XenotransplantationXenotransplantation

Pigs and HumansPigs and Humans

Rebecca LewisRebecca Lewis

Frontiers in BiologyFrontiers in Biology

What is xenotransplantation?What is xenotransplantation? History of . . .History of . . . StatisticsStatistics Biological Concept of . . .Biological Concept of . . . Ethical Issues of . . .Ethical Issues of . . . Where are we going with . . .Where are we going with . . . Works CitedWorks Cited Photos CitedPhotos Cited

What is Xenotransplantation?What is Xenotransplantation?

Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation refers to the practice refers to the practice of transplanting, of transplanting, implanting, or infusing implanting, or infusing living cells, tissues, or living cells, tissues, or organs from one organs from one species to another.species to another.

History of XenotransplantationHistory of Xenotransplantation 1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in 1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in

an attempt to repair his injured skull. This an attempt to repair his injured skull. This attempt was reported successful, but the attempt was reported successful, but the Russian had the bone removed soon after Russian had the bone removed soon after surgery under threat of the church of surgery under threat of the church of excommunication.excommunication.

Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a way of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting way of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting said skin directly onto the patient’s skin. One said skin directly onto the patient’s skin. One British Army surgeon was known to have British Army surgeon was known to have claimed using this procedure a plethora of times claimed using this procedure a plethora of times with good results.with good results.

1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues 1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues from a rabbit into a child, the child died two from a rabbit into a child, the child died two weeks laterweeks later

1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted 1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual rejuvenation. Among his patients was the rejuvenation. Among his patients was the famous poet William Butler Yeats.famous poet William Butler Yeats.

1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon 1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon kidneys into six patients. The patients only kidneys into six patients. The patients only lasted between 19 and 98 days.lasted between 19 and 98 days.

1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee 1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee kidneys , however, most failed within two kidneys , however, most failed within two months of the surgery, though one did live for months of the surgery, though one did live for nine months, the longest time for a nine months, the longest time for a xenotransplantation patient to live up to this xenotransplantation patient to live up to this date.date.

1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours 1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours after receiving a Chimpanzee heart.after receiving a Chimpanzee heart.

1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were 1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were transplanted into three children. They only transplanted into three children. They only survived between one to fourteen days.survived between one to fourteen days.

1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a 1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a baboon heart but dies only six hours after baboon heart but dies only six hours after surgery. About the same time a 60-year-old surgery. About the same time a 60-year-old man receives a chimpanzee heart to assist man receives a chimpanzee heart to assist his own heart, but dies four days after.his own heart, but dies four days after.

History of XenotransplantationHistory of Xenotransplantation

1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart 1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart and dies 20 days later.and dies 20 days later.

1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist 1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist the transplantation of a baboon liver a patient the transplantation of a baboon liver a patient lives for 71 days. However, the patient died of lives for 71 days. However, the patient died of a brain hemorrhage and the type of rejection a brain hemorrhage and the type of rejection typical was not seen.typical was not seen.

1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the 1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver would assist the patient’s liver long enough for would assist the patient’s liver long enough for a human donor to be found. The patient died a human donor to be found. The patient died after 32 hours.after 32 hours.

1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant, 1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant, patient dies after 26 days.patient dies after 26 days.

1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for 1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for an AIDS patient. Condition improved though an AIDS patient. Condition improved though cells died quickly.cells died quickly.

1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients 1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in with Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in one patient for over 7 monthsone patient for over 7 months

History of XenotransplantationHistory of Xenotransplantation

StatisticsStatistics

Only 5% of the organs needed Only 5% of the organs needed are availableare available

1990 United States – 21,914 1990 United States – 21,914 people in need of transplants, people in need of transplants, 12,580 received them12,580 received them

1990-1999 United States – 1990-1999 United States – 59% increase in rate of organ 59% increase in rate of organ donorsdonors

2001 United States – 80,374 2001 United States – 80,374 people in need of transplantspeople in need of transplants

2001 United States – 6,124 2001 United States – 6,124 people died waiting for people died waiting for transplantstransplants

1996-2000 Canada – Waiting 1996-2000 Canada – Waiting list grows by 62%list grows by 62%

1996-2000 Canada – Number 1996-2000 Canada – Number of transplants increases by of transplants increases by 22%22%

1999 Canada – 170 1999 Canada – 170 (approximately 40% of those (approximately 40% of those on the waiting list) people die on the waiting list) people die waiting for transplantswaiting for transplants

2001 Canada – Almost 4,000 2001 Canada – Almost 4,000 people waiting for transplants, people waiting for transplants, a 15.6% increase in 3 yearsa 15.6% increase in 3 years

StatisticsStatistics

The Need for Organ Donors The Need for Organ Donors grows at 15% per yeargrows at 15% per year

2004 Australia – In a survey 2004 Australia – In a survey two-thirds say they would use two-thirds say they would use an animal organ to save their an animal organ to save their lifelife

2004 Australia – Survey 2004 Australia – Survey shows 7 out of 10 males shows 7 out of 10 males would agree to would agree to xenotransplantationxenotransplantation

