To access data, click on a tab at the bottom of the page. Full references are listed on a separate tab.
Chemicals Page Products PageHealth Effects Codes Volatile and Soluble Codes
S Suspected X Either soluble or volatileX Confirmed L Partially soluble or volatileP Promoter T Slightly soluble or volatile
M MiscibleD Dispersable
Protective Clothing CodesR Respirator or maskG GlovesE Goggles or eye protectionC Coveralls or protective clothing
This spreadsheet is provided in a format that allows users to search and sort the data as needed. Only the original document on the wesite is endorsed by TEDX. We make no claims about the validity of spreadsheets that have been manipulated in any way.
To access data, click on a tab at the bottom of the page. Full references are listed on a separate tab.
Products PageHealth Effects Codes
1-20
Volatile and Soluble CodesX Either soluble or volatileL Partially soluble or volatileT Slightly soluble or volatileM MiscibleD Dispersable
Product ingredients
This spreadsheet is provided in a format that allows users to search and sort the data as needed. Only the original document on the wesite is endorsed by TEDX. We make no claims about the validity of spreadsheets that have been manipulated in any way.
Corresponds to the number of chemicals in the product that affect that health category
Chemical constituents contained in comments box with CAS number and percentage of product
HSDB Reference Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) on 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA). USEPA Off Prevent Pest Toxic Sub. Available from the Database Query page at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 10, 2002. Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) Exner JH et al; J Agric Food Chem 21: 838-42 (1973) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
F4
HSDB Reference Volatile in soil and water Amidon GL et al; J Pharm Sci 63: 1858-66 (1974) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds NY, NY: Amer Inst for Phys Prop Data (1989) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc Chapt 4, 5, 15 (1990)
F6
HSDB Reference Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989) Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. NY,NY: Pergamon Press. (1979) p.989 Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
F7
HSDB Reference Not Soluble Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Anhydride (Draft) p.31 (1982) Soluble Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 82 Yalkowsky, S.H., He, Yan., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data: An Extensive Compilation of Aqueous Solubility Data for Organic Compounds Extracted from the AQUASOL dATAbASE. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 2003., p. 96 O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12
A8
organic compounds whose acids include fatty acids. Methane is an alphatic compound and most alphatic compound are flammable.
F16
HSDB Reference (Volatile in moist soil and water) Buttery RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 17: 385-89 (1969)
F17
HSDB Reference nonvolatile from water/soil surfaces Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Supplement 1. New York, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1991) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
F25
HSDB Reference Nonvolatile (soil/water surface) Butler JAV, Ramchandani CN; J Chem Soc p. 952-5 (1935) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Butler JAV, Ramchandani CN; J Chem Soc p. 952-5 (1935)
HSDB Reference volatile from dry soil / nonvolatile from water Betterton EA, Hoffmann MR; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1415-8 (1988) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci. Publ p. 44 (1984)
F32
HSDB Reference Volatile from dry soil ATSDR; ToxFAQs for Hydrogen Chloride, April 2002, available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts173.html as of July 20, 2007. Nonvolatile from water Brimblecombe P, Clegg SL; J Atmos Chem 8: 95 (1989) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
F34
HDSB Reference Volatilization from soil / water Taft RW et al; Nature 313: 384-6 (1985) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp 5 Vol (1989) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
F36
HSDB Reference Volatilization from Water/Soil Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Boublik T et al, eds; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (1984)
F40
HSDB Reference Non Volatile from Water/Soil O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 13th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 664 (2001) Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000) Dow Chemical; The Alkanolamines Handbook Midland, MI: Dow Chemical (1980)
Propane-1,2-diol 2 OB-FE, SAS-2 57-55-6
X
4Fracturing, pH control
107-19-7 X
Proprietary component 2 AI-2, Super Pen 2000 Fracturing1 Unknown product from PDEP Fracturing
115-07-1 X
2Fracturing
7647-14-5
2Fracturing
1310-73-21 Unknown product from PDEP Fracturing
57-50-1
2Fracturing
533-74-4 X
Tetramethyl ammonium chloride 1 Unknown product from PDEPFracturing
75-57-0
Gellant, liquid breaker, fracturing, viscosifier, fluid loss control, unknown
Propargyl alcohol (Prop-2-YN-1-OL)CI-14, HAI-OS, Unknown product from PDEP, AI-2
Propylene
Sodium chlorideGBW-15L, Unknown product from PDEP
Sodium hydroxideICI-3240, Unknown product from PDEP
Sucrose
Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (Dazomet)ICI-3240, Unknown product from PDEP
HSDB Reference Volatilization from Water/Soil Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Aquasol Database of Aqueous Solubility. Version 5. College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona - Tucson, AZ (1992) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
F59
HSDB Reference Volatilization from Water/Soil Wasik SP, Tsang W; J Phys Chem 74: 2970-76 (1970) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
F63
HSDB Reference Nonvolatile from soil / water Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council p. 335 (1997) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Arizona Database of Aqueous Solubilities. Univ of AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
Water Soluble/ M
iscible
Cancer
Mutagen
Developm
ental
Endocrine disruptors
Imm
une
Kidney
Reproductive
Respiratory
Ecological
Ecotoxicity values
Environm
ental Fate
Other
M S S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S
T S S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S
X S S S S S S R,G,E,C
L S S S S S S S S S S S S
L S S S S S R,G
X S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S
S S S S S R,E
X S S X S S S R,G,E,C
S S S S S S S
X S S
M S S S S S G,E,C
X S S S S S S S S S S S S
Cardiovascular and
blood
Gastrointestinal and
liver
Brain and nervous
system
Skin, eye and sensory organ
Probable Routes of
Hum
an Exposure:
U1
Column inserted by CHEC. Information is found on the Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) website: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
V1
Column inserted by CHEC. Information is found on the Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) website: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
W1
Column inserted by CHEC. Information is found on the Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) website: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
H2
National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. EPA. 1999 Oct. Toxicological review of ethylene glycol monomutyl ether (EGBE) (CAS no. 111-76-2): In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):93 pp. NCI/NTP Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series; National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, TR-484 Y00 IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 15. As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008. Siesky AM, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. 2002. Hepatic effects of 2-butoxyethanol in rodents. Toxicological Sciences 70(2):252-60. HSDB Reference U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (111-76-2) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000
I2
HSDB Reference World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No. 10. 2-Butoxyethanol p.4 (1998)
J2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Siesky AM, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. 2002. Hepatic effects of 2-butoxyethanol in rodents. Toxicol Sci 70(2):252-260. Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. 1984. Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57:47-68. See references for more citations
K2
Scorecard ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218. Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. 1984. Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57:47-68. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 15. As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.
L2
Scorecard ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Devillers J, Chezeau A, Thybaud E, Poulsen V, Porcher JM, Graff L, Vasseur P, Mouchet F, Ferrier V, Quiniou F. 2002. Ecotoxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and its acetate. [2-BE 111-76-2]. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 12(4):255-263. EPA. 1999 Oct. Toxicological review of ethylene glycol monomutyl ether (EGBE) (CAS no. 111-76-2): In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):93 pp. IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. NCI/NTP Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series; National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, TR-484 Y00
M2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EPA. 1999 Oct. Toxicological review of ethylene glycol monomutyl ether (EGBE) (CAS no. 111-76-2): In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):93 pp. IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Siesky AM, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. 2002. Hepatic effects of 2-butoxyethanol in rodents. Toxicol Sci 70(2):252-260. See references for more citations
N2
NIOSH National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Siesky AM, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. 2002. Hepatic effects of 2-butoxyethanol in rodents. Toxicol Sci 70(2):252-260. Singh P, Morris B, Zhao S, Blaylock BL. 2002. Suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response following topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol in female BALB/c mice. International Journal of Toxicology 21(2):107-114. Singh P, Zhao S, Blaylock BL. 2001. Topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol alters immune responses in female BALB/c mice. International Journal of Toxicology 20(6):383-390. Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. 1984. Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57:47-68. See references for more citations
O2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 152. As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008. See references for more citations
P2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-176. As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008. Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 301. As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.
Q2
Scorecard ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218. Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. 1984. Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57:47-68.
R2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 152. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-176. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3933. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] IPCS,CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (May 2003). [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
S2
Scorecard NIOSH ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Singh P, Zhao S, Blaylock BL. 2001. Topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol alters immune responses in female BALB/c mice. International Journal of Toxicology 20(6):383-390. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 15. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 152. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
T2
Devillers J, Chezeau A, Thybaud E, Poulsen V, Porcher JM, Graff L, Vasseur P, Mouchet F, Ferrier V, Quiniou F. 2002. Ecotoxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and its acetate. [2-BE 111-76-2]. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 12(4):255-263. IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67. Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 387. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
U2
LC50 Daphnia magna (Waterflea) 1,720 mg/L/24 hr; Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch 10 (5): 161-166 (1977) as cited in the USEPA ECOTOX database: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of March 22, 2004. LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 1,700 mg/L/24 hr Bridie AL et al; Water Res 13 (7): 623-626 (1979) LC50 Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside) 1250 mg/L/96 hr; LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 1,490 mg/L/96 hr; Dawson GW et al; J Hazard Mater 1 (4): 303-318 (1977) LC50 Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) 775 mg/L/96 hr & 800 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 983 mg/L/7 day Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 388 LC50 Leuciscus idus melanotus (Golden ide) 186 mg/L/48-hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 2137 mg/L/96-hr LC50 Notropus atherinoides (Emerald shiner) >500 mg/L/72-hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) >1000 mg/L/96-hr LC50 Crassostrea virginica (Oyster) 89 mg/L/96-hr LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow) 116 mg/L/96-hr LC50 Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) 1000 mg/L/24-hr International Programme on Chemical Safety's Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents. available from, as of March 22, 2004: http://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html
V2
Terrestrial Fate (1,2,3,4,5) Aquatic Fate (1-3,5-9) Atmospheric Fate (4,10,11) Environmental Biodegradation -Aerobic (4,5, 12-17) Environmental Abiotic Degradation (6(pp. 7-4,7-5),9,11(pp. 141), 18) Environmental Bioconcentration (2,7,8) References (1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 25 (1995) (3) Johanson G, Dynesius B; Brit J Indust Med 45: 561-564 (1988) (4) Dow Chemical Company; The Glycol Ethers Handbook. Midland, MI: The Dow Chemical Company pp. 97 (1990) (5) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. http://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e4.shtml (6) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (7) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (8) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (9) Silverstein RM, Bassler GC; Spectrometric Id Org Cmpd. NY, NY: J Wiley and Sons Inc p. 148-169 (1963) (10) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (11) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No 1 (1989) (12) Bridie AL et al; Water Res 13: 627-30 (1979) (13) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Contr Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (14) Sasaki S; pp. 283-98 in Aquat Pollutants: Transform & Biolog Effects Hutzinger O et al ed Oxf: Pergamon Press (1978) (15) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981) (16) Staples CA et al; Chemosphere 36: 1585-1613 (1998) (17) Waggy GT et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 13: 1277-80 (1994) (18) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
W2
Inhalation/dermal Shah JJ, Heyerdahl EK; National Ambient VOC Database Update USEPA-600/3-88/010 (1988) Ingestion Lucas SV; GC/MS Anal of Org in Drinking Water Concentrates and Advanced Treatment Concentrates Vol 1 USEPA-600/1-84-020A (NTIS PB85-128239) p 397 (1984)
X2
body weight National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290. Exon JH, Mather GG, Bussiere JL, Olson DP, Talcott PA. 1991. Effects of subchronic exposure of rats to 2-methoxyethanol or 2- butoxyethanol: Thymic atrophy and immunotoxicity. Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 16(4):830-840. fatal ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290.
G3
HSDB Reference Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) on 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA). USEPA Off Prevent Pest Toxic Sub. Available from the Database Query page at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 10, 2002. Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
J3
MSDS from Clearwater US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
K3
US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
M3
MSDS from Clearwater
N3
Health Canada, Proposed Acceptablility for Continuing Registration, Re-evaluation of 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropianamide, PACR2004-16, June, 2004 MSDS from Clearwater US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
P3
US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
R3
Scorecard MSDS from Clearwater US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
S3
Health Canada, Proposed Acceptablility for Continuing Registration, Re-evaluation of 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropianamide, PACR2004-16, June, 2004 MSDS from Clearwater Bio-Clear Label Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1063 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
T3
Health Canada, Proposed Acceptablility for Continuing Registration, Re-evaluation of 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropianamide, PACR2004-16, June, 2004 Bio-Clear Label US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
U3
LD50 Mallard duck oral 205 mg/kg LD50 Bobwhite quail oral 354 mg/kg LD50 Bobwhite quail oral 150 mg/kg USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-94-026, Sept 1994. Available from, as of Dec 1, 2001: http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
V3
Terrestrial Fate (1-4) Aquatic Fate (1,2,3(pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29),5) Atmospheric Fate (2,4,6,7) Environmental Biodegradation-Aerobic (2,4) Environmental Biodegradation-Anaerobic (2) Environmental Abiotic Degradation (2,4,7) Environmental Bioconcentration (2,5,8) Soil Adsorption/Mobility (1-3) Volatilization from Water/Soil (2,3(pp. 15-1 to 15-29)) References (1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) on 2,2-dibromo-3- nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA). USEPA Off Prevent Pest Toxic Sub. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/status.htm (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (4) Exner JH et al; J Agric Food Chem 21: 838-42 (1973) (5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (7) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (8) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
W3
Inhalation/dermal NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)
X3
MSDS from Clearwater Bio-Clear Label US EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts . HSDB Reference Rat & Rabbit death USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-94-026, Sept 1994. Available from, as of Dec 1, 2001: http://www.epa.gov/REDs/
G4
HSDB Reference Moderately water soluble Amidon GL et al; J Pharm Sci 63: 1858-66 (1974)
I4
Seed JL. 1982. Mutagenic activity of phthalate esters in bacterial liquid suspension assays. Environ Health Perspect 45:111-4.
J4
Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9. Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
K4
Scorecard Bui LM, Taubeneck MW, Commisso JF, Uriu-Hare JY, Faber WD, Keen CL. 1998. Altered zinc metabolism contributes to the developmental toxicity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol and valproic acid. Toxicology 126(1):9-21. Hellwig J, Jackh R. 1997. Differential prenatal toxicity of one straight-chain and five branched-chain primary alcohols in rats. Food & Chemical Toxicology 35(5):489-500.
L4
Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9.
M4
Scorecard Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9. Astill BD, Gingell R, Guest D, Hellwig J, Hodgson JR, Kuettler K, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Sielken RL, Tyler TR. 1996. Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31(1):29-41. MSDS from JT Baker Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
N4
MSDS from JT Baker Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9.
O4
Astill, B. D., Deckardt, K., Gembardt, C., Gingell, R., Guest, D., Hodgson, J. R., Mellert, W., Murphy, S. R., & Tyler, T. R. (1996) Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 29, 31-39. Astill, B. D., Gingell, R., Guest, D., Hellwig, J., Hodgson, J. R., Kuettler, K., Mellert, W., Murphy, S. R., Sielken, R. L. et al (1996) Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 31, 29-41. Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
P4
Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9. Astill BD, Gingell R, Guest D, Hellwig J, Hodgson JR, Kuettler K, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Sielken RL, Tyler TR. 1996. Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31(1):29-41. MSDS from JT Baker Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Safety data for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, Physical & Theoretical chemistry Lab, 2005. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1996.
Q4
Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9. Astill BD, Gingell R, Guest D, Hellwig J, Hodgson JR, Kuettler K, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Sielken RL, Tyler TR. 1996. Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31(1):29-41. Safety data for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, Physical & Theoretical chemistry Lab, 2005.
R4
Astill BD, Gingell R, Guest D, Hellwig J, Hodgson JR, Kuettler K, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Sielken RL, Tyler TR. 1996. Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31(1):29-41. MSDS from JT Baker Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Safety data for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, Physical & Theoretical chemistry Lab, 2005. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1996.
S4
MSDS from JT Baker Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Safety data for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, Physical & Theoretical chemistry Lab, 2005. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1996.
T4
IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1996. Horn O, Nalli S, Cooper D, Nicell J. 2004. Plasticizer metabolites in the environment. Water Research 38(17):3693-8.
V4
Terrestrial Fate = biodegrade in soil Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Contr Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) Kawasaki M; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 444-54 (1980) Vaishnav DD et al; Chemosphere 16: 695-703 (1987) Highly mobile in soil Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) Amidon GL et al; J Pharm Sci 63: 1858-66 (1974) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Aquatic Fate = biodegradation Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Contr Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) Vaishnav DD et al; Chemosphere 16: 695-703 (1987) Hammerton C; J Appl Chem 5: 517-24 (1955) No adsorption to sediment / low bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Amidon GL et al; J Pharm Sci 63: 1858-66 (1974) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc Chapt 4, 5, 15 (1990) Atmospheric Fate = occus primarily as a vapor Bidleman TF Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-7 (1988) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds NY, NY: Amer Inst for Phys Prop Data (1989)
W4
Inhalation / dermal / ingestion Vitali M et al; J AOAC Internat 76: 1133-7 (1993) Wolkoff P; Indoor Air 3: 291-7 (1993) Hodgson AT et al J Air Waste Manage Assooc 43: 316-24 (1993) Anselme C et al; Sci Tot Environ 47: 371-84 (1985) Pleil JD, Whiton RS; Appl Occup Environ Hyg 5: 693-9 (1990)
X4
fatal Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
H5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104.
