m°. _me©b `m§Zr A§VJ©V ~MVr (bm^) d ~{hJ©V ~MVr Ago Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMo {díbofU nwT>rbà_mUo -

(A) A§VJ©V ~MVr (Interenal Economics) :

CÚmoJ g§ñWoMo AmH$ma_mZ dmT>ë`m_wio CÚmoJ g§ñWobm ñdV:bm Oo bm^ (\$m`Xo) {_iVmV Ë`m§Zm A§VJ©V

~MVr åhUVmV. `m ~MVr CÚmoJ g§ñWobm CËnmXZ dmT> Ho$ë`m_wio {_iVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWm Á`m CËnmXZ nÕVr

ñdrH$maVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m CËnmXZ g§ñWobm Ë`m ~MVr {_iVmV. `m nÕVr bhmZ CËnmXZ CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Zm dmnaVm oV

Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm A§VJ©V ~MVr {_iV ZmhrV. A§VJ©V ~MVr nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) Vm§{ÌH$ ~MVr (Technical Economics) : Vm§{ÌH$ ~MVr `m _moR>çm §Ì gm_J«rÀ`m dmnam_wio

{_iVmV. CÚmoJ g§ñWoMo AmH$ma_mZ _moR>o Pmë`mg AZoH$ Vm§{ÌH$ ~MVr {_iVmV. ^m§S>dbr gmYZ gm_J«r

_moR>çm à_mUmV dmnaë`mZo g§~§{YV CÚmoJg§ñWoMr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>Vo. `m_Ü o nwT>rb bm^m§Mm (~MVr) g_mdoe

hmoVmo.

(A) _moR>r §Ìo - AË`mYw{ZH$ d _moR>r §Ìo dmnê$Z CËnmXZ àM§S> à_mUmda H$aVm oVo. `m §ÌmMr qH$_V

OmñV Agë`mZo hr §Ì gm_J«r bhmZ CÚmoJm§Zm dmnaUo eŠ` ZgVo. CXm. Xw_Obr ~g MmbdÊ`mg EH$ S´>m`ìha

MmbVmo. Ë`mMm nJma XwßnQ> hmoV Zmhr.

(~) AË`mYw{ZH$ V§Ì - CÚmoJ g§ñWoMm AmH$ma_mZ _moR>m Agë`mZo AmYw{ZH$ d {deofrH¥$V _moR>r §Ìo

dmnê$Z Vm§{ÌH$ bm^ {_i{dVm oVmo. Ë`m_wio IM© Am{U doioMr ~MV hmoVo. CXm. dV©_mZnÌo N>nmB©gmR>r amoQ>ar

_erZ, JUH$ §Ìo B. Mm dmna.

83

(H$) à{H«$`m§Mr gbJVm - _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm doJdoJøm à{H«$`m§Mr gmo EH$Ì H$aVm oVo. CXm. _moR>çm

CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Zm ñdV:Mo drO H|$Ð C^maVm oVo.

(S>) l_{d^mJUr Am{U {deofrH$aU - _moR>çm à_mUmV CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mda gyú_ l_{d^mJUr Am{U

{deofrH$aU H$aVm oVo. àË oH$ H$m_mgmR>r Vk d Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVm oVo. A{YH$ doJmZo CËnmXZ

H$m © hmoVo.

(B) Cn\$b CËnmXZ - _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm dm`m OmUmè`m Q>mH$mdy dñVy§nmgyZ Xwæ`_

dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aVm oVo. CXm. gmIa H$maImÝ`mV _irnmgyZ AëH$mohmob d {MnmS>mnmgyZ H$mJX V`ma hmoVmo.

(\$) g§emoYZ - _moR>çm CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm g§emoYZmgmR>r à`moJ emim C^maUo eŠ` hmoVo. H$maU Ë`mMm

IM© gd© CËnmXZmda {d^mJbm OmdyZ Vmo H$_r hmoVmo.

2) ì`dñWmnH$s` ~MVr / bm^ : ì`dñWmnH$s` ~MVr `m {deofrH$aUmVyZ {_iVmV. CÚmoJ g§ñWoMo

AmH$ma_mZ dmT>ë`mg {VÀ`m H$m`m©Mr ì`már dmT>Vo. hr AZoH$ H$m } nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r doJdoJho {d^kJ H$ê$Z

{d{dY Vk ì`dñWmnH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo d ì`dñWmnH$s` ~MVr {_iVmV. bhmZ CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Zm Ë`m

{_iV Zmhr.