2004 Australia – Survey 2004 Australia – Survey shows 6 out of 10 woman shows 6 out of 10 woman would agree to would agree to xenotransplantationxenotransplantation

StatisticsStatistics

Biological Concepts Biological Concepts

Transplanted animal Transplanted animal cells to be used for cells to be used for hemophillia, diabetes, hemophillia, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseaseParkinson’s disease

Organ TransplantsOrgan Transplants A Way of delivering A Way of delivering

genes of therapeutic genes of therapeutic importanceimportance

Modern UsesModern Uses

Biological ConceptsBiological Concepts

Pigs have larger organsPigs have larger organs Pigs are already Pigs are already

slaughtered every day for slaughtered every day for meatmeat

Primates have smaller Primates have smaller organsorgans

Primates share most of Primates share most of our genetic make upour genetic make up

Primates are not available Primates are not available in massin mass

Primates vs. PigsPrimates vs. Pigs

Biological ConceptsBiological Concepts

25 known diseases 25 known diseases can be contacted can be contacted from pig to humanfrom pig to human

Rejection rate is Rejection rate is higherhigher

Public Health risksPublic Health risks Perfection of CloningPerfection of Cloning

Existing Problems and WorriesExisting Problems and Worries

Biological ConceptsBiological Concepts

Selective breedingSelective breeding Genetic alterationsGenetic alterations ContainmentContainment New and more New and more

powerful drugspowerful drugs More ResearchMore Research

Solutions to the ProblemsSolutions to the Problems

Pig OrganPig Organ

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

Jewish – Forbidden to Jewish – Forbidden to eat any part of a pigeat any part of a pig

Heart is the seat of Heart is the seat of the soulthe soul

No hybridization of No hybridization of man with any other man with any other speciesspecies

ReligionReligion

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

Physical discomfortPhysical discomfort Psychological Psychological

discomfortdiscomfort Why should animals Why should animals

suffer for humans?suffer for humans? The right to lifeThe right to life

Animal RightsAnimal Rights

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

Bible technicalitiesBible technicalities Importance of human Importance of human

lifelife Inspectors for animalsInspectors for animals Pigs are already Pigs are already

slaughtered dailyslaughtered daily Use as few primates Use as few primates

as possibleas possible

Arguments For XenotransplantationArguments For Xenotransplantation

Where are we headed?Where are we headed?

Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic that humans will no longer have any shortage of organs, that humans will no longer have any shortage of organs,

tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are continually conducting experiments to find new ways to continually conducting experiments to find new ways to

solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new problems. These range from developing new problems. These range from developing new

medications for rejection to breeding genetically medications for rejection to breeding genetically engineered pigs for the specific use of engineered pigs for the specific use of

xenotransplantation. Although there have been some xenotransplantation. Although there have been some ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be any ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be any

obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.

Works CitedWorks Cited Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs

Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA USA TodayToday. 128.2654 (1999) : 56. 128.2654 (1999) : 56

Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S. News & World ReportU.S. News & World Report. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.

Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ FarmOrgan Farm. Carlton . Carlton Books Limited, 2001.Books Limited, 2001.

Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how close are we?” how close are we?” LancetLancet. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.

D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Chemistry and IndustryIndustry. 4 Dec. 2000: 767. 4 Dec. 2000: 767

Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into humans is a risk to public health.” humans is a risk to public health.” The EconomistThe Economist. . 341.7997 (1996) : 16.341.7997 (1996) : 16.

Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences ReviewBiological Sciences Review. 12.2 (1999) : 36.. 12.2 (1999) : 36.

Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific AmericaScientific America. 277.1 . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6.(1997) : 54-6.

Works CitedWorks Cited Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice

McCormick. “The Supply of organs for McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nephrology Nursing JournalNursing Journal. 20.1 (2003) : 17(12).. 20.1 (2003) : 17(12).

Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal ScienceEncyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, . Marcel Dekker, 2005.2005.

Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” the dilemma.” Journal of Medical EthicsJournal of Medical Ethics. 30.1 . 30.1 (2004) : 92-6(2004) : 92-6

Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.comhttp://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999.Aug. 1999.

Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business IntelligenceAustralian Business Intelligence. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A

Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation alarms.” alarms.” Science NewsScience News. 151.16 (1997) : 245. 151.16 (1997) : 245

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   Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.” Illustration. Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.” Illustration.

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   Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo. Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo.

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““Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.” Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.” Illustration. 2001. Illustration. 2001. Vascular Biology and Vascular Biology and XenotransplantationXenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. . 20 Oct 2005. <<http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpghttp://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg> > 

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Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. 20 Oct 2005. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtrans<http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransplantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>plantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>

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Oct 2005. <Oct 2005. <http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpghttp://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg> >  ““Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation

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Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Right to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Right to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Prints Prints by Sue Coe 1979-Presentby Sue Coe 1979-Present. Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. . Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. 2005. <2005. <http://images.google.com/imgres?http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/xeno1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/coe/prntlist.htm&h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_prntlist.htm&h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/imagesEJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Fq%3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%3Den%26lr%3D> > 

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