I5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. Connor, T. H.; Tee, P. G.; Afshar, M., and Connor, K. M. Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing Kathon. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1996; 28(2):127-32.
J5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Divkovic, M.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C.; Panico, M.; Dell, A.; Morris, H., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Effect of glutathione on the covalent binding of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizer 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one to human serum albumin: identification of adducts by nuclear magnetic resonance, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 2004 Sep; 17(9):1280-8.
K5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104.
M5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104.
N5
Scorecard Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. Becker, D.; Valk, E.; Zahn, S.; Brand, P., and Knop, J. Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Feb; 120(2):233-8. Bruze, M.; Dahlquist, I.; Fregert, S.; Gruvberger, B., and Persson, K. Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG. Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Apr; 16(4):183-8. Bruze, M.; Fregert, S.; Gruvberger, B., and Persson, K. Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG in the guinea pig. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987; 67(4):315-20. Toren, K.; Brisman, J., and Meding, B. Sensitization and exposure to methylisothiazolinones (Kathon) in the pulp and paper industry--a report of two cases. Am J Ind Med. 1997 May; 31(5):551-3. See references for more citations
P5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. Becker, D.; Valk, E.; Zahn, S.; Brand, P., and Knop, J. Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Feb; 120(2):233-8.
R5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104.
S5
Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Covalent binding of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizers 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MCI) and 2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MI) to a model peptide and glutathione. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jan 19; 14(2):365-8. Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Studies of chemical selectivity of hapten, reactivity, and skin sensitization potency. 3. Synthesis and studies on the reactivity toward model nucleophiles of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizers, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MCI) and 2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MI). Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 May; 16(5):627-36. Bohn, S.; Niederer, M.; Brehm, K., and Bircher, A. J. Airborne contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone in wall paint. Abolition of symptoms by chemical allergen inactivation. Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Apr; 42(4):196-201. Botham, P. A.; Hilton, J.; Evans, C. D.; Lees, D., and Hall, T. J. Assessment of the relative skin sensitizing potency of 3 biocides using the murine local lymph node assay. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Sep; 25(3):172-7. See references for more citations
X5
fatal Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104. cytotoxic Di Stefano, A.; Frosali, S.; Leonini, A.; Ettorre, A.; Priora, R.; Di Simplicio, F. C., and Di Simplicio, P. GSH depletion, protein S-glutathionylation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential hyperpolarization are early events in initiation of cell death induced by a mixture of isothiazolinones in HL60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb; 1763(2):214-25.
G6
HSDB Reference O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989., p. C-47
I6
HSDB Reference EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxics; High production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans. Availible from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Acetic acid and Salts (April 2003) as of February 9, 2004.
J6
Scorecard Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] HSDB Reference Schardijn GH et al; Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 133 (11): 556-59 (1989)
K6
HSDB Reference Rogers EH et al; Teratology 51 (3): 195 (1995) EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxics; High production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans. Availible form: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Acetic acid and Salts (April 2003) as of February 9, 2004.
M6
Scorecard WHO. 1967. Toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treatment agents, acids and bases: Acetic acid, glacial. Food Additive Series 64:4 pp. International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre, International Chemical Safety Card on Acetic acid (October 1997).
N6
NIOSH International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 703 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
O6
WHO. 1967. Toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treatment agents, acids and bases: Acetic acid, glacial. Food Additive Series 64:4 pp. O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] HSDB Reference Schardijn GH et al; Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 133 (11): 556-59 (1989)
P6
WHO. 1967. Toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treatment agents, acids and bases: Acetic acid, glacial. Food Additive Series 64:4 pp. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 703 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre, International Chemical Safety Card on Acetic acid (October 1997).
Q6
HSDB Reference Rogers EH et al; Teratology 51 (3): 195 (1995) EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxics; High production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans. Availible form: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Acetic acid and Salts (April 2003) as of February 9, 2004.
R6
Scorecard NIOSH International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre, International Chemical Safety Card on Acetic acid (October 1997). American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 703 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
S6
Scorecard NIOSH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 703 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
T6
American Chemistry Council. 2003. Acetic acid and salts, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and its salts . High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. 103 pp. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 104 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker HSDB Reference EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxics; High production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans. Availible form: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Acetic acid and Salts (April 2003) as of February 9, 2004.
U6
LC50 Fathead minnows >315 mg/L/1 hr; 122 mg/L/24 hr; 92 mg/L/48 hr; 88 mg/L/72 hr; 88 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Fathead minnows 175 mg/L/1 hr; 106 mg/L/24 hr; 106 mg/L/48 hr; 79 mg/L/72 hr; 79 mg/L/96 hr EC50 Corn fumigation 50 mg/cu m/2 hr EC50 Soybean fumigation 20 mg/cu m/2 hr EC50 Tobacco fumigation 41 mg/cu m/2 hr EC50 Alfalfa fumigation 8 mg/cu m/2 hr EC50 Wheat fumigation 23 mg/cu m/2 hr Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 102 LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) 75 mg/L /96 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Mosquito fish) 251 mg/L /96 hours EC50 Daphnia magna 6,000 mg/L 24 hr endpoint EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxics; High production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans. Availible from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Acetic acid and Salts (April 2003) as of February 9, 2004. LC50 Shrimp 100-300 mg/L/48 hr Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.76 (1981)
V6
Aquatic/Terrestrial Fate Process = Biodegradation Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) Kameya T et al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25: 1549-54 (1991) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988) Atmospheric Fate = exists solely as a vapor & not susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Daubert, TE, RP Danner; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, (1989) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No. 1 (1989) Lide DR, GWA Milne, eds; Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. 1: 93 (1994) Environmental Bioconcentration: potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) No potential for biological accumulation or food chain contamination. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.1 (1981) Soil Adsorption/Mobility=very high to moderate (No detectable sorption) Sansone JF et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51: 1889-1896 (1987) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-7 (1992) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Von Oepen B et al; Chemosphere 22: 285-304 (1991) Leaches from biological disposal areas Abrams EF et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources. USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975)
W6
Inhalation/dermal/ingestion NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)
X6
fatal O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 171 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker teeth NIOSH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
H7
Whorton, M. D.; Amsel, J., and Mandel, J. Cohort mortality study of prostate cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med. 1998 Mar; 33(3):293-6.
I7
HSDB Reference not a mutagen Mortelmans K et al; Environ Mutagen 8:1-119 (1986)
J7
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 Sinclair JS et al; Burns 20 (5): 469-470 (1994) United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997) West, R. R. and Stafford, D. A. Occupational exposures and haematological abnormalities among ordnance factory workers: a case control study. Leuk Res. 1997 Jul; 21(7):675-80.
K7
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997)
L7
Whorton, M. D.; Amsel, J., and Mandel, J. Cohort mortality study of prostate cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med. 1998 Mar; 33(3):293-6.
M7
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 MSDS from Halliburton HSDB Reference United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997) Available from, as of February 9, 2004: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
O7
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102
Q7
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997) Whorton, M. D.; Amsel, J., and Mandel, J. Cohort mortality study of prostate cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med. 1998 Mar; 33(3):293-6.
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Scorecard NIOSH Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 86 International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.14 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997) Sinclair JS et al; Burns 20 (5): 469-470 (1994) Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 435 See references for more citations
S7
Scorecard NIOSH Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1818 Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 82 International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.14 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997 Sinclair JS et al; Burns 20 (5): 469-470 (1994) Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 435 See references for more citations
V7
Environmental Fate -No potential for biological accumulation or food chain contamination. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Anhydride (Draft) p.74 (1982) -Readily infiltrate downward toward ground water. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Anhydride (Draft) p.63 (1982) Terrestrial / Aquatic Fate = hydrolysis Gold V; Trans Faraday Soc 44: 506-18 (1948) Lide DR, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., p. 6-84 (1995) Atmospheric Fate = exist solely as a vapor (unsusceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Lide, DR, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., p. 6-84 (1995) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) Lide DR, GWA Milne. eds; Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. 1: 99 (1994) Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms unlikely due to rapid hydrolysis. Gold V; Trans Faraday Soc 44: 506-18 (1948)
W7
Inhalation, dermal, ingestion, eyes Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1 NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) Gold V; Trans Faraday Soc 44: 506-18 (1948)
MSDS from Science Lab New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Bisulfate, 9-03. NOAA , Cameo Chemicals, Ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Accessed 3-26-09. http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/90 Cassee FR, Arts JH, Fokkens PH, Spoor SM, Boere AJ, van Bree L, Dormans JA. 2002 Dec. Pulmonary effects of ultrafine and fine ammonium salts aerosols in healthy and monocrotaline-treated rats following short-term exposure. Inhal Toxicol 14(12):1215-29. 0895-8378 (Print) Tunnicliffe WS, Harrison RM, Kelly FJ, Dunster C, Ayres JG. 2003 Nov. The effect of sulphurous air pollutant exposures on symptoms, lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, and nasal epithelial lining fluid antioxidant concentrations in normal and asthmatic adults. Occup Environ Med 60(11):e15.
S10
MSDS from Science Lab New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Bisulfate, 9-03. NOAA , Cameo Chemicals, Ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Accessed 3-26-09. http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/90
Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21.
M11
Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21. MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01.
N11
Scorecard Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21. MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Persulfate, 7-00.
R11
Scorecard Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21. MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Persulfate, 7-00.
S11
Scorecard Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21. MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Persulfate, 7-00.
T11
IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01.
G14
CHEC reference: solubility: [Shiu WY et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 116: 15-187 (1990) ]**PEER REVIEWED**
H14
HSDB Reference: [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**
I14
HSDB Reference: [Hubbard S Sullivan F; Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 8 (2): 133 (1995) ]**PEER REVIEWED**
J14
Scorecard EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] HSDB Reference: Cardiovascular [Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322]**PEER REVIEWED**
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ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). HSDB Reference: Rat Study [Price C et al; J Am Coll Toxicol 14 (2): 173 (1995) ]**PEER REVIEWED** [Narotsky M et al; Teratology 51 (3): 192 (1995) ]**PEER REVIEWED**
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EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). NTP. 1987 Oct. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Boric Acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 324:1-126.
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Scorecard EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1414[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3 p.539 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). NTP. 1987 Oct. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Boric Acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 324:1-126.
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Scorecard EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry .
P14
Scorecard EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1414[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3 p.539 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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Scorecard ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). NTP. 1987 Oct. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Boric Acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 324:1-126. HSDB Reference: male/female human fertility [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria Document 204: Boron p.100 (1998). Available from, as of May 12, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]**PEER REVIEWED** beagle dog study [WHO; Boron in Drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/54). Available from, as of May 9, 2005: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/boron.pdf] **PEER REVIEWED**
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Scorecard ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 138 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
S14
Scorecard EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1414[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3 p.539 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
T14
EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on Boric acid (10043-35-3). Available from the ECOTOX database: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Hamilton SJ, Buhl KJ; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19 (3): 366-373 (1990). Available from the ECOTOX database on Boric acid (10043-35-3) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] HSDB Reference: water contamination study [Mann H; Arch Fischereiwiss 24 (1-3): 171-5 (1973) ]**PEER REVIEWED** Daphnia magna reproduction [EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Triisopropylborate (TIPB) as of May 18, 2005. ]**PEER REVIEWED** chinook/coho salmon development [EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Triisopropylborate (TIPB) as of May 17, 2005. ]**PEER REVIEWED** channel catfish toxicity test: [European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of May 18, 2005: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php]**PEER REVIEWED** phytoplankton growth inhibition study [European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of May 18, 2005: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php]**PEER REVIEWED** salmon/oyster uptake study [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 204: Boron p.28 (1998). Available from, as of May 12, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]**PEER REVIEWED**
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LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 100 ppm / 96 hr (soft water) LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 79 ppm / 96 hr (hard water) LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) 155 ppm / 96 hr (soft water) LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) 22 ppm / 96 hr (hard water) LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 46 ppm / 96 hr (soft water) LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 75 ppm / 96 hr (hard water) Birge WJ, Black JA; Sensitivity of Vertebrate Embryos to Boron Compounds p. 1-77 (1977) NTIS# PB-267085 LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, 1 day old) dietary >5620 ppm/8 days LC50 Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, 1 day old) dietary >5620 ppm/8 days LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) >1021 ppm/96 hr LD50 Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) oral >2510 mg/kg/14 days LD50 Apis mellifera (Honey bee, worker) topical >362.58 ug/bee/48 hr USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on Boric acid (10043-35-3). Available from, as of May 13, 2005: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Catostomus latipinnis (Flannelmouth sucker) 1000 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Catostomus latipinnis (Flannelmouth sucker) 337 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Catostomus latipinnis (Flannelmouth sucker) 225 mg/L/72 hr LC50 Catostomus latipinnis (Flannelmouth sucker) 125 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho salmon) >10 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho salmon) 447 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon) >1 g/L/24 hr Hamilton SJ, Buhl KJ; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 38 (3): 296-308 (1997). Available from the ECOTOX database on Boric acid (10043-35-3) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. EC50 Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 180.6 g/L/24 hr EC50 Ceriodaphnia pulchella (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 101.2 g/L/24 hr EC50 Daphnia carinata (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 267.7 g/L/24 hr EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 319.8 g/L/24 hr EC50 Simocephalus vetulus (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 123.4 g/L/24 hr Hickey CW; N.Z. J Mar Freshwater Res 23 (1): 131-137 (1989). Available from the ECOTOX database on Boric acid (10043-35-3) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. LC50 Elodea canadensis (Waterweed) 5 mg B/L/28 days LC50 Myriophyllum alterniflorum (Watermilfoil) 5 mg B/L/28 days LC50 Ranunculus penicillatus (Buttercup) 10 mg B/L/28 days WHO; Environ Health Criteria 204: Boron p.111-2 (1998) Available from, as of May 13, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc204.htm]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 18,000 ppm/24 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 10,500 ppm/48 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 5,600 ppm/96 hr Wallen IE et al; Sewage Ind Wastes 29 (6): 695-711 (1957). Available from the ECOTOX database on Boric acid (10043-35-3) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. EC50 Spriostomum ambiguum (Protozoa; deformations) 752 ppm/24 hr EC50 Spriostomum ambiguum (Protozoa; deformations) 364 ppm/48 hr LC50 Spriostomum ambiguum (Protozoa) 5825 ppm/24 hr LC50 Spriostomum ambiguum (Protozoa) 4871 ppm/48 hr Nalecz-Jawecki G, Sawicki J; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 34 (1): 1-5 (1998) ]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado squawfish, swimup fry 17-31 day) 279 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado squawfish, juvenile 99-115 day) >100 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado squawfish, juvenile 193-207 day) 527 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Xyrauchen texanus (Razorback sucker, swimup fry 10-17 day) 233 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Xyrauchen texanus (Razorback sucker, juvenile 133-139 day) 279 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Xyrauchen texanus (Razorback sucker, juvenile 176-178 day) >100 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Gila elegans (Bonytail, swimup fry 11-18 day) 280 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Gila elegans (Bonytail, juvenile 138-145 day) >100 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Gila elegans (Bonytail, juvenile 220-234 day) 553 mg/L as boron/96 hr LC50 Daphnia magna 52.2 mg/L/21 days EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm on Triisopropylborate (TIPB) as of May 18, 2005. LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) 1.26 g/L/5 days; 0.89 g/L/9 days LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 1.02 g/L/3 days; 0.26 g/L/7 days European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of May 18, 2005: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php LC50 Daphnia magna 133 (115-153) mg/L/48 hr /Static bioassay/ Gersich FM; Environ Toxicol Chem 3 (1): 89-94 (1984
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Environmental Biodegradation = No biotransformation processes WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 204, Boron. World Health Org (1998) Available at http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc204.htm as of Apr 18, 2005 Environmental Abiotic Degradation = no photodegradation EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Summary of existing data, proposed test plan and rationale for cobalt borate neodecanoate complexes (68457-13-6). September, 2005. 201-16042A. Available at http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/metalcarb/c14172rt7.pdf as of Dec 9, 2005. Atmospheric Concentrations = source dominated (ie, dust concentration in a boric acid manufacturing plant) WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 204, Boron. World Health Org (1998) Available at http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc204.htm as of Apr 18, 2005.
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Inhalation/dermal(thru mucous membranes or skin burns)/ingestion USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Boric acid and its Sodium Salts p.28 (February 1994) Available from the Database Query page at http://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/rereg/status.cfm?show=rereg as of December 9, 2005. International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 320
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fatal ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1414[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
M15
MSDS from BJ Services
O15
MSDS from BJ Services
P15
MSDS from BJ Services
R15
Garabrant, D.H., Bernstein, L., Peters, J.M. and Smith, T.J. (1984) Respiratory and eye irritation from boron oxide and boric acid dusts. J Occup Med 26, 584-6. MSDS from BJ Services NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Boron oxide. Nov. 2001.
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NIOSH Garabrant, D.H., Bernstein, L., Peters, J.M. and Smith, T.J. (1984) Respiratory and eye irritation from boron oxide and boric acid dusts. J Occup Med 26, 584-6. MSDS from BJ Services
U15
LC50 Carassius auratus 0.57 g/L/3 day LC50 Carassius auratus 0.15 g/L/7 day LC50 Ictalurus punctaltus 0.5 g/L/9 day LC50 Ictalurus punctatus 0.71 g/L/5 day LC50 Micropterus salmoides 0.3 g/L/8 day LC50 Salmo gairdneri 0.48 g/L/24 day LC50 Salmo gairdneri 0.32 g/L/28 day EC50 Daphia magna 370-490 mg/L/48 hr European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Boron Oxide (1303-86-2) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of May 19, 2005: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php
J16
Scorecard Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-173 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.33 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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Scorecard Strubelt O, Deters M, Pentz R, Siegers CP, Younes M. 1999. The toxic and metabolic effects of 23 aliphatic alcohols in the isolated perfused rat liver. Toxicol Sci 49(1):133-142. Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. Second Edition. Volume 3 Alcohols and Esters. New York, NY: Elsevier, 1992., p. 40 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
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Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-173 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker
P16
Scorecard NIOSH Gonzales RA, Westbrook SL, Bridges LT. 1991. ALCOHOL-INDUCED INHIBITION OF N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE-EVOKED RELEASE OF [H-3] NOREPINEPHRINE FROM BRAIN IS RELATED TO LIPOPHILICITY. Neuropharmacology 30(5):441-446. Kotter K, Klein J. 1999 Dec. Ethanol inhibits astroglial cell proliferation by disruption of phospholipase D-mediated signaling. J Neurochem 73(6):2517-23. Lovinger DM, White G, Weight FF. 1989 Mar 31. Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated ion current in hippocampal neurons. Science 243(4899):1721-4. Neuhaus-Steinmetz U, Xu CS, Fracella F, Oberheitmann B, Richterlandsberg C, Rensing L. 1994. HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE AND CYTOTOXICITY IN C6 RAT GLIOMA-CELLS - STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF DIFFERENT ALCOHOLS. Mol Pharmacol 45(1):36-41. See references for more citations
R16
Scorecard NIOSH Carlson GP. 1994 Jan. In vitro esterification of fatty acids by various alcohols in rats and rabbits. Toxicol Lett 70(1):57-61. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-173 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 214 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. Second Edition. Volume 3 Alcohols and Esters. New York, NY: Elsevier, 1992., p. 40 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
S16
Scorecard NIOSH Podlekareva D, Pan Z, Kjaergaard S, Molhave L. 2002 Jun. Irritation of the human eye mucous membrane caused by airborne pollutants. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 75(5):359-64. Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 162 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 214 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
T16
Thompson G, De Pomerai DI. 2005. Toxicity of short-chain alcohols to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: A comparison of endpoints. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19(2):87-95. Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 108 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 301 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
U16
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1730 mg/l/96 hr Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 108 LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1950, 1950, 1950, 1950, & 1910 mg/l at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1940, 1940, 1940, 1940, & 1940 mg/l at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96 hr Toxicity Threshold: Scenedesmus quadricauda (green algae) 875 mg/l Toxicity Threshold: Microcystis aeruginosa (algae) 100 mg/l Toxic Dose: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae) 8,500 mg/l Toxicity Threshold: Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 8.0 mg/l Toxicity Threshold: Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa) 55 mg/l Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 301 EC50 Daphnia magna (daphnid) 2337 mg/l/24 hr EC50 Daphnia magna (daphnid) 1983 mg/l/48 hr Kuhn R et al; Water Res 23 (4): 495-99 (1989)
V16
Terrestrial Fate = high mobility in soil -Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) -Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 10 (1995) -Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Aquatic Fate = biodegradation Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) Atmospheric Fate = exist solely as a vapor -Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) -Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) Degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) Environmental Bioconcentration potential in aquatic organisms is low -Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 10 (1995) -Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) -Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
W16
Inhalation/dermal/ingestion NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1989) Conkle JP et al; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975) Veulemans H et al; Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 671-76 (1987) Veulemans H et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 13: 239-42 (1987)
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fatal Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-173 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2640As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker
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OECD SIDS. 2001 Jan. Citric acid CAS No 77-92-9. UNEP Publications :102 pp. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:768 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker Young JA. 2003. Citric acid. J Chem Educ 80(5):480.
M17
MSDS from JT Baker OECD SIDS. 2001 Jan. Citric acid CAS No 77-92-9. UNEP Publications :102 pp.
P17
OECD SIDS. 2001 Jan. Citric acid CAS No 77-92-9. UNEP Publications :102 pp.
R17
MSDS from JT Baker OECD SIDS. 2001 Jan. Citric acid CAS No 77-92-9. UNEP Publications :102 pp. Young JA. 2003. Citric acid. J Chem Educ 80(5):480.
S17
OECD SIDS. 2001 Jan. Citric acid CAS No 77-92-9. UNEP Publications :102 pp. Young JA. 2003. Citric acid. J Chem Educ 80(5):480. MSDS from JT Baker U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 242 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:768 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
T17
Portmann JE, Wilson KW; Shellfish Information Leaflet No.22 (2nd ed) Ministry of Agric Fish Food:12 (1971). [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
V17
Terrestrial Fate = very high mobility in soil -Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) -Sirius Technical Application Notes. Vol 1. East Sussex, England: Sirius Analytical Instruments Ltd, ISBN 901125 00 9, p. 168 (1995) -Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Aquatic Fate = Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms -Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) -Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Atmospheric Fate = exists solely in the particulate phase -Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) -Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Supplement 1. New York, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1991) Unsusceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)
W17
Dermal / ingestion NIOSH; International Safety Cards. Citric Acid. 77-92-9. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/nicstart.html as of April 26, 2006.
X17
fatal Young JA. 2003. Citric acid. J Chem Educ 80(5):480. teeth Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:768 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
H18
Scorecard NIOSH OSHA
I18
Daniel, L. N.; Mao, Y.; Wang, T. C.; Markey, C. J.; Markey, S. P.; Shi, X., and Saffiotti, U. DNA strand breakage, thymine glycol production, and hydroxyl radical generation induced by different samples of crystalline silica in vitro. Environ Res. 1995 Oct; 71(1):60-73.
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Lee, S. H. and Richards, R. J. Montserrat volcanic ash induces lymph node granuloma and delayed lung inflammation. Toxicology. 2004 Feb 15; 195(2-3):155-65. Rafnsson, V.; Ingimarsson, O.; Hjalmarsson, I., and Gunnarsdottir, H. Association between exposure to crystalline silica and risk of sarcoidosis. Occup Environ Med. 1998 Oct; 55(10):657-60. CCOHS. 1997 Dec 19. Crystalline silicas:5 pp.
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Scorecard NIOSH OSHA IARC Hemenway DR, Absher MP, Fubini B, Bolis V. 1993 Sep-Oct. What is the relationship between hemolytic potential and fibrogenicity of mineral dusts? Arch Environ Health 48(5):343-7. KING EJ, MOHANTY GP, HARRISON CV, NAGELSCHMIDT G. 1953 Jan. The action of different forms of pure silica on the lungs of rats. Br J Ind Med 10(1):9-17. Low RB, Leslie KO, Hemenway DR, Absher M, Adler KB, Giancola MS, Vacek PM. 1990 Apr. Alveolar type II cell response in rats exposed to aerosols of alpha-cristobalite. Am J Pathol 136(4):923-31. See references for more citations
S18
ANON; Crystalline silicas; Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, Oct. 1990.
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NIOSH HAZARD REVIEW: Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica, Chapter 4 Calvert, G. M.; Rice, F. L.; Boiano, J. M.; Sheehy, J. W., and Sanderson, W. T. Occupational silica exposure and risk of various diseases: an analysis using death certificates from 27 states of the United States. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Feb; 60(2):122-9. Ding, M.; Chen, F.; Shi, X.; Yucesoy, B.; Mossman, B., and Vallyathan, V. Diseases caused by silica: mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immunopharmacol. 2002 Feb; 2(2-3):173-82. Finkelstein, M. M. Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer: a risk assessment. Am J Ind Med. 2000 Jul; 38(1):8-18. WHO, IARC. Silica. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 1997; 68 (Silica Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation)24 pp. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust). Nov. 2001. Steenland, K.; Mannetje, A.; Boffetta, P.; Stayner, L.; Attfield, M.; Chen, J.; Dosemeci, M.; DeKlerk, N.; Hnizdo, E.; Koskela, R., and Checkoway, H. Pooled exposure-response analyses and risk assessment for lung cancer in 10 cohorts of silica-exposed workers: an IARC multicentre study. Cancer Causes Control. 2001 Nov; 12(9):773-84. See references for more citations
I19
Johnston CJ et al; Toxicol Sci 56 (2): 405-13 (2000)
L19
Scorecard Elizegi, E.; Pino, I.; Vicent, S.; Blanco, D.; Saffiotti, U., and Montuenga, L. M. Hyperplasia of alveolar neuroendocrine cells in rat lung carcinogenesis by silica with selective expression of proadrenomedullin-derived peptides and amidating enzymes. Laboratory Investigation. 2001; 81(12):1627-1638.
N19
Calvert, G. M.; Rice, F. L.; Boiano, J. M.; Sheehy, J. W., and Sanderson, W. T. Occupational silica exposure and risk of various diseases: an analysis using death certificates from 27 states of the United States. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Feb; 60(2):122-9. Ding, M.; Chen, F.; Shi, X.; Yucesoy, B.; Mossman, B., and Vallyathan, V. Diseases caused by silica: mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immunopharmacol. 2002 Feb; 2(2-3):173-82. USEPA; Ambient Levels & Noncancer Health Effects of Inhaled Crystalline & Amorphous Silica: Health Issue Assessment p.5-8 (1996) EPA/600/R-95/115 Parks, C. G.; Conrad, K., and Cooper, G. S. Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and autoimmune disease. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Oct; 107 Suppl 5:793-802. Steenland, K.; Sanderson, W., and Calvert, G. M. Kidney disease and arthritis in a cohort study of workers exposed to silica. Epidemiology. 2001 Jul; 12(4):405-12.
O19
Steenland, K.; Sanderson, W., and Calvert, G. M. Kidney disease and arthritis in a cohort study of workers exposed to silica. Epidemiology. 2001 Jul; 12(4):405-12.
R19
Calvert, G. M.; Rice, F. L.; Boiano, J. M.; Sheehy, J. W., and Sanderson, W. T. Occupational silica exposure and risk of various diseases: an analysis using death certificates from 27 states of the United States. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Feb; 60(2):122-9. Finkelstein, M. M. Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer: a risk assessment. Am J Ind Med. 2000 Jul; 38(1):8-18. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust). Nov. 2001. World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety; Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No. 24, Crystalline Silica, Quartz pp.4-5 (2000) Elizegi, E.; Pino, I.; Vicent, S.; Blanco, D.; Saffiotti, U., and Montuenga, L. M. Hyperplasia of alveolar neuroendocrine cells in rat lung carcinogenesis by silica with selective expression of proadrenomedullin-derived peptides and amidating enzymes. Laboratory Investigation. 2001; 81(12):1627-1638. Ding, M.; Chen, F.; Shi, X.; Yucesoy, B.; Mossman, B., and Vallyathan, V. Diseases caused by silica: mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immunopharmacol. 2002 Feb; 2(2-3):173-82. See references for more citations
S19
Halliburton MSDS NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust). Nov. 2001. Golbabaei, F.; Barghi, M. A., and Sakhaei, M. Evaluation of workers' exposure to total, respirable and silica dust and the related health symptoms in Senjedak stone quarry, Iran. Ind Health. 2004 Jan; 42(1):29-33.
H20
Checkoway, H.; Heyer, N. J.; Demers, P. A., and Breslow, N. E. Mortality among workers in the diatomaceous earth industry. Br J Ind Med. 1993 Jul; 50(7):586-97. Checkoway, H.; Heyer, N. J.; Demers, P. A., and Gibbs, G. W. Reanalysis of mortality from lung cancer among diatomaceous earth industry workers, with consideration of potential confounding by asbestos exposure. Occup Environ Med. 1996 Sep; 53(9):645-7. Rice, F. L.; Park, R.; Stayner, L.; Smith, R.; Gilbert, S., and Checkoway, H. Crystalline silica exposure and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occup Environ Med. 2001 Jan; 58(1):38-45.
I20
Elias, Z.; Poirot, O.; Fenoglio, I.; Ghiazza, M.; Daniere, M. C.; Terzetti, F.; Darne, C.; Coulais, C.; Matekovits, I., and Fubini, B. Surface reactivity, cytotoxic, and morphological transforming effects of diatomaceous Earth products in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jun; 91(2):510-20.
N20
Bye, E.; Davies, R.; Griffiths, D. M.; Gylseth, B., and Moncrieff, C. B. In vitro cytotoxicity and quantitative silica analysis of diatomaceous earth products. Br J Ind Med. 1984 May; 41(2):228-34.
P20
Rafnsson, V. and Gunnarsdottir, H. Lung cancer incidence among an Icelandic cohort exposed to diatomaceous earth and cristobalite. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997 Jun; 23(3):187-92.
R20
Checkoway, H.; Heyer, N. J.; Demers, P. A., and Breslow, N. E. Mortality among workers in the diatomaceous earth industry. Br J Ind Med. 1993 Jul; 50(7):586-97. Harber, P.; Dahlgren, J.; Bunn, W.; Lockey, J., and Chase, G. Radiographic and spirometric findings in diatomaceous earth workers. J Occup Environ Med. 1998 Jan; 40(1):22-8. Merget, R.; Bauer, T.; Kupper, H. U.; Philippou, S.; Bauer, H. D.; Breitstadt, R., and Bruening, T. Health hazards due to the inhalation of amorphous silica. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Jan; 75(11-12):625-34. Rabovsky, J. Biogenic amorphous silica. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1995; 21 Suppl 2:108-10. Wozniak, H. and Wiecek, E. [Amorphous silica. Types, health effects of exposure, NDS]. Med Pr. 1995; 46(2):179-87. MSDS from Baker Hughes See references for more citations
S20
Rafnsson, V. and Gunnarsdottir, H. Lung cancer incidence among an Icelandic cohort exposed to diatomaceous earth and cristobalite. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997 Jun; 23(3):187-92.
X20
Elias, Z.; Poirot, O.; Fenoglio, I.; Ghiazza, M.; Daniere, M. C.; Terzetti, F.; Darne, C.; Coulais, C.; Matekovits, I., and Fubini, B. Surface reactivity, cytotoxic, and morphological transforming effects of diatomaceous Earth products in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jun; 91(2):510-20. Hart, G. A. and Hesterberg, T. W. In vitro toxicity of respirable-size particles of diatomaceous earth and crystalline silica compared with asbestos and titanium dioxide. J Occup Environ Med. 1998 Jan; 40(1):29-42.
S22
MSDS from BJ Services Bergh, M.; Shao, L. P.; Magnusson, K.; Gafvert, E.; Nilsson, J. L., and Karlberg, A. T. Atmospheric oxidation of poly(oxyethylene) alcohols. Identification of ethoxylated formates as oxidation products and study of their contact allergenic activity. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Apr; 88(4):483-8. Bodin, A.; Linnerborg, M.; Nilsson, J. L., and Karlberg, A. T. Structure elucidation, synthesis, and contact allergenic activity of a major hydroperoxide formed at autoxidation of the ethoxylated surfactant C12E5. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 May; 16(5):575-82. Nuyts, R. M.; Edelhauser, H. F.; Pels, E., and Breebaart, A. C. Toxic effects of detergents on the corneal endothelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug; 108(8):1158-62.
T22
Garcia, M. T.; Ribosa, I.; Leal, J. S., and Hreczuch, W. Effect of homolog distribution on the toxicity of alcohol ethoxylates. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 1996; 73(7):903-906. Ghirardini, A. V.; Novelli, A. A.; Likar, B.; Pojana, G.; Ghatti, P. F., and Marcomini, A. Sperm cell toxicity test using sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Sensitivity and discriminatory ability toward anionic and nonionic surfactants. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. 2001; 20(3):644-651. Kaluza, U. and Taeger, K. Chemical structure of alkanol ethoxylates and ecotoxicological properties. Tenside Surfactants Detergents. 1996; 33(1):46-51.Raney, K. H. Impact of phase behavior on aquatic toxicity testing of alcohol ethoxylates. Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2000; 167(1-2):151-164.