3) IaoXr-{dH«$s {df`H$ ~MVr : _moR>çm à_mUmda bmJUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr

KmD$H$ ^mdmZo IaoXr {dH«$s H$aUo \$ŠV _moR>çm eŠ` hmoVo. _moR>çm CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV H$ƒm _mb

bmJVmo. Ë`mMr gm¡XmeŠVr _moR>r Agë`mZo Ë`m ñdñVmV H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr IaoXr H$aVmV. VgoM Amnë`m dñVy§Mr

{dH«$s H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m _moR>çm à_mUmV {dH«o$Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV d AemàH$mao dñVy§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s XmoÝhrhr

\$m`Xoera ~Z{dVmV.

4) {dÎmr` bm^ (~MVr) : _moR>çm CÚmoJ bm^ g§ñWm§Mm H$ma^ma d Zmdbm¡{H$H$ _moR>m Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm

{d{dY ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z _moR>çm à_mUmV d H$_r ì`mO XamZo H$O} {_iVmV. ho Aem àH$maMo {dÎmr`

bm^ _moR>çm g§ñWm§Zm {_iVmV. Vo bhmZ g§ñWm§Zm eŠ` ZgVo.

5) YmoH$m nËH$aÊ`mVrb bm^ (~MVr) : Am{W©H$ _§Xr, bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r{ZdS>rVrb ~Xb, ñnYm©

\°$eZ ~Xb B. _wio CÚmoJ g§ñWobm AZoH$ YmoHo$ d Omo{I_ nËH$amdr bmJVo. CÚmoJg§ñWm _moR>r Agob Va `m

àH$maMr YmoHo$ nËH$aÊ`mMr {VMr eŠVr _moR>r AgVo. _moR>çm CÚmoJg§ñWm AZoH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio

EH$m dñVyMr _mJUr H$_r Umbr Var Xwgè`m dñVyMr {dH«$s hmoV Agë`mZo {VMo ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr. {d{dY

~mOmanoR>m, CËnmXZmVrb {d{dYVm, H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr CnbãYVm, dmhVyH$sMr {d{dYVm Am{U ñdV:Mr eŠVrgmYZo

`m_wio _moR>çm CÚmoJ g§ñWm§Zm AZoH$ YmoHo$ nËH$aVm oVmV d bm^ {_iVmV.

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(~) ~{hJ©V ~MVr/bm^ (External Economics) :

EH$mM àH$maÀ`m dñVy CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ CËnmXZ g§ñWm EH$mM {R>H$mUr {ZKmë`m åhUOo Ë`m

CÚmoJmVrb gd©M CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm Oo bm^ gm_w{hH$[aË`m {_iVmV Ë`m§Zm ~{hJ©V ~MVr åhUVmV. `m ~MVr

gd©M CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm {_iVmV. CXm. _w§~B©Vrb H$mnS> ì`dgm`, H$moëhmnya d Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb gmIa

H$maImZo B. ~{hJ©V ~MVr ({_Vì``Vm) CÚmoJ g§ñWoMm AmH$ma _moR>m qH$dm bhmZ Agë`mg gdmªZmM bm^

hmoVmo. ~{hJ©V ~MVr nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) H|$ÐrH$aUmVrb ~MVr : CËnmXZ g§ñWm§À`m H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio XiUdiUmÀ`m {d{dY gmo r ~±H$m d

{d_m H§$nÝ`m, nmoñQ> Am{U Q>o{b\$moZ godm, Hw$eb, AZw dr d H$m ©j_ H$ma^ma, AZw dm§Mr XodmU-KodmU,

gm_wXm{`H$ Om{hamVr B. gd© àH$maÀ`m gmoB©-gw{dYm H|$ÐraUm_wio {_iVmV.

2) _m{hVr{df`H$ ~MVr : CÚmoJg§ñWm§À`m H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr {_iVo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$_m{gHo$, dV©_mZnÌo, gaH$mar YmoaU, dñVy§Mm _mJUr nwadR>m, _m{hVrnÌHo$ B. Jmoï>tMr _m{hVr {_iVo.

gdmªÀ`m AZw dmMm \$m`Xm gdmªZm {_iVmo. CËnmXZ IM© H$_r hmoVmo. VgoM g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ~imda AZoH$ àíZ

gmoS>{dVm oVmV.

3) {deofrH$aUmVrb ~MVr : CÚmoJ g§ñWm§À`m H|$X«rH$aUm_wio {deofrH$aUmMo bm^ {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio

dm`m OmUmè`m nXmWm©nmgyZ Xwæ`_ dñVy ~Z{dVm oVmV. CXm. 3, 4 gmIa H$maImÝ`mZo g§ wŠVnUo dm`m OmUmè`m

_irnmgyZ AëH$mohmob Am{U {MnmS>mnmgyZ H$mJX V`ma Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mMm bm^ `m gd© gmIa H$maImÝ`m§Zm

{_iVmo. VgoM Hw$eb, H$m ©j_ H$m_Jma CnbãY hmoD$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. Vkm§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z {_iVo.

Aem àH$mao {deofrH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY ~MVr {_iVmV.

4) {dKQ>ZmVrb ~MVr/bm^ : CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m H|$ÐraUm_wio H$mhr CËnmXZ à{H«$`m ñdV§Ì g§ñWoH$Sy>Z

H$ê$Z KoVm oVmV. CXm. _moQ>ma H$maImÝ`m§Zm ñnmH©$ ßb½O, ZQ>~moëQ> B. {H$aH$moi H$m_o BVa g§ñWm§H$S>o XoVm oVmV.

Ë`m_wio gwQ>o ^mJ ñdñVmV {_iVmV. doioMr ~MV hmoVo. doioda gwQ>o ^mJ {_imë`m_wio CËnmXZmMm doJ dmT>Vmo.

4.4 gmam§e :

H$moUË`mhr CËnmXZ g§ñWobm CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmXmZm§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. CËnmXZ \$bZ åhUOo

AmXmZ d àXmZ m Xmohm|_Yrb Vm§{ÌH$ d H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y hmo . pñWa AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m AënH$mimV Abd{MH$

AgVmo Va ~XbË`m AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m AënH$mimV bd{MH$ AgVmo. AmXmZmÀ`m g§» obm gamgar CËnmXZmZo

JwUbo AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZ {_iVo. EHy$U CËnmXZmbm AmXmZm§À`m g§»`oZo ^mJbo AgVm gamgar CËnmXZ

{_iVo. Va CËnmXZ g§ñWoZo EH$ OmXm CËnmXZ KQ>H$ H$m_mda KoVë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV Or ^a nS>Vo Ë`mbm

gr_m§V CËnmXZ Ago åhUVmV.

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4.5 _hÎdmMo {dÚm{nR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ :

1. CËnmXZ \$bZ åhUOo H$m`? pñWa d ~XbVr AmXmZo åhUOo H$m` Vo ñnï> H$am.

2. EHy$U CËnmXZ, gamgar CËnmXZ d gr_m§V CËnmXZ `m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

3. Q>rnm {bhm.

(1) CËnmXZ \$bZ

(2) pñWa AmXmZo d ~XbVr AmXmZo

(3) EHy$U CËnmXZ d gr_m§V CËnmXZ


CËnmXZ \$bZ = ^m¡{VH$ AmXmZo d àXmZo `m_Yrb g§~§Y

AmXmZo = CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmao Amdí`H$ KQ>H$

àXmZo = CËnmXZ

pñWa AmXmZo = ~XbË`m CËnmXZm~amo~a Z ~Xbbo OmUmao CËnmXZ KQ>H$

~XbVr AmXmZo = ~XbË`m CËnmXZm~amo~a ~XbV OmUmao CËnmXZ KQ>H$

AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ \$bZ = ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_

XrK©H$mbrZ CËnmXZ \$bZ = CËnmXZ à_mU \$b {gÕm§V

A§VJ©V ~MVr = _moR>çm CËnmXZm_wio CËnmXZ g§ñWobm {_iUmao A§VJ©V bm^

~{hJ©V ~MVr = _moR>çm CËnmXZm_wio CËnmXZ g§ñWobm {_iUmao ~mø bm^

4.7 (A) {dÚm{nR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ :

1. ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ ñnï> H$am.

2. CËnmXZ n«_mU \$bmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr MMm© H$am.

3. A§VJ©V ~MVr d ~{hJ©V ~MVr `m§Mo g{dñVa {díbofU H$am.

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

(A) CËnmXZ \$bZ

(~) ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_

(H$) à_mU \$bmMm {Z`_

(S>) A§VJ©V ~MVr d ~{hJ©V ~MVr

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1) ^m¡{VH$ AmXmZo d àXmZo `m_Yrb g§~§Ymg CËnmXZ \$bZ Ago åhUVmV.

2) ~XbË`m à_mU {gÕm§Vmbm XrK©H$mbrZ CËnmXZ \$bZ Ago åhUVmV.

3) CËnmXZ à_mU \$b {gÕm§VmÀ`m Mma AdñWm hmoV.

4) CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmë`m_wio ({dñVma) {Vbm ~mø bm^ {_iVmV.

5) CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmV KQ> Pmë`m_wio {Vbm A§VJ©V bm^ {_iVmV.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) MyH$ 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$













R. Narayan

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