xelovnebis fsiqologia -...

rusudan mircxulavarusudan mircxulavarusudan mircxulavarusudan mircxulavarusudan mircxulava

xelovnebisfsiqologia

(meore gamocema)

gamomcemloba ̀ kentavri~Tbilisi2010

ISBN: 978-99940-898-6-4SS (pirveli gamocema)

redaqtori:mariam iaSvili

samecniero sabWo:vasil kiknaZe

lela oCiauri

irine abesaZe

damkabadonebeli: ekaterine oqropiriZe

garekanis dizaini: laSa Cxenkeli

© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis gamomcemloba ̀ kentavri~© Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University PublishingHouse “Kentavri”

ISBN 978-9941-9161-4-4 (meore gamocema)

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

1. Tavi I1. Tavi I1. Tavi I1. Tavi I1. Tavi I _ xelovnebis fsiqologiis raobada misi ZiriTadi amocanebi .....................................................................5

2. Tavi II2. Tavi II2. Tavi II2. Tavi II2. Tavi II _ xelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebi .............13

3. Tavi III3. Tavi III3. Tavi III3. Tavi III3. Tavi III _ zigmund froidis xelovnebisfsiqologia .....................................................................................................31

4. Tavi IV4. Tavi IV4. Tavi IV4. Tavi IV4. Tavi IV _ oto rankisa da herbert markuzesxelovnebis fsiqologia ..........................................................................50

5. Tavi V5. Tavi V5. Tavi V5. Tavi V5. Tavi V _ karl gustav iungis xelovnebisfsiqologia .......................................................................................................60

6. Tavi VI6. Tavi VI6. Tavi VI6. Tavi VI6. Tavi VI _ xelovnebis Teoria iungisfsiqologiur skolaSi ............................................................................87

7. Tavi VII7. Tavi VII7. Tavi VII7. Tavi VII7. Tavi VII _ xelovnebis kvlevaganwyobis fsiqologiaSi .........................................................................91

8. Tavi VIII8. Tavi VIII8. Tavi VIII8. Tavi VIII8. Tavi VIII _ lev vigotskisxelovnebis fsiqologia ............................................................................102

9. Tavi IX9. Tavi IX9. Tavi IX9. Tavi IX9. Tavi IX _ vasili kandinski,rogorc xelovnebis fsiqologi ...........................................................108

SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura ......................................116pirTa saZiebeli .............................................................................................131

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Tavi ITavi ITavi ITavi ITavi I

xelovnebis fsiqologiis raoba da misixelovnebis fsiqologiis raoba da misixelovnebis fsiqologiis raoba da misixelovnebis fsiqologiis raoba da misixelovnebis fsiqologiis raoba da misi

ZiriTadi amocanebiZiriTadi amocanebiZiriTadi amocanebiZiriTadi amocanebiZiriTadi amocanebi

Tanamedrove xelovnebis fsiqologia kulturologiurkvlevaTa speqtrSi erTiandeba, rogorc misi erTianistruqturis Semadgeneli komponenti da rogorc kerZokulturologiuri disciplina.

Tanamedrove kulturologia efuZneba filosofiuri,socialuri, onTologiuri, fsiqologiuri, esTetikuri dasazogadod, humanitaruli principebis sinTezs, rac Tavadkulturis fenomenis araerTgvarovnebiTa da sirTuliT,multimodalobiTa da polimorfulobiT aixsneba.

xelovnebis fsiqologiis Teoriuli Tu meTodologiuriprinci pebis ganxilvamde unda ganisazRvros zogadadkulturisa da kulturologiis raoba. termini “kultura”XVIII saukunis evropaSi Semovida xmarebaSi; termini mxolodsocialuri eTikis wesebsa Tu pirovnebis TviTsrulyofisproblematikas ukavSirdeboda da humanisturi aRzrda -ganaTlebis konteqstSi gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove gagebiT,kultura kacobriobis mier misi arsebobis manZilzeSemuSavebuli obieqtebis, modelebis, etalonebisa daparadigmebis erTianobaa. hermenevtikas kultura esmis, rogorccivilizaciis an kacobriobis globaluri istoriuligamocdileba. rogorc SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebulirefleqsuri modeli an kacobriobis TviTSecnoba, TviTasaxvaSemoqmedebis procesSi. aseve, rogorc adamianuri resursebisrealizeba da gare samyaroSi proecireba; adamianuriSesaZleblobebis “gareT gatana” da gasagneba. mkvlevarebikulturas iseT universalur Tu eTnikur socialur-fsiqologiur fenomenebze afuZneben, rogoricaa tradicia,Cveva, samarTali, kognituri modeli, pirovnuli niSani dasxv. Sesabamisad, kulturis interpretacia gansxvavebuli(istoriuli, eTnikuri, pirovnuli) dispoziciebis safuZvelzexdeba SesaZlebeli.

saxelmZRvanelo `xelovnebis fsiqologia~moicavs im Teoriul Sexedulebebsa da Teoriebs,romelTac gansazRvres da CamoayalibesTanamedrove xelovnebisa da Semoqmedebisfsiqologiis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia rogorcxelovnebisa da kulturis Teoriul sakiTxebzemomuSave, aseve praqtikul-SemoqmedebiTiprofesiis pirTaTvisac. saxelmZRvaneloSipopularuli eniT warmodgenili ZiriTadifsiqologiuri terminebi da Teoriulidebulebebi mniSvnelovan daxmarebas gauwevsstudentebs, romlebic sakuTari SemoqmedebiTiamocanebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, xelovnebisTeoriulsa Tu praqtikul sakiTxebs ecnobian.

avtorisganavtorisganavtorisganavtorisganavtorisgan

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konkretuli adamianis Sinagani, fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebida kanonzomierebebi, aseve sakacobrio, zogadi mentaloba. (Zv.berZn. `fsiqe~ _ suli, `logos~ _ swavleba, moZRvreba,mecniereba)(1).

fsiqologiis amosavali wertili adamiania _ adamiania isbazisi da fundamenti, romlisganac amodis fsiqologi daromelsac mudmivad ubrundeba. `sulis mecnierebisTvis~arsobrivadaa damaxasiaTebeli anTropocentrizmi anu fokusirebaadamianis fsiqikur siRrmeebze; mis gancdebsa da azrebze,survilebsa da SiSebze, warmosaxvasa da azrovnebaze... rogorcpirovnul fsiqo-biografiaze, aseve mTeli kacobriobis mentalur-sulier sacavze. Sesabamisad, xelovneba da kulturafsiqologiis mier ganixileba ara misi subieqtisgan abstrahireba-ganyenebiT, aramed masTan kavSirSi da, ufro swored, misgangamomdinare. xelovnebis subieqtSi igulisxmeba rogorc avtori-Semoqmedi (kreatori an induqtori)(2). aseve aRmqmeli-amsaxvelic(recipienti)(3).

fsiqologiis xelovnebiT dainteresebis mTavar da ZiriTadmotivad, stimulad isev adamiani rCeba; xelovneba adamianisa damisi Sinagani, farul-latenturi raobis, uxilavi siRrmisa TusimaRlis uSualo da pirdapir anareklad, emanaciadaa ganxiluli!ase iqca xelovneba fsiqikuri realobisa da misi mflobeliadamianis kvlevis saSualebad, meTodad Tu `instrumentad~.xelovnebisa da sazogadod, kulturis prizmidan fsiqologiamscada gamokveTilad da mkafiod daenaxa misi Semqmneli daagreTve misi adresatic, kreatori da recipientic(4). iq, sadacadamianis fsiqologiuri kvlevisas uZluri rCeboda verbalur-cnebiTi aparati da logikuri azrovneba, gamoyenebul iqnaxelovnebis simbolur-xatovani ena. fsiqologia `ufro Sorswavida~ da mimarTa miTologias, folklors, rogorc kulturiszogad fundaments, raTa maTSi moeZia adamianisa da kacobriobisfsiqologiuri Zirebi.

sakuTriv xelovnebas fsiqologia Seiswavlis (rodesacmisi interesis obieqti swored xelovneba xdeba) ara rogorc`TviTkmar~ obieqtur Rirebulebas, aramed rogorcdakavSirebuls adamianTan da garkveul fsiqo-socialur

Teoriuli da meTodologuri princi pebis mixedviT,xelovnebis fsiqologia socio-fsiqologiur anTropologiasada hermenevtikasTan kavSirdeba. rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri anTropologiis, aseve xelovnebis fsiqologiisSeswavlis obieqts kulturis produqti Seadgens; xelovnebisfsiqologiis SemTxvevaSi es mxolod xelovnebis nimuSia.aseve, es disci plinebi Seiswavlian kulturis avtors(Semoqmeds, kreators) da kulturis momxmarebels an mimRebs(reci pients). xelovnebis fsiqologiis SemTxvevaSi _xelovnebis kreatorsa da recipients. amas garda, xelovnebisfsiqologiasa da socio-fsiqologiur anTropologiaSiSeiswavleba individTa Soris socio-kulturulo kavSirebi,mimarTebebi, intenciebi da refleqsiebi; maT Sorisidentifikaciuri, asimilaciuri Tu korelaciuri procesebi.xelovnebis fsiqologiaSi Seiswavleba mimarTeba konkretuladxelovnebasa da auditorias Soris. Tanamedrove hermenevtika,rogorc kulturuli teqstis azrisa da mniSvnelobis gageba_ interpretaciis xelovneba, aqtiurad urTierTqmedebs daTanamSromlobs ara mxolod xelovnebis fsiqologiasTan,aramed socialur fsiqologiasa da fsiqofizilogasTanac.xelovnebis gagebisa da interpretaciis procesSi xelovnebisfsiqologia xelmZRvanelobs individualuri da koleqtiurifsiqologiuri fenomenebiT; swored maT safuZvelze cdilobskulturuli teqstis aRweras, axsnasa da gagebas.

a s e v e , x elovn e b is fsiqologia m i m arTeb aSi aanTropologiur_kulturologiur semantikasTan, romelickulturis semantikuri, niSnobrivi komunikativebis kvlevasada interpretacias emsaxureba. maT Soris ikvlevs kulturuliteqstis azrisa da mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs, kulturulpaternebs, normativebsa da matricebs. xelovmenisfsi qologiisg a n g a nsxv a v e b iT , a nTropologiur-kulturologiuri semantika kulturis marTvis, regulaciisada organizebis strategiebis Seswavlasa da kulturisdiferencireba_sistematizirebazec aris orientirebuli.

saxelwodeba ̀ fsiqologia~ mecnierebis interesis fokussada kvlevis obieqts aaSkaravebs: _ es f s i q e a anu rogorc

xelovnebis fsiqologiisraoba da misi ZiriTadi amocanebi

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unikaluri roli ekisreba kulturologiur kvlevaTa speqtrSi.xelovnebis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, fsiqologia mimarTuliaara mxolod sakvlevi fenomenis aRwerisken, misi stilisturi,maneruli, struqturuli Tu istoriuli maxasiaTeblebisSeswavlisken, aramed aseve fsiqo-socialuri (zogadkulturuli,istoriuli Tu eTnikuri) determinantebis (mizezebis, motivebis,stimulebisa da impulsebis) kvleviskenac. fsiqologiisamocanas Seadgens ara mxolod aRweriTi (kiTxva _` r o g o r ? ~ ), aramed aseve axsniTi (kiTxva _ ` r a t o m ? ~)problemebis gaazreba da kauzalur, mizez-SedegobrivmimarTebaTa moZieba(6). magaliTisTvis, mxatvruli tilos(vTqvaT, sandro botiCelis `gazafxuli~ an daviT kakabaZis`deda~) ara mxolod fsiqologiuri aRwera-daxasiaTeba damisi simbolur-xatovani enis amokiTxva, aramed tilossafuZvlad arsebuli, ganmsazRvreli kanonzomierebebisgamovlenac (avtoris motivacia, fsiqologiuri `kodi~ _informacia da sxv.).

xelovnebis fsiqologiuri kvleva ramdenime ZiriTadxelovnebis fsiqologiuri kvleva ramdenime ZiriTadxelovnebis fsiqologiuri kvleva ramdenime ZiriTadxelovnebis fsiqologiuri kvleva ramdenime ZiriTadxelovnebis fsiqologiuri kvleva ramdenime ZiriTadamocanas iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa:amocanas iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa:amocanas iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa:amocanas iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa:amocanas iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa:

1. xelovnebis fsiqo-socialur determinantTa dafundamentur-esTetikur fenomenTa kvleva, esTetikursa dafsiqo-socialur fenomenebs Soris mizez-SedegobrivmimarTebaTa moZieba, xelovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebisaxsna-eqsplikacia (problema `ratom~); kerZod, ratom iqmnebaxelovnebis nawarmoebi, ras warmoadgens Semoqmedebis impulsiTu stimuli, romeli fsiqo-socialuri kanonzomierebebimoqmedeben mxatvruli xatis agebis procesSi, ra Seadgensxelovnebisa da Semoqmedebis fsiqologiur raobas da sxv.

2. xelovnebis fsiqologiuri analizi (problema ̀ rogor~);mxatvruli nawarmoebis fsiqologiuri aRwera- deskripcia, avtorisfsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis nawarmoebSi asaxvis rogorobisgaSuqeba, warmodgenili simboloebisa da, sazogadod, mxatvrulimeTodebis, stilis, maneris fsiqologiuri gaazreba da garkveulfsiqo-socialur movlenebsa da kanonzomierebebTan maTi mimarTebisSeswavla.

3. avtoris (kreator-induqtoris) fsiqologiuri kvleva;

procesebTan. fsiqologiuri mecnierebis interesebis sferosscildeba obieqtur-sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisa da RirebulebissakiTxebi; esTetikuri Rirebulebisa da misi Sefasebis mimarTfsiqologias spicifikuri `indiferentobac~ gamoarCevs.

yoveli SesaZlo saxis (profesiuli Tu araprofesiuli,mozrdilTa Tu arasrulwlovanTa da a. S.) SemoqmedebismimarT ganurCeveli da gamTanabrebeli damokidebuleba maTSoris zRvaris moSlisa da aRrevis mizezad SeiZleba iqces.esTetikuri Rirebulebis sakiTxis ugulvebelyofamfsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqtad SesaZloa mxatvruliSemoqmedebis yoveli saxe da forma aqcios. ufro metic,aRniSnuli poziciidan, `dabali~ mxatvruli Rirebulebis an`nedli~ masala SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovanicgaxdes, mis safuZvlad arsebuli mentalur-sulieri fenomenebisgamWvirvalobisa da Taviseburi ̀ Riaobis~ gamo. araprofesiulixelovnebisadmi interesi (da agreTve misi stilis, xerxebis,maneris imitacia) TviT profesiuli, akademiurixelovnebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, ris mTavar mizezadac`xalxuri~ Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli uSualoba dagulwrfeloba saxeldeba(5).

v. dilTai fsiqologias gamorCeul, unikalur funqciasakisrebda, aRiarebda ra mas humanitarul disciplinaTa zogadmeTodologiad. aseve, o. kiulpes mixedviT, esTetika missafuZvlad arsebul fsiqologiasTan sawyiseul, imanenturda ganuyofel kavSirSi imyofeba. l. vigotski, lipsTan erTadmiiCnevs, rom esTetika gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis kerZodisciplinaa da xelovnebis esTetikuri ganxilva socialursada fsiqologiur eqsplikacia-axsnas uciloblad gulisxmobs.avtori dasZens, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi esTetikur niSanTaerTobliobaa, romelTa analizi imTaviTve saWiroebsfsiqologiuri codnis gamoyenebas. aseve, k. iungi esTetikasfsiqologiis kerZo disciplinad miiCnevda, xolo kulturiskvlevebs mxolod fsiqologiuri diskursis CarCoebSimoiazrebda.

d e s k r i p c i a _ aRwerisa da e q s p l i k a c i a _ axsnismecnierul amocanaTa gamTlianebiT fsiqologias, marTlac,


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xelovnebisa da fsiqologiis urTierTmimarTeba esTetikurifenomenebis mecnieruli kvleviT ar amoiwureba; aRniSnulimimarTeba araerTgvarovania da mravalmxrivi(7). ufro metic,zRvari xelovnebasa da fsiqologias Soris, arc Tu iSviaTad,efemerulic xdeba; moarul Sexedulebad iqca, rom yovelixelovani imavdroulad fsiqologia, rom yoveli mxatvrulinimuSi da kulturuli teqsti garkveuli fsiqologiuriinformaciis matarebelia. ar azviadebda z. froidi, rodesacTavis did maswavleblebad sofokles, Seqspirsa da dostoevskisasaxelebda. es inteleqtualis mier kulturisadmi xarkis moxdiseleganturi Jesti ki ar iyo, aramed _ sakuTari ideebis wyarosada mZlavri stimulis gulwrfeli da daufaravi aRiareba.

xelovnebis mier gakvalul gzaze mavali mecniereba uxvadsazrdoobs mxatvruli azrovnebis procesSi Sobili ideebiTada warmodgenebiT, raTa maTi mecnieruli damuSavebis gziTaxalsa da aqtualur fsiqologiur (da ara mxolodfsiqologiur) kanonzomierebebs wvdes. xelovnebac, Tavis mxriv,Riaa fsiqologiuri da, sazogadod, humanitaruli informaciismimarT da miuxedavad “mSrali” mecnieruli dispoziciis(pozitivisturi azrovnebis stilis) oponirebisa, mas mudmivad(cnobierad Tu aracnobierad) asaxavs da ireklavs.

aRiniSneba gansakuTrebuli, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsuliSemTxvevebi, rodesac xelovneba garkveuli fsiqologiuri Teoriisan fsiqikuri kanonzomierebis aSkara ilustracias axdens.fsiqologiisadmi aseTi mZafri interesi SeiZleba, sxvadasxvamizeziT aixsnas; axali, zogjer pikantur-intimuri da skandaluriTemebiT manipulirebis motiviT, aseve xelovanis `monusxviT~popularuli Teoriis mier. magram mTavari mizezi maincxelovnebisa da mecnierebis (da miT ufro, humanitarulimecnierebis) evoluciis, istoriuli ganviTarebis saerTo gzaa,sazogadod, sakacobrio sulierebis mTlianoba, romelic erTisada imave aqtualuri da mtkivneuli, mwvave Temebis asaxvasacukavSirdeba. asaxva specifikuri da TavisTavadi formebiT xdeba;mecniereba cnebiTi aparatiTa da logikuri azrovnebiT operirebs,xolo xelovneba afeqturad damuxtul, simbolur-xatovan enasmimarTavs.

`vin~ dgas nawarmoebis ukan, rogor xasiaTdeba Semoqmedisfsiqologiuri Taviseburebani, ra pirovnuli niSnebi ayalibebsSemoqmeds, ra saxiT aisaxeba avtoris fsiqologia misqmnilebebSi, ra kavSirSia avtori misi SemoqmedebismaxasiaTeblebTan da sxva.

zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebi e. w. kreatiuli anuSemoqmedebis fsiqologiis Zireul problemebs Seadgens.

4. recepciis anu xelovnebis aRqmis, avtorisa da misiauditoriis mimarTebis Seswavla daMmxatvruli komunikaciissakiTxTa kvleva. kerZod, iseT sakiTxTa gaSuqeba, rogoricaa:ratom da rogor axdens (an ar axdens) zemoqmedebasmxatvruli nawarmoebi, rogoria esTetikuri reaqciisfsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi.Aaseve,FiseT fundamenturesTetikur fenomenTa analizi, rogoricaa: empaTia, kaTarzisi,insaiTi, tele da sxv. aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT e. w. recepciuli(esTetikuri aRqmis) fsiqologiaa dainteresebuli.Kkreaciulida recepciuli fsiqologia xelovnebis fsiqologiis ormTavar ganStoebas warmoadgens.