L24
Scorecard
M24
MSDS from Fisher Scientific
R24
MSDS from Fisher Scientific
S24
MSDS from Fisher Scientific MSDS from JT Baker
T24
MSDS from JT Baker
J25
Scorecard ATSDR American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 6 Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T; Clinical Toxicology. W.B. Saunders Company., Philadelphia, PA. 2001, p. 760 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3823
K25
Scorecard ATSDR Neeper-Bradley TL, Tyl RW, Fisher LC, Kubena MF, Vrbanic MA, Losco PE. 1995 Aug. Determination of a no-observed-effect level for developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol administered by gavage to CD rats and CD-1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(1):121-30. NTP-CERHR. 2003 May. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol.NTP-CERHR-EG-03. NTP-CERHR. 2004 Jan. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Ethylene Glycol.NIH Publication No. 04-4481. Tyl RW, Ballantyne B, Fisher LC, Fait DL, Dodd DE, Klonne DR, Pritts IM, Losco PE. 1995 Aug. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol aerosol in CD-1 mice by nose-only exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(1):49-62. Tyl RW, Ballantyne B, Fisher LC, Fait DL, Savine TA, Dodd DE, Klonne DR, Pritts IM. 1995 Jan. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol aerosol in the CD rat and CD-1 mouse by whole-body exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol 24(1):57-75. See references for more citations
L25
DePass LR, Garman RH, Woodside MD, Giddens WE, Maronpot RR, Weil CS. 1986 Nov. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity studies of ethylene glycol in rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7(4):547-65. Creasy, D. M.; Flynn, J. C.; Gray, T. J., and Butler, W. H. A quantitative study of stage specific spermatocyte damage following administration of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat. Experimental & Molecular Pathology. 1985; 43:321-336. Melnick RL. 1984. Toxicities of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 57:147-155.
M25
Scorecard ATSDR NIOSH DePass LR, Garman RH, Woodside MD, Giddens WE, Maronpot RR, Weil CS. 1986 Nov. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity studies of ethylene glycol in rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7(4):547-65. Melnick RL. 1984. Toxicities of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 57:147-155. Neeper-Bradley TL, Tyl RW, Fisher LC, Kubena MF, Vrbanic MA, Losco PE. 1995 Aug. Determination of a no-observed-effect level for developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol administered by gavage to CD rats and CD-1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(1):121-30. IPCS. 2002. Ethylene Glycol: Human Health Aspects. World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. See references for more citations
N25
NIOSH O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 675 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3823
O25
Scorecard ATSDR DePass LR, Garman RH, Woodside MD, Giddens WE, Maronpot RR, Weil CS. 1986 Nov. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity studies of ethylene glycol in rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7(4):547-65. IPCS. 2002. Ethylene Glycol: Human Health Aspects. World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Melnick RL. 1984. Toxicities of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 57:147-155. Neeper-Bradley TL, Tyl RW, Fisher LC, Kubena MF, Vrbanic MA, Losco PE. 1995 Aug. Determination of a no-observed-effect level for developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol administered by gavage to CD rats and CD-1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(1):121-30. NTP-CERHR. 2003 May. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol.NTP-CERHR-EG-03. NTP-CERHR. 2004 Jan. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Ethylene Glycol.NIH Publication No. 04-4481. See references for more citations
P25
Scorecard ATSDR NIOSH Melnick RL. 1984. Toxicities of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 57:147-155. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 6 Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 416 Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 599 O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 675 Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T; Clinical Toxicology. W.B. Saunders Company., Philadelphia, PA. 2001, p. 760 See references for more citations
Q25
Scorecard ATSDR Correa A, Gray RH, Cohen R, Rothman N, Shah F, Seacat H, Corn M. 1996 Apr 1. Ethylene glycol ethers and risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility. Am J Epidemiol 143(7):707-17. Creasy DM, Flynn JC, Gray TJ, Butler WH. 1985. A quantitative study of stage specific spermatocyte damage following administration of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat. Experimental & Molecular Pathology 43:321-336.
R25
Scorecard ATSDR NIOSH IPCS. 2002. Ethylene Glycol: Human Health Aspects. World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 6 Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T; Clinical Toxicology. W.B. Saunders Company., Philadelphia, PA. 2001, p. 760
S25
Scorecard NIOSH Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 416 O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 675 U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 4 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 6
T25
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1108 Jank BE et al; Water Res 8: 875-880 (1984) as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) p.51 (1984) Johnson WW, Finley MT; US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC (1980) as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) p.51 (1984) Portman JE, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Sept. 1970) as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) p.51 (1984) Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation Vol. 52, No. 6 (June, 1980) as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) p.51 (1984)
U25
LD50 Carassius auratus (goldfish) >5,000 mg/l/24 hr LC50 Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) 49,300 ppm/7 days Toxicity threshold: Bacteria (Pseudomonas putida): 10,000 mg/l Protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum) and (Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff) >10,000 mg/l Algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) 2,000 mg/l Green algae (Scenedesmus quandricauda) > 10,000 mg/l Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1107, 1108 LC50 Rainbow trout 18500 mg/l/96 hr Jank BE et al; Water Res 8: 875-880 (1984)* LC50 Rainbow trout 41000 mg/l/96 hr Johnson WW, Finley MT; US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC (1980)* LC50 Brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) >100 mg/L/48 hr Portman JE, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Sept. 1970)* LC50 Goldfish 5000 mg/L/24 hr Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation Vol. 52, No. 6 (June, 1980)* *as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) p.51 (1984)
V25
Terrestrial Fate = very high mobility in soil Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) Aquatic Fate = biodegradation Evans WH, David EJ; Water Res 8: 97-100 (1974) Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-616 (1985) Atmospheric Fate = exists solely as a vapor Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) Unsusceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No. 1 (1989)
W25
Inhalation / dermal / mucous membranes Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 3 NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) Abdelghani AA et al; Fate of Ethylene Glycol in the Environment. NTIS PB90-264672 (1990)
X25
fatal ATSDR Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 10 Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 726 Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1152 Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1887 See references formore citations body weight American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 6
X S S S S S S S S R,G,E,C
X X S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S
X S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S
S S S S R,G,E,C
X S S S S S S S S S S S S S
X P S S S S S S S S S
R,G,E,C
S S S S S S
X P S S S S S
X S S S S S S S
I26
MSDS from Science Lab
J26
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from Fisher Scientific Young JA. 2003. Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate FeSO4•7H2O CAS No.: 7782-63-0. J Chem Educ 80(2):141. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Vol. 230, Pg. 491, 1955. [As cited in ChemIDplus Lite, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright January 24, 2006]
M26
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from Fisher Scientific Young JA. 2003. Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate FeSO4•7H2O CAS No.: 7782-63-0. J Chem Educ 80(2):141.
N26
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from Fisher Scientific
O26
MSDS from Science Lab
P26
MSDS from Science Lab Young JA. 2003. Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate FeSO4•7H2O CAS No.: 7782-63-0. J Chem Educ 80(2):141. Liu R, Liu W, Doctrow SR, Baudry M. 2003 Apr. Iron toxicity in organotypic cultures of hippocampal slices: role of reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 85(2):492-502. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Vol. 230, Pg. 491, 1955. [As cited in ChemIDplus Lite, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright January 24, 2006]
R26
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from Fisher Scientific Young JA. 2003. Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate FeSO4•7H2O CAS No.: 7782-63-0. J Chem Educ 80(2):141. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Vol. 230, Pg. 491, 1955. [As cited in ChemIDplus Lite, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright January 24, 2006]
S26
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from Fisher Scientific Young JA. 2003. Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate FeSO4•7H2O CAS No.: 7782-63-0. J Chem Educ 80(2):141.
H27
Scorecard NIOSH Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Toxicological profile for Formaldehyde. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V62 336 (1995) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) for 1995-1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1995., p. 22 Vaughn TL et al; Int J Cancer 38 (5): 677-84 (1986) Olsen JH, Asnaes S; Br J Ind Med 43 (11): 769-74 (1986) Collins JJ et al; J NCI 80 (5): 376-7 (1988) Matanoski GM; Risks of Pathologists Exposed to Formaldehyde School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Grant No. RO1-OH-01511 (1989) DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde p. 86 (1999) See references for more citations
I27
Mutat Res 1993 Sep;297(2):101-80 Mutat Res 297:101-180,1993 Goldmacher VS et al; Toxicol Epidemiol Mech (Pap Meet) 173-91 (1983) Obe G, Beek B; Drug and Alcohol Dependence 4: 91-4 (1979) Goldmacher VS et al; Toxicol Epidemiol Mech (Pap Meet) 173-91 (1983) DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde p. 86 (1999) Liber HL et al; Mutat Res 226 (1): 31-7 (1989)
J27
Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 276 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V29 370 (1982) Matanoski GM; Risks of Pathologists Exposed to Formaldehyde School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Grant No. RO1-OH-01511 (1989) DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde p. 113 (1999)
K27
Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. Thrasher, J. D. and Kilburn, K. H. Embryo toxicity and teratogenicity of formaldehyde. Arch Environ Health. 2001 Jul-2001 Aug 31; 56(4):300-11.
L27
Matanoski GM; Risks of Pathologists Exposed to Formaldehyde School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Grant No. RO1-OH-01511 (1989)
M27
Scorecard Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Toxicological profile for Formaldehyde. Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 993 ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1988., p. 250 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-197 WHO; Environ Health Criteria 89: Formaldehyde p.141 (1989) See references for more citations
N27
Scorecard Quinnan GV et al; Transfusion 26 (5): 481-3 (1986) Thrasher JD et al; Arch Environ Health 42 (6): 347-50 (1987) Orlandini A et al; Contact Dermatitis 19 (5): 383-4 (1988) Thrasher JD et al; Arch Environ Health 45 (4): 217-23 (1990) DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde p. 55 (1999) See references for more citations
O27
Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde p. 113 (1999)
P27
Scorecard Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 993 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-197 Matanoski GM; Risks of Pathologists Exposed to Formaldehyde School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Grant No. RO1-OH-01511 (1989) WHO; Environ Health Criteria 89: Formaldehyde p.138 (1989) See references for more citations
Q27
Scorecard Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V62 336 (1995)
R27
Scorecard NIOSH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 276 HENDRICK DJ ET AL; J OCCUP MED 24 (11): 893 (1982) ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1988., p. 250 Plunkett ER, Barbela T; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38: 61 (1977) Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-197 DALHAMN T, ROSENGREN A; ARCH OTOLARYNGOL 93 (5): 496-500 (1971) Horvath EP et al; J Am Med Assoc 259 (5): 701-7 (1988) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Toxicological profile for Formaldehyde. See references for more citations
S27
Scorecard NIOSH Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 971 Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 443 Plunkett ER, Barbela T; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38: 61 (1977) Health and Safety Executive Monograph: Formaldehyde p.8 (1981) Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-197 Horvath EP et al; J Am Med Assoc 259 (5): 701-7 (1988) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Toxicological profile for Formaldehyde. See references for more citations
T27
Shellfish typically contain 1-100 mg/kg of formaldehyde IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO 62: 243 (1995)
U27
LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, weight 0.63 g) 118 ppm/96 hr LC50 Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon, weight 0.6 g) 173 ppm/96 hr LC50 Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout, weight 0.5 g) 100 ppm/96 hr LC50 Lepomis cyanellus (Green sunfish, weight 0.7 g) 173 ppm/96 hr LC50 Micropterus dolomieui (Smallmouth bass, weight 0.68 g) 136 ppm/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 0.5 g) 100 ppm/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 0.71 g) 80.8 ppm/96 hr LC50 Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside, weight 0.22 g) 69 ppm/96 hr LC50 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass, weight 1.0 g) 143 ppm/96 hr LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 6 days) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 14 days) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days LD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 72 weeks) oral 790 mg/kg LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish, weight 0.4 g) 65.8 ppm/96 hr LC50 Penaeus duorarum (Pink shrimp, weight 1.44 g) 143 ppm/96 hr LC50 Trachinotus carolinus (Florida pompano, weight 0.25 g) 69.1 ppm/96 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, weight 0.81 g) >100 ppm/96 hr USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on Formaldehyde (50-00-0). Available from, as of May 30, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, avg length 1.5-1.8 in, avg weight 0.5-0.9 g) 207 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, avg length 1.5-1.8 in, avg weight 0.5-0.9 g) 168 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout, avg length: 4.0 in, avg weight 2.5-3.2 g) 220 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout, avg length: 4.0 in, avg weight 2.5-3.2 g) 167 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, avg length: 1.4-1.7 in, avg weight 0.7-1.1 g) 185 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, avg length: 1.4-1.7 in, avg weight 0.7-1.1 g) 140 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Salmo trutta (Brown trout, avg length: 1.7-1.9 in, avg weight 0.8-1.2 g) 325 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Salmo trutta (Brown trout, avg length: 1.7-1.9 in, avg weight 0.8-1.2 g) 185 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout, avg length: 1.5-1.6 in, avg weight 0.4-0.6 g) 196 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout, avg length: 1.5-1.6 in, avg weight 0.4-0.6 g) 157 mg/L/48 hr Wilford WA; Invest Fish Control No.18, Resourc Publ No.35, US DOI :10 (1966) Available from, as of May 30, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) 156 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) 69.2 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Ameiurus melas (Black bullhead) 69.2 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Ameiurus melas (Black bullhead) 24.8 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Micropterus dolomieui (Smallmouth bass) 88.8 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Micropterus dolomieui (Smallmouth bass) 54.4 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) 412 mg/L/6 hr LC50 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) 113 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) 57.2 mg/L/96 Bills TD et al; Investigations in Fish Control No. 73, US DOI: 1-7.8 (1977) Available from, as of May 30, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Anguilla rostrata (American eel, yellow phase eels) 329.65 mg/L/96 hr Hinton MJ, Eversole AG; Prog Fish-Cult 42 (4): 201-203 (1980) Available from, as of May 26, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Anguilla rostrata (American eel, black eel stage) 224.49 mg/L/96 hr Hinton MJ, Eversole AG; Proc World Maricul Soc 10: 554-560 (1979) Available from, as of May 26, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra danio) 41 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Rasbora heteromorpha (Harlequin) 76 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Rasbora heteromorpha (Harlequin) 50 mg/L/48 hr Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1174 LC50 Chanos chanos (Milkfish, fingerlings) 322 ppm/24 hr LC50 Chanos chanos (Milkfish, fingerlings) 260 ppm/48 hr LC50 Chanos chanos (Milkfish, fingerlings) 241 ppm/72 hr LC50 Chanos chanos (Milkfish, fingerlings) 232 ppm/96 hr [Cruz ER, Pitogo CL; Aquaculture 78 (2): 135-145 (1989) Available from, as of May 26, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 /Morone saxatilis/ (Striped bass, larvae) 10 mg/L/48-96 hr Environmental Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Formaldehyde p.67 (1985) LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 50 mg/L/48 hr Tisler T, Zagorc-Koncan J; Water Air Soil Pollut 97 (3/4): 315-322 (1997) Available from, as of May 30, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 24.1 mg/L/96 hr Geiger D.L., D.J. Call, L.T. Brooke. (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales- Promelas). Vol. V. Superior WI: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1990., p. 31
V27
Terrestrial Fate = Biodegrades (aqueous aerobic / anaerobic conditions) -CITI; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals. Formaldehyde (50-00-0). Available from the Database Query page at http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/kizon/KIZON_start_hazkizon.html as May 10, 2006. -Kitchens JF et al; Investigation of selected potential environmental contaminants; formaldehyde. Washington DC: USEPA, Off Tox Subst USEPA 560/2-76-009 p. 99-110 (1976) -Hatfield R; Ind Eng Chem 49: 192-6 (1957) -Heukelekian H, Rand MC; J Water Pollut Control Assoc 29: 1040-53 (1955) -Verschueren K; Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons, p. 1170-4 (2001) Very high mobility in soil -Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) -Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) -Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Aquatic Fate = Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms -Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) -Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) -Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment -Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) -Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) -Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Atmospheric Fate = exists in the gas phase -Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) -Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci Publ p. 44 (1984) May directly photolyze in sunlight Su F et al; J Phys Chem 83: 3185-91 (1979)
W27
Inhalation / dermal / ingestion NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO 62: 243 (1995) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 276
X27
fatal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Toxicological profile for Formaldehyde. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-197 Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1214 body weight Til, H.P., R.A. Woutersen, V.J. Feron, V.H.M. Hollanders, H.E. Falke and J.J. Clary. 1989. Two-year drinking water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 77-87.
I28
Kari F. 1993. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glutaraldehyde (CAS No. 111-30-8) Administered by Inhalation to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 25:120 pp. NTP. 1999 Sep. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Glutaraldehyde (CAS NO. 111-30-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 490:1-234. Sheftel, Victor O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers: Migration and Toxicology (Boca Raton 2000) p.917
J28
Van Miller JP, Hermansky SJ, Losco PE, Ballantyne B. 2002 Jun 14. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study with glutaraldehyde dosed in the drinking water of Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 175(1-3):177-89.
K28
Scorecard
L28
Kari F. 1993. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glutaraldehyde (CAS No. 111-30-8) Administered by Inhalation to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 25:120 pp.
M28
NIOSH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979), p. 447 Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1219 Sheftel, Victor O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers: Migration and Toxicology (Boca Raton 2000) p.917
N28
Scorecard NIOSH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979), p. 447 Sheftel, Victor O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers: Migration and Toxicology (Boca Raton 2000) p.917 Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 983 Palczynski C, Walusiak J, Ruta U, Gorski P. 2001. Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to glutaraldehyde: changes in nasal lavage fluid after specific inhalatory challenge test. Allergy 56(12):1186-1191. Takigawa T, Endo Y. 2006. Effects of glutaraldehyde exposure on human health. Journal of Occupational Health 48(2):75-87. See references for more citations
O28
Sheftel, Victor O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers: Migration and Toxicology (Boca Raton 2000) p.917 Health Canada. 2007. Registration Decision: Ucarcide 250 Antimicrobial GlutaraldehydePest Management Regulatory Agency. Van Miller JP, Hermansky SJ, Losco PE, Ballantyne B. 2002 Jun 14. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study with glutaraldehyde dosed in the drinking water of Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 175(1-3):177-89.
P28
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979), p. 447
Q28
Scorecard
R28
Scorecard NIOSH NTP. 1999 Sep. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Glutaraldehyde (CAS NO. 111-30-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 490:1-234. OECD SIDS. Glutaradehyde: CAS No 111-30-8. UNEP Publications :83 pp. accessed 2007 Dec 5. Palczynski C, Walusiak J, Ruta U, Gorski P. 2001. Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to glutaraldehyde: changes in nasal lavage fluid after specific inhalatory challenge test. Allergy 56(12):1186-1191. Takigawa T, Endo Y. 2006. Effects of glutaraldehyde exposure on human health. Journal of Occupational Health 48(2):75-87. See references for more citations
S28
Scorecard NIOSH Health Canada. 2007. Registration Decision: Ucarcide 250 Antimicrobial GlutaraldehydePest Management Regulatory Agency. OECD SIDS. Glutaradehyde: CAS No 111-30-8. UNEP Publications :83 pp. accessed 2007 Dec 5. Ravis SM, Shaffer MP, Shaffer CL, Dehkhaghani S, Belsito DV. 2003. Glutaraldehyde-induced and formaldehyde-induced allergic contact dermatitis among dental hygienists and assistants. J Am Dent Assoc 134(8):1072-1078. Takigawa T, Endo Y. 2006. Effects of glutaraldehyde exposure on human health. Journal of Occupational Health 48(2):75-87. See references for more citations
T28
X-Cide 102 product label OECD SIDS. Glutaradehyde: CAS No 111-30-8. UNEP Publications :83 pp. accessed 2007 Dec 5.
W28
Occupational exposure to health care workers is common. Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 983
X28
death Health Canada. 2007. Registration Decision: Ucarcide 250 Antimicrobial GlutaraldehydePest Management Regulatory Agency. X-Cide 102 product label
G30
HSDB Reference Completely soluble in water Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 780
N30
Kanerva, L.; Tupasela, O.; Jolanki, R.; Vaheri, E.; Estlander, T., and Keskinen, H. Occupational allergic rhinitis from guar gum. Clin Allergy. 1988 May; 18(3):245-52. Lemiere, C.; Cartier, A.; Malo, J. L., and Lehrer, S. B. Persistent specific bronchial reactivity to occupational agents in workers with normal nonspecific bronchial reactivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Sep; 162(3 Pt 1):976-80.
R30
Kanerva, L.; Tupasela, O.; Jolanki, R.; Vaheri, E.; Estlander, T., and Keskinen, H. Occupational allergic rhinitis from guar gum. Clin Allergy. 1988 May; 18(3):245-52. Lemiere, C.; Cartier, A.; Malo, J. L., and Lehrer, S. B. Persistent specific bronchial reactivity to occupational agents in workers with normal nonspecific bronchial reactivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Sep; 162(3 Pt 1):976-80. MSDS from Science Lab
S30
MSDS from Science Lab
J32
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 4489 Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 818 Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995., p. 740
M32
Scorecard Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 773 EPA. 2007 Nov 6. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride): 7647-01-0. Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site . Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 818 Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 4490 Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995., p. 740
N32
Scorecard EPA. 2007 Nov 6. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride): 7647-01-0. Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site .
R32
Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Hydrogen chloride, Nov. 2001. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 1545 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 773 EPA. 2007 Nov 6. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride): 7647-01-0. Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site . Buckley LA, Jiang XZ, James RA, Morgan KT, Barrow CS. 1984 Jul. Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74(3):417-29. IPCS - International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1982. Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. Environmental Health Criteria 21 :74 pp. See references for more citations
S32
Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Hydrogen chloride, Nov. 2001. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 818 IPCS - International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1982. Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. Environmental Health Criteria 21 :74 pp. OEHHA. 2007. Hydrogen chloride. Chronic Toxicity Summaries for 22 Chemicals :A84-A87. EPA. 2007 Nov 6. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride): 7647-01-0. Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site . See references for more citations
T32
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Hydrochloric acid (Draft) p.87 (1981
U32
LC50 Shrimp 100 to 330 ppm/48 hr (salt water) U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. LC50; Species: Carcinus maenas (Green or Europeon shore crab, adult) Concentration: 240 mg/L for 48 hr LC50; Species: Crangon crangon (Common shrimp, adult) Concentration: 260 mg/L for 48 hr Portmann JE, Wilson KW; Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Shellfish Info Leaflet No. 22: 11 (1971) Available from, as of June 15, 2007: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm EC50; Species: Osteichthyes (Bony fish, 6 taxa); Concentration: 0.000014 M for < or = 560 min; Ishio S; Advances in Water Pollution Research p. 19-40 (1965) Available from, as of June 15, 2007: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish, female adult); Concentration: 282 mg/L for 24, 48, 96 hr Wallen IE et al; Sewage Ind Wastes 29 (6): 695-711 (1957) Available from, as of June 15, 2007: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Semotitus astromaculatus (Creek chub); Concentration: 60-80 mg/L for 24 hr LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Blue gill); Concentration: 24.6 mg/L for 96 hr for small and medium size fish; 30.9 mg/L for 96 hr for large size fish. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Hydrogen Chloride, CAS # 7647-01-0, p. 26 (2002). Available from, as of July 7, 2007: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Blue gill); Concentration: 55-31 mg/L for 96 hr LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 7.45 mg/L for 96 hr LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 10.3 mg/L for 96 hr EC50 Selenastum capricornutum (Green algae) 0.0492 mg/L/72 hr Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Hydrogen Chloride, CAS # 7647-01-0, p. 25 (2002). Available from, as of July 7, 2007: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html LC50; Species: Cyprinus carpio (Common carp); Concentration: 4.92 mg/L for 24, 48, 72, 96 hr Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Hydrogen Chloride, CAS # 7647-01-0, p. 54 (2002). Available from, as of July 7, 2007: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html LC50 Leusiscus idus (Orfe) 862 mg/L for 48 hrs European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Hydrogen Chloride (CAS # 7647-01-0) p.88 (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 9, 2007: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php
V32
Terrestrial Fate: Dry soil - Evaporates Moist soil - Dissociates into chloride and hydronium ions ATSDR; ToxFAQs for Hydrogen Chloride, April 2002, available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts173.html as of July 20, 2007. Atmospheric Fate = removed from air by wet deposition as chloride salts Kao AS; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 44: 683-96 (1994) Environmental Bioconcentration = does not accumulate in the food chain ATSDR; ToxFAQs for Hydrogen Chloride, April 2002, available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts173.html as of July 20, 2007.
W32
Inhalation / dermal NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine an Hydrogen chloride, available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc21.htm as of July 20, 2007.
X32
death Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 818 teeth IPCS - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. Environmental Health Criteria 21. 1982. EPA. 2007 Nov 6. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride): 7647-01-0. Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site . OEHHA. 2007. Hydrogen chloride. Chronic Toxicity Summaries for 22 Chemicals :A84-A87. See references for more citations
H34
HDSB Reference Not Carcinogenic American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 49 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 71 1034 (1999)
J34
Scorecard Wood, J. N.; Carney, J.; Szczepanski, K.; Calello, D. P., and Hurt, H. Transplacental isopropanol exposure: case report and review of metabolic principles. J Perinatol. 2007 Mar; 27(3):183-5. Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 799 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-218 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1977 Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 40
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Scorecard Wood, J. N.; Carney, J.; Szczepanski, K.; Calello, D. P., and Hurt, H. Transplacental isopropanol exposure: case report and review of metabolic principles. J Perinatol. 2007 Mar; 27(3):183-5. Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986., p. 329
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Scorecard Zahlsen, K.; Aarstad, K., and Nilsen, O. G. Inhalation of isopropanol: induction of activating and deactivating enzymes in rat kidney and liver. Increased microsomal metabolism of n-hexane. Toxicology. 1985 Jan; 34(1):57-66. Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2631 Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 178 Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 798 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-218 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1977
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Kasuga, F.; Inoue, S.; Asano, T., and Kumagai, S. EFFECTS OF ISOPROPANOL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS IN RATS. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 1992; 30(7):631-634. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V71 1027 (1999)
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Scorecard Zahlsen, K.; Aarstad, K., and Nilsen, O. G. Inhalation of isopropanol: induction of activating and deactivating enzymes in rat kidney and liver. Increased microsomal metabolism of n-hexane. Toxicology. 1985 Jan; 34(1):57-66. Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2631 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-218 Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 40
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Scorecard IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V71 1027 (1999) Wood, J. N.; Carney, J.; Szczepanski, K.; Calello, D. P., and Hurt, H. Transplacental isopropanol exposure: case report and review of metabolic principles. J Perinatol. 2007 Mar; 27(3):183-5. "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 339, 1969. Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 178 Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 798 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-218 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1977
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Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Isopropyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 798 "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 339, 1969. Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1977 Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 1107
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Scorecard Smeets, M. and Dalton, P. Perceived odor and irritation of isopropanol: a comparison between naive controls and occupationally exposed workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2002; 75(8):541-548. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Isopropyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V71 1027 (1999) Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2631 Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 178 Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 798 See references for more citations
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McLaughlin, J. Jr.; Marliac, J. P.; Verrett, M. J.; Mutchler, M. K., and Fitzhugh, O. G. The injection of chemicals into the yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation as a toxicity test. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology. 1963; 5:760-771. Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 70 Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 776
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LD50 Carassius auratus (goldfish) > 5000 mg/l/24 hr LD100 Semolitus atromaculatus (creek chub) 1100 mg/l/24 hr LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppies) 7060 ppm/7 day LC50 Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) 1400 mg/l/48 hr LC50 Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) 1150 mg/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 11,830 mg/l/1 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 11,160 mg/l/24 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 11,130 mg/l/48 hr Cell multiplication inhibition test Pseudomonas putida 1050 mg/l Cell multiplication test Microcystis aeruginosa (algae) 1000 mg/l Cell multiplication test Scenedesmus guadricauda (green algae) 1800 mg/l Cell multiplication test Entosiphon sulcatum 4930 mg/l Cell multiplication test Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff 3425 mg/l Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 776 LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 9.64 g/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 9.54 g/l/96 hr Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 70 LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 10.4 g/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 9.49 g/l/96 hr Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 72 LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 6.55 g/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 6.12 g/l/96 hr Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 74
V34
Terrestrial Fate Readily degraded in aerobic / anaerobic systems WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 103, 2-Propanol. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO International Program on Chemical Safety. pp. 1-77 (1990) very high mobility in soil Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7 (1995) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Aquatic Fate Does not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7 (1995) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7 (1995) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Atmospheric Fate Exists solely as a vapor Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp 5 Vol (1989) Environmental Abiotic Degradation Does not undergo hydrolysis or direct photolization Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
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Inhalation / dermal / ingestion NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 103, 2-Propanol. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO International Program on Chemical Safety. pp. 1-77 (1990) Hollund BE, Moen BE; Ann Occup Hyg 42: 277-81 (1998)
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Body weight Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4564 Fatal Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 178 Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 798 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-271
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HSDB Reference Very soluble in water Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 4-70 Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 83rd ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 2002-2003., p. 4-67
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Mallinkrodt Baker MSDS
M35
Mallinkrodt Baker MSDS
P35
Mallinkrodt Baker MSDS
R35
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2080 Ehrlich R; Interaction of complex pollutant mixtures and particulates in causation of pulmonary disease; Report: 50 pages (1984) Mallinkrodt Baker MSDS
S35
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2080 Mallinkrodt Baker MSDS
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fatal Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 949 Ehrlich R; Interaction of complex pollutant mixtures and particulates in causation of pulmonary disease; Report: 50 pages (1984)
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HSDB Reference Completely miscible in water @ 20 deg C Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985., p. 188 Water solubility = miscible Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985., p. 190
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Parthasarathy NJ, Kumar RS, Manikandan S, Narayanan GS, Kumar RV, Devi RS. 2006 May 15. Effect of methanol-induced oxidative stress on the neuroimmune system of experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact 161(1):14-25.
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WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.111 (1997). NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard occupational exposure to methyl alcohol. 1976. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Methanol. 2002 Apr; NTP-CERHR-MeOH-02. 160 pp. Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4531 Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967., p. 285 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-277 Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1886 Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 751
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Scorecard NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Methanol. NTP CERHR MON. 2003 Sep; (8):i-III35. Cummings, A. M. Evaluation of the effects of methanol during early pregnancy in the rat. Toxicology. 1993; 79(3):205-214. WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.87 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 18, 2005. Degitz, S. J.; Rogers, J. M.; Zucker, R. M., and Hunter, E. S. 3rd. Developmental toxicity of methanol: Pathogenesis in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice exposed in whole embryo culture. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004 Apr; 70(4):179-84. Burbacher TM et al; Neurotoxicol Teratol 26 (5): 639-50 (2004) Degitz, S. J.; Zucker, R. M.; Kawanishi, C. Y.; Massenburg, G. S., and Rogers, J. M. Pathogenesis of methanol-induced craniofacial defects in C57BL/6J mice. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004 Apr; 70(4):172-8. Gonzalez-Quevedo A et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 185 (2): 77-84 (2002)
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WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.101 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 18, 2005. Burbacher TM et al; Neurotoxicol Teratol 26 (5): 639-50 (2004) Youssef AF et al; Repro Toxicol 11 (4): 503-10 (1997)
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Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Methyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.111 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 19, 2005. Skrzydlewska, E.; Elas, M.; Farbiszewski, R., and Roszkowska, A. Effect of methanol intoxication on free-radical induced protein oxidation. J Appl Toxicol. 2000 May-2000 Jun 30; 20(3):239-43. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Methanol. 2002 Apr; NTP-CERHR-MeOH-02. 160 pp. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4531 See references for more citations
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Parthasarathy NJ, Kumar RS, Manikandan S, Narayanan GS, Kumar RV, Devi RS. 2006 May 15. Effect of methanol-induced oxidative stress on the neuroimmune system of experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact 161(1):14-25. Parthasarathy NJ, Srikumar R, Manikandan S, Narayanan GS, Devi RS. 2007 May. Effect of methanol intoxication on specific immune functions of albino rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 23(3):177-87.
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Scorecard Verhelst D et al; Int J Toxicol 23 (4): 267-73 (2004) WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.101 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 18, 2005. Lopez-Navidad A et al; Clin Transplant 16 (3): 151-62 (2002) Youssef AF et al; Repro Toxicol 11 (4): 503-10 (1997) Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4531
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Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Methyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.113 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 19, 2005. Degitz, S. J.; Zucker, R. M.; Kawanishi, C. Y.; Massenburg, G. S., and Rogers, J. M. Pathogenesis of methanol-induced craniofacial defects in C57BL/6J mice. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004 Apr; 70(4):172-8. Gonzalez-Quevedo, A.; Obregon, F.; Urbina, M.; Rousso, T., and Lima, L. Effect of chronic methanol administration on amino acids and monoamines in retina, optic nerve, and brain of the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Dec 1; 185(2):77-84. Stern, S.; Cox, C.; Preston, R.; Sharma, A.; Inglis, G. B.; Balys, M., and Weiss, B. Perinatal methanol exposure in the rat. II. Behavioral effects in neonates and adults. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997 Apr; 36(2):163-76. Youssef AF et al; Repro Toxicol 11 (4): 503-10 (1997) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2 Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 p.372 See references for more citations
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NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Methanol. NTP CERHR MON. 2003 Sep; (8):i-III35. Cummings, A. M. Evaluation of the effects of methanol during early pregnancy in the rat. Toxicology. 1993; 79(3):205-214. WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.86 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 18, 2005.
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Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Methyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Methanol. 2002 Apr; NTP-CERHR-MeOH-02. 160 pp. European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Methanol (67-56-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4531 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-277
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Scorecard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Methyl alcohol, Nov. 2001. Environmental Health Criteria 196: Methanol pp. 1-9 (1997) by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization. Gonzalez-Quevedo, A.; Obregon, F.; Urbina, M.; Rousso, T., and Lima, L. Effect of chronic methanol administration on amino acids and monoamines in retina, optic nerve, and brain of the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Dec 1; 185(2):77-84. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Methanol. 2002 Apr; NTP-CERHR-MeOH-02. 160 pp. European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Methanol (67-56-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2 See references for more citations
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Marquis, O.; Millery, A.; Guittonneau, S., and Miaud, C. Solvent toxicity to amphibian embryos and larvae. Chemosphere. 2006; 63(5):889-892. ISSN: 0045-6535. WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.115 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 19, 2005. Kaviraj A et al; Int J Toxicol 23 (1): 55-63 (2004) Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 19
U36
EC50 Photobacterium posphoreum (marine bacterium)14,700 mg/L/15 min LC50 Photobacterium posphoreum (marine bacterium) 7690 mg/L/4 hr LC50 Paramecium caudatum (Ciliate protozoan) 44,860 mg/L/10 min WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.114 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea; immobilizaiton) >10,000 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Daphnia pulex (Water flea, <24 hr old) 19,500 mg/L/18 hr EC50 Daphnia obtusa (Water flea, <24 hr old; immobilization) 23,500 mg/L/24 hr EC50 Daphnia obtusa (Water flea, <24 hr old; immobilization) 22,200 mg/L/48 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.116 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Artemia salina (Brine shrimp, 24 hr old) 1578.84 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Artemia salina (Brine shrimp, 48 hr old) 1101.46 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Artemia salina (Brine shrimp, 72 hr old) 900.73 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Crangon crangon (Brown shrimp, adult) 1975 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Crangon crangon (Brown shrimp, adult) 1340 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Crangon crangon (Brown shrimp, adult) 10,000 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Palaemonetes kadiakensis (Glass shrimp, juvenile) 21,900 mg/L/18 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.117 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoid copepod, adult) 12,000 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Mytilus edulis (Mussel, 5-7 cm) 15,900 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Hyallela azteca (Scud, juvenile) 19,350 mg/L/18 hr LC50 Cardium edule (Cockle, adult) 7900 mg/L/48 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.118 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, 28-32 day old, 0.126 g) 29,700 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, 0.8 g) 19,000 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, juvenile 0.813 g) 20,300 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, juvenile 0.813 g) 20,100 mg/L/96 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.119 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, 30 day old 0.12 g) 28,100 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish, juvenile 3.07 g) 19,100 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish, juvenile 3.07 g) 15,400 mg/L/96 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.120 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy, 2-3 months) 10,860 mg/L/7 days LC50 Alburnus alburnus (Bleak, 8 cm) 28,000 mg/L/96 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.121 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Agonus cataphractus (Armed bullhead, adult) 7900-26,070 mg/L/96 hr WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.122 (1997). Available from, as of July 19, 2005: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 15,400 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 19,230 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 11.5 mg/L/14 days LC50 Leuciscus idus melanotus (Golden orfe) >10,000 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Gammarus fasciatus >100 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Helisoma trivolvis (aquatic mollusk) >100 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Dugesia tigrina (aquatic worm) >100 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Ceriodaphnia dubia 11 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Lumbriculus variegatus (aquatic worm) >100 mg/L/96 hr EC50 Tetrahymena pyriformis (Protozoa) 18756.34 mg/L/48 hr European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Methanol (67-56-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 15, 2005: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 29.4 g/L/96 hr Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, D.T. Geiger and C.E. Northcott (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies Univ. of Wisconsin Superior, 1984., p. 19 LC50 Anodonta imbecilis (Mussel) 37.02 mg/L/48 hr Keller AE; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51 (5): 696-702 (1993). Available from the ECOTOX database on Methanol (67-56-1) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of July 20, 2005. LC50 Oryzias latipes (Medaka) >10,000 mg/L/24 hr Tsuji S et al; Eisei Kagaku 32 (1): 46-53 (1986). Available from the ECOTOX database on Methanol (67-56-1) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of July 20, 2005.
V36
Terrestrial Fate Biodegradation Loehr RC; Treatability potential for EPA listed hazardous wastes in soil. USEPA. Robert S. Kerr Environ. Res. Lab., ADA, OK. EPA/600/2-89/011 (1989) Very high mobility in soil Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) Aquatic Fate Biodegradation Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) Gellman I, Heukelekian H; Sew Indust Wastes 27: 793-801 (1955) Gerhold RM, Malaney GW; J Water Pollut Control Fed 38: 562-79 (1966) No adsorbtion to suspended solids and sediment Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-1616 (1985) Atmospheric Fate Exists solely as a vapor Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Boublik T et al, eds; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd rev ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (1984) No hydrolysis or direct photolyzation Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res CTR., CMA Contract NO. AFC-8.0-OR-8.0-OR (1994) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
W36
Inhalation / dermal / ingestion NIOSH; International Safety Cards. Methanol. 67-56-1. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/nicstart.html as of Jul 1, 2005.
X36
fatal WHO; Environ Health Criteria 196: Methanol p.111 (1997). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm as of July 19, 2005. NTP-CERHR Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Methanol. 2002 Apr; NTP-CERHR-MeOH-02. 160 pp. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 p.380 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-277 Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967., p. 285
K37
He K, Huang J, Lagenaur CF, Aizenman E. 2006 Jun. Methylisothiazolinone, a neurotoxic biocide, disrupts the association of SRC family tyrosine kinases with focal adhesion kinase in developing cortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317(3):1320-9.
N37
Scorecard Thyssen JP, Sederberg-Olsen N, Thomsen JF, Menne T. 2006. Contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in a paint factory. Contact Dermatitis 54(6):322-324.
P37
Du S, McLaughlin B, Pal S, Aizenman E. 2002 Sep 1. In vitro neurotoxicity of methylisothiazolinone, a commonly used industrial and household biocide, proceeds via a zinc and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Neurosci 22(17):7408-16. He K, Huang J, Lagenaur CF, Aizenman E. 2006 Jun. Methylisothiazolinone, a neurotoxic biocide, disrupts the association of SRC family tyrosine kinases with focal adhesion kinase in developing cortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317(3):1320-9.
R37
US EPA. 1998. Methylisothiazolinone. R.E.D. Facts .
S37
Scorecard Thyssen JP, Sederberg-Olsen N, Thomsen JF, Menne T. 2006. Contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in a paint factory. Contact Dermatitis 54(6):322-324. US EPA. 1998. Methylisothiazolinone. R.E.D. Facts .
T37
US EPA. 1998. Methylisothiazolinone. R.E.D. Facts .
M39
MSDS from Cameo MSDS from Science Lab
P39
MSDS from Cameo MSDS from Science Lab
R39
MSDS from Cameo MSDS from Science Lab
S39
MSDS from Cameo MSDS from Science Lab
G40
HSDB Reference Soluble in water (miscible) Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985., p. 702
I40
MSDS from Science Lab
J40
Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 707 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
K40
MSDS from Science Lab
L40
Barseghian G, Zak I, Hwang DL, Roitman A, Lev-Ran A. 1986 Feb 17. In vitro effects of ethanolamine on insulin secretion. Life Sci 38(7):645-51.
M40
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ethanolamine, 10-02. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
N40
IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ethanolamine, 10-02. Geier J, Lessmann H, Dickel H, Frosch PJ, Koch P, Becker D, Jappe U, Aberer W, Schnuch A, Uter W. 2004. Patch test results with the metalworking fluid series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis 51(3):118-30.
O40
MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
P40
Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ethanolamine, 10-02. Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 707 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
Q40
MSDS from Science Lab
R40
Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ethanolamine, 10-02. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
S40
Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ethanolamine, 10-02. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Geier J, Lessmann H, Dickel H, Frosch PJ, Koch P, Becker D, Jappe U, Aberer W, Schnuch A, Uter W. 2004. Patch test results with the metalworking fluid series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis 51(3):118-30.
T40
Mayer FLJ, Ellersieck MR; Manual of Acute Toxicity: Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals Resour Publ No.160: 505 (1986) as cited in the ECOTOX database: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of February 16, 2006. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1062 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Birdie AL et al; Water Res 13 (7): 623-6 (1979) as cited in the ECOTOX database: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of February 16, 2006. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
U40
EC50 Pseudomonas putida (bacteria) 12,200 mg/L/2 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 375 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 360 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 350 mg/L/72 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) >300 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) >375 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 366 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 346 mg/L/72 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 329 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Poecilia reticulatus (Guppy) 525 mg/L/10 days Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1062 LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) >200 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 150 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) >200 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 150 mg/L/96 hr Mayer FLJ, Ellersieck MR; Manual of Acute Toxicity: Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals Resour Publ No.160: 505 (1986) Available from, as of February 16, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 190 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 170 mg/L/96 hr; static Birdie AL et al; Water Res 13 (7): 623-6 (1979) Available from, as of February 16, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Danio rerio (Zebrafish, fry) >5,000 mg/L/24 hr Roseth S et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15 (7): 1211-1217 (1996) Available from, as of February 16, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 140 mg/L/24 hr Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z. Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch 10 (5): 161-6 (1977) Available from, as of February 16, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age 30 days, mean length 18.3 mm, mean weight 0.090 g) 2070 mg/L/96 hr Geiger D.L., D.J. Call, L.T. Brooke. (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales- Promelas). Vol. V. Superior WI: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1990., p. 39 LC50 Xenopus laevis (Clawed toad) 220 mg/L/48 hr DeZwart D, Sloof W; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38 (2): 345-51 (1987) Available from, as of February 16, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search
V40
Terrestrial Fate Biodegradation Dow Chemical; The Alkanolamines Handbook Midland, MI: Dow Chemical (1980) Hales SG et al; Chemosphere 33: 1247-59 (1996) Very high mobility in soil Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5 (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Exists as a cation with strong adsorption to soil O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 13th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 664 (2001) Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000) Aquatic Fate Biodegradation Hales SG et al; Chemosphere 33: 1247-59 (1996) No adsorption to suspended solids and sediment Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5 (1995) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5 (1995) Atmospheric Fate Exists solely as a vapor Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Dow Chemical; The Alkanolamines Handbook Midland, MI: Dow Chemical (1980) No hydrolysis nor photolysis Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)
W40
Inhalation / dermal / ingestion NIOSH; International Safety Cards. 2-Aminoethanol. 141-43-5. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/nicstart.html as of Mar 24, 2006. Schaefer KE; Arch Environ Health 9: 230-31 (1964) Kenyon EM et al; Appl Occup Environ Hyg 8: 655-61 (1993) Tharr D; Appl Occup Environ Hyg 9: 303-11 (1994)
X40
fatal Snyder, R. (ed.). Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Elsevier, 1990., p. 428 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 707 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
G41
HSDB Reference Soluble Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA24: 315
H41
Fukushima, S.; Inoue, T.; Uwagawa, S.; Shibata, M. A., and Ito, N. Co-carcinogenic effects of NaHCO3 on o-phenylphenol-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1989 Sep; 10(9):1635-40. Fukushima, S.; Shirai, T.; Hirose, M., and Ito, N. Significance of L-ascorbic acid and urinary electrolytes in promotion of rat bladder carcinogenesis. Princess Takamatsu Symp. 1985; 16:159-68. Hagiwara, A.; Tanaka, H.; Tamano, S.; Imaida, K.; Takahashi, S., and Fukushima, S. Inhibiting effects of diethylmaleate or NH4Cl on NaHCO3, but not butylated hydroxyanisole, promotion of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. J Toxicol Sci. 1994 Nov; 19(4):189-95. Iwata, H.; Yamamoto, S.; Yano, Y.; Ohtani, S., and Fukushima, S. Dose-dependent amplification by L-ascorbic acid of NaHCO3 promotion of rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 1997 May-1997 Jun 30; 25(3):284-90. Lina, B. A. and Woutersen, R. A. Effects of urinary potassium and sodium ion concentrations and pH on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis. 1989 Sep; 10(9):1733-6. Mori, S.; Murai, T.; Hosono, M.; Machino, S.; Makino, S.; Chou, C., and Fukushima, S. Lack of promotion of urinary bladder carcinogenesis by sodium bicarbonate and/or L-ascorbic acid in male ODS/Shi-od/od rats synthesizing alpha 2 mu-globulin but not L-ascorbic acid. Food Chem Toxicol. 1997 Aug; 35(8):783-7. See references for more citations
J41
WONG DW ET AL; J AM MED ASSOC 244(1) 61 (1980) Babaian, E. A.; Nazaretian, R. A., and Khachatrian, R. R. [Toxicologic characteristics and hygienic standardization of the levels of sodium hydrocarbonate and potassium carbonate in the air of the work area]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1989; (5):30-2. Backman, T. and Larmas, M. A. Chronic metabolic alkalosis, sucrose diet and dentine formation in young rats. Arch Oral Biol. 1997 Apr; 42(4):299-304. Thomas, S. H. and Stone, C. K. Acute toxicity from baking soda ingestion. Am J Emerg Med. 1994 Jan; 12(1):57-9. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
L41
Eason, C. T.; Spencer, A. J.; Pattison, A., and Bonner, F. W. The trophic effects of gastrin on fundic neuroendocrine cells of the rat stomach. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Jun; 3(3):245-51.
M41
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-125 de La Tour, J.; Souchard, M.; Chariot, J.; Roze, C.; Potet, F., and Vaille, C. [Aggravation of acute galactosamine hepatitis by a sodic bicarbonated water in rats (author's transl)]. J Pharmacol. 1981 Jan-1981 Mar 31; 12(1):37-50. Eason, C. T.; Spencer, A. J.; Pattison, A., and Bonner, F. W. The trophic effects of gastrin on fundic neuroendocrine cells of the rat stomach. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Jun; 3(3):245-51. Ejaz, S.; Kim, B. S., and Lim, C. W. Gout induced by intoxication of sodium bicarbonate in Korean native broilers. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005; 28(2):245-61. Mitsuhashi, T.; Uchida, T.; Obata, A.; Arakawa, T.; Kobayashi, K., and Sakurai, M. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and deoxycholic acid on the gastric mucosa of the rabbit. Osaka City Med J. 1991 Jun; 37(1):23-32. See references for more citations
N41
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
O41
American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 56:04 Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 994 Ejaz, S.; Kim, B. S., and Lim, C. W. Gout induced by intoxication of sodium bicarbonate in Korean native broilers. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005; 28(2):245-61. Hayat, J.; Balnave, D., and Brake, J. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate supplements for broilers can cause poor performance at high temperatures. British Poultry Science. 1999; 40(3):411-418. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
R41
Scorecard Baroid MSDS Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
S41
Baroid MSDS Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
T41
Brinkman, M. A. and Gardner, W. A. Mortality of ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) pest species exposed to sodium hydrogen carbonate. Florida Entomologist. 2004; 87(3):324-329. Brinkman, M. A.; Gardner, W. A., and Ipser, R. M. Red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) mortality following exposure to sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). Journal of Entomological Science. 2004; 39(2):188-201. Hoke, R. A.; Gala, W. R.; Drake, J. B.; Giesy, J. P., and Flegler, S. BICARBONATE AS A POTENTIAL CONFOUNDING FACTOR IN CLADOCERAN TOXICITY ASSESSMENTS OF PORE WATER FROM CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1992; 49(8):1633-1640. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Screening Information Data Set, Sodium Bicarbonate 144-55-8, UNEP Publications, accessed on 12-5-07 at www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/sodbicarb.pdf
U41
LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 7700 mg/L/24 hr LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 7550 mg/L/48-96 hr Wallen IE et al; Sewage Ind Wastes 29 (6): 695-711 (1957) Available from, as of July 10, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 8600 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Nitzschia linearis (Diatom) 650 mg/L/5 days Patrick R et al; Prog Fish-Cult 30 (3): 137-140 (1968) Available from, as of July 10, 2006: http://mountain.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 7700 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) 7100 mg/L/96 hr LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 1640 mg/L/48 hr LC50 Ceriodaphnia dubia 1,020 mg/L/48 hr OECD; Screening Information Data Set for Sodium bicarbonate, 144-55-8 (October 2002). Available from, as of July 12, 2006: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
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Populations at Special Risk Those with renal insufficiency or incipient or active hypertension or cardiac failure. Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 966 McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 2590
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protein metabolism Babaian, E. A.; Nazaretian, R. A., and Khachatrian, R. R. [Toxicologic characteristics and hygienic standardization of the levels of sodium hydrocarbonate and potassium carbonate in the air of the work area]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1989; (5):30-2. gout Ejaz, S.; Kim, B. S., and Lim, C. W. Gout induced by intoxication of sodium bicarbonate in Korean native broilers. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005; 28(2):245-61. bladder Shioya, S.; Nagami-Oguihara, R.; Oguihara, S.; Kimura, T.; Imaida, K., and Fukushima, S. Roles of bladder distension, urinary pH and urinary sodium ion concentration in cell proliferation of urinary bladder epithelium in rats ingesting sodium salts. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994 Feb; 32(2):165-71. Thomas, S. H. and Stone, C. K. Acute toxicity from baking soda ingestion. Am J Emerg Med. 1994 Jan; 12(1):57-9.
M48
MSDS from International Labour Organization MSDS from Conoco MSDS from Fisher Scientific
P48
MSDS from International Labour Organization MSDS from Conoco MSDS from Fisher Scientific
R48
MSDS from International Labour Organization MSDS from Conoco MSDS from Fisher Scientific
S48
MSDS from International Labour Organization MSDS from Conoco MSDS from Fisher Scientific
T48
MSDS from International Labour Organization
X48
MSDS from Conoco
G54
HSDB Reference soluble Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA22 96
H54
Fukushima S, Kurata Y, Hasegawa R, Asamoto M, Shibata MA, Tamano S. 1991. L-ascorbic acid amplification of bladder carcinogenesis promotion by K2CO3. Cancer Research 51(10):2548-2551. Fukushima, S.; Shirai, T.; Hirose, M., and Ito, N. Significance of L-ascorbic acid and urinary electrolytes in promotion of rat bladder carcinogenesis. Princess Takamatsu Symp. 1985; 16:159-68.
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Babaian, E. A.; Nazaretian, R. A., and Khachatrian, R. R. [Toxicologic characteristics and hygienic standardization of the levels of sodium hydrocarbonate and potassium carbonate in the air of the work area]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1989; (5):30-2.
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Nahon H, Shaul D, Mahnovski V, Thomas D. 1996. Fibroproliferative disorder of the antrum after an alkali ingestion. American Journal of Gastroenterology 91(2):383-384. Bowler, R. M.; Gysens, S.; Hartney, C.; Ngo, L.; Rauch, S. S., and Midtling, J. Increased medication use in a community environmentally exposed to chemicals. Ind Health. 2002 Oct; 40(4):335-44. de Groot, A. P.; Feron, V. J., and Immel, H. R. Induction of hyperplasia in the bladder epithelium of rats by a dietary excess of acid or base: implications for toxicity/carcinogenicity testing. Food Chem Toxicol. 1988 May; 26(5):425-34.
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Bowler, R. M.; Gysens, S.; Hartney, C.; Ngo, L.; Rauch, S. S., and Midtling, J. Increased medication use in a community environmentally exposed to chemicals. Ind Health. 2002 Oct; 40(4):335-44.
R54
Bui QO, Clark CR, Naas DJ, Ulrich CE, Elangbam CS. 1998. A subacute inhalation exposure evaluation of a scrubbing solution used in petroleum refineries. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A 54(1):49-62. Bowler RM, Gysens S, Hartney C, Ngo L, Rauch SS, Midtling J. 2002. Increased medication use in a community environmentally exposed to chemicals. Industrial Health 40(4):335-344. Bowler, R. M.; Gysens, S.; Hartney, C.; Ngo, L.; Rauch, S. S., and Midtling, J. Increased medication use in a community environmentally exposed to chemicals. Ind Health. 2002 Oct; 40(4):335-44.
S54
MSDS from Halliburton Bowler, R. M.; Gysens, S.; Hartney, C.; Ngo, L.; Rauch, S. S., and Midtling, J. Increased medication use in a community environmentally exposed to chemicals. Ind Health. 2002 Oct; 40(4):335-44.
G55
HSDB Reference Soluble Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA22 94
H55
Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 211 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 767 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
I55
MSDS from Science Lab
M55
NIOSH OECD SIDS. Potassium hydroxide CAS no. 1310-58-3. UNEP Publications :96 pp. accessed 2001. MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 211 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 44 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967., p. 38 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
R55
NIOSH OECD SIDS. Potassium hydroxide CAS no. 1310-58-3. UNEP Publications :96 pp. accessed 2001. MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 44 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1284 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 767 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
S55
Scorecard NIOSH OECD SIDS. Potassium hydroxide CAS no. 1310-58-3. UNEP Publications :96 pp. accessed 2001. MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 211 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 44 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1284 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 756 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
T55
OECD SIDS. Potassium hydroxide CAS no. 1310-58-3. UNEP Publications :96 pp. accessed 2001. MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
U55
TLm Mosquito fish 80 ppm/24 hr fresh water U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p.
X55
fatal MSDS from Science Lab MSDS from JT Baker Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 211 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967., p. 38 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
X S S S S S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S
X P S S S S S S S S
X S S S S S
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L S S S S S S S S S S
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Fischer Scientific MSDS Goldfrank LR et al; Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. p.842 (2002) Yaucher NE et al; Pharmacotherapy 23(9): 1094-9 (2003) Seay RE et al; Ann.Pharmacother 31: 647-648 (1997) Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1156 Guillot M et al; Arch Pediatr 9 (4): 382-4 (2002) Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 644 See references for more citations
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Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 32 Mailhes JB et al; Biol Reprod 57 (1): 92-8 (1997)
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Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1156 Al-Khafaji, A. H.; Dewhirst, W. E., and Manning, H. L. Propylene glycol toxicity associated with lorazepam infusion in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with dialysis. Anesth Analg. 2002 Jun; 94(6):1583-5, table of contents. Xu, D.; Dhillon, A. S.; Abelmann, A.; Croft, K.; Peters, T. J., and Palmer, T. N. Alcohol-related diols cause acute insulin resistance in vivo. Metabolism. 1998 Oct; 47(10):1180-6.
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Fischer Scientific MSDS Glover ML, Reed MD; Pharmacotherapy 16 (4): 690-693 (1996) Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 644 Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 274 Amamoto T, Adachi Y; Gastroenterol JPN 13: 359 (1978) Christopher, M. M.; Perman, V., and Eaton, J. W. Contribution of propylene glycol-induced Heinz body formation to anemia in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989 Apr 15; 194(8):1045-56. Morshed, K. M.; Desjeux, J. F.; Nagpaul, J. P.; Majumdar, S., and Amma, M. K. The effect of propane-diols on the intestinal uptake of nutrients and brush border membrane enzymes in the rat. Biochem Med Metab Biol. 1991 Apr; 45(2):161-70. Zar, T.; Graeber, C., and Perazella, M. A. Recognition, treatment, and prevention of propylene glycol toxicity. Semin Dial. 2007 May-2007 Jun 30; 20(3):217-9. See references for more citations
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Scorecard Fischer Scientific MSDS Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3857 Saini M et al; Vet Hum Toxicol 38 (2): 81-85 (1996) Christopher, M. M.; Perman, V., and Eaton, J. W. Contribution of propylene glycol-induced Heinz body formation to anemia in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989 Apr 15; 194(8):1045-56. LaKind, J. S.; McKenna, E. A.; Hubner, R. P., and Tardiff, R. G. A review of the comparative mammalian toxicity of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999 Jul; 29(4):331-65.
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Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 700 Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 644 Gross DR et al; Am J Vet Res 40: 783 (1979) Humphreys, D.J. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. London, England: Bailliere Tindell, 1988., p. 185 Morshed, K. M.; Jain, S. K., and McMartin, K. E. Acute toxicity of propylene glycol: an assessment using cultured proximal tubule cells of human origin. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1994 Jul; 23(1):38-43. Parker, M. G.; Fraser, G. L.; Watson, D. M., and Riker, R. R. Removal of propylene glycol and correction of increased osmolar gap by hemodialysis in a patient on high dose lorazepam infusion therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2002 Jan; 28(1):81-4. Zar, T.; Graeber, C., and Perazella, M. A. Recognition, treatment, and prevention of propylene glycol toxicity. Semin Dial. 2007 May-2007 Jun 30; 20(3):217-9. See references for more citations
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Scorecard Fischer Scientific MSDS Peleg O et al; Acta Paediatr 87 (11): 1195-6 (1998) Glover ML, Reed MD; Pharmacotherapy 16 (4): 690-693 (1996) Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 700 Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 897 Guillot M et al; Arch Pediatr 9 (4): 382-4 (2002) Hattori T et al; Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 107 (3-4): 323-9 (2000) Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 644 See references for more citations
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Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 32 Razvi F et al; Arogya (Manipal, India) 5: 60-2 (1979) Miyoshi S et al; Anim Reprod Sci 68 (1-2): 29-43 (2001)
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Scorecard MOTOYOSHI K ET AL; J SCCJ 13: 29-39 (1979) Wieslander G et al; Occup Environ Med 58 (10): 649-55 (2001) Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1156 Gross DR et al; Am J Vet Res 40: 783 (1979) Humphreys, D.J. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. London, England: Bailliere Tindell, 1988., p. 185 Heck JD et al; Inhal Toxicol 14 (11): 1135-52 (2002) van den Wollenberg L et al; Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 125 (17): 519-23 (2000) See references for more citations
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Scorecard Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 769 Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 33 American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 1224 Wieslander G et al; Occup Environ Med 58 (10): 649-55 (2001) Peleg O et al; Acta Paediatr 87 (11): 1195-6 (1998) VERNON J ET AL; ARCH OTOLARYNGOL 104: 726 (1978) See references for more citations
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Corsi, S. R.; Hall, D. W., and Geis, S. W. Aircraft and runway deicers at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. 2. Toxicity of aircraft and runway deicers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001 Jul; 20(7):1483-90.
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death Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 28 deRoux, S. J.; Marker, E., and Stajic, M. Fatalities by ingestion of propylene glycol. J Forensic Sci. 2005 Jul; 50(4):939-41.
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HSDB Reference Miscible O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1398
I57
Blakey DH, Maus KL, Bell R, Bayley J, Douglas GR, Nestmann ER. 1994 Mar. Mutagenic activity of 3 industrial chemicals in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests. Mutat Res 320(4):273-83. EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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Scorecard EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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Scorecard NIOSH EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card Propargyl alcohol, April 1997. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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Scorecard NIOSH EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card Propargyl alcohol, April 1997. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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Scorecard NIOSH EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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NIOSH EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card Propargyl alcohol, April 1997. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-126 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 6:521 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08.
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Scorecard NIOSH IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card Propargyl alcohol, April 1997. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-126 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 6:521 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp.
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EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. Geiger D.L., Poirier S.H., Brooke L.T., Call D.J., eds. Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Vol. III. Superior, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1986., p. 43 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Dawson, D.A., T.W. Schultz, L.L. Baker, and T.S. Wilke In: W.G.Landis and W.H.Van der Schalie (Eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Volume 13, ASTM STP 1096, Philadelphia, PA :267-277 (1990)[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08. HSDB Reference Frog Study Effect: developmental, deformation Dawson, D.A., T.W. Schultz, L.L. Baker, and T.S. Wilke In: W.G.Landis and W.H.Van der Schalie (Eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Volume 13, ASTM STP 1096, Philadelphia, PA :267-277 (1990) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm
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EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1.44 mg/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1.53 mg/l/96 hr EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1.53 mg/l/96 hr LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1.44 mg/l/96 Geiger D.L., Call D.J., Brooke L.T. (eds). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Vol. IV. Superior Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1988., p. 43 EC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog); Concentration: 1 mmol/L for 96 hr LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog); Concentration: 3.36 mmol/L LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog); Concentration: 0.054 mmol/L LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog); Concentration: 0.033 mmol/L for 96 hr Dawson, D.A., T.W. Schultz, L.L. Baker, and T.S. Wilke In: W.G.Landis and W.H.Van der Schalie (Eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Volume 13, ASTM STP 1096, Philadelphia, PA :267-277 (1990) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: = 32 mg/L for 24 hr; Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 15 (1): 1-6 (GER) (ENG ABS) (OECDG Data File) (1982) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 24 hr Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 10 (5): 161-166(ENG TRANSL)(OECDG Data File)(GER)(ENG ABS) (1977) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, juvenile, size 19.7 mm, wt 119 mg); Concentration: 1530 ug/L for 96 hr Veith GD et al; Xenobiotica 19(5):555-565 (1989) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus melanotus (Carp); Concentration: = 1.9 mg/L for 48 hr Juhnke I, Luedemann D; Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 11(5):161-164 (GER) (ENG TRANSL) (OECDG Data File) (1978) Available from, as of August 24, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (golden orfe); Concentration: 4.6 mg/L/96 hr EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol (December 2002). Available from, as of September 07, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/hpv-s/
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Terrestrial Fate Very high mobility in soil Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5 (1995) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Aquatic Fate Biodegradation in aerobic water Loehr RC; Treatability Potential For EPA Listed Hazardous Wastes In Soil. USEPA Robert S Kerr Environ Res Lab, ADA, OK EPA/600/2-89/011 (1989) Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5 (1995) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Atmospheric Fate Exists solely as a vapor Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) No photolysis Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)
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Inhalation / dermal NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) Available at http://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/62000sic.html as of Aug 15, 2006.
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fatal EPA. 2002. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans for Propargyl alcohol :40 pp. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card Propargyl alcohol, April 1997. MSDS from Science Lab, 11-06-08. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-126 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 6:521 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 p.81 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1764 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. MSDS from Intergas MSDS from BOC Gase American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 p.81 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
O59
NTP. 1985. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of propylene (CAS NO. 115-07-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 272 Publication No. 86-25 :148 pp. European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propylene(115-07-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from the database query page: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of July 13, 2005. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. MSDS from Intergas IPCS International Chemical Safety Card MSDS from BOC Gases Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 p.81 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
R59
Scorecard New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. MSDS from Intergas MSDS from BOC Gases NTP. 1985. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of propylene (CAS NO. 115-07-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 272 Publication No. 86-25 :148 pp.
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New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. MSDS from Intergas IPCS International Chemical Safety Card MSDS from BOC Gases NTP. 1985. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of propylene (CAS NO. 115-07-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 272 Publication No. 86-25 :148 pp. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] See references for more citations
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Terrestrial Fate Biodegradation (therefore no bioaccumulation / bioconcentration in organisms and food chains) USEPA/ECAO; Summary Health Assessment Document For Propylene (Draft) p.2-12 (1986) EPA Contract No. 68-02-4030 Moderate mobility in soil Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 6 (1995) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Aquatic Fate Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 6 (1995) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Atmospheric Fate No hydrolysis / photolysis Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
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Inhalation NIOSH; International Safety Cards. Propylene. 115-07-1. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/nicstart.html as of Jul, 15, 2005.
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fatal New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Propylene. MSDS from Intergas IPCS International Chemical Safety Card
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HSDB Reference Soluble Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992-1993., p. 4-98 O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1538
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Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Hirasawa R, Sakai N, Yano H, Uehara H, Nakaizumi A. 1999 Jul 1. Low-protein diet promotes sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 141(1-2):117-22.
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Scorecard Haldiya KR, Mathur ML, Sachdev R, Saiyed HN. 2005. Risk of high blood pressure in salt workers working near salt milling plants: a cross-sectional and interventional study. Environ Health 4:13. Katori M, Majima M. 2006. A missing link between a high salt intake and blood pressure increase. J Pharmacol Sci 100(5):370-90. Tekol Y. 2006. Is systemic hypertension only a sign of chronic sodium chloride intoxication? Med Hypotheses 67(3):630-8. Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1058. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983., p. 681. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 3:785. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] NRC National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 401. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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MSDS from JT Baker Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Hirasawa R, Sakai N, Yano H, Uehara H, Nakaizumi A. 1999 Jul 1. Low-protein diet promotes sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 141(1-2):117-22. Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1058. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
O60
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-126. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983., p. 681. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Katori M, Majima M. 2006. A missing link between a high salt intake and blood pressure increase. J Pharmacol Sci 100(5):370-90. Liu J, Callahan SM, Brunner LJ. 2003 Aug. Effect of sodium alterations on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A2 and 2C11 and renal function in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 29(7):767-75.
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Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1058. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983., p. 681. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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MSDS from JT Baker Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1058. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
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Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 830. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] MSDS from JT Baker
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Kefford BJ, Papas PJ, Metzeling L, Nugegoda D. 2004 Jun. Do laboratory salinity tolerances of freshwater animals correspond with their field salinity? Environ Pollut 129(3):355-62. Sanzo D, Hecnar SJ. 2006 Mar. Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environ Pollut 140(2):247-56. Birge WJ et al; University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY :73 p. (1985) as cited in the ECOTOX database: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm as of November 21, 2006. Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 40. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
U60
EC50 Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea); Concentration: 2122.55 mg/L for 48 hr Warne MSJ, Schifko AD; Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 44(2):196-206 (1999) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Cyprinus carpio (common carp); Concentration: 21500000 ug/L for 0.5 hr Kouril J et al; Aquat.Sci.Fish.Abstr.15(11):23842-1Q15 (1985) / Bul.Vyzk.Ustav Ryb.Hydrobiol.Vodnany 20(4):22-32 (CZE) (1984) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm EC50 Danio rerio (Zebra danio, fertilized eggs); Concentration: 205.5 mmol/L Lange M et al; Chemosphere 30(11):2087-2102 (1995) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Concentration: 4770000 ug/L for 48 hr Mount DR et al; Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 16(10):2009-2019 (1997) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 6390000 ug/L for 96 hr Mount DR et al; Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 16(10):2009-2019 (1997) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish); Concentration: 17550000 ug/L for 96 hr Wallen IE; Sewage Ind.Wastes 29(6):695-711 (1957) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern mosquitofish); Concentration: 11540000 ug/L for 96 hr Newman MC, Aplin MS; Aquat.Toxicol. 23(2):85-96 (1992) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm EC50 Lemna minor (Duckweed); Concentration: 4880000 ug/L for 7 day; Buckley JA et al; Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 57(6):1003-1008 (1996) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, wt 0.260 g wwgt); Concentration: 5.84 g/L for 96 hr Birge WJ et al; University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY :73 p. (1985) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, eggs); Concentration: 6094 mg/L for 96 hr Spehar RL; U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN (Memo to C.Stephan, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN) :24 p. (1987) Available from, as of November 21, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm
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Average Daily Intake: US citizens consume an average of 10-12 g of salt/day, of which about 3 g occur naturally in food, 3 g are added in cooking and at the table, and 4-6 g are added during commercial processing of food. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V21 219 (1983)
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bones: Goulding A, Campbell D. 1983 Jul. Dietary NaCl loads promote calciuria and bone loss in adult oophorectomized rats consuming a low calcium diet. J Nutr 113(7):1409-14. fatal Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1058. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
G61
HSDB Reference Soluble Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1477
M61
MSDS from Federal MSDS from Baker Hughes Brender JD, Harris R, Samples-Ruiz M, Weidman C, Schwarz CE. 1998. Community exposure to sodium hydroxide in a public water supply. J Environ Health 61(2):21-24. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66 Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.1 (1981) Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2970 Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 25
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Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from Baker Hughes MSDS from OxyChem MSDS from Federal American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1417 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66 Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 772 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2970 Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.1 (1981)
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Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from Baker Hughes MSDS from OxyChem MSDS from Federal American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1417 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66 Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 772 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2970 Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.1 (1981) See references for more citations
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MSDS from Baker Hughes MSDS from OxyChem MSDS from Federal Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.1 (1981) U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
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LC100 CYPRINUS CARPIO 180 PPM/24 HR NISHIUCHI Y; SUISAN ZOSHOKU 23: 132 (1975) TLm mosquito fish 125 ppm/96 hr U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. TLm Bluegill 99 mg/L/48 hr Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.61 (1981)
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Aquatic Fate In the case of a solid, anhydrous sodium hydroxide spill on soil, ground water pollution will occur if precipitation occurs prior to clean up. Precipitation will dissolve some of the solid (with much heat given off) and create an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, which then would be able to infiltrate the soil. However, prediction of the concn and properties of the solution produced would be difficult. Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sodium Hydroxide (Draft) p.24 (1981)
W61
Inhalation / dermal / ingestion / eyes Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.606 (1981)
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fatal Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-246 Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 25
G62
HSDB Reference Soluble Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous Solubility. Fifth Ed, Tucson, AZ: Univ Az, College of Pharmacy (1992)
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Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-227 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L. 2007 Dec 14. Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 282(50):36275-82.
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American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1450 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
L62
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-227 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L. 2007 Dec 14. Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 282(50):36275-82.
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Scorecard MSDS from JT Baker American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1450 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-227 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
O62
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-227 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
P62
Scorecard American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1450 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L. 2007 Dec 14. Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 282(50):36275-82.
R62
Scorecard NIOSH MSDS from JT Baker MSDS from Fisher Scientific IPCS International Chemical Safety Card American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1450 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
S62
NIOSH MSDS from JT Baker MSDS from Fisher Scientific IPCS International Chemical Safety Card American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1450 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
G63
HSDB Reference Soluble Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 159 Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Arizona Database of Aqueous Solubilities. Univ of AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992)
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Peluso, M.; Bolognesi, C.; Munnia, A.; Landini, E., and Parodi, S. In vivo studies on genotoxicity of a soil fumigant, dazomet. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1998; 32(2):179-84.
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Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-31
M63
Scorecard Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-31
N63
Scorecard Warin AP; Contact Dermatitis 26 (2): 135-6 (1992) Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1327
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Scorecard Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-31
P63
Scorecard Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 141 Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-31
R63
Scorecard MSDS from Buckman Laboratories Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 141
S63
Scorecard MSDS from Buckman Laboratories Jung, H. D.; Rothe, A., and Heise, H. [Epicutaneous testing with plant protective and pest control agents (pesticides)]. Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1987 Mar-1987 Apr 30; 35(2):43-51. Warin, A. P. Allergic contact dermatitis from dazomet. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Feb; 26(2):135-6. Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-318 Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 141 Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1327
T63
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 280
V63
Terrestrial Fate No Biodegradation (rate of degradation in soil, was found to be independent of the soil microorganisms present) Tate RL, Alexander M; Soil Sci 118: 317-21 (1974) Munnecke DE, Martin JP; Phytopathology 54: 941-5 (1964) Rapid hydrolysis in moist soil Weed Science Society of America; Herbicide Handbook 6th ed Champaign, IL pp. 81-2 (1989) High soil mobility (but…hydrolizes before extensive leaching occurs) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Arizona Database of Aqueous Solubilities. Univ of AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5 (1990) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) Subramanian P et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 503-13 (1996) Hazardous Decomposition: Emits very toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides & sulfur oxides Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1327 Gradual, endothermic decomposition above 102 degrees C. Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 140 A chemical degradation occurs 10-15 minutes after application forming methylisothiocyanate, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, and monomethylamine which interact, resulting in the potent action of the chemical. Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 140 Aquatic Fate Low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council p. 335 (1997) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) Rapidly hydrolyzed in both fresh and salt water Subramanian P et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 503-13 (1996) Atmospheric Fate Photolysis suspected Crosby DG, Li M; pp. 321-63 Degradation of Herbicides, Kearney PC, Kaufman DD, eds. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker (1969)
W63
Inhalation / dermal NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)
X63
fatal Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-318
P64
MSDS from JT Baker National Technical Information Service. Vol. OTS0536975, Initial Submission: Letter from Eastman Kodak Company to USEPA Regarding Information on A Report with the Chemical N,n,n-trimethylmethanaminium Chloride with Attachment. 1992. IPCS, International Chemical Safety Cards, Ammonium-, tetramethyl-, chloride, 11-03. Chiu-Wei YF, Kasuya Y, Watanabe M. 1984 Oct. Post-natal change in the effect of denervation on the rat vas deferens. Q J Exp Physiol 69(4):711-8.
T64
Alvarez-Leefmans FJ, Gamino SM, Reuss L. 1992 Dec. Cell volume changes upon sodium pump inhibition in Helix aspersa neurones. J Physiol 458:603-19.
Product
MSD
S
Total %
known
Cancer
Mutagen
Developm
ental
Endocrine disruptors
Imm
une
Kidney
40 HTL 10% X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1AI-2 97% X X 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 3
Aldacide G X 10-30% X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Alpha 125 X 30% X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1B9 20% X 1 1 1
X 30-90% X X 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
100% X 1 1 1
Bio-Clear 200 X 98% X 1 1 1 1
BXL-2 10% X 1 1 1CI-14 73% X X 2 2 1 1 2 1 2Delta Frac 140 0%FE-100L 0%
FE-1A Acidizing Composition X 90-100% X X 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 15. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]ATSDR. 1998 Aug. Toxicological Profile for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol AcetateAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V7 152. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3933. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Devillers J, Chezeau A, Thybaud E, Poulsen V, Porcher JM, Graff L, Vasseur P, Mouchet F, Ferrier V, Quiniou F. 2002. Ecotoxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and its acetate. [2-BE 111-76-2]. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 12(4):255-263.EPA. 1999 Oct. Toxicological review of ethylene glycol monomutyl ether (EGBE) (CAS no. 111-76-2): In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):93 pp.Exon JH, Mather GG, Bussiere JL, Olson DP, Talcott PA. 1991. Effects of subchronic exposure of rats to 2-methoxyethanol or 2- butoxyethanol: Thymic atrophy and immunotoxicity. Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 16(4):830-840.Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-176. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 163. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 301. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]IPCS,CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (May 2003). [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]IPCS. 2005. Selected alkoxyethanols, 2-butoxyethanol.: World Health Organization - International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise Internation Chemical Assessment Document 67.Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Hommel LM, Poonacha KB. 1997. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether. Environ Health Perspect 105 (Suppl. 1):217-218.National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2000. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies 2-butoxyethanol (Cas No. 111-76-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 484 (NIH Publication No. 00-3974):1-290.NCI/NTP Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series; National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, TR-484 Y00NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2-Butoxyethanol. Nov. 2001.Nyska A, Maronpot RR, Ghanayem BI. 1999. Ocular thrombosis and retinal degeneration induced in female F344 rats by 2-butoxyethanol. Human & Experimental Toxicology 18(9):577-582.ScorecardSiesky AM, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. 2002. Hepatic effects of 2-butoxyethanol in rodents. Toxicol Sci 70(2):252-260.Singh P, Morris B, Zhao S, Blaylock BL. 2002. Suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response following topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol in female BALB/c mice. International Journal of Toxicology 21(2):107-114.Singh P, Zhao S, Blaylock BL. 2001. Topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol alters immune responses in female BALB/c mice. International Journal of Toxicology 20(6):383-390.Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 155. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. 1984. Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57:47-68.Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 387. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
Bio-Clear 1000 label, 3-28-07.Health Canada, Proposed Acceptablility for Continuing Registration, Re-evaluation of 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropianamide, PACR2004-16, June, 2004Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1063MSDS from Clearwater, 11-10-05.ScorecardUS EPA. 1994. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA). R.E.D. Facts .Safety data for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, Physical & Theoretical chemistry Lab, 2005.IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1996.Astill BD, Deckardt K, Gembardt C, Gingell R, Guest D, Hodgson JR, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Tyler TR. 1996. Prechronic toxicity studies on 2-ethylhexanol in F334 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 29(1):31-9.Astill BD, Gingell R, Guest D, Hellwig J, Hodgson JR, Kuettler K, Mellert W, Murphy SR, Sielken RL, Tyler TR. 1996. Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31(1):29-41.Bui LM, Taubeneck MW, Commisso JF, Uriu-Hare JY, Faber WD, Keen CL. 1998. Altered zinc metabolism contributes to the developmental toxicity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol and valproic acid. Toxicology 126(1):9-21.Hellwig J, Jackh R. 1997. Differential prenatal toxicity of one straight-chain and five branched-chain primary alcohols in rats. Food & Chemical Toxicology 35(5):489-500.Horn O, Nalli S, Cooper D, Nicell J. 2004. Plasticizer metabolites in the environment. Water Research 38(17):3693-8.Seed JL. 1982. Mutagenic activity of phthalate esters in bacterial liquid suspension assays. Environ Health Perspect 45:111-4.MSDS from JT Baker, 7-6-06.Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-118 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Scorecard
Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Covalent binding of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizers 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MCI) and 2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MI) to a model peptide and glutathione. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jan 19; 14(2):365-8.Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Studies of chemical selectivity of hapten, reactivity, and skin sensitization potency. 3. Synthesis and studies on the reactivity toward model nucleophiles of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizers, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MCI) and 2-methylisothiazol-3-one (MI). Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 May; 16(5):627-36.Alvarez-Sanchez, R.; Divkovic, M.; Basketter, D.; Pease, C.; Panico, M.; Dell, A.; Morris, H., and Lepoittevin, J. P. Effect of glutathione on the covalent binding of the 13C-labeled skin sensitizer 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one to human serum albumin: identification of adducts by nuclear magnetic resonance, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 2004 Sep; 17(9):1280-8.Becker, D.; Valk, E.; Zahn, S.; Brand, P., and Knop, J. Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Feb; 120(2):233-8.Bohn, S.; Niederer, M.; Brehm, K., and Bircher, A. J. Airborne contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone in wall paint. Abolition of symptoms by chemical allergen inactivation. Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Apr; 42(4):196-201.Botham, P. A.; Hilton, J.; Evans, C. D.; Lees, D., and Hall, T. J. Assessment of the relative skin sensitizing potency of 3 biocides using the murine local lymph node assay. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Sep; 25(3):172-7.Bruze, M.; Dahlquist, I.; Fregert, S.; Gruvberger, B., and Persson, K. Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG. Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Apr; 16(4):183-8.Bruze, M.; Fregert, S.; Gruvberger, B., and Persson, K. Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG in the guinea pig. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987; 67(4):315-20.Connor, T. H.; Tee, P. G.; Afshar, M., and Connor, K. M. Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing Kathon. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1996; 28(2):127-32.Di Stefano, A.; Frosali, S.; Leonini, A.; Ettorre, A.; Priora, R.; Di Simplicio, F. C., and Di Simplicio, P. GSH depletion, protein S-glutathionylation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential hyperpolarization are early events in initiation of cell death induced by a mixture of isothiazolinones in HL60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb; 1763(2):214-25.Ettorre, A.; Andreassi, M.; Anselmi, C.; Neri, P.; Andreassi, L., and Di Stefano, A. Involvement of oxidative stress in apoptosis induced by a mixture of isothiazolinones in normal human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug; 121(2):328-36.Nordic Chemical Group. Heath effects of selected chemicals 2. Kathon and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one. Nord. 1993; 29:75-104.ScorecardToren, K.; Brisman, J., and Meding, B. Sensitization and exposure to methylisothiazolinones (Kathon) in the pulp and paper industry--a report of two cases. Am J Ind Med. 1997 May; 31(5):551-3.American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 703 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]CCOHS Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 171 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1086 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]
American Chemistry Council. 2003. Acetic acid and salts, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and its salts . High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. 103 pp.Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 40 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.13 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre, International Chemical Safety Card on Acetic acid (October 1997). Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995., p. 589. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.] Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]MSDS from JT Baker, 10-1-08NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Acetic acid. Nov. 2001.Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 434. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 12 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]ScorecardSittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21 (1981) [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 104 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]WHO. 1967. Toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treatment agents, acids and bases: Acetic acid, glacial. Food Additive Series 64:4 pp.American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-102Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 82International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.14Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995., p. 589Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1MDSD from HalliburtonMSDS from Alfa Aesar 11-17-06Niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards, Actic anhydride, November 2001Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 435Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1818Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 86ScorecardSinclair JS et al; Burns 20 (5): 469-470 (1994)Sinclair, J. S.; McManus, D. T.; O'Hara, M. D., and Millar, R. Fatal inhalation injury following an industrial accident involving acetic anhydride. Burns. 1994 Oct; 20(5):469-70.United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Acetic anhydride (108-24-7) (June 1997)West, R. R. and Stafford, D. A. Occupational exposures and haematological abnormalities among ordnance factory workers: a case control study. Leuk Res. 1997 Jul; 21(7):675-80.Whorton, M. D.; Amsel, J., and Mandel, J. Cohort mortality study of prostate cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med. 1998 Mar; 33(3):293-6.
No information found
No information foundGosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-123 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3039 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]MSDS from teckcominco, 12-18-06MSDS from Tessenderlo, 2-24-06MSDS from Cameo Chemicals, 2007New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Bisulfite, 9-98.IPCS, International Chemical Safety Card, Ammonium persulfate, 10-01.MSDS from JT Baker, 4-15-05New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Ammonium Persulfate, 7-00.Pang S, Fiume MZ. 2001. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 20 Suppl 3:7-21.Scorecard
No information found
No information found
No information foundAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]ATSDR. 2007 Sep. Toxicological Profile for BoronAtlanta GA: Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3 p.539 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 1322 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances). 2000. IUCLID Dataset, Boric acid (10043-35-3). Goldfrank, L.R. (ed). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th Edition McGraw-Hill New York, New York 2002., p. 1289 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Hamilton SJ, Buhl KJ; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19 (3): 366-373 (1990). Available from the ECOTOX database on Boric acid (10043-35-3) at: http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/ecotox_quick_search as of May 13, 2005. [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1414[As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 155 [As cited in TOXNET, Toxicology Data Network, U.S. National Library of Medicine, copyright May 19, 2008.]NTP. 1987 Oct. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Boric Acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 324:1-126.
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