5. xelovnebis calkeuli dargebis utilizacia-gamoyenebakonkretuli fsiqo-Terapiuli miznebisa da amocanebisTvis.Aart-Terapiuli (anu xelovnebis dargebTan dakavSirebuli fsiqo-Terapiuli) meTodebis gamdidreba da srulyofa, mxatvruliSemoqmedebisa da xelovnebis aqtiuri CarTva adamianisfsiqologiuri daxmarebis, fsiqo-profilaqtikis, TreningisaTu fsiqo-Terapiis procesSi. Tanamedrove art-TerapiaSigamoiyofa iseTi qve-dargebi, rogoricaa: musika-Terapia, saxviTixelovnebiT Terapia, cekviT Terapia, fsiqo-drama (dramatulixelovnebiT Terapia), niRbebiT Terapia, warmosaxviTisavarjiSoebiT (imaginaciiT) Terapia da sxva. xSirad gamoiyenebakompleqsuri meTodebic, romlebic mTeli mxatvruli arsenalisaqtiur CarTvas gulisxmobs Terapiul procesSi.

ra Tqma unda, xelovnebis fsiqologiis amocanebi araaizolirebuli; es ukanasknelni arsebiT kavSirSi imyofebianda urTierTisgan gamomdinareoben. yoveli calkeuli amocanaim mTlian sistemaSia CarTuli, romlis moazrebac mxolodzogadi, erTiani Teoriisa da koncepciis prerogativaa.


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Cveuli da ucxoc, erTgvari saxli-xafangi). (aRniSnuliterminebi naSromis II TavSi iqneba ganxiluli).

calke analizs imsaxurebs ̀ arafsiqologiuri xelovnebis~SesaZleblobis sakiTxi; ramdenad realuria fsiqologiisganneitraluri xelovnebis arseboba, romelic sruliadgamoricxavda fsiqologiur midgomasa da Sinagani, latentur-faruli, ̀ amosakiTxi~ (da Tanac, ara mxolod fsiqologiuri)informaciis arsebobas. aseTad SeiZleba ganvixiloTrealistur-dokumenturi xelovneba (fotografiis an qronikismsgavsi), romelic avtorisgan ganyenebasa da realobis obieqturasaxvas cdilobs. magram ramdenad ànonimuria~ an ùavtoro~amgvari xelovneba? ramdenad SeuZlia avtors (misi pirovnuliTu koleqtiuri fsiqikiT) sakuTari qmnilebisgan ganyeneba?ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, arsebobdes ùpirovno~ da sruladobieqturi xedva? gavrcelebuli da sakmaod argumentirebuliSexedulebis mixedviT, avtori, rogorc aqtiuri subieqtiproduqtis struqturaSi yovelTvis (gamonaklisis gareSe)CaerTvis da misgan ganuyofeli xdeba.DTviT im gansakuTrebulSemTxvevaSic, rodesac Semoqmedebis avanscenaze zepirovnuliaracnobieri (koleqtiuri aracnobieris arqetipebi) gamodis.(ix. naSromis V Tavi).

àrafsiqologiuri~ an `fsiqologiisgan daclili~xelovnebis kvleva SesaZloa, gansakuTreblad mniSvnelovanicgaxdes, radganac moCvenebiTi obieqturoba da indiferentobafundamentur fsiqologiur procesebs met simkveTresa dasimZafres aniWebs. aRniSnuli `paradoqsi~ udevs safuZvladpirovnebis kvlevis e. w. `proeqciul meTodebs~, romlebSicpirovneba uneburad, misTvis ̀ neitralur~ da ̀ gareSe~ masalazepirovnuli Taviseburebebis proecirebas an gadatanas axdens;ase magaliTad, `Tematuri apercepciis testSi~ naxatis(magaliTad, mosaubre qalisa da mamakacis suraTis) ubraloaRwerisas cdispiri realurad ara naxatze, aramed sakuTarpirovnebaze, pirovnul problemebsa da maxasiaTeblebze saubrobs;pirovnuli fsiqologiuri niSnebisa da TaviseburebebisSesabamisad naxati mxolod garkveuli, konkretuli rakursidanaRiqmeba. (qalisa da mamakacis saubarsa da moqmedebaSi cdispiri

xelovnebam gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi muxti z.froidis Teoriisgan, `fsiqoanalizisgan~ miiRo; kreatulmaimpulsma xelovnebis yoveli dargi moicva. aseTigansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis mTavari mizezi froidis enismetaforulobas, intimobas da, rac mTavaria, mistiuri daTanac instinqturi `saidumlos~ gaaSkaravebis zeamocanasukavSirdeba; z. froidis Teoria pozitivizmis mier xelovnebisqmnilebad, saSinelebaTa Janris romanad anda Tavad avtorisaRsarebad, mis auto-fsiqoanalizad Seiracxa.Mmagram faqtia,rom `mkacri~ mecnierebis mier ironizirebulma Teoriam aramxolod kulturasa da xelovnebaze, aramed Tanamedroveadamianisa da sazogadoebis cnobierebaze udidesi zegavlenamoaxdina(8).

literaturam, saxviTma xelovnebam, Teatrma, kinom, musikam,qoreografiam _ xelovnebis uklebliv yvela dargma sakuTari,specifikuri eniT aaJRera froidis ara Tu ideebi, aramedTeoriac mTlianobaSi. magaliTebis moyvana Sors wagviyvandada naSromis Sesavali nawilis farglebs gascdeboda. amitomacaq mxolod or mkafio magaliTze SevCerdebiT; a. hiCkokiskinofilmze ̀ fsiqo~ da a. Sonbergis operaze ̀ bednieri xeli~.

xelovnebis orive nimuSi ara mxolod efuZneba z. froidisTeorias, aramed mis mxatvrul ilustrirebasac axdens, erTSemTxvevaSi, kinoenis da, meore SemTxvevaSi, musikaluri enismxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebiT. kinom da musikamganzogadebuli simbolos saxiT asaxa adamianis fsiqologiuriproblema _ dauZleveli winaaRmdegoba cnobier-goniT daaracnobier-instinqtur sawyisebs Soris, mxatvrulad daamuSavamecnieruli terminebi, rogoricaa libido (a. SonbergTan esukanaskneli protagonistis beWebze Semomjdari sastiki damudmivad momTxovni cxovelis saxiTaa warmodgenili), oidiposkompleqsi (a. hiCkokTan mis Semzarav metaforad Svilis eniTametyvelebuli dedis gvami iqca), sublimacia (SonbergTanmisi metaforaa protagonistis talanti- xelis SexebiTyovelives keTilSobil oqrod qcevisa), erotul-Tanaturiaracnobieri (hiCkokis filmSi mas pirquSi cixe-simagreganasaxierebs; saxli, rogorc moCvenebaTa sacavi, erTdroulad

xelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebi

1514

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Tavi IITavi IITavi IITavi IITavi II

xelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebixelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebixelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebixelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebixelovnebis fsiqologiis wanamZRvrebi

fsiqologia, rogorc damoukidebeli, empiriul-eqsperimentuli mecniereba, mxolod XIX saukunis II naxevarSiCndeba sarbielze, rodesac laifcigSi vilhelm vundtisTaosnobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT pirveli fsiqologiurilaboratoria ixsneba. am periodamde fsiqologiuri kvlevebifilosofiasa (rogorc ̀ mecnierebaTa dedas~, zogad ̀ sibrZnissiyvaruls~) da filosofiur gonebaWvretiT meTodsukavSirdeba. adamianis problema mudmivad idga filosofiurigansjis dRis wesrigSi, romelSic sakuTriv fsiqologiuriaspeqtic moiazreboda, rogoricaa adamianis fsiqes, mis calkeulfunqciaTa Tu movlenaTa raoba da funqcionirebisTaviseburebebi.

antikuri filosofiuri azri da esTetikaantikuri filosofiuri azri da esTetikaantikuri filosofiuri azri da esTetikaantikuri filosofiuri azri da esTetikaantikuri filosofiuri azri da esTetika

Tanamedrove xelovnebis fsiqologiis uadresi wanamZRvrebiantikuri esTetikis sferoSi unda veZioT(10,75,76,77,78,79).rogorc cnobilia, antikuri esTetika Cvens eramde VI s.iqmneboda da umaRles ganxorcielebas V-IV saukuneebSi miaRwia.mis adreul warmomadgenlebad heraklites, piTagorasa dademokrites asaxeleben.

demokritesgan gansxvavebiT, romelic mSvenierebis obieqturpirobad kosmiur, socialur da anTropul (samyaros,sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sinagan) wesrigs, simwyobresa daharmonias aRiarebs, piTagora substanciur mSvenierebasganyenebul ricxviT mimarTebebsa da `ricxvTa harmoniaSi~moiZiebda. piTagoras SexedulebaTa mixedviT, ricxvTa harmo-nia kosmiur musikasTanaa kavSirSi; musikaSi ganxorcielebuliRvTaebrivi wesrigi samyaros, universums, `ciur sferoebs~moicavs. swored kosmiuri musikis, xelovnebis am pirveladi`modelis~ an pirvelsaxis mibaZvasa da aJRerebas cdilobssakuTari mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT adamiani da am mcdelobiT

im Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas debs, romelic misTvis pirovnuladaqtualuria da romelic mis ganwyobebsa da fsiqologiurgamocdilebas Seesabameba. Ees SeiZleba iyos siyvaruli, agresia,morCileba, interesi, saqmiani kavSiri, vneba da sxva)(9).

Tanamedrove interdisci plinarul kulturologiurkvlevaTa speqtrSi xelovnebis fsiqologias sakuTari, sruliadgamorCeuli funqcia Tu daniSnuleba gamoarCevs.MwinamdebarenaSromi xelovnebis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisada mimdinareobebis gaSuqebas iTvaliswinebs. warmodgeniliTeoriebi, fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebi da fenomenebi xelsSeuwyobs xelovnebisa da kulturis kvlevebis gamdidrebasmniSvnelovani (da zogjer aucilebeli) informaciiTa daaseve Tanamedrove mecnieruli meTodikiT.Adaxmarebas gauwevsesTetikuri movlenebis rogorc Teoriul Seswavlas, asevekonkretul praqtikul mxatvrul amocanaTa gadawyvetasac.

1716

rusudan mircxulava

miuxedavad amisa, xelovnebis roli pirovnebis aRzrdis procesSiganuzomelia; platoni sagangebod miuTiTebs esTetikuri aRzrdismniSvnelobaze. Tumca, amave dros aRniSnavs, rom Semoqmedebasiracionaluri da umarTavi buneba e. w. `RvTaebrivi siSmage~ukavSirdeba(16).

platonis moZRvrebaSi gamorCeulia mimesisis (mibaZvis)fenomenis mniSvneloba; poezia baZavs WeSmaritebas, magramvinaidan TviT materialuri samyaro ideaTa samyaros uxeSikopirebaa, amitomac xelovneba misi bunebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli`ormagi~ mimbaZvelobis gamo Sors scildeba ideaTaWeSmaritebas; realuri sagnebi ideebis mimesisia, xoloxelovneba _ realuri sagnebis mimesisi.

Zvel berZenTa uZvelesi xelovneba, e. w. qorea, upirvelesyovlisa, grZnobaTa gamoxatva_ ganmuxtvas emsaxureboda dacekvis, musikisa da simReris gamTlianeba-integrirebasaxdenda.Qqorea kultsa da rituals da, gansakuTrebiT ki,dionises misteriebs ukavSirdeboda. aris mosazreba, rom termini`mimesisi~ swored dionises kultSi Cndeba, sadac qurumTamimikasa da cekvebs gamoxatavs. niSandoblivia, rom platonida straboni terminebs `mimesisi~ da `misteria~ sinonimebadiyeneben, xolo delfosis himnebSi ̀ mimesisiT~ saritualo daTavisi arsiT eqspresiuli cekva aRiniSneba(17).

aristoteles esTetikaSic mimesiss (`xelovneba baZavsbunebas!~) saTanado adgili ganekuTvneba. mimesisi realobismartivi kopireba rodia; poets SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebissafuZvelze sagnebisa da movlenebis asaxva gansxvavebulirakursidan SeuZlia; kerZod, sagnebis asaxva realisturad(rogoric es ukanasknelni arian), subieqturad (rogorcfiqroben maTze) da idealisturad (rogoric unda iyvnenisini). aristotele ara mxolod adiferencirebs xelovnebisdiskretul Janrebs (drama, komedia, tragedia), aramed iZlevaxelovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis gagebis zogadmodelsac; miuxedavad imisa, rom mSvenierebis safuZveliTanazomiereba, wesrigi da erTianobaa, Semoqmedis SesaZleblobebiar ifargleba `civi~ da ucvleli harmoniis erTferovan _calsaxa kopirebiT; realobis asaxvisas mas, Tanamedrove eniT

aramiwier wesrigsa da harmonias eziareba. amitomac piTagoramusikas (rogorc xelovnebaTagan gamorCeuls) unikalur,sruliad gamorCeul mniSvnelobas miawers; _ musikamakaTarzisebeli zemoqmedebis mqonea; musika adamians miwierda mavne vnebaTagan ganwmends. Tuki heraklite cecxlisganmwmend-makaTarzisebel Zalaze miuTiTebda, piTagoras aseTadmusika, musikis esTetikuri cecxli esaxeba.

rogorc vxedavT, vnebaTagan ganwmendisa (kaTarzisis) daaseve, mibaZva-mimesisis (11,76,77,78,79) ideebs jer kidevpiTagoras esTetika gvTavazobs.Ees ideebi saukuneTa manZilzecvlilebebs ganicdida, Tumca maTi arsi faqtobrivad ucvlelirCeboda.Aase magaliTad, arisTid kvintilianes (II-III s.) gagebiT,kulturis dabal safexurebze Svebasa da siamovnebas mxolodSesabamisi aqtiuri moqmedeba _ simRera da cekva iwvevs, anukaTarzisi mxolod aqtioris, Semoqmedis `bednieri~ xvedria.kulturuli da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis maRal donezeki sasiamovno Sveba (ase esmis avtors kaTarzisis arsi)msmenelisa Tu mWvretelisTvisac (recipientisTvisac) xdebadamaxasiaTebeli(12,13,14).

piTagora Tanamedrove artTerapiis mamad miiCneva; musika(qnarze Sesrulebuli melodia) Terapiuli miznebisTvispirvelad swored genialuri berZeni filosofosis skolaSiiqna gamoyenebuli. piTagorelebi nebismieri daavadebis mizezsadamianis Sinagani harmoniisa da wesrigis rRvevaSi xedavdnenda mis aRdgenas Sesabamisi musikis gamoyenebiT cdilobdnen.arsebobs legenda, rom didi piTagora windawin swavlobdapacients (`diagnozs~ svamda misi pirovnebis SeswavlissafuZvelze), Semdeg sagangebod misTvis werda musikas (sulieriTu fizikuri senis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) da bolos,qnarze usrulebda. poTagoras mier mikvleuli TerapiulimeTodi dRes aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove musika-TerapiaSi,Tumca ra Tqma unda, garkveuli saxecvlilebiT.

platonis esTetikis safuZvelia moZRvreba ideaTa Sesaxeb;ideaTa erTian sistemaSi moiazreba platonis mier mSvenierebisideac. realuri sagnebi da aseve xelovneba (saganTaxelovnebiseuli asaxva) ideaTa pirveladi samyaros anareklebia.


1918

rusudan mircxulava

(TanatanjvasTan) dakavSirebul siamovnebaze wers. ̀ da radganacpoetma mxatvruli nawarmoebiT unda mogvaniWos siamovneba,gamomdinare Tanagancdisagan (r. m. _ tanjvis gaziarebismsgavsi) da SiSisgan, amitomac cxadia, rom swored esukanasknelni unda igulisxmebodes Tavad movlenebSi~ (TargmaniCemia _ r. m.). Sesabamisad, aristoteles gagebiT, xelovnebiszemoqmedeba ambivalentur, orpolusian (tanjva-siamovneba)da swored amis gamo, Zlieri intensivobis emociebs (tanjviTmopovebul an tanjviT miRweul siamovnebas) ukavSirdeba(18).aristoteles idea ara erTi interpretaciis stimulad iqca,rac mis gamorCeul produqtiulobaze metyvelebs.

xelovnebis ambivalentobis (romelic, aristoteles gagebiT,xelovnebis zemoqmedebis mTavari da ZiriTadi instrumentia)sailustraciod Zveli berZeni avtori konkretul magaliTebsda `rekomendaciebs~ iZleva; `Tuki mteri aiZulebs mtersitanjos, _ maSin is ar iwvevs Tanagancdas (Tanatanjvas).aseve xdeba, rodesac amgvarad moqmedeben erTmaneTisadmigulgrili pirebi. magram rodesac tanjva Cndeba megobrisgan_ magaliTad, rodesac Zma klavs Zmas, Svili _ mamas an deda_ Svils an Svili _ dedas anda apirebs anda akeTebs raimesamdagvars _ ai, ra unda eZios poetma~ (aristotele. ̀ poetika~,Tavi 14).

aristoteles mixedviT, kolizia, dapirispirebul ZalTaWidili da Serkineba, damkvidrebul normaTa da standartTazRvris gadalaxva, ̀ miuReblis~ miReba da daSveba _ xelovnebisadamianze zemoqmedebis fundaments qmnis. xelovneba ara Tucdilobs garkveuli normebis (Tundac biologiuri normebis)dacvasa da SenarCunebas, aramed, piriqiT, swored maTi darRveviTiZens unikaluri zemoqmedebis unars. `poetikis~ VI TavSiaristotele tragediis safuZvelSi arsebul kaTarzissmimesisTan akavSirebs; tragedia mniSvnelovani, dasrulebulian gamorCeuli (gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone) moqmedebismibaZvaa, romelic kaTarzisis amoqmedebas, anu SiSisa daTanagancdis (Tanatanjvis) gziT ganwmendas, ukavSirdeba.

aristoteles kaTarzisuli Teoriis mravalricxovanida mravalferovani interpretaciebi arsebobs. erTni

rom vTqvaT, interpretaciuli Tavisufleba eniWeba.sagulisxmoa, rom esTetikuri azrisTvis mimesisis idea

istoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze TiTqmis ucvleladaadamaxasiaTebeli; idea, romelic bunebas xelovnebis pirvelxatissaxiT warmoadgens. Tanamedrove xelovnebis fsiqologiaSicmZlavrad igrZnoba `maradiuli ideis~ niSnebi; fsiqoanalizimxatvruli Semoqmedebis safuZvlad biologiur Zalebs,instinqtebs (anu bunebriv pirvelxats) aRiarebs; Sesabamisad,xelovneba bunebriv ZalTa (an bunebis) asaxvad da arekvladmiiCneva.

aristoteles moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravskaTarsisis ideas(15). platonTan kaTarzisSi sulis im grZnobad(sxeulebrivi an materialuri) gancdebisgan ganwmendaigulisxmeboda, romlebic ideaTa mSvenierebas aknineben damaTSi xinji SeaqvT. sagulisxmoa, rom filosofosi kaTarzisisfenomens xelovnebisgan damoukideblad ixilavs da masSiadamianis sulis TviT-koncentraciis an sxeulisganabstrahirebis (sulis sxeulisgan ̀ damoukideblad arsebobis~)unars xedavs. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, aristotele kaTarzissswored xelovnebis zemoqmedebis arsad da kvintesenciadmiiCnevs. `politikis~ avtori aRniSnavs, rom musikiszemoqmedebiT aRiZvris Zlieri afeqtebi (sibraluli, SiSi,enTuziazmi), rasac am afeqtTagan ganwmenda (kaTarzisi) ansasiamovno ganmuxtva (netari Sveba) mosdevs.

Aafeqtebis (Zlevamosili emociebis) mniSvnelobaaxazgasmuli aristoteles ̀ poetikaSic~. sasceno warmodgenisgandamoukidebladac fabulam (igulisxmeba tragedia, rogorcxelovnebis ̀ maRali~ an ̀ upirvelesi~ Janri) unda SeaZrwunosmsmeneli da masSi Tanagancda (Tanatanjva) gamoiwvios (Tavi14). Sesabamisad, xelovnebis upirvelesi mizani Zlieri daTanac uaryofiTi muxtis emociaTa gamowvevaa. magaliTissaxiT aristoteles sofokleseuli ̀ oidiposis~ fabula mohyavs,romelic masSi asaxuli SemaZrwunebeli movlenebis safuZvelzeimTaviTve gulisxmobs mkveTrad negatiuri emociebisstimulirebas.

`poetikis~ amave TavSi aristotele SiSsa da TanagancdasTan


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Sexeduleba ambivalentur emociaTa (afeqtTa) makaTarzisebelizemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. kaTarzisi iqca ara mxolod z. froidisxelovnebis Teoriis bazisad, aramed aseve specifikur fsiqo-Terapiul meTodad Tanamedrove Terapiul praqtikaSi.

aristotele mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSimiTologias, miToss gamorCeul mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rac aramxolod erTi mizeziT da kerZod, antikuri xelovnebis miermiTologiuri Temebis gamoyenebiTa da miTologiuri fabulisdamuSavebiT aixsneba.

aristoteles gagebiT, tragediis suli miTia! amTvalsazrisiT, saTanado aRniSvnas imsaxurebs esqiles(tragediis mamis) `evmenidebi~, gansakuTrebulad axlo myofiZv. berZenTa kaTarqtikul (ganmwmend) ritualebTan, romelTareligiuri funqcia codvaTa monaniebas ukavSirdeboda. rogorcg. xomeriki miuTiTebs, swored esqiles tragediebSiamiTologiuri nakadi zedmiwevniT Zlieri da wminda saxiTwarmodgenili. mkvlevars mohyavs argumentad is faqtic, romesqiles bralad elevsinuri misteriebis saidumlos gamxelaedeboda; qurumebma dramaturgis SemoqmedebaSi misteriaTasaidumlo amoicnes(17).

aristoteles principi: `TqmulebebSi daculi miTebisrRveva dauSvebelia!~ _ miTiuri arqetipis ucvlel asaxva-reproducirebas rodi gulisxmobs; aristotele miuTiTebsmiTis saTanado `gamoyenebaze~ poetis mier. Zveli berZenimoazrovnis mowodebaSi SeiZleba danaxul iqnes miTis, rogorcsubstanciuri da universaluri fenomenis xedva; miTis, rogorcmxatvruli pirvelsawyisisa da impulsis gageba, masSi kreatul-SemoqmedebiTi energetikis moazreba, rac Tanamedrovexelovnebis fsiqologiisa da, sazogadod, kulturis kvlevaTazogad principad iqca.

elinistur epoqaSi esTetikur ideebs aviTareben epikurelebi,skeptikosebi, stoielebi. epikureli lukreciusi xelovnebisaRmzrdelobiT daniSnulebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. amaveperiodSi (III saukunis II naxevari) plotinisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli xdeba iracionalizmi, romelmac Semdgom, SuasaukuneebSi, pova gagrZeleba; gonebiT miuwvdomeli arqetipis

kaTarzisSi gulisxmoben vnebaTa ganwmendas yovelive Warbisgan(maT `dawmendas~), meoreni _ vnebaTagan ganTavisuflebas,vnebebze uaris Tqmasa da maT ukugdebas. aRorZinebis epoqaSigavrcelebuli iyo kaTarzisis rogorc eTikuri (kaTarzisi_ vnebaTa gakeTilSobileba), aseve hedonisturi (kaTarzisi,rogorc siamovneba da tkboba) gageba.

kaTarzisis eTikuri Teoriis mixedviT, tragedia (rogorcxelovnebis umaRlesi Janri) adamians mankierebaTagan ganwmendsda maTze amaRlebs (lesingi, e. celeri). klasicizmma kaTarzisisfenomeni racionalisturad aRiqva; kaTarzisi gagebul iqna,rogorc wvdoma, gageba, gaazreba, romlis safuZvelzec afeqtebipaTogenur (adamianisTvis mavne da saSiS) bunebas kargaven.Aasegagebuli kaTarzisi `tanjviT Secnobaa~ anda `afeqtebiTdamuxtuli Semecnebaa~. kornelis SexedulebiT, tragediisaRmzrdelobiTi da SemecnebiTi funqcia mis mier vnebaTa mavneda saxifaTo Sedegebis ilustrirebas ukavSirdeba; tragediismayurebels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT dainaxos, Tura Sedegebi mosdevs `vnebaTa ayolas~.

lesingi kaTarzisSi vnebaTa agznebasa da, Sesabamisad,adamianis socialuri aqtivobis (sazogadod, adamianis aqtivobis)zrdas gulisxmobs. goeTes gagebiT ki, kaTarzisis fenomenisarsia sulier-goniTi harmoniis, balansis aRdgena da Sesabamisad,polarul afeqtTa (tanjvisa da netarebis) urTierTSerigeba.

kaTarzisis `samedicino~ Teoriis mixedviT (i. bernaisi),tragediis zemoqmedeba uaryofiTi gancdebisgan gantvirTvasukavSirdeba. kerZod, tragediis efeqti dardis cremlebiTgantvirTvis analogiuria. bernaisi da misi mimdevrebi Tvlian,rom termini `kaTarzisi` `kufisisis~ sinonimia, romelicafeqtTagan ganTavisuflebas niSnavs.

religiuri Teoriebi kaTarziss dionises kultis (romliswiaRSic iSva sazogadod evropuli Teatri) misteriebTanmimarTebaSi ganixilaven da warmarTuli religiuri gancdebisprizmidan Seiswavlian (s. haufti, v. ivanovi).

Tanamedrove xelovnebis fsiqologiaSic kaTarzisisfenomens mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba. ase magaliTad, l.vigotskis xelovnebis Teoriis fundamentia aristoteleseuli


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adamianis problemisadmi mkacrad mecnierulia, rogorcsazogadod, leonardos pozicia; igi, rogorc mecnieri aramxolod adamianis anatomiiT interesdeba, aramed aseve adgenskavSirs adamianis mimikasa da emociebs, sxeulsa da fsiqikasSoris. sagulisxmoa leonardos mier SemoTavazebuliSemoqmedis fsiqologiuri portreti (an avtoportreti);fermweri unda iyos martosuli, Wvretdes mis garSemo samyarosda esaubrebodes sakuTar Tavs. Tanamedrove eniT, xelovansintrovertuli dispozicia _ sakuTari pirovnebis wvdoma,koncentraciis, dakvirvebis unari da maRali inteleqtiSeefereba(20).

XIX saukune da xelovnebis fsiqologiaXIX saukune da xelovnebis fsiqologiaXIX saukune da xelovnebis fsiqologiaXIX saukune da xelovnebis fsiqologiaXIX saukune da xelovnebis fsiqologia

XIX saukune xelovnebis fsiqologiuri azrisganviTarebisTvis bevriT aRmoCnda sagulisxmo. am peroidSiaxali impulsi eZleva, sazogadod, xelovnebis Teorias. amavedros mecnierebisTvis gansakuTrebulad saintereso xdebaadamiani; da ara mxolod imitom, rom ixsneba fsiqologiurilaboratoriebi da fsiqologia iqceva damoukidebel empiriulmecnierebad, aramed imitomac, rom TviT xelovnebaSic mxatvrispirovnul xedvasa da subieqtur rakurss gamorCeulimniSvneloba eniWeba; avanscenaze gamodis avtori, romelicara imdenad realobis asaxvas cdilobs, ramdenadac sakuTaripersonis warmoCenas Semoqmedebis safuZvelze.

mecxramete saukunis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebelanTropocentrizms arnaxuli tempebiT ganviTarebadimecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebTan akavSireben; mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam xelovnebas adamiani daubruna, xolorealobis asaxva (adeqvaturi da obieqturi) teqnikismonapovars (fotografiasa da dokumentur kinos) dauTmo.xelovneba swrafmaval subieqtur gancdebze, STabeWdilebebze,emociur niuansebze alaparakda da adamianis fsiqologiisenad, misi eqspresiis ìnstrumentad~ Tu sarked iqca.teqnokratiuli eris gariJraJze xelovneba `zurgs aqcevs~obieqtur realobas da axal, subieqtur samyaros eZiebs; es

(bunebrivi an RvTaebrivi pirvelxatis) erTaderTad `swor~mibaZvad misi simbolur-xatovani (ara realisturi, aramedsimboluri) asaxva iqna aRiarebuli(19).

aRorZinebis epoqis esTetikaaRorZinebis epoqis esTetikaaRorZinebis epoqis esTetikaaRorZinebis epoqis esTetikaaRorZinebis epoqis esTetika

aRorZinebis kulturis ideologiur fundamentad,upirveles yovlisa, antikuri filosofia da kerZod, platonizmiiqca. florencias SemTxveviT rodi ewoda àxali aTeni~,sadac marsilio fiCinos xelmZRvanelobiTa da lorencomediCis mfarvelobiT axali `platonis akademia~funqcionirebda. swored florenciaSi iSva platonisa daqristianobis daaxloebis idea. epoqis suliskveTebas naTladasaxvs platonis ̀ gaRmerTebis~ an apoTeozis pirdapiri niSnebi:platons sakurTxevlebs ugebdnen, sadac Taviseburi ritualebisruldeboda.

aRorZinebis epoqaSi kulturis arnaxuli aRzevebaxelovnebis Teoriis ganviTarebis stimulsac iZleva. iwerebaxelovanTa biografiebi, interesis obieqtad iqceva avtorisvinaoba, misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Taviseburebani (vazari,Celini da sxv.) xelovnebac, Tavis mxriv, TviTanalizs,refleqsirebas iwyebs; iwereba traqtatebi arqiteqturis,ferweris, skulpturis Temebze (bruneleski, alberti, pierodela franCeska, miqelanjelo, Celini, leonardo da vinCi dasxv.).

aRorZinebis humanizmi da anTropocentrizmi adamianismecnieruli Seswavlis mZlavr stimulad iqca. balTasarekastilione `traqtatSi idealuri kariskacis Sesaxeb~aRorZinebiseul ideals, sxeuliTa da suliT mSvenier adamiansxatavs. iqmneba `traqtati qali silamazis Sesaxeb~(firencuola). epoqis suliskveTebis kvintesenciad iqca pikodela mirandolas maJoruli fraza: àdamianis umaRlesibednierebaa flobdes mas, rac surs da iyos is, rac nebavs!~da miqelanjelos mTeli kacobriobisadmi dasmuli maradiulikiTxva: ̀ vin xar? saidan?~ (Targmani Cemia _ r. m.) («Âñåîáùàÿèñòîðèÿ èñêóññòâ», ò. III, Ì, 1960).


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subieqturi, `Cems mier Seqmnili xelovneba~ iqca. mxatvarimis mier mikvleuli meTodis meSveobiT aRmqmelisgaaqtiurebasac cdilobda; puantilistur tiloze erTmeneTisgverdiT ganlagebuli da Seureveli ferebis Sereva TavadaRmqmelma, reci pientma unda itvirTos da, Sesabamisad,esTetikuri efeqti swored mis subieqtur aqtivobasTan,aRqmelis ZalisxmevasTan kavSirdeba (xelovnebis aRqmelipasiuri reci pient-mimRebisagan aqtiur TanaSemoqmedadgardaiqmneba)(23).

meore novatori, pol sezani, efuZneba ra emil zolasèkranTa Teorias~, xelovnebaSi individualizmisdamkvidrebisaTvis ibrZvis. sezanisTvis gamorCeul mniSvnelobasswored sakuTari, unikalur-subieqturi xedva iZenda; ̀ marTmevenCems xedvas, Cems patara SegrZnebebs...~ _ Cioda mxatvari(24).

emil zolas èkranTa Teoriis~ mixedviT, xelovnebisnawarmoebi samyaroSi gaRebuli sarkmelia, romelSic Cadgmulimina-ekrani met-naklebad saxecvlili sagnebisa da movlenebisaRqmis saSualebas iZleva. Sesabamisad, xelovneba realobasmxolod adamiani-Semoqmedis prizmidan, misi individualobisrakursidan asaxavs. ufro metic, e. zolas gagebiT, xelovnebisamocanas swored individualobis prizmaSi gardatexilirealobis asaxva Seadgens. xelovans sruli, maqsimaluriTavisufleba eniWeba da im donemdec ki, rom SemoqmedebaSirealobis radikaluri SecvliT, am ukanasknelis subieqturimodelis warmodgena SeuZlia. (`wreebi SeiZleba daixatoskvadratebis saxiT, swori xazebi _ texilebad da a. S.~).

emil zola samxatvro skolisa da wesebis (anstereotipebis) sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo da Tvlida, romwesebi gabedulebisa da Tavisuflebis armqoneTaTvis (anuniWoTaTvis) arsebobs. sainteresoa, rom frangi prozaikosiekranTa ti pebs gvTavazobs da, Sesabamisad, SemoqmedTati pologizebasac mimarTavs; aq igi, rogorc fsoqologi,SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebebs kreatoris fsiqologiurmaxasiaTeblebTan akavSirebs.

e. zola sami ZiriTadi tipis ekrans (pirovnul xedvas)gamoyofda: klasikurs, romantikulsa da realisturs. klasikuri

realur-sagnobrivi, zedmiwevniT gasagebi da cxadi samyarosadmierTgvari protestia da misi `ganeitralebis~ mcdelobacadamianis Sinagani, subieqturi problemebis gamZafrebis gziTada daxmarebiT. teqnikurad aRWurvil fsiqologiurlaboratoriebs axla fsiqologiurad aRWurvili xelovnebaabalansebs, romlis fokusSic adamiani eqceva. erTmaneTsupirispirdeba, erTi mxriv, formalurad dasrulebuli,akademiuri da amitomac `civi~ da, meore mxriv, adamianurigrZnobebiT aRsavse, akademizmisgan Tavisufali xelovneba.

impresionistebis pirvel eqspozicias (1874 weli, parizi,kapucinebis bulvari) SemTxveviT rodi ewoda `moajanyeTagamofena~ _ es marTlac didi janyi, didi protesti iyo,romliTac xelovnebaSi Tavs subieqturi xedva da gamoxatvisTavisufleba imkvidrebda. kritikam axali mimdinareobisSefaseba tradiciuli kriteriumebiT cada da kerZod,kompoziciis, koloritis, naxatis naklovanebebisa Tu RirsebebisgaTvaliswinebiT. kritika cdilobda `kargi~ gemovnebiTa daesTetikuri etalonebiT exelmZRvanela, magram am mcdelobaTamiRma, maTi realuri mizezi, stereotipebis winaaRmdeg janyisada akademiuri xelovnebis kanonTagan gandgomis SiSiimaleboda(21).

miuxedavad axali eris pozitivistur _ `saqmiani~,ukiduresad merkantiluri suliskveTebisa, impresionizmisinteresis obieqtad Cveulebrivi adamiani da misi subieqturi,fsiqologiuri samyaro iqca. oficialuri kritikis aRSfoTebasveneras rolSi savsebiT realuri, Tanamedrove qaliSvilis(manes òlimpias~ modelad viqtorina merani iqca) xilvaiwvevda; Cveulebrivi adamianis, ase individualuri gancdebiTada biografiiT. xelovneba swrafmavali, ̀ efemeruli~ gancdebisada STabeWdilebebis gadmocemas Seecada; sulieri, Sinaganicxovrebis yoveli niuansi gamorCeuli mniSvnelobiT daitvirTa.

neoimpresionizmi da postimpresionizmi agrZelebsfsiqologiur Ziebebs da sagangebod swavlobs rogorcmxatvruli eqspresiis, aseve recepciis fsiqo-fiziologiurkanonzomierebebsac (22,23,24). JorJ sera, puantilisturimeTodis `mama~, werda, rom mis etalonad sruliad axali,


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Wvreta, intuicia, vneba da rwmena daupirispira; xazi gausvairacionaluri Zalebis dominants adamiansa da sazogadoebaSi.artur Sopenhaueris filosofiaSi srulyofili Semecnebapraqtikuli interesebisgan damoukidebel, intuitur, arainteleqtualur WvretasTan kavSirdeba. xelovnebisfundamentSic filosofosi iracionalur, intuiciur Wvretasan uSualo Semecnebas gulisxmobs, romelsac samyaros arsimisi nebis saxiT eZleva. SopenhauerTan neba gagebulia, rogorcbunebis pirvelsawyisi; rogorc pirveladi da universaluribiologiuri impulsi.

nikolai hartmanis moZRvrebaSic `sasicocxlo nebas~,`sasicocxlo Zalas~ fundamenturi mniSvneloba miewereba.xelovnebis aRqma mxolod eqstazis aracnobierimdgomareobisTvis xdeba misawvdomi. filosofisi wers“xelovnebis gamouTqmeli idumalebis” Sesaxeb, romelicadamianis mxolod aracnobieri sawyisis mier ganicdeba.(wyaro: ̀ filosofiuri enciklopedia~. m., 1960. rusul enaze).

fridrih nicSes filosofiaSi sicocxlis fundamentsada safuZvelSi moiazreba urTierT dapirispirebuli Zalebi_ dionisuri da apolonuri stiqiebi(25,27) da aseve`Zalauflebisken neba~, romelic nicSes, sazogadod, sicocxlisnebis, TviTSenaxvis instinqtis an erTgvari universalurivnebis saxiT esmis(26). filosofosi axdens instinqtTaapologizebas da ̀ yvela faseulobis gadafasebis~ mowodebiT,pirveladi sicocxlisken, bunebriobisken (an bunebisken)dabrunebas qadagebs.

xelovneba, nicSes gagebiT, realobis metafizikuri danamatia,romlis ZiriTad mizansac realobis Zleva warmoadgens.kulturis idealad filosofoss esaxeba dionisuri daapolonuri sawyisebis, rogorc dapirispirebul polusTa,Serigeba da urTierTdabalanseba-gamTlianeba. xelovnebisevolucia, Sesabamisad, xelovnebis ori ZiriTadi saxis(apolonurisa da dionisuris) permanentul WidilTankavSirdeba(29).

apoloni Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi sinaTlisa daxelovnebis RvTaebaa; igi heliosTan, mzis RmerTTanaa,

ekrani upiratesobas xazs, formas (da ara fers) aniWebs damisi srulyofisken iswrafvis. romantikul ekranSi feridominirebs, Suq-CrdilTa kontrasti simZafres iZens da dinamikavnebiT, cocxali grZnobiT ivseba. realisturi ekrani ki sakuTaradgils realobas uTmobs da mas simwvavesa da simZafressZens. (`aq xazebi sqelia, siganeSi wasuli~)(24).SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia warmogvidgens rogorcxelovnebis sam ZiriTad saxes (an sam mxatvrul mimdinareobas),aseve kreator-Semoqmedis sam gansxvavebul poziciasa Tuorientaciasac, romelic mis Sinagan, fsiqologiurmaxasiaTeblebTan kavSirdeba.

fsiqologizmi XIX saukunis literaturisTvisac arsebiTaddamaxasiaTebeli xdeba. Cndeba fsiqologiuri romani, romlismTavar amocanas adamianis Sinagani samyarosa da gancdaTacxovrebis, aseve adamianTa Soris rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivida ara erTmniSvnelovani urTierTobis asaxva warmoadgens.magaliTad, aseTia T. dostoevskis Semoqmedeba, romlispersonaJebis garegan moqmedebas avsebs da azrs sZens maTiSinagani, fsiqologiuri aqtivoba, romlis gaxsnasac dagaSuqebasac gamorCeuli mniSvneloba eniWeba didi rusi mwerlisSemoqmedebaSi. am konteqstSiUunda aRiniSnos m. prustisSemoqmedebac, romelmac Txroba ara realur, aramedfsiqologiur dros dauqvemdebara da SegrZnebebsa da gancdaTaniuansebze aago.Hh. ibseni, a. strindbergi, a. Cexovi qmnianfsiqologiur dramaturgias, romlis fokusSi moqceuliaadamianis Sinagani qmedeba da gancdaTa urTulesisfero.MxelovnebaTagan yvelaze abstraqtuli _ musikacadamianur grZnobaTa da STabeWdilebaTa gadmocemas eswrafvis;aseTia, k. debiusisa da m. ravelis impresionistuli musika.

XIX saukuneSi fsiqologizmi filosofiuri da esTetikuriazrisTvisac xdeba damaxasiaTebeli. sagangebo aRniSvnasimsaxurebs, rom meoce saukunis xelovnebis fsiqologiis(konkretulad igulisxmeba fsiqoanalizi) mZlavrstimulatorad f. nicSes moZRvreba da, sazogadod,iracionalizmi da voluntarizmi iqca.

iracionalizmma inteleqtualur Semecnebas uSualo


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rogoricaa: `xmauriani~, `mCqefare~, `menada~. es ukanaskneliiTargmneba, rogorc SeSlili! ase uwodebdnen rogorc dionises,aseve mis qurum qalebsac.

nicSes gagebiT, berZnuli tragediis uzado, Seudarebelsrulyofilebas gansazRvravs masSi apolonurisa dadionisuris (gonebisa da vnebis) urTierTdabalanseba dagawonasworeba. berZnul tragediaSi araplastikuri, saxeebsmoklebuli, musikis suliT gaJRenTili dionisuri xelovnebauerTdeboda xatovan apolonur xelovnebas, anu ltolvaerwymoda xats.

harmoniulad Sewonasworebul xelovnebas antikursamyaroSive daupirispirda axali, mecnieruli suliTgaJRenTili da dionisuri stiqiis mimarT antagonisturadganwyobili msoflmxedveloba.; samyaros traRikuli gamcdamospo gansjis, logikis, mecnierebis adamianma; miTi Seiwiracodnam da ̀ saRma azrma~. nicSes gagebiT, ase daiwyo evropulikulturis istoriaSi dacemis xana da aRmocenda mecnierulmsoflgagebaze damyarebuli axali, aleqsandriuli kultura.xelovneba, adamiani, kultura mxolod maSinaa srulyofili,rodesac maTSi organulad aris Serwymuli samyaros orivesawyisi. Tanamedrove adamiani ki dionisurisagan daclil dacalmxrivad ganviTarebul kulturaSi cxovrobs. swored ammizezs ukavSirdeba nicSes mkveTrad uaryofiTi poziciaTanamedrove kulturis mimarT. Tumca filosofoss optimizmissafuZvels aZlevs Sopenhaueris moZRvreba. aseve beThovenisda, gansakuTrebiT, vagneris musika, raSic igi dionisurimsoflgancdis aRirZinebis niSnebs xedavs.

nicSes ideebma bevriT gansazRvra xelovnebisfsiqoanalizuri gagebis Taviseburebani. ase magaliTad, nicSesmixedviT, xelovneba grZnobadi, sxeulebrivi siamovnebisCanacvlebaa (an, froidis eniT, sublimaciaa); xelovnebis nimuSisaRqma ukavSirdeba sqesobrivi instinqtis agznebasa da sisastikiTTrobas, romelic fsiqikis yvelaze Rrma da Zireulimdgomareobaa. sqesobrivisa da agresiulis SereviT esTetikurigancda (esTetikuri mdgomareoba) yalibdeba. xelovneba,filosofosis gagebiT, Warbi sxeulebrivis amofrqvevaa xatebis

gaigivebuli. apolonis antipodia dionise _ meRvineobisa dabunebis RvTaeba. Aapolons aseve cnobierebis, gonebis, sicxadis,wesrigis, dRis, harmoniis simbolod miiCneven maSin, rodesacdionise sibnelesTan, RamesTan, qaosTan, zomierebis uaryofasTan,eqstazTan, instinqtTa TareSTan da qvecnobierTan kavSirdeba.

sainteresoa, rom delfosSi, romelic ara mxolodapolonis kultis centrad, aramed `samyaros centradac~iTvleboda Zvel saberZneTSi, dionises miTiuri saflavimdebareobda. berZnebi, romlebic harmonias gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, swored `samyaros centrSi~axvedrebdnen erTmaneTs urTierT gamomricxav Zalebs, RvTaebrivantipodebs, apolonsa da dionises. es erTgvarad dRisa daRamis Serigeba-Seyrisa da maTi urTierTgawonasworebismistiuri alagi iyo. Aadgili, sadac yvela saidumlos fardaexdeboda; ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom swored aq, kldis napralzeaRmarTul samfexa skamze ijda da misnobda orakuli piTia,romlis saxelic mravalmniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba bneleTissimbolos, piTonis saxels(28).

dionises dResaswaulebs (dionisiebs, bakqanaliebs)gansakuTrebuli roli miuZRviT Tanamedrove evropuli Teatris(da, sazogadod, xelovnebis) formirebis procesSi; dionisesSemTxveviT rodi uwodeben `Teatris mamas~! swored bunebisada sicocxlis RvTaebasTan dakavSirebul saritualosanaxaobebSi isaxeba Teatri! sikvdil-sicocxlis misteriarogorc bakqanaliis, aseve tragediis arsi arsTagania!

ZvelberZnuli sityva `tragediis~ semantika (`TxissimRera~) naTlad asaxavs mis warmomavlobas; kultis msaxurebiRvTaebasTan saritualo gaigivebis mizniT dionises wmindacxovelis tyaviT imosebodnen (Txa_ bunebis RvTaebiszoomorfuli saxea xarTan da lomTan erTad). saritualosimRerebi da cekvebi dionises cxovrebas, mis tanjvas, sikvdilsada aRdgomas warmoadgenda; RvTaebis sikvdil_aRdgoma bunebissezonur cvlasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan kavSirdeboda.sagulisxmoa dResaswaulebis orgeastuli (`orge~ _ agzneba)xasiaTi; masSi monawileebs `wminda SeSliloba~ (eqstazi)i pyrobda, rac Sesabamisad aisaxa dionises epiTetebSi,


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avtori ar ifargleba SemoqmedebaSi aracnobieri Zalebis,qvecnobieri movlenebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis aqcentirebiTda cdilobs daamtkicos Semoqmedis unikaloba misi anomaliuri(an paTologiuri) bunebidan gamomdinare.

lombrozos mixedviT, Semoqmedis anomaliurobas(fsiqofizikis arastandartobas) Semdegi pirovnulimaxasiaTeblebi ganapirobebs, rogoricaa: hi per sensitiuroba,anu Warbi mgrZnobeloba, seqsualuri ltolvis intensivoba,avadmyofuri pativmoyvareoba, melanqoliisadmi midrekileba,yuradRebis calmxrivoba, praqticizmis atrofia, alogizmida Zlieri intuicia. avtori aRniSnavs, rom mxatvruliTviTgamoxatvis umZlavres stimuls avadmyofurihalucinaciebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli ̀ aqtiuri~ fantaziaSeadgens. sulieri anomalia xels uwyobs artistuliunarebis gamovlenasa da ganviTarebas; amave dros xelovnebassulier daavadebaTa provocireba SeuZlia. lombrozomosazrebebs mdidari empiriuli masaliT asabuTebs: mas moyavsmagaliTebi rogorc geniosTa `ucnaurobebis~ Sesaxeb, asevewarmoadgens sakuTar klinikur masalas anu pacientebzedakvirvebis Sedegebsac.

`ucnaur~ geniosTa Soris, romelTa cxovrebis wesi daqceva normaTa farglebs miRma darCa, lombrozom daasaxeladekarte, lafonteni, niutoni, korneli, volteri, mocarti,hofmani, baironi... (sruli CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvanda daamitomac aq SevCerdeT). wignSi `genialoba da SeSliloba~aseve vrceli CamonaTvalia geniosebisa, romlebic aSkaradgamoxatuli sulieri aSlilobiT xasiaTdebodnen. aseTebsSoris lombrozo asaxelebs ampers, Sumans, svifts, donicetis,niutons, rusos, Sopenhauers, gogols, goeTes, mendelsons,beThovens, van gogs, gunos, hendels, gluks, pos, miuses,holderlins, moliers, paskals...

avtoris Sexedulebis argumentirebis mizniT monografiaSiuxvadaa moyvanili geniosTa gamonaTqvamebi, romelTagan aqmxolod ramdenimes warmovadgenT; `ratomaa, rom rogorccxadSi, aseve sizmarSic Cemi azri uneburad SeSlilobissevdismomgvrel gamovlinebebs utrialebs? qaoturi ideebi

samyaroSi. xelovnebis biologizirebis safuZvelze nicSemas `gamoyenebiTi fiziologiis~ saxiT warmoadgens, xoloesTetikur grZnobebSi gamokveTs movlenisa Tu sagnisintuiciur Sefasebas misi sargeblianobis (Tanac biologiurisargeblianobis) mixedviT. aRniSnuli pozicia momdinareobsadamianis, rogorc, upirveles yovlisa, biologiuri organizmisgagebidan, romlis inteleqtic, rogorc ierarqiis umaRlesidone, dabali da pirveladi, sasicocxlo instinqtebis donidanmomdinareobs da mas emsaxureba.

mecxramete saukuneSi iqmneba xelovnebis `fsiqiatriuliTeoria~, romelic mxatvrul Semoqmedebas sulieraSlilobasTan akavSirebs. Teoria im epoqis pirmSoa, romelicracionalizmis apoTeozisa da mecnierul-teqnikurirevoluciis fonze skeptikurad ekideba yovelives, raclogikuri azrovnebisa da `saRi azris~ sazRvrebsscildeba(30).

Semoqmedebis sulier aSlilobasTan dakavSirebis idea,Tavis Tavad, Zvelia da saukuneebs iTvlis. isteria (romlisdaxasiaTebac jer kidev Zvelegviptur papirusebSi gvxvdeba)tradiciulad an poetebisa da misnebis `wminda~ senad, andacjadoqrebis demonur Zalad iTvleboda. sokrate, demokrite,platoni, aristotele poetebisa da orakulebis `RvTaebrivsiSmageze~ mianiSnebdnen. platonis mixedviT, `bodva~(aracnobieri metyveleba) sulac araa avadmyofoba, aramed,piriqiT, RmerTebis mier boZebuli madlia; ase metyvelebenorakulebi da muzebiT STagonebuli poetebi. sazogadod,Zveli samyaro SiSiTa da ridiT epyroboda qvecnobierisnebismieri saxiTa Tu formiT gaaqtiurebas, miiCnevda ra maszeciur ZalTa saCuqrad. sagulisxmoa, rom sityviT `mania~aRiniSneboda rogorc sulis sneuleba, aseve naTelxilvisunaric. Semoqmedebisa da sulieri aSlilobis kavSiris ideaSemdgomSic aqtualuri rCeba. ase magaliTad, hainrih hainessityvebiT, `poezia _ avadmyofobaa!~

saxelganTqmli italieli fsiqiatrisa da kriminalistis,Cezare lombrozos, monografiis `genialoba da SeSliloba~ZiriTadi idea genialobisa da Semoqmedebis paTologiasTan(organulsa Tu fsiqikur) kavSirs gulisxmobs. monografiis


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Tavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi III

zigmund froidi, rogorczigmund froidi, rogorczigmund froidi, rogorczigmund froidi, rogorczigmund froidi, rogorc

xelovnebis fsiqologixelovnebis fsiqologixelovnebis fsiqologixelovnebis fsiqologixelovnebis fsiqologi

froidis xelovnebis Teoriis ganxilvamde mokled undaiTqvas avtoris zogad-fsiqologiur SexedulebaTa Sesaxeb,miT ufro, rom XX saukunis fsiqologebs Soris avstrielfsiqiatrsa da fsiqologs, zigmund froids, gansakuTrebuliadgili ganekuTvneba; misma Teoriam, faqtobrivad, gansazRvramTeli XX saukunis fsiqologiuri azrovn e b a(72,73,74,75,77,78,79,80).

z. froidma, rogorc fsiqiatrma miakvlia cnobierebismiRma, fsiqikis siRrmeebSi arsebul iracionalur fenasa Tuplasts; man rogorc klinicistma-eqimma, aRmoaCina aracnobierigancdebi (ltolvebi, moTxovnilebebi) da sazogadod, cnobieriszRurbls miRma arsebuli fsiqikuri sfero (aracnobierifsiqika), romelsac efuZneba froidis mier Camoyalibebuliaxali fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba `fsiqoanalizi~, `siRrmisfsiqologia~ an `fsiqodinamika~.

axal Teorias gamorCeul (da, ufro zustad, unikalur)mniSvnelobas Tavad misi avtoric aniWebda. froidis mixedviT,`sakacobrio Tavmoyvareobas~ an adamianis gamorCeulobisgancdas samjer Seerya safuZveli. pirvelad es maSin moxda,rodesac kopernikma samyaros geocentruli modeliheliocentruli modeliT Secvala; Tuki uwin adamiani Tavssamyaros ̀ centrad~ Tvlida, romlis garSemoc mTeli samyarobrunavs da trialebs, axla igi mzis garSemo motrialerigiTi planetis mkvidrad iqca. meore `laxvari~ Carlzdarvinis Teorias ukavSirdeba, romelmac adamianis winapradara RvTaebrivi, aramed zedmiwevniT cxoveluri warmomavlobis,maimunismagvari arseba aRiara. da bolos, mesame laxvarsfroidi swored sakuTar Teorias ukavSirebs. im Teorias,romelmac kerZo adamianis moqmedebis, mTeli sakacobrioistoriisa da kulturis safuZvlad ara maRali idealebi(rogoricaa: WeSmariteba, samarTali Tu mSveniereba), aramed

tvinidan iseve gadmomenTxeva, rogorc sisxli _ RiaWrilobidan.~ _ es sityvebi germanel romantikoss, mwerals,mxatvarsa da kompozitors (`did mezRapres~) Eernst Teodoramadei hofmans ekuTvnis. `ucnauroba (anu normidan gansvla)mSvenierebis arsebiTi nawilia~, Tvlida edgar alan po. xolojorj gordon baironis mixedviT, ̀ poezia vnebis gamoxatulebaa,romelic miT ufro Zlier vlindeba, rac ufro mZlavria misigamomwvevi agzneba.~ es ukanaskneli mosazreba (da aseve sxvamravali) aZlevs safuZvels lombrozos, raTa sulieriaSliloba fantaziis simdidresTan daakavSiros; fantaziissiWarbe, misi hiperaqtivoba rogorc Semoqmedebis, aseve sulieridisbalansis maprovocirebli xdeba.

lombrozos mixedviT, mxatvruli TviTgamoxatvaganviTarebis adreul stadiebamde ekusvlaa da regresi;logikuri azrovnebis Canacvlebaa xatovani azrovnebisevoluciurad adreuli formebiT da ̀ sakacobrio bavSvobaSi~dabrunebaa. Sesabamisad, askvnis fsiqiatri, fantaziisganviTarebaze dadebiTad swored gonebrivi procesebis rRvevada sulieri anomaliebi zemoqmedebs! ufro metic, genialobanevrozis formaa! genialoba avadmyofobaa!

lombrozom gamoyo, gamoadiferencira adamianTa unikaluri,e. w. fsiqopaTuri (matoiduri) kategoria Tu ti pi. amu k a n a s k n els Ta nd a yolili fsi qofiziologiuriTaviseburebebis gamo sulieri aSlilobisadmi midrekilebada amasTan erTad _ mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da asocialuriqcevisadmi (danaSaulisadmi) tendenciac aReniSneba. asedakavSirda erTmaneTTan Semoqmedeba, fsiqikuri sneuleba dadanaSauli; fsiqopaTi potenciuri Semoqmedia, aseve _potenciuri damnaSave da SeSlili! Semoqmedeba danaSaulisan sulieri aSlilobis erTgvar farul, gamouvlenel formadiqna warmodgenili(17). rogorc vxedavT, lombrozos Teoriisarss misi avtoris, fsiqiatrisa da kriminalistis profesiulixedva Seadgens! miuxedavad amisa da, SeiZleba swored amisgamoc, `fsiqiatriulma Teoriam~ bevrad gansazRvraxelovnebisa da Semoqmedebis gagebis Taviseburebani mTelsmeoce saukuneSi.

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centralur problemad Tu ZiriTad motivad rCeba adamiani,TiTqos xelaxla aRmoCenili da amitomac ase gansakuTrebuladsaintereso; adamiani _ burusiT moculi, dausrulebeli,idumali, bneli siRrmeebisa da amave dros cnobierebis SuqiTgaciskrovnebuli simaRlis mflobeli.

fsiqoanalizs ukavSirdeba kulturologiur disciplinaTaara ubralod gamdidreba axali da produqtiuli terminebiT(rogoricaa: libido, erosi, Tanatosi, sublimacia, proeqcia,Canacvleba, oidi pos-kompleqsi da sxva), aramed axalimimarTulebis _ fsiqoanalizuri kulturologiisCamoyalibebac, romelic kreatulsa Tu recepciul procesebSiganmsazRvrel rolsa da mniSvnelobas azrovnebisa danebisyofis miRma arsebul, a r a c n o b i e r Zalebsa da motivebsmiakuTvnebs, romelic gamorCeul mniSvnelobas Semoqmedisinfantilur sawyiss (SemoqmedSi arsebul `bavSvs~), adreulasakSi formirebul kompleqsebs, tabudadebul, akrZalulmoTxovnilebebsa da ararealizebul, ganuxorcielebelltolvebs miawers(32).

Semoqmedebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis safuZvladfsiqoanalizma d a u k m a y o f i l e b e l i an ararealizebulim o T x o v n i l e b e b i igulisxma. mxatvruli Semoqmedebisada xelovnebis safuZvlad swored àkrZaluli~,sazogadoebisTvis da amitomac Tavad pirovnebisTvisacmiuRebeli anda dakmayofilebis gareSe darCenili ltolvebida moTxovnilebebi iqna miCneuli (ix.ÔÔðåéä. Ç. Ïñèõîëîãèÿáåññîçíàòåëüíîãî, Ì., 1990).

froidis Teoriis mixedviT , ararealizebuli(dakmayofilebis gareSe darCenili) b i o l o g i u r imoTxovnilebebi fsiqologiuri travmis Camoyalibebis mizezadiqceva; fsiqologiuri travma moTxovnilebis blokirebis, misirealizirebis akrZalvis (àusrulebeli natvris~) Sedegia.Semoqmedeba fsiqologiur travmaTagan ganTavisuflebasgulisxmobs. kreatori-Semoqmedi mxatvruli moqmedebiTsakuTari moTxovnilebebis realizebas an dakmayofilebasaxdens; natvris asruleba xdeba ara pirdapiri, aramed SemovliTigziT.USesabamisad, mxatvruli produqti ara mxolod efuZneba

aracnobieri Zalebi, biologiuri instinqtebi scno.z. froidis Teoriis gansakuTrebul popularobas araerTi

faqtori gansazRvravs. maT Sorisaa Teoriis mier gaSuqebuliTemebis pikanturoba, skandaluroba da Taviseburi ̀ akrZalulixilis~ efeqtic. aseve avtoris enis specifika _ misi`mxatvruloba~ da `sugesTiuroba~ (STagonebadoba daartistuloba). magram ZiriTad mizezad unda vigulisxmoTèpoqis faqtori~; froidis Teoriam srulad da mTeli sisavsiTasaxa epoqis zogadi suliskveTeba; igi XX saukunis I naxevrisZireul ganwyobebsa Tu dispoziciebs Seexmiana.

es is epoqaa, rodesac triumfator inteleqtzerevanSisTvis emzadebian aracnobieri Zalebi, _ daTrgunulisurvilebi, gandevnili afeqtebi, Sekavebuli grZnobebi,akrZaluli azrebi Tu anomaliuri xilvebi. rodesac isaxeba`seqsualuri revoluciis~ safuZvlebi da avanscenazegamosvlisTvis TandaTan Zalebs ikreben uarmyofeli suliTaRsavse `didi samocianelebi~. Sesabamisad, xelovnebislaiTmotivad iqceva emociis dominanti azrovnebaze,aracnobierisa _ cnobierze, Tavisuflebisa _ SezRudvaze.xelovnebisTvis gansakuTrebulad saintereso adamianisqvecnobieri da masSi mimdinare koliziebi xdeba.

filosofiurma iracionalizmma da voluntarizmma asaxvarogorc fsiqologiur TeoriaSi, aseve kulturasa daxelovnebaSi pova . XX saukunis xelovnebisTvisgansakuTrebulad produqtiuli `fsiqoanalizi~ gamodga. esukanaskneli mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mZlavr stimulad, biZgadiqca da xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi Taviseburadairekla(31). xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxdafsiqoanalizuri Temebis ara ubralo asaxva, aramed amukanasknelTa hiperbolizeba-utrirebac ki. Seiqmna froidisada misi mimdevrebis mosazrebaTa erTgvari mxatvruliilustraciebi. Semoqmedis TviTmiznad farul, aracnobier (anazrovnebis miRma arsebul) fsiqologiur fenomenTa warmoCena,cnobierebis zedapirze maTi amotivtiveba iqca.Aam periodisxelovneba giganturi masStabis fsiqologiuri laboratoriisanda fsiqoanalizuri kabinetis asociacias iwvevs, romlis

zigmund froidi,rogorc xelovnebis fsiqologi

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imitom ar iqcnen damnaSaveebad, rom titanuri agresiisa dadamangreveli impulsebisgan ganmuxtva Semoqmedebisa damxatvruli aqtivobis daxmarebiT SeZles.

fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, aracnobier ZalTa realizebas(maT gamovlenasa da amiT ganeitraleba-dakmayofilebas) axdensara mxolod Semoqmedeba, aramed aseve sizmari da ukiduresiformiT _ sulieri aSliloba.

sizmari _ aracnobier fsiqikur fenomenTa gamovlenisyvelaze ti piuri da `ioli~ gzaa, romelic dakmayofilebisgareSe darCenili ltolvebis (moTxovnilebebis)dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. magaliTad, Tuki cxadSiSeuZlebelia marwyvis dagemovneba Seusabamo sezonisa Tualergiis gamo, sizmarSi _ ara Tu marwyvi, aramed sxvayovelivec nebadarTulia; survilebis gza xsnilia, maT winaRaraferi eRobeba. ufro metic, sizmari swored faruli,blokirebuli, akrZaluli (samarcxvino, saSiSi) survilebisaxdenis `asparezia~.

`fsiqoanalizSi~ sagangebo ganxilvas imsaxurebss i m b o l o s fenomeni.Ees ukanaskneli mxolod mxatvrulSemoqmedebasa da sizmarTan mimarTebaSi rodi Seiswavleba.Ffroidi, sazogadod, cnobierebasa da qcevas maT safuZvladmdebare fundamenturi fenomenebis simboloebad miiCnevda;cnobieri gancda da qceva aracnobieri impulsis(moTxovnilebis) simboloa, xolo simbolizacia _ fsiqikismoqmedebis zogadi principi. principi, romelic adamianis`Sinagani cenzoris~ anu fsiqikis avtonomiuri TavdacviTimeqanizmebis muSaobas ukavSirdeba; fsiqikuri meqanizmi _`Sinagani cenzori~ _ niRbavs, saxes ucvlis civiluri,kulturuli adamianisTvis miuRebel aracnobier Zalebs (erossada Tanatoss), rac permanentuli, uwyveti simboloTwarmoqmnismizezad iqceva; cnobiereba ara pirdapir, aramed simboloTasaxiT asaxavs aracnobierSi arsebul latentur, farul, magramrealur da fundamentur Zalebs. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT,kultura da sakuTriv xelovneba ̀ ormagad~ simboluri bunebisaa,erTgvarad niSanTa niSania, romlis mecnieruli kvlevacuciloblad ukavSirdeba simboluri enis wvdomas, niSanTa

ararealizebul (da Tanac, biologiur) moTxovnilebebs, aramedgarkveul wilad, asaxavs kidec maT(33)!

fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, Semoqmedebis mastimulirebelibiologiuri moTxovnilebebi a r a c n o b i e r i a , cnobierebiszRurbls miRma arsebulia; isini, Cveulebriv, ar cnobierdeba.maT Sesaxeb adamianma araferi icis. moTxovnilebebiscnobierebidan ̀ gandevnis~ (an, martivad rom vTqvaT, ̀ daviwyebis~)mizezad socialuri, kulturuli Tu eTikuri TvalsazrisiTmaTi miuRebloba iqceva. es ukanasknelni Sokis efeqts iwveven(SiSs, zizRs, sasowarkveTas, sircxvils) TavianTi biologiuri,bunebrivi pirvelyofilebis gamo.Ees veluri, stiqiuri Zalebia,romelTa marTva-kontrolzec bevrad xdeba damokidebuliadamianis fsiqikuri janmrTeloba da socialur garemosTanurTierTobis unari.

adamianis aracnobierSi gandevnili biologiuri Zalebifroidma or kategoriad daajgufa da miTologiuri saxelebiTaRniSna; e r o s i da T a n a t o s i . ZvelberZnul miTologiaSierosi siyvarulisa da aRmSeneblobis kosmiuri Zalaa.pirvelyofili qaosi wesrigad (kosmosad) swored erosmagardaqmna. Tanatosi ki sikvdilis RvTaeba da miwisqveSeTismeufis, hadesis, TanaSemwea(34).

fsiqoanalizSi erosi sicocxlis SenarCunebasa dagamravlebasTan dakavSirebul moTxovnilebaTa erTianobasgulisxmobs. esaa seqsualur moTxovnilebaTa speqtri, romelicsicocxlis SenarCuneba-gagrZelebisa da fizikurisiamovnebisadmi iswrafvis. Tanatosi, erosisgan sapirispirod,destruqciuli sawyisia da agresias, rogorc sicocxlisganadgurebis impulss, ukavSirdeba. fsiqikaSi arsebul urTierT-sapirispiro Zalebs froidi aseve sicocxlisa da sikvdilisinstinqtebsac uwodebs.

froidis TeoriaSi xelovnebis safuZvelad erotul-Tanaturi instinqtebis (seqsualobisa da agresiis) erTianobamoiazreba, romelTa realizeba-dakmayofolebasac isaxavs miznadrogorc mxatvar-kreatoris, aseve misi aRmqmel-recipientismoqmedebac.Aase magaliTad, froidianel kulturolog miuler-freinfelsis SexedulebiT, Seqspiri da dostoevski mxolod


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siWarbem SeiZleba fsiqiur darRvevamdec miiyvanos adamiani,romlis simptomebic (da, sazogadod, mTeli sindromi) froidsaseve fsiqologiuri problemisa da travmis simbolur asaxvadda mis paTologiur realizebad esaxeba.

mxatvrul-kreatuli moqmedeba sizmrisa da sulieriaSlilobis erTgvar makavSirebel, Sualedur rgoladaawarmodgenili fsiqoanalizSi. sxvaoba maT Soris, faqtobrivad,raodenobrivia da ara Tvisobrivi; susti Sinagani konfliqtiTu problema (moTxovnilebaTa sisuste) sizmris aqtivaciasiwvevs. problemis intensivobis mateba _ mxatvruli Semoqmedebisstimuls iZleva da bolos, problemis gansakuTrebuli ̀ simZime~sulieri aSlilobis safuZvels qmnis.

froidis xelovnebis TeoriaSi centraluri adgilil i b i d o s (termini iTargmneba, rogorc ltolva) da masTandakavSirebul proeqcia-sublimaciis procesebs eTmoba.sainteresoa, rom libidos pirveli analizi ciceronsukavSirdeba. ciceroni erTmaneTs udarebs libidos (anultolva-survils) da sixaruls; Tuki sixaruli (laectitia)realur, aqtualur keTildReobasTanaa mimarTebaSi, libido(ltolva) momavali siamis ganWvretaa.Ffizikosma r. maiermatermini `libido~ energiis mniSvnelobiT fizikaSiSemoitana.Ffroidma ki fsiqologiuri da samedicinomniSvnelobiT datvirTa; fsiqoanalizSi libido _ seqsualuriltolvaa, seqsualuri ltolvis e n e r g i a a , romelsacmdinaris nakadis msgavsad dayofa, avseba, napirebidan gadmosvla,kleba, mimarTulebis Secvla da a. S. SeuZlia.

libido, rogorc seqsualur-agresiuli energiaTandayolili da universaluria cocxal arsebaTaTvis. amterminiT universaluri da Tandayolili fsiqikuri energiaaRiniSneba. is energia, romelsac moqmedebaSi moyavs organizmida romelic misi cxovelqmedebis, ganviTarebisa da zrdissafuZvels warmoadgens.

froidis xelovnebis Teorias Semoqmedebis fundamentadlibido, rogorc erotul-Tanatur impulsTa (sicocxlisada sikvdilis instinqtTa) erTianoba esaxeba. xatvis, cekvis,simRerisa Tu sasceno moqmedebis wyarod da `pirvelmizezad~

dekodirebas da maT miRma arsebul, aracnobier fenomenTaSeswavlas.

sizmriseuli simbolo aseve aracnobieri moTxovnilebisasaxvaa, faruli survilebisa da tendenciebis ara pirdapiri,aramed SefarviTi, ̀ vualirebiT~ warmoCenaa. MmagaliTad, adamiansesizmreba, rom sekatoriT gazons asworebs anda vardis buCqsgamoxSiravs. froidis gagebiT, es sizmriseuli qmedeba arapirdapir, aramed simbolurad unda gavigoT; baRze zrunvismiRma agresiuli moTxovnilebis gamovlena da dakmayofilebaimaleba; kerZod, agresiuli Wra-kveTa (sekatoriT manipulireba)baRze da mcenareebze zrunviT iniRbeba.

fsiqoanalizi miuTiTebs ori tipis sizmarze; pirvelisimbolizebis gareSe (pirdapir) axdens garkveuli tendenciebisrealizebas (magaliTad, bavSvi sizmrad akrZalul nugbarsmiirTmevs).Mmeore simboloTa gamoyenebiT moTxovnilebis`metaforul~ (arapirdapir) dakmayofilebas ukavSirdeba.(magaliTad, agresiuli moTxovnileba sekatoris daxmarebiTbaRis gamoxSirviT iniRbeba).Ppirveli tipis sizmari iSviaTiada mcirewlovani bavSvebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maSin rodesacmeore _ universalur xasiaTs atarebs.

mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, sizmris msgavsad, simboloTagamoyenebas ukavSirdeba da ZiriTadSi aracnobieri Zalebis,erotul-Tanaturi moTxovnilebebiT (seqsualobiTa daagresiiT), kompleqsebiT, travmebiTa da infantiluri mogonebebiTwarimarTeba. Semoqmedebis safuZvelsac daukmayofilebeliltolvebi Seadgenen.Mmagram, sizmrisgan gansxvavebiT,Semoqmedebis (xelovnebisa da kulturis) safuZvelSi ufrointensiuri fsiqologiuro problema Tu konfliqtiigulisxmeba, romlis gadawyveta da ganeitralebac sizmrisSesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebs scildeba. amitomac am SemTxvevaSisizmarTan SedarebiT ufro qmediTi da intensiurifsiqologiuri meqanizmi CaerTvis.

mxatvruli aqtivoba froids sizmriseuli aqtivobiserTgvar gagrZelebad, mis intensiur formad esaxeba; Taviseburi`cxadSi zmanebis~ saxiT. Sinagani konfliqtisa Tu problemisintensivobis zrdam da ararealizebuli moTxovnilebis


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da gamorCeuli interesi. igulisxmeba rogorc adamianissxeulisadmi gamZafrebuli yuradReba, aseve erotuli TemebisfarTo da amouwuravi gaSuqeba. Aantikuri xelovnebis (romelicdRemde iTvleba miuRwevel etalonad) da aseve aRorZinebisepoqis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis (romelic swored antikuriidealebis aRorZinebas iTvaliswinebda) mTavar obieqtssafarvelisgan Tavisufali adamianis sxeuli warmoadgenda.Semoqmedebis umZlavres stimulad SemTxveviT rodi iqcaafrodite (venera) _ silamazisa da siyvarulis qalRmerTi,romlis dausrulebeli interpretaciebis magaliTebiapirvelyofili kerpebi, pirobiTad ̀ venerad~ wodebulni, antikuri`venera miloseli~, botiCelis ̀ veneras dabadeba~, velaskesis`venera sarkesTan~, manes `olimpia~ da a. S.

magram fsiqoanalizi ase calsaxad rodi aSuqebs erosisTemas. Tavisi pirveladi formiT, erosi Tanaturia anuseqsualoba agresiasTanaa Sezrdil-Sesisxlxorcebuli;s y v aruli da siZulvili erTi monetis orimxarea.Llibidonaluri energia, faqtobrivad, orpolusiania,ambivalenturia, radganac siyvarul-siZulvilis erT Zlevamosilvnebad Serwymas gulisxmobs.

k. iungma erT-erTi pirveli monografia swored libidosTemas uZRvna. (`libido da misi metamorfozebi~). avtorilibidos farTo gagebas gvTavazobs; masSi gulisxmobs aramxolod seqsualur, aramed, sazogadod, fsiqikur energias;libido swrafvaTa konaa, sistemaa, romelSic sqesobriviltolva mxolod Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. k. iungs ufromarTebulad miaCnia ̀ fsiqikuri energiis~ terminis gamoyeneba.`de, ar arsebobdes araviTari eWvi musikis seqsualuri Zirebisa,magram uazroba da ugemovnobaa xelovnebis Seyvana seqsualobiskategoriaSi.Ees igivea kiolnis taZari mineralogiis terminebSiganvixiloT, radganac igi qvebisgan, mineralebisgan aigo~(48).

xelovneba da kultura fsiqoanalizs biologiuri,Tandayolili (zogjer veluri da daumorCilebeli) ZalebisganTavdacvis saxiT esmis.Kkultura adamianis garSemo damcavkedlad aRimarTeba da mas stiqiuri, veluri, pirvelyofiliZalebisgan icavs zustad ise, rogorc preistoriul xanaSi

kreatoris aracnobierSi arsebuli libidonaluri energiaamiCneuli. energia, romelic dagrovili biologiurimoTxovnilebebiT sazrdoobs da gamovlenas, ganmuxtvas, daclaseswrafvis. farTo mniSvnelobiT gagebuli Semoqmedeba da,konkretulad, xelovnebac libidonaluri energiis gamovlenasada ganmuxtvas warmoadgens(36).

libidonaluri energiis ganmuxtvis pirdapiri gza, misidaniSnulebis Sesab a misad , ga mravlebis processukavSirdeba.Mmagram adamianis fsiqikuri energia yovelTvis`pirdapir~ gzas ar irCevs da arabiologiuri, wminda adamianurian `maRali~ miznebisadmi miimarTeba, rac kulturisa daxelovnebis fenomenTa aRmoceneba-ganviTarebis fsiqologiursafuZvels iZleva.

zemoT ganxiluli Tvalsazriss ukavSirdeba oto rankissaxelganTqmuli fraza: _ xelovani lideria, romelic saTaveSiudgas kacobriobas kulturisadmi mtrulad ganwyobiliinstinqtebis moTvinierebisa da gakeTilSobilebisTvis uwyvetibrZolis procesSi. instinqtTa tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZolaesTetikuri gancdebis sawindarad iqceva(31).

libidos , rogorc sicocxlisa da aqtivobispirvelsawyisisa Tu pirvelmizezis, sicocxlis universaluriprinci pis cneba filosofiuri `sicocxlis nebis~fsiqologiuri analogia; froidma `sicocxlis nebis~filosofiuri termini fsiqologiuri SinaarsiT datvirTada gaamdidra.

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis e r o s T a n (erotikasTan) kavSirisidea axali araa. berZnuli miTosi eross SemoqmedebiT Zalad,kosmiur aRmSeneblobiT sawyisad, miiCnevs; siyvaruli daSemoqmedeba arqetipulad ganuyofelia da erT mTels, erTmTlianobas qmnis.

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romelic libidos, erosisa da daTanatosis fenomenebSi mxolod biologiur mniSvnelobas argulisxmobs da maT metaforul datvirTvas aniWebs;Eerosida Tanatosi metafizikuri stiqiebis (kosmiuri siyvarulisada siZulvilis) saxiT ganixileba.

unda aRiniSnos erosis mimarT xelovnebis gansakuTrebuli


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adamianis mier sakuTari pirovnuli Tvisebis, sazogadodsakuTari pirovnebis (Sida fsiqikuri fenomenebis) `gareTgatanas~ da gareSe movlenad Tu obieqtad ̀ qcevas~ gulisxmobs;pirovnebis Sinagani Tavisebureba gare samyaros miewereba(`gareT gadaitaneba~) da amiT pirovnebisgan damoukidebelarsebobas iwyebs. rogorc fsiqoanalizi miuTiTebs, aRniSnulimeqanizmi pirovnebisTvis miuRebeli da amitomac saSiSi,samarcxvino Tvisebebis, survilebisa Tu azrebis `gareTgatanas~ (es ukanasknelni miewereba sxva pirovnebas an sulacraRac obieqts) da amiT maTgan ganTavisuflebas emsaxureba.EeserTgvari fsiqologiuri `TvalTmaqcobis~ formaa, rodesac`Cemi~ Tviseba (imitom, rom ar Seesabameba sazogadoebrivsaTu zneobriv normebs) ̀ sxvas~ miewereba.Pproeqciis gamoyenebiTadamiani mtanjveli gancdebisgan Tavisufldeba dafsiqologiur usafrTxoebas moipovebs. magaliTad, agresiuliimpulsebi, rogorc wesi, miewereba ̀ viRac sxvas~, mters, rogorcagresiis maprovocirebel gareSe Zalas. amiT adamiani aramxolod amarTlebs sakuTar ̀ sapasuxo~ agresiulobas, aramedmtris xatsac qmnis, romlis mimarT agresiis gamoyenebagamarTlebulia da `savaldebuloc~ ki. proeqciis nimuSebiaiseTi gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa: `Semomelaxa~, `Semomakvda~,`SemomeWama~.Aam frazebis avtori mTels pasuxismgeblobassxva adamianebs (nivTebsac ki) gadaabarebs da Tavadpasuxismgeblobis tvirTisgan Tavisufldeba. unda aRiniSnos,rom proeqcia emsaxureba `dadebiTi~ Tvisebebisa da gancdebisgadatanasac. magaliTad, xSiria siyvarulis proecirebisSemTxvevebi; proeqciis Sedegad, calmxrivad Seyvarebulisiyvarulis obieqtSi ̀ sapasuxo~ da realurad ki, sakuTarsavegrZnobas xedavs.

fsiqoanalizs xelovneba fsiqologiuri proeqciis saxiTesmis; avtori-Semoqmedi Semoqmedebis daxmarebiT sakuTaripirovnebis gare samyaroSi proecirebas axdens. xelovneba,rogorc fsiqikis obieqtivireba, obieqtad qmna, misi avtorisfsiqologiuri anareklia da asaxva. xelovanis proecirebis(xelovnebis produqtSi asaxvis) mizezad misi Sinaganiproblemebi, fsiqologiuri disbalansi da konfliqtebi,

Cvenma winaprebma pirveli dasaxlebebi Seqmnes da maRali,damcavi zRudiT mkveTrad gamijnes Tavi bunebisagan. soflebisada qalaqebis galavnebi dacvas ara mxolod mtruli tomebisgan,aramed mtruli bunebisganac gulisxmobda. samosaxlos garSemoaRmarTuli kedeli simbolurad adamianis gare da misTvisucxo samyarosagan gamijvnas, gamoyofas gamoxatavda.

Ees damcavi da komfortis momtani zRude adamianisfsiqikaSic aRimarTa, romlis miRmac civiluri adamianisTvismiuRebeli da mouTvinierebeli biologiuri an bunebrivi sawyisiaRmoCnda. Aadamianis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavad bunebisagan(rogorc gareSe bunebis aseve sakuTr TavSi arsebulibiologiuri Zalebisagan) mudmivi Tavdacva da Tavdacvisaxali, daxvewili strategiebis SemuSaveba iqca.Bbunebisa TuinstinqtTagan Tavdacvis, maTi moTvinierebis yvelaze efeqturiaraRad fsiqoanalizs k ult u r a esaxeba!

fsiqoanalizi pirovnebis formirebaSi ganmsazRvrelmniSvnelobas aniWebs ori Zalis _ Tandayolili biologiisada SeZenili socialobis (an socio-kulturulis) Widilsada Sepirispirebas; erTmaneTs upirispirdeba instinqturi dasocio-kulturuli sferoebi; bunebisa da sakuTriv adamianuriZalebi.Dam WidilSi gansakuTrebuli adgili swored xelovnebasekuTvnis, vinaidan swored igia instinqtTa da, sazogadod,bunebis ̀ d i d i m o m T v i n i e r e b e l i ~ . xelovneba, romelicbunebriv Zalebs wminda adamianur, `keTilSobil~ an `maRal~miznebsa Tu amocanebs uqvemdebarebs.Bbunebis moTvinierebaadamianis mier sakuTari Tavis, biologiuri da socio-kulturuli Zalebis (an sakuTar fsiqikaSi arsebuli Zalebis)marTvas, regulirebasa da kontrols ukavSirdeba, risfunqciasac fsiqikis e. w. ̀ TavdacviTi meqanizmebi~ tvirTuloben.

fsiqikis TavdacviTi meqanizmebi ara mxolod fsiqikisSinagani balansisa da efeqturi garegani moqmedebis amocanebsemsaxureba, aramed aseve kavSirSia xelovnebisa da sazogadodkulturis fenomenebTanac. xelovnebis TeoriaSi maTigansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo, aq proeqciisa dasublimaciis TavdacviT meqanizmebze SevCerdebiT.

p r o e q c i a , rogorc fsiqikis TavdacviTi meqanizmi,


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samarTlianobisa da sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis,mSvenierebis Wvreta da misi qmnadoba da sxva. xelovneba,rogorc adamianis kulturuli moRvaweobis kerZogamovlineba, sublimaciis fenomenTan arsobrivad kavSirdeba.

fsiqoanalizi gvTavazobs kaTarzisis fenomenis sainteresointerpretacias. froidma da breierma maT mier mignebulTerapiul meTods ̀ kaTarzisi~ uwodes, romelsac fsiqoTerapiadRemde aqtiurad mimarTavs da iyenebs.

meTodi mokled ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: pacienti ixsenebsda xelaxla ganicdis im warsul travmas, romelic fsiqikuridarRvevis (daavadebis) mizezad iqca. travmis gancdaSigacocxleba misgan ganTavisuflebis, ganwmendis an kaTarzisissafuZveli xdeba.Aase Semoabija kaTarzisma esTetikidanmedicinaSi da aq myarad damkvidrda.

Ffsiqoanalizis mixedviT, xelovnebas mniSvnelovaniTerapiuli potenciali axasiaTebs, rac, upirveles yovlisa,swored kaTarzisis fenomens ukavSirdeba. Ffroidis mowafeebmaxelovnebis dargebi aqtiurad CarTes fsiqoTerapiul meTodTaarsenalSi da specifikur meTods, artTerapias, CauyaressafuZveli.

xelovnebis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi centralur adgilsikavebs o i d i p o s -k o m p l e q s i s cneba(39,40). aRniSnuliterminiT froidma rogorc kerZo adamianis, aseve mTelikacobriobis ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad monawile,fsiqologiuri fenomeni aRniSna. termini ZvelberZnul miTsukavSirdeba, romelSic froidis ganmartebiT, zogjer faruli,magram universaluri da qmediTi fsiqologiuri fenomeniaasaxuli. miTSi da sofokles tragediaSi `oidipos mefe~ _oidi posi klavs mamas da sakuTari dedis qmari xdeba, Tumcasisxlis Serevas igi gaucnobiereblad, bedisweris brma dasastiki kanonebis ZaliT axdens.Ooidiposi bedisweris pasiurisaTamaSoa, romlis miwier Zalebsac aRemateba olimpiel RmerTTanebisa Tu orakulis winaswarmetyvelebis Secvla da sakuTaricxovrebis cnobieri warmarTva. sibrZniT dajildovebulioidi posi, sfinqsis gamocanis da, Sesabamisad, sakacobrioproblemis amomxsneli, brmasaviT susti da umweo aRmoCndeba

socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli survilebida moTxovnilebebi iqceva.

xelovnebis SeswavliT misi avtori Seiswavleba! _ aseTiafroidis Semoqmedebis Teoriis ZiriTadi postulati. xelovnebamisi avtoris realur vinaobas gasagebs xdis.Uufro metic,fsiqoanalizs xelovneba avtoris sakuTari Tavisgan(fsiqologiuri problemebisgan) ganTavisuflebis misteriadesaxeba; avtori sakuTar Tavs (an sakuTar problemebs) ̀ tovebs~mxatvrul qmnilebaSi da amiT Tavisuflebas aRwevs.

platoni kaTarziss miwieri sawyisisgan mowyvetad, miwierisdaviwyebad miiCnevda. froidis xelovnebis TeoriaSic,mxatvruli Semoqmedeba Cveuli, materialuri sawyisisgan daaseve Cveuli pirovnuli sawyisisgan ganTavisuflebasgulisxmobs, ris miRwevaSic mniSvnelovan rols proeqciisfsiqologiuri meqanizmi asrulebs. xelovnebis simbolurenaSi areklili avtori xelaxla aRmoaCens da iRebs, iguebsda miutevebs sakuTar Tavs.

kinoekranze filmis vizualireba proeqtoriT warmoebs;terminTa es Tanxvedra SemTxveviTi rodia; fsiqoanalizismetaforuli eniT, xelovneba (da ara mxolod kino) pirovnebisekranizeba-proecirebaa sazogadoebisa da mTeli kacobriobis,rogorc mayurebelTa darbazis, winaSe.

z.Ffroidis xelovnebis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani rolieniWeba sublimacias, rogorc kerZo TavdacviT meqanizms.aRniSnuli termini froidma qimiur leqsikonSi moiZia, sadacsublimaciaSi garkveuli qimiuri procesi da kerZod, myarinivTierebis airovan mdgomareobaSi gadasvla (aqrolva)igulisxmeba. fsiqoanalizi sublimaciiT `fsiqologiuriaqrolvis~ fenomens kerZod ki, biologiuri energiis (li-bidos) arabiologiuri miznebisa da amocanebisken mimarTvasaRniSnavs. im fsiqologiur process, romlis meSveobiTacbiologiuri (Tavisi arsiT `miwieri~) energia erTgvargardaqmnas ganicdis da ara `xorcieli~, ara biologiuri,aramed socio-kulturuli miznebisadmi warimarTeba.;sublimaciis ZaliT adamiani iseTi `wminda adamianuri~amocanebis dasaxvas axerxebs, rogoricaa Semecneba, brZola


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warmodgenas, romlebisganac miTia nagebi!~ (Targmani Cemia _r. m.)(37).

froidis gagebiT, sofokles tragedia asaxavs, Tu gamoZiebiT(anda SemecnebiT) rogor ixsneba oidiposis mier warsulSiCadenili danaSauli; amiT tragedias aqvs aSkara analogiafsiqoanalizis procesTan, froidis mier SemuSavebul,specifikur fsiqoTerapiul meTodTan. froidiseuli meTodipirovnebis mier sakuTari aracnobieris TandaTanobiT Semecnebasada wvdomas gulisxmobs da sakuTar pirovnebaSi axali,moulodneli da zogjer SokTan, Zlier uaryofiT emociebTandakavSirebuli qvecnobieri fenomenebis moZiebasukavSirdeba.Eesaa sakuTari pirovnuli siRrmeebisadmimimarTuli ̀ gamoZieba~. gamoZieba, romelmac SesaZloa, sruliadSecvalos sakuTari Tavisa da mTeli samyaros gagebac. froidisSexedulebiT, sofokles tragedia adamianis TviTanalizismetaforaa! TviTanalizisa, romelSic protagonistTan erTad,mayurebelic CaerTvis da sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCens oidiposisvnebebsa da bedisweras anda _ oidi pos kompleqss.Ddamiuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTebisa da bedisweris dadanaSaulebasakuTarive aracnobieri Zalebis SeniRbvas (Sesabamisad, sakuTarpasuxismgeblobaze uaris Tqmas) emsaxureba, tragediismayurebels sindisi mainc ukiJinebs: `Sen damnaSave xar! Senver SeZeli sakuTari survilebis ganadgureba! isini SenSiaracnobierad arseboben!~(36).

fsiqoanalizi miiCnevs, rom oidipos-kompleqsi universalurifsiqologiuri fenomenia da sapirispiro sqesis mSoblis mimarTltolvasa da sakuTari sqesis mSoblisadmi dapirispirebasgulisxmobs. aRniSnuli kompleqsi adamianis ganviTarebisprocesSi gardamavali asakis dasrulebasTan erTad daiZleva.misi Zleva infantilizmis dasasrulis, sakuTari sqesismSobelTan fsiqologiuri gaigivebisa (identifikaciisa) dafsiqologiuri simwifis maniSnebeli xdeba.Ggadaulaxavioidi pos kompleqsi fsiqologiuri moumwifeblobis aninfantilizmis maCvenebelia (mSoblebTan mijaWvuloba, maTdamidaqvemdebareba an mwvave konfliqturi mimarTeba, damoukidebladarsebobis uunaroba da a. S.)(39).

bediswerasTan mimarTebaSi. Aamitomac iTxris igi Tvalebsprotestis niSnad, raTa RmerTebsve miugdos maTi yalbi jildo_ xedvisa da gagebis niWi(35)!

froidi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas miTis (da sofoklestrilogiis) pirvel nawils aniWebs, sadac centralur adgilsadamianis umweobisa da gareSe ZalTa mimarT iZulebiTimorCilebis Tema ikavebs. Tuki Zveli berZnebisTvis gareSeuZlevel ZalebSi olimpieli RmerTebi igulisxmeboda, froidisTeoriaSi aseTad TviT adamianSi arsebuli aracnobieri Zalebigvesaxeba; aracnobieri Zalebi, romlebic rogorc kerZo adamianis,aseve sazogadoebis moqmedebas gansazRvraven. fsiqoanalizisganmartebiT, oidiposi misive fsiqikur, aracnobier (bneliTmocul da amitomac rTulad samarTav) ZalTa msxverplixdeba!

miTologia da sofokles trilogia ara mxolod oidiposistragikuli bedis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, aramed aseve asaxavsadamianis bedisweris mimarT protestsa da Semdgom kaTarzissac,rac sabolood, madlTan da RmerTebis moulodnel jildosTankavSirdeba (ix. sofokle `oidiposi kolonosSi~). daEesaaadamianis triumfi ara imdenad gareSe, ramdenadac sakuTarsaveSinagan Zalebze; adamianis gonebisa da nebisyofis triumfimisive aracnobier, instinqtur sawyisze!

fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, miTi fsiqologiuri paradigmaa(`formulaa~), romelSic adamianis fsiqikuri fenomenebiaisaxeba. Sesabamisad, miTi adamianis fsiqikis Seswavlis efeqturiinstrumentia. Dda miT ufro, rom miTSi socialurad TueTikurad miuRebeli, akrZaluli, tabuirebuli zraxvebi datendenciebi vlindeba, Tanac pirveladi, ̀ infantiluri~, uSualoformiTa da saxiT. miTi xom kacobriobis bavSvobis, bunebasTanidiliisa da Seufaravi pirdapirobis samyaroa! fsiqoanalizisdamokidebulebas miTologiisadmi naTlad asaxavs k. iungissityvebi: `miTi gaCnda, rogorc primitivis mier samyarosasimilirebis Sedegi. miTia samyaros CarTva Cems suliersamyaroSi, anu samyaros gansuliereba. Cemi sulieri cxovrebaamiT dakvirvebis obieqtad iqceva, gadis gareT da me ukeTSevimecneb sakuTar Tavs. fsiqika Seicavs yvela im xat-


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pirovnebasTan, SemoqmedTan mimarTebis sakiTxi froidisa daiungis xelovnebis TeoriaTa gansxvavebis ZiriTad mizezadiqca. Tuki friodis klasikur skolaSi, Semoqmedeba da pirovnebasakmaod erTmniSvnelovnad kavSirdeba erTmaneTTan; pirovneba`xsnis~, `gasagebs xdis~ misi Semoqmedebis produqts, iungisxelovnebis TeoriaSi xelovneba, faqtobrivad, `anonimuri~xdeba, scildeba kerZo da konkretuli avtoris fsiqologiissazRvrebs.

froidis Sexedulebebma misive fsiqologiur skolaSigamoiwvia debatebi da protestic ki. gaCnda da TandaTanCamoyalibda Tvalsazrisi, rom Semoqmedeba da misi produqtigacilebiT metia, vidre avtoris (rogorc kerZo, konkretuliadamianis) fsiqika da rom fsiqologia (tradiciulifsiqologia) sazogadod uZluria gaigos da axsnasSemoqmedebiTi procesebi (ix. iungis xelovnebis Teoria).

z. froidi _ `dostoevski da mamaTamkvleloba~z. froidi _ `dostoevski da mamaTamkvleloba~z. froidi _ `dostoevski da mamaTamkvleloba~z. froidi _ `dostoevski da mamaTamkvleloba~z. froidi _ `dostoevski da mamaTamkvleloba~

xelovnebis fsiqoanalizuri ̀ wakiTxvis~ erT-erT pirvelmagaliTs warmoadgens z. froidis narkvevi `dostoevski damamaTa mkvleloba~(44). TxzulebaSi warmodgeniliadostoevskis SemoqmedebiT TaviseburebaTa gageba Tavaddostoevskis fsiqologiur TaviseburebaTa safuZvelze(43).aRniSnulma midgomam Semdgom farTo gavrceleba hpova dasimboloTa miRma kompleqsebis moZiebis tradicias CauyarasafuZveli. narkvevSi rusi mwerlisTvis arsebiTi mamaTamkvlelobis motivi (romlis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebSi aisaxebabrZola, rogorc TaobaTa Soris, aseve avtoritetTa,stereotipTa mimarTac), dostoevskis biografiiT da kerZod,sakuTari mamisadmi rTuli, dramatuli damokidebulebiTaixsneba.Mmamis mZime xasiaTi, mis mimarT Sekavebuli agresiada bolos, mamis burusiT mosili mkvleloba _ ai, ra gaxda,froidis ganmartebiT, dostoevskis rogorc Semoqmedebis, asevemisi pirovnebis TaviseburebaTa ganmsazRvreli.

froidi miuTiTebs dostoevskisTvis damaxasiaTebel arsebiTniSanze _ TviTgvemis mazoxistur tendenciaze.Ffsiqoanalizis

froidis TeoriaSi oidopos-kompleqsi Semoqmedebis mZlavrstimulad moiazreba; kreaciul procesebSi oidipos kompleqssumniSvnelovanesi adgili eTmoba.Uufro metic, froidisfsiqologiuri skola miiCnevs, rom mxatvruli SemoqmedebisfundamentSi swored oidipos kompleqsi an mSoblebisadmigadaulaxavi ambivalenturi mimarTeba, mijaWvuloba daidentifikaciis (mSoblis rolis aTvisebis, mSobelTangaigivebis) sirTuleebi unda vigulisxmoT!FfroidissaxelganTqmuli gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, kacobriobis mierSeqmnili sami, yvelaze didi tragedia, rogoricaa: sofokles`oidipos mefe~, Seqspiris `hamleti~ da dostoevskis `Zmebikaramazovebi~ _ swored oidipos-kompleqss ukavSirdeba; maTSiasaxuli movlenebi TaobaTa Soris mtkivneuli da tragikulimimarTebis, maT Soris Widilisa da brZolis, ambivalenturivnebis _ siZulvilnarevi siyvarulis Temas ukavSirdeba.

froidianuli xelovnebis fsiqologiis erTgvari`kulminaciaa~ o. rankis Txzuleba ̀ gmiris dabadeba~, romelSicsazogadod gmiris umTavres Taviseburebad mamaTa TaobasTan(tradiciul RirebulebebTan, stereotipebTan da fiqsirebulganwyobebTan) Sepirispirebaa aRiarebuli.Ggmiri, rogorc axlisSemomtani, upirispirdeba Zvels, rogorc mamaTa avtoritetsda am WidilSi sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobs. TaobaTaSoris ambivalenturi mimarTeba (siZulvilnarevi siyvaruli)ki ara mxolod SvilTa TviTrealizebis, aramed aseve saerTosakacobrio winsvlis, ganviTarebisa Tu evoluciis pirobadiqceva.

infantiluri mijaWvuloba mSobelTan da gadaulaxavioidipos-kompleqsi, froidis gagebiT, SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis,rogorc fsiqikis TavdacviTi meqanizmis, amoqmedebisa da amuSavebisstimuli xdeba;Mmxatvruli aqtivoba auto-Terapiulizemoqmedebisaa da misi subieqtis (Semoqmedis) TviTregulirebiserTerT yvelaze qmediTsa da efeqtur iaraRs warmoadgens:Semoqmedebis daxmarebiT xelovani sakuTar fsiqikas ̀ mkurnalobs~,axdens rTuli fsiqologiuri problemebisgan ganTavisuflebasda fsiqikuri, Sinagani wonasworobisa Tu balansis damkvidrebas.A

Emxatvruli moqmedebisa da misi produqtis konkretul


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avtori miiCnevs, rom TviTgvemis, sakuTari Tavis dasjisgamoxatuleba iyo mwerlis senic _ epilefsiac, romelsackonkretuli fsiqologiuri(!) mizezi gaaCnda.

froidi gamoTqvams varauds (rasac, ra Tqma unda, Tavisiargumentacia gaaCnia), rom dostoevskis avadmyofoba organuldarRvevas, centraluri nervuli sistemis dazianebas, arukavSirdeboda da mas ̀ fsevdo-epilefsiis~ an isteriis saxiTmoixseniebs. isteria, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba,fsiqologiuri bunebis darRvevebTan (fsiqologiurproblemebTan) kavSirdeba.

isteriis mizezad froidi mwerlis mamasTan dramatulurTierTobas miiCnevs; misi sikvdilis akviatebul survilsada im danaSaulis grZnobas, romelic mamis mkvlelobis SedegadaRmocenda. anonimma mkvlelma aasrula mwerlis faruli zraxvada amiT isic mkvlelad, damnaSaved, borotmoqmedad aqcia.swored es garemoeba iqca dostoevskis Semoqmedebislaitmotivad da mis bedisweradac!

`Zmeb karamazovebSi~ avtori mkafoid gamoxatavs sakuTarpozicias: damnaSavea ara mxolod danaSaulis Camdeni, arameddanaSaulis msurvelic. (codva qmedebiTa Tu fiqriT, mainccodvaa). romanSi mamas erTi Zma, ukanonod Sobili smerdiakoviklavs, magram udanaSaulo aravinaa!

dostoevskisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTgvema (romlisgamovlenis erTerT saxesac warmoadgenda fsevdo-epilefsiaan isteria) ukavSirdeba mwerlis fiqsirebasac danaSaulisTemaze. avtori danaSaulis Temas erTgvari daJinebiT ubrundebada amiT sakuTari fsiqologiuri problemis saidumlosacgaamxels. ufro metic, Semoqmedeba ara mxolod `Sinagani~Tu `faruli~ danaSaulis asaxvad, aramed misgan ganwmendisada kaTarzisis pirobadac iqceva! damnaSave Tavadve sjissakuTar Tavs _ mweralisTvis Txzuleba sasjelad iqceva!saxezea sakuTari pirovnebis mxatvrul qmnilebaSi ara mxolodproecireba, aramed aseve kaTarzisic; codvaTagan ganwmendamaTive aRiarebiT!

dostoevskisTvis damnaSave (borotmoqmedi) imavdroulad`wmindania~, radganac sxvaTa farul survilebs, zraxvebs

asrulebs da axorcielebs, sxvaTa codvebs tvirTulobs daamiT codvaTagan gvaTavisuflebs. damnaSavisadmi aseTiaRmatebiTi damokidebuleba `Zmebi karamazovebis~ pirvelivegverdebidan igrZnoba; wminda zosima muxlebze vardeba

mamismkvlel dimitris winaSe!


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simboloTa warmoqmna zogadsakacobrio kanonebsefuZneba.Aamitomac simbolos universaluri (da ara konkretulpirovnuli) mniSvneloba gamoarCevs. igi im aracnobierisCanacvlebaa, romelic pirovnulsa da istoriul pirobaTagandamoukidebel, mudmivsa da stabilur mniSvnelobas iZens.simbolizacia daTrgunuli da amitomac farulad daaracnobierad arsebuli moTxovnilebis gamovlenas, cnobierebiszedapirze mis amotanasa da gacnobierebas emsaxureba.

o. ranki da h. zaxsi aRniSnaven, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebiT(traRediiT!) tkbobis kulminaciisas adamiani daZabvisganTiTqmis iRrCoba, SiSisagan Tma yalyze udgeba da Tanagancdisganuneburad sdis cremlebi.Ees gancdebia, romlebsac yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi gavurbivarT da romlebsac ucnauri wesiT veZiebTxelovnebaSi. saxezea afeqtis (Zlieri, mwvave emociis)esTetikuri gardaqmna mtanjvelidan netarebis momniWebelgancdad.Ggancdis es metamorfoza xelovnebis TeoriisTvistradiciul problemas warmoadgens. rankisa da zaxsisSexedulebiT, aRniSnuli paradoqsisa Tu problemis gadawyvetamxolod aracnobieri fsiqikuris analizis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.

avtorebi kaTarzisis fenomens urTierTsapirispirodSeferili (sasiamovno da usiamovno) an ambivalenturi(orpolusiani) emociebis erTdroul aRZvras ukavSireben;kerZod, kaTarzisi erTmaneTisadmi polaruli cnobieri daaracnobieri emociebis Sepirispirebasa Tu gamTlianebasukavSirdeba; cnobier SiSs, dardsa da sircxvils Tan erTvisaracnobieri siamovnebisa da kmayofilebis gancdebi. Sesabamisad,adamiani erTgvar winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi vardeba.aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba fsiqikuri cenzoris moqmedebasukavSirdeba; adamianis Sinagani cenzori aracnobieri (dacnobierebisaTvis miuRebeli) gancdebis (survilebis, grZnobebis)inversirebas an `Setrialebas~ axdens; aracnobieri gancdamisi sapirispiro cnobieri gancdiT (siamovneba _ zizRiT,netareba _ tanjviT da a. S.) icvleba.Dda es xdeba imisaTvis,raTa cnobierebam ar ukuagdos, aramed `miiRos~ akrZaluli,magram saxeSecvlili aracnobieri gancda. es erTgvarifsiqologiuri `maskaradis~ Sedegia, romelsac cenzori

oto rankisa da herbertmarkuzes xelovnebis fsiqologia

Tavi IVTavi IVTavi IVTavi IVTavi IV

oto rankisa da herbert markuzesoto rankisa da herbert markuzesoto rankisa da herbert markuzesoto rankisa da herbert markuzesoto rankisa da herbert markuzes

xelovnebis fsiqologiaxelovnebis fsiqologiaxelovnebis fsiqologiaxelovnebis fsiqologiaxelovnebis fsiqologia

froidis xelovnebis Teoriam Tavisi gagrZeleba daganviTareba oto rankisa da herbert markuzes SexedulebebSihpova. avtorebma froidis ideebis formulireba xelovnebisada mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod gansxvavebulsakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SeZles, aramed aseve Teorias metisimkveTre, simZafre SesZines da misi `dasrulebuli~,fsiqoanalizuri logikiT daxvewili varianti warmoadgines.varianti, romelSic cxadad gamoCnda `didi maswavleblis~SexedulebaTa rogorc pozitiuri, aseve naklovani mxareebic.

oto ranks froidis yvelaze `erTgul~ mowafed damimdevrad miiCneven, romlis SexedulebebSi mTeli sisavsiTwarmoCinda froidis Teoriis biologisturi buneba.AasemagaliTad, Semoqmedebis process ranki biologiur procesebTanda kerZod, sqesobriv aqtsa da orgazmTan akavSirebs;k a T a r z i s i biologiuri moTxovnilebis an Warbi fsiqo-fiziologiuri energiisgan ganTavisufleba-ganmuxtvis saxiTganixileba. Sesabamisad, xelovnebis fenomenSi, upirvelesyovlisa, siamovnebisa da realobis principTa Semrigebeli,gamaerTianebeli Zala da moTxovnilebaTa warmosaxviTdakmayofilebis iaraRi igulisxmeba(45).

o. ranki da h. zaxsi miiCneven, rom simboloTa warmoqmnaregresuli fenomenia da logikuri azrovnebis xatovan donemdedayvanas an reducirebas gulisxmobs. igi Tavs im gansakuTrebulpirobebSi iCens, rodesac realuri movlenebisadmi cnobieri,Segnebuli adaptireba da Segueba SeuZlebeli xdeba.

rankis gagebiT, simbolo aracnobieris gamoxatvissaSualebaa; mis arss orazrovneba da, ufro swored,mravalazrovneba (polisemantika) Seadgens. simbolo azrovnebisprimitiul, evoluciurad adreul formebsa da, Sesabamisad,aracnobiers ukavSirdeba. Tumca mas aseve cnobieri elementicaxasiaTebs.

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gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani survilebi da ltolvebiSeadgenen, romelTa Sorisac ZiriTads (froidis `ZiriTadiinstinqtis~ anarekls) ranki `maradiuli~ kiTxvis saxiTwarmoadgens: ̀ ergeba hanss Tu ara Tavisi greta?~ xelovnebisfundaments wminda erotiuli, `sasiyvarulo~ Sinaarsisproblema qmnis; xelovneba aRniSnuli problemis dausrulebelasaxvasa da variacias warmoadgens.

sainteresoa avtorTa Sexedulebebi mxatvruli nawarmoebisformasTan dakavSirebiTac. xelovanis tabuirebuli, akrZalulimoTxovnilebebi Sida-fsiqikuri cenzoris mier simboloTagamoyenebiT iniRbeba.Aamitomac xelovneba simboloTa enaa.simbolo tabuirebul moTxovnilebas cnobierebisTvis misaRebformas aniWebs da wminda grZnobieri siamovnebis (an SefarviTi,simboloebTan dakavSirebuli netarebis) wyarod iqceva.

esTetikur emociaSi avtorebi gamorCeul mniSvnelobass i a m o v n e b i s gancdas aniWeben da miiCneven, rom mxatvrulnawarmoebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime saxis siamovnebaukavSirdeba. upirvelesad, aRiZvris winmswrebi, mxatvrulformasTan dakavSirebuli siamovneba. ranki siamovnebis amti ps `satyuaras~ uwodebs, romlis ZaliTac aRmqmeliesTetikur zemoqmedebaTa erTian jaWvSi CaerTvis.

winmswreb siamovnebas cvlis kaTarzisTan dakavSirebuli`namdvili~ siamovneba, romelic intensivobis mixedviT TandaTanmzardi afeqtis (esTetikuri emociis) ganmuxtvasgulisxmobs.Aam fenomens _ xelovnebis nawarmoebis aRqmisasafeqtis (esTetikuri emociis) ara erTbaSad ganmuxtvas, aramedmis TandaTanobiT zrdasa da finalur ganmuxtvas _ rankmada zaxsma afeqtis ekonomia uwodes da kaTarzisis raobadaukavSires. xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqtura (magaliTad,romanis siuJetis TandaTanobiTi gaSla da ganviTareba) sworedafeqtis ekonomias, misi intensivobis matebasa da saboloo,kulminaciur ganmuxtvas iTvaliswinebs.

azris ekonomiis ZaliT, mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqma,realobis romelime obieqtis aRqmasTan SedarebiT, naklebenergiasa da daZabvas saWiroebs.Eenergiis ekonomiisrezultatad ki siamovneba iqceva. xelovneba misTvis saintereso


cnobierisa da aracnobieris `Serigebis~ anda Sida fsiqikurikompromisis misaRwevad mimarTavs(40).

kaTarzisi erTmaneTisadmi polaruli (sapirispirod,uaryofiTad da dadebiTad damuxtuli) cnobieri daaracnobieri gancdebis aRmocenebasa da `urTierTSetakebas~ukavSirdeba. mxolod is mxatvruli nawarmobi axdens aRmqmelzeZlier (da, albaT, realur) zemoqmedebas, romelic sworedamgvari, polaruli gancdebis aRmocenebas uwyobs xels.polarul gancdaTa aRZvriT xelovneba cnobierisa daaracnobieris `Serigebis~, maTi urTierTdabalansebis arenadiqceva.

l. vigotskis kaTarzisis TeoriaSi aseve gadamwyvetiroli urTierTsapirispiro ga ncdebis aRZvraseniWeba.Mmxatvruli nawarmoebiT aRZruli polaruli (siamovneba_ usiamovnebis) gancdebi erTmaneTs erTbaSad ganmuxtaven,rac xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, specifikuri `netaritanjvis~ SegrZnebas iwvevs(70).

o. ranki yuradRebas kaTarzisis biologiur aspeqtzeamaxvilebs; kaTarzisi fiziologiuri tkivilnarevi tkbobis(seqsualuri eqstazis) analogia da swored amitomacaa aseTiZlieri zemoqmedebis mqone!

o. ranki da h. zaxsi cdiloben warmoadginon empaTiisfenomenis gagebac; empaTiisa, romelic Semoqmedisa da misiaRmqmelis (kreatorisa da reci pientis) emocionalurdakavSirebas gulisxmobs; empaTiis ZaliT xelovnebisnawarmoebSi asaxuli gancdebi aRmqmelis emociebad iqceva;aRmqmeli ar rCeba gulgrili da Tanagancdis gziT sakuTarfsiqikaSi CarTavs mis winaSe gaTamaSebul gancdebs. empaTiissafuZvlad avtorebi kreatorisa da recipientis fsiqikurmsgavsebas aRiareben; xelovnabaSi asaxuli vnebebizogadsakacobrioa, universaluri da maTi asaxva Sesabamisreagirebas amitomac iwvevs.Uufro metic, aRmqmeli-recipientiara mxolod poulobs sakuTar gancdebs mxatvrul nawarmoebSi,aramed maTgan ganmuxtvasac axdens; maTi energiisganTavisufldeba da kaTarziss ganicdis.

xelovnebis RerZul Tematikas, nebismieri adamianisTvis

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ranki da zaxsi Semoqmedis fsiqologiur TaviseburebaTaSoris aRniSnaven fsiqikur disbalanssa (sulieri harmoniisrRvevasa) da fsiqologiur problemaTa gansakuTrebulsimwvaves.Llombrozos msgavsad avtorebi miiCneven, romSemoqmeds bevri aqvs saerTo nevroziT daavadebul adamianTan.maTi saerTo niSnebia: socialuri adaptaciis sirTuleebi,arapraqtikuloba, infantiloba, xasiaTis cvalebadoba, emociurimaqsimalizmi. aRniSnul TaviseburebaTa mizezad avtorebiaracnobier ZalTa zemoqmedebis siZlieres miiCneven. saxezeaaracnobieris `janyi~ da, Sesabamisad, fsiqikis maRaliagznebadoba da mgrZnobeloba. A

avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom adamianis aracnobieri fsiqikamTeli kacobriobis warsuls itevs da inaxavs. aracnobierifsiqikiT adamiani mTels zogad adamianur gamocdilebasukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, rac ufro izrdeba aracnobierisroli, miT ufro izrdeba adamianis mxatvruli gardasaxvis(artistuli metamorfozis) unaric; rac ufro ̀ Riaa~ adamianiaracnobieris mimarT, miT ufro mZlavr stimuls iRebs misifantazia da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi(41).

xelovani aracnobierisadmi gansakuTrebuli `RiaobiT~xasiaTdeba. `Seqspiri mTeli sisavsiT wvdeboda brZenisa dasulelis, wmindanisa da damnaSavis suls. magram igi aramxolod aracnobierad moicavda am yovelives, aramed, amasTanerTad, flobda kidev erT gamorCeul unarsac, rogorsacsakuTari aracnobieris `xedvisa~ da misgan damoukidebelixat-warmodgenebis agebis unari warmoadgens.Mmxatvruli xati_ poetis aracnobieria, romelic poetma misgan ganTavisuflebismizniT gareT gamoitana an moaxdina proecireba.~ (TargmaniCemia _ r. m.)(45. gv. 131).

avtorTa gagebiT, nebismieri adamianis aracnobieri fsiqikasaerTo, zogad sakacobrio gamocdilebasac moicavs. xelovansam sakacobrio gamocdilebis wvdomisa da mxatvrul saxeebadgardaqmnis gansakuTeruli niWi gamoarCevs. (rogorc naSromisSemdgomi Tavebidan gaxdeba naTeli, aRniSnuli Sexeduleba k.iungis xelovnebis fsiqologiis fundaments Seadgens).

o. ranks ekuTvnis naSromi, romelSic gmiris fenomeni


sagnebsa da movlenebs maTi aqcentirebis mizniT garesinamdvilisgan abstrahirebiTa da ganyenebiT warmoaCens.

magaliTad, ganvixiloT natiurmorti langriTa davaSlebiT. Ees erTgvari mini-samyaroa, romelSic mxolod damxolod langaria vaSlebiT. yuradReba imdenadaafokusirebuli vaSlebian langarze, rom sxva yoveliveyuradRebis miRma rCeba. mTeli samyaros mniSvnelovnebavaSlebian langarSia moqceuli. xelovnebis arss swored esfokusireba, yuradRebisa da mTeli fsiqikuri resursebiserTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTva Seadgens maSin,rodesac realuri samyarosTvis mozaikuri mravalferovnebada qaoturi siWrelea damaxasiaTebeli.

o. ranki da h. zaxsi ixilaven ritms, rogorc arsebiTesTetikur xerxsa Tu meTods da mas xelovnebisTvisdamaxasiaTebel universalur, zogad Taviseburebad miiCneven.avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom tradiciulad ritmi SromisSesamsubuqeblad da siamovnebis misaRebad gamoiyeneboda.ritmuli moqmedebiT (ritmuli moZraobebiT, romelTac Tanaxlda SeZaxilebi da musika) ioldeboda mZime samuSaosSesruleba; Sroma cekvisa da simReris Taviseburebebs iZenda.amave dros ioldeboda mSromelTa jfufis moqmedebissinqronizaciac. avtorebi miiCneven, rom ritmul moqmedebaTaSedarebiTi siadvile da masTan dakavSirebuli siamovneba,Tavisi bunebiT, s e q s u al u r i a da sqesobrivi aqtis ritmikasukavSirdeba.

saxviTi xelovnebis bazisad avtorebi Wvretis instinqtsa(seqsualuri obieqtis Tvalierebis instinqts) daTvalierebasTan dakavSirebul siamovnebas warmoadgenen.aRniSnuli mosazrebis argumentad saxeldeba is faqti, romxelovnebis interesis mTavar obieqts yovelTvis warmoadgendaadamianis SiSveli sxeuli. Tumca TviT peizaJis xelovnebacaraa Tavisufali erotikisgan; bunebis ̀ neitraluri~ suraTisasaxva aracnobier ZalTa transformacias, cnobieri fsiqikisTvismisaRebi formiT maT gardaqmnas ukavSirdeba.Aam metamorfozasadamianis Sida-fsiqikuri TavdacviTi meqanizmi _ e. w. cenzori,axorcielebs.

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da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis safuZvelSi Zevs. adamianisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli, erTmaneTisadmi polaruli swrafvebi (swrafvagrZnobebisken da swrafva azrovnebisken) mesame fundamenturiswrafviT, T a m a S i s k e n s w r a f v i T mTliandeba. TamaSisimpulsi Tavisuflebis momtania; misi mizani Tavisuflebaada mSveniereba! TamaSis gziT adamiani scildeba biologiurisaWiroebis farglebs da Tavisufldeba im iZulebisgan,romelSic avtori adamianis sakuTar biologiurmoTxovnilebaTa mxridan (froidis terminebiT, erosisa daTanatosisgan momdinare) iZulebas gulisxmobs.

iZuleba realuri samyaros arsebiTi Taviseburebaa daamitomac Tavisufleba swored realobisgan Tavisuflebasgulisxmobs. `mxolod moTamaSe adamiania Tavisufali!~ _wers markuze. x e l o v n e b a T a m a S i s f o r m a a , romelicSeboWil vnebebsa Tu grZnobebs aTavisuflebs da amiTsiamovnebisa da realobis princi pTa Soris antagonizmisZlevas axerxebs! xelovnebis nawarmoebi ambivalenturia; igiprotestia da amave dros _ Serigeba.Mmisi bipolaroba anorpolusianoba siamovnebisa da realobis principTa (anuSeuTavsebelTa da gamomricxavTa) gamTlianebas ukavSirdeba.

markuzes ekuTvnis ` d i d i u a r i s ~ idea, romelTanmimarTebaSic ganixileba fantaziisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebisfenomenebi.Exelovneba da Semoqmedeba daTrgunvis (biologiurZalTa da stimulTa daTrgunvis) mimarT protestia da brZolaasaboloo TavisuflebisTvis!

markuze erTmaneTs upirispirebs promeTesa da narciss(orfeoss). promeTe _ mZime Sromis gmiria; im progresissimbolo, romelic warmoebisa da daTrgunvis gziT miiRweva.(miTis Tanaxmad, promeTem adamianebs mravalnairi xelobaaswavla da cecxliT, progresis am WeSmariti simboloTi,daasaCuqra).

narcisi da orfeosi esTetikur WvretasTan kavSirdebian.miTologiis es ori personaJi droisgan Tavisuflebasa daabsolutTan _ mSvenierebasTan, rogorc uzenaes kategoriasTan,Serwymas gulisxmobs. (miTSi narcisi sakuTari mSvenierebiTtkbeba, xolo orfeosi musikiT xiblavs ara mxolod adamianebs,


oidipos-kompleqsTan kavSirdeba. ranki miiCnevs, rom gmirisarss mamasTan (biologiur mamasTan, avtoritetTan, ufrosTaobasTan) Sepirispireba da SebrZoleba Seadgens.Mmamis(rogorc moZvelebuli avtoritetis) adgilis mopoveba, ZvelisSecvla, stereoti pebisa da standartebis msxvreva, axlisdamkvidreba da novacia _ aseTia heroikuli SemarTebis raoba!sakuTari Sexedulebebis saargumentod ranks uxvad moyavsmagaliTebi miTologiidan. igi ixilavs oidiposis, parisis,persevsis, romulis, herakles, zaratustras, zigfridis,loengrinis da a. S. magaliTebs.Ggmirebi upirispirdebian mamaTaavtoritets, raTa sakuTari, axali samyaro aagon moZvelebulisada moyirWebulis fundamentze!

h. markuzem froidis fsiqologiuri Teoria filosofiurganzogadebamde aiyvana; fsiqoanalizi filosofiur TeoriadCamoyalibda (46,76,77,78,79,80,82,88).

markuzes amosavalia Sexeduleba, rom civilizaciasa dakulturas safuZvlad instinqtTa moTokva da libidos Sewirvaedeba; civiluri, kulturuli adamiani masSi arsebulibiologiuri Zalebis (seqsualobisa da agresiis) moTokvasada daTrgunvas mimarTavs. aseT msxverplsAadamianisgan misisocio-kulturuli garemo moiTxovs.Mam mxriv sruliadgamorCeulia xelovnebis fenomenis roli da daniSnuleba;xelovneba siamovnebis, grZnobierebis, sxeulebrivi SegrZnebebisada Tavisuflebis samyaroa!

xelovnebas ̀ erosisa da civilizaciis~ avtori realobisada siamovnebis principTa (an realurad Seurigebel ZalTa,vinaidan realoba gamoricxavs siamovnebasa da Tavisuflebas)Serigebisa da maTi gamTlianebis asparezad miiCnevs. esTetikainstinqtebsa da impulsebTan pirdapir kavSirSi ganixileba,xolo esTetikur funqcias impulsur-instinqturi bunebamiewereba.Ffroidis terminologiiT, xelovneba da mxatvruliSemoqmedeba seqsualuri da agresiuli instinqtebissublimirebis asparezia. (ix. II Tavi).

markuze aRniSnavs, rom tradiciuli utopiuri ideali _grZnobebisa da gonebis Serigeba (`guli gonieri~) mxolodTamaSis fenomeniT miiRweva. TamaSisa, romelic xelovnebisa

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wesrigs (adamianis biologiur da socio-kulturul mxareebs)Soris harmoniaa miRweuli. magram es mxolod utopiaa anmiuRweveli ideali da dapirispirebul ZalTa harmonizaciasrealurad mxolod xelovneba da xelovnebiseuli TamaSiaxdens!


aramed cxovelebsac ki!). narcisi da orfeosi praqtikuli,pragmatuli qmedebisgan ganridebiTa da misi uaryofiT`pasiurad~ Wvreten mSvenierebas da bunebasa da samyarosTanharmoniul mTlianobaSi arseboben.Emarkuzes gagebiT, esSemoqmedTa miTosuri saxeebia, romlebSic Serigebulia erosida Tanatosi (siyvaruli da sikvdili), damyarebulia ̀ nirvanisprincipi~, anu simSvidis, wonasworobis, harmoniis (`netarigarindebis~) mdgomareoba. markuzesTvis narcisizmi, froidisgangansxvavebiT, ara sakuTar Tavze fiqsirebisa daegocentrulobis nevrotuli simptomia, aramed samyarosTanerTianobisa da gamTlianebis (e. w. `okeanuri grZnobis~)safuZveli.

orfiko-narcisuli saxeebi kavSirSi arian `did uarTan~,gamoxataven ra seqsualuri sferos daTrgunvisa da nebismieriwesrigis, wesebis mimarT protests. maTi mizani axali realobisdamkvidrebaa.Oorfikuli erosi spobs sixistes; misi enasimboluria, xolo Sroma _ TamaSi. narcisis cxovrebis arsiki mSvenierebis Wvretaa. Sesabamisad, am miTosur saxeTa realoba_ esTetikuri realobaa. is realoba, romelSic iZleva iZulebada adamians moraluri Tu fizikuri Tavisufleba eniWeba.SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis `Tavisufali TamaSi~ esTetikurformaTa ageba-daSlas gulisxmobs, grZnobaTa sanqcionirebasaxdens da realobis principisgan ganTavisuflebas SesaZlebelsxdis.Mmarkuze Sileris saxelganTqmul frazas mimarTavs:`TamaSis impulsi _ Tavisuflebis momniWebelia!~ am sityvebSiigulisxmeba rogorc garegani iZulebisa da kanonebisgan, aseveSinagani iZulebis, anu biologiur moTxovnilebaTagan,Tavisuflebac!

markuzes Sexedulebas exmianeba g. balis mosazreba, romTavisufleba, upirvelesad, instinqtebisgan ganTavisuflebaSimdgomareobs da rom sakuTari i n s t i n q t e b i TT a v i s u f al i m a n i p ul i r e b a mxolod TamaSis fenomeniTmiiRweva. instinqtebiT manipulirebas ki sabolood kulturamdemivyavarT.

unda iTqvas markuzeseuli utopiis Sesaxebac; esararepresirebadi civilizaciaa, romelSic Tavisuflebasa da

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mxolod pirovnuli aracnobieriT da masSi asevek o l e q t i u r i (zepirovnuli, saerTo sakacobrio,universaluri) a r a c n o b i e r i sferoc arsebobs. iungissityvebiT: ̀ adamianis aracnobieri fsiqika cnobierebis ubralo`danarTs~ an ̀ sanagve yuTs~ rodi warmoadgens.Mmas avtonomiurifsiqikuri sistema gaaCnia, romelic cnobierebis calmxrivobisada darRvevebis funqcionalur kompensirebas axdens. aracnobieriar amoiwureba instinqtur-refleqsuri procesebiT da sakuTarisimboloebiT cnobier procesTa winmswrebia.~ (Targmani Cemia_ r. m.)(47. gv. 159)

koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tavisi warmomavlobiT arsobrivadgansxvavdeba pirovnuli aracnobierisgan _ igi ar kavSirdebakonkretuli adamianis biografiasTan da mTel sakacobriofsiqikur gamocdilebasTanaa mimarTebaSi. misi CamoyalibebisprocesSi mTeli kacobrioba monawileobs da saerTo fsiqikurnamoRvawars Taobebs gadascems. Sesabamisad, yoveli calkeulipirovneba sakacobrios ara mxolod matarebel-mflobeli, aramedmisi Semoqmedic xdeba.Ppirovneba memkvidreobiT iRebskoleqtiur aracnobiers da Tavadac iRebs monawileobas misiSemdgomi `Senebis~ procesSi. fsiqikis aRniSnuli aspeqtimudmivi qmnadobis, kvlav-warmoqmnis mdgomareobaSia da amiTuzrunvelyofs adamianTa Soris mentaluri, uwyveti kavSirisdamyarebasa da SenarCunebas(48,53).

aris Sexeduleba, rom koleqtiuri aracnobieris terminiTk. iungma kulturis fenomeni aRniSna; kulturisa, romelsackacobrioba qmnis da Taobebs gadascems;Kkulturisa, romelicmudmivad cvladi, dinamiuria da `cocxali~. koleqtiuriaracnobieris amgvari gageba, ra Tqma unda, dasaSvebia, TukigaTvaliswinebul iqna misi umTavresi niSani _ realuri qmediTiZalis saxiT CarTuloba adamianis mentalur struqturaSi!

koleqtiur aracnobiers TviTaqtivaciis unari gamoarCevs.mas sakuTari energetika, adamianze zemoqmedebisa daTviTgamovlenis unikaluri resursebi gaaCnia. Sesabamisad,koleqtiur aracnobierSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT aqtiuri,dinamikuri kultura, rogorc fsiqikaSi arsebuli daTviTgamovlenisadmi (TviTaqtivaciisadmi) mimarTuli sawyisi.

karl gustav iungis xelovnebis Teoria

Tavi VTavi VTavi VTavi VTavi V

karl gustav iungiskarl gustav iungiskarl gustav iungiskarl gustav iungiskarl gustav iungis

xelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoria

karl gustav iungi froidis msgavsad, qarizmatulipirovnebaa fsiqologiis istoriaSi. masze iwereba wignebi,ibeWdeba SaravandediT an mzis diskoTi damSvenebuliportretebi, msjeloben misi biografiis miukvlevelsa da`idumal~ aspeqtebze. dRemde daoben, Tu mainc vin iyo igi,didi Teoretikosi da Terapevti, Tu magi-Samanisa da poetisucnauri nazavi(56, 57).

iungis Teoriis ZiriTad naklad misi avtoris mistikiTgatacebas Tvlian; miiCneven, rom iungma gaarRvia mecnierebisada praqtikuli medicinis sazRvrebi da im sferoSi gadainacvla,sadac kanonsa da wesebs mistika da poezia cvlis. asea Tuise, iungis xelovnebis Teoria froidis Teoriis Semdgomyvelaze gavrcelebul Teoriad rCeba. aseve, iungis mniSvnelovanigavlena cxadad igrZnoba Tanamedrove fsiqoTerapiasa dagansakuTrebiT art-Terapiaze (72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81).sagangebod unda aRiniSnos Tanamedrove xelovnebis Teoriasada kulturologiaze k. iungis SexedulebaTa gansakuTrebulizegavlenis Sesaxeb. sagulisxmoa, rom iungi esTetikasgamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis dargad miiCnevda. rogorc araerTiavtori aRiarebs, xelovnebis fsiqologiaSi realurad mxolodori, froidisa da iungis, erTmaneTis Semavsebeli Teoriaarsebobs(47,48,51,88).

k. iungis zogad-fsiqologiuri Teoriis safuZveliaSexeduleba ori ti pis aracnobieris: p i r o v n u l i dak ol e q t i u r i a r a c n o b i e r i s Sesaxeb.

pirovnuli aracnobieri konkretuli pirovnebis kuTvnilebaada, Sesabamisad, pirovnul biografiasTan, kompleqsebsa TufobiebTan, moTxovnilebebsa Tu Sida-fsiqikuri cenzorisaqtivobasTan kavSirdeba. es ̀ froidis~ aracnobieria, romelicikvlia da Seiswavla fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebelma.

k. iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianis fsiqika ar amoiwureba

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koleqtiuri aracnobieris, rogorc fsiqikaSi arsebulirealuri da qmediTi Zalis, argumentad iungi im maradiulwarmodgenebs, TvalsaCinoebebsa Tu xatebs (simboloebs)Segvaxsenebs, romlebic pirvelyofili sazogadoebidanmoyolebuli yovel epoqaSi iCenen Tavs da dRemde ar kargavenaqtualobas. aseTia magaliTad, j v a r i, romlisgamosaxulebebs kldis ferweraSic vxvdebiT, romelic epoqaTamanZileze axali SinaarsiT, mniSvnelobiT itvirTeboda dasruliad gansxvavebul kulturebsa da civilizaciebSivlindeboda.Nnebismieri qveynisa da epoqisTvis jvrisgamosaxuleba TiTqmis erTnairadaa damaxasiaTebeli. gavixsenoTTundac Zvel egvipturi jvrebi _ isidas gasaRebi da maryuJiaseve arqaul qarTuli borjRali (`brunvadi jvari~).sainteresoa, rom kldis ferweram Semogvinaxa ara mxolodgarkveuli da calsaxa mniSvnelobis mqone gamosaxulebebi,aramed bundovani, ̀ abstraqtuli~ niSani-simboloebic, romelTaSorisac jvars gansakuTrebuli adgili eniWeba.

aseTive maradiuli, universaluri simboloebia: wre,samkuTxedi, kvadrati. Tavisi simbolika aqvs ferebs, stiqiebsada konkretul sagnebsac. Tumca, cxadia, arsebobsgansakuTrebuli nimuSebi, romlebsac zogadsakacobriomniSvneloba gamoarCevs. magaliTad, stiqiebi: cecxli da wyali,rogorc maradiuli simboluri antipodebi, yvela kulturasada civilizaciaSi TiTqmis erTgvarovani SinaarsiT itvirTeba.ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli garemoeba sulac ar gamoricxavsmaT simbolur polisemantikas.

wyali iseve, rogorc cecxli sikvdil-sicocxlis da,aqedan gamomdinare, ganaxlebisa da aRorZinebis simboloa,romlis semantikuri siRrme da gamorCeuli informatiulobaTiTqmis erTnairadaa `gasagebi~ rogorc ganviTarebis dabaldoneze myofi primitivisTvis, aseve maRalganviTarebuliinteleqtualisTvisac. sityva `gagebaSi~ igulisxmeba arasaazrovno operaciebiT Segnebuli manipulireba, aramed uSualo,myisieri wvdoma, intuicia an insaiTi, dakavSirebuli aracnobierifsiqikuris moqmedebasTan. uSualo wvdomis safuZvelskoleqtiur aracnobierSi Senaxuli universaluri simboloebi


koleqtiur aracnobiers e. w. ̀ noosferosTanac~ akavSireben.aRniSnuli terminiT sakacobrio sulieri gamocdilebis savaneaRiniSneba, romelic, zogierTi Tanamedrove mecnieris mixedviT,dedamiwis garSemo arsebuli, erT-erTi sferos (noosferoqarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc gonis sfero) saxiT arsebobsda Tavs specifikuri naTebis, lumeniscenciis saxiTavlens.Nnoosferos _ dedamiwis garSemo arsebul, adamianTagonebriv-fsiqikuri moqmedebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul sferos_ kacobriobis sulieri aqtivobis produqtad da sakacobriomentalur sacavad miiCneven.

k.Miungis TeoriaSi koleqtiuri aracnobieri fsiqikis siRrmeSiarsebuli fenaa, romelic gansxvavebuli erovnebisa TuganviTarebis doneze myofi adamianebisaTvis TanabradaadamaxasiaTebeli.Kkoleqtiuri aracnobieris universaloba, droiTida sivrciTi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadobis miuxedavad, misTvisobriv ucvlelobasa da igiveobas gulisxmobs. fsiqikisaRniSnuli sfero arsobrivad ar icvleba, aramed mdidrdeba,Rrmavdeba da axal mniSvnelobebs ikrebs.

koleqtiuri aracnobieris arsobrivi ucvlelobis (anufro swored, universalobis) gamo is adamianTa Soriskomunikaciisa da kavSiris pirobad iqceva arsebuli genetikuri,eTnikuri Tu kulturuli sxvaobebis miuxedavad. ase magaliTad,Tanamedrove adamians `esmis~ homerosis an konfucis ena,wvdeba Zvel egviptelTa arqiteqturasa da SumerTa eposs.ra Tqma unda, gageba da wvdoma yovelTvis fardobiTia, magramTuki aRmqmeli ar rCeba gulgrili, Tuki Soreuli warsulidanmiRebuli kulturuli gzavnili iwvevs emociebsa da azrebs,Tuki xdeba kulturuli informaciis interpretireba daganaxleba _ maSin kontaqti epoqebsa da adamianebs SorisSemdgarad unda vigulisxmoT!

maradiuli kulturuli kavSiris safuZvlad k. iungskoleqtiuri aracnobieri esaxeba, romelic imanenturad,cnobierebis Carevis gareSe axdens myisier gagebas, ̀ wvdomasa~da amiT, adamianTa Soris kavSiris damyarebas. Semdgom etapebzecnobieri funqciebi (ZiriTadSi azrovneba) CaerTvis, rissafuZvelzec miRebuli informaciis inteleqtualurigadamuSaveba xdeba.

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aqtiuri, dinamiuri bunebis gamo simbolo koleqtiuriaracnobieris ara pasiuri saTavsosa Tu maragis Semadgenelia,aramed energetikiT damuxtuli xati-warmodgena, romelicmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis moqmedebas.

rogorc vxedavT, froidisgan gansxvavebiT, iungi faruli,tabudadebuli biologiuri ltolvebis gverdiT aracnobierisimboloebisa da arqetipebis arsebobasac uSvebs da, Sesabamisad,aracnobieris Sinaarss afarToebs da aRrmavebs. Semoqmedebis(sazogadod, adamianis moqmedebis) impulsTa rigSi biologiurmoTxovnilebaTa gverdiT simboloebi da arqetipebi CaerTvis.Eesemociurad (afeqturad) damuxtuli xati-niSnebi mTelikacobriobis fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegad dagrovil usazRvroinformacias Seicaven.

Ffroidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gamocdilebis procesSiSeZenili kompleqsi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTad stimuladda mis Sinaarsad miiCneva. kompleqsi emociur-afeqturaddamuxtul warmodgenaTa sistemaa, magram es sistema mxolodkonkretul pirovnebasa da mis fsiqikas ukavSirdeba.Kkompleqsimocemuli pirovnebis fsiqo-biografiis Semadgenelia dainformacias swored aRniSnuli pirovnebis Sesaxeb iZleva.sruliad gansxvavebuli buneba aqvs simbolosa Tu arqeti ps;es ukanasknelni koleqtiuri (saerTo sakacobrio fsiqikis)anareklebia da warmomadgenelni.

froidis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, iungis Teoriis bazissSeadgens ara konfliqti cnobiersa da aracnobiers (rogorcantagonistur Zalebs) Soris, aramed maTi urTierTdabalansebada gawonasworeba. cnobieri da aracnobieri iseve awonasworebenerTmaneTs, rogorc Cinuri simboloebi ini da iani. iungismixedviT, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba swored am ori, antipodurisawyisis (cnobierisa da aracnobieris, romlebsac pirobiTadgoneba da grZnoba SeiZleba ewodos) mSvidobian Tanaarsebobasada balanss efuZneba.

adamianisa da misi fsiqikis Seswavlis procesSi iungisocio-kulturuli garemos da kerZod, RirebulebaTa, ideaTada ganwyobaTa sistemebis gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebazemiuTiTebda. iungi miiCnevda, rom adamianisa da misi fsiqikis


da arqetipebi Seadgenen, romlebic ara mxolod imTaviTve,inteleqtualuri operaciebisgan damoukideblad gasagebs (ufrozustad, misaRebs) xdian xatovan gamosaxulebebs, aramed aseveSemoqmedebiT muxtsa da stimulsac iZlevian.

koleqtiuri aracnobieris Sinaarss universalurisimboloebi da arqeti pebi Seadgenen. sityva `arqeti pi~iTargmneba rogorc pirvelxati, Zveli anabeWdi an Zvelikvali. arqeti pi fsiqikaSi arsebuli zepirovnuli, anukonkretul pirovnebaze dauyvaneli warmonaqmnia, romelicuniversalur simboloebTan erTad koleqtiuri aracnobierisSinaars Seadgens. Sesabamisad, pirovneba simboloebs ki ar`gamoimuSavebs~ an ̀ xelovnurad qmnis~, aramed maT sakuTarsavefsiqikaSi moiZiebs da Semdgom gare samyaroSi maTobieqtivaciasa da gasagnebas (gareT gatanas) axdens.Ppirovnebas,romelic Tavisi arsiT Semoqmedia, simboloTa mniSvnelobisgamdidrebis, maTSi axali siRrmeebis wvdomis da ukve arsebul,moZvelebul mniSvnelobaze axlis zeddebis unarigamoarCevs(51,53,54).

simbolo da arqetipi amouwuravia, maTi wvdoma ki _usasrulo. simbolosa da arqetipTan dakavSirebuli energetikaswored maTi polisemantikidan momdinareobs. simbolousasrulobis, droisa da sivrcis miRma arsebulisniSania.Mmaradiulobis niSnebi iungma yoveli adamianis fsiqikaSimoiZia, niSnebi, romlebsac adamiani pirovnulis (kerZo dakonkretuli individis) farglebidan gahyavT; pirovnulSi aqkonkretuli pirovnebis biografia, misi moTxovnilebebi dasurvilebi, kompleqsebi da molodinebi igulisxmeba.

simbolos mravalmniSvnelovneba (polisemantika) misidausrulebeli interpretirebis saSualebas iZleva.YyovelaRmqmels masSi sakuTari xedvis, rakursis dafiqsireba ZaluZs.simbolos gageba da xedva intirpersonalur sxvaobebsukavSirdeba da, Sesabamisad, misi yoveli calkeuliintirpretacia Tavad aRmqmelis pirovnul TaviseburebebsukavSirdeba.Ppirovnebas sakuTari, pirovnuli xedva Seaqvssimbolos gagebisa da interpretirebis SemTxvevaSi.

simbolos interpretaciuli resursebi amouwuravia.

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gamijvnas sakuTarive aracnobierisgan iungi bunebisgan gamijvnadmiiCnevs; bunebasTan Tavdapirveli mTlianobisa da erTianobisrRvevas avtori ̀ pirvelcodvas~ uwodebs. dakarguli harmoniisaRdgenas magia, miTebi da ritualebi emsaxureba da aseve _maTi uSualo impulsiT Sobili mxatvruli Semoqmedeba daxelovneba!

koleqtiuri aracnobieris sruli ganTavisufleba dacnobierebis zedapirze àmoWra~ iwvevs ara mxolodindividualur, aramed koleqtiur fsiqozebsac, kerZod,socialur qartexilebsa da omebs. iungis gagebiT, socio-politikuri movlenebis mizezi fsiqikaSi da kerZod, aracnobierZalebSic unda veZioT. rac Seexeba pirovnebas, misi sulieribalansi swored cnobieri da aracnobieri ZalebisharmonizirebaSi mdgomareobs. Tuki cnobiereba inteleqtsada nebisyofas efuZneba, aracnobieri, erTi mxriv, biologiurida meore mxriv, simbolur-arqeti puli Zalebis krebulia.swored am polusTa TanxmobaSi moyvana qmnis yoveli calkeulipirovnebis mTlianobisa da janmrTelobis safuZvels.

koleqtiuri aracnobieris kvlevis kerZo meTodi sizmrisanalizia. sizmris Sinaarsi pirovnuli aracnobieriTa damocemuli pirovnebis fsiqobiografiiT ar amoiwureba. sizmrebSiaseve warmodgenilia miTologiuri siuJetebic, romelTa axsnada gageba mxolod mocemuli pirovnebis gamocdilebisgaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlebeli xdeba. saWiroa mTeli sakacobrioistoriisa da gamocdilebis ganxilva da mxedvelobaSi miReba.

koleqtiuri aracnobieri a r q a u l - m i T ol o g i u r ixasiaTisaa; TiToeuli arqeti pi garkveul miTologiurwarmodgenasTan an miTologiur personaJTan SeiZlebagavaigivoT. magaliTad, zevsi, afrodite, amuri, aTena, dionise,aresi Tu hermesi aracnobier arqetipTa anareklebia da maTiSecnobiT, aracnobieri fsiqikis Taviseburebanic Seimecneba.

iungi ramdenime simbolosa da arqetips gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas miawers.Ees is bazisuri koleqtiuri warmodgenebia,romelTa dausrulebel varirebasac efuZneba kultura daxelovneba! ZiriTad arqetipTa Soris iungi gamoyofs anima-animuss, personas, selfsa da aCrdils.P


raobis gageba mxolod aseTi gziTaa SesaZlebeli. aRniSnulipoziciiT iungis Teoria kidev erTxel emijneba froidisSexedulebebs (48, 50, 55).

iungis TeoriaSi xazgasmulia sxvaoba simbolosa daarqetips Soris. arqetipi pirveladi da SeuniRbavi saxiTmxolod cnobieri kontrolis Sesustebisas ̀ eZleva~ adamians;es xdeba sizmarSi da aseve halucinaciebisa da mistikuriWvretis SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros arqetipi (rogorc aracnobieripirvelxati) difuzuri, bneli, saSiSi da ucxo xat-warmodgenissaxes iZens, romlis aRqma Zlier gancdebTan (SiSis, TrTolisda, amave dros mowiwebisa da ridis gancdebTan) kavSirdeba.

arqeti pebi mxolod amgvari èqstremaluri~ saxiT anpirveladi SemzaraobiT rodi vlindebian. miTologia daxelovneba cnobierebisTvis misaRebi principebisa da kanonebisgaTvaliswinebiT am bneli da saSiSi xatebis daxvewasaxdens.Aarqetipi kargavs pirvandel ùcxo~, cnobierebisaTvismiuRebel saxes; arqetipi simbolod iqceva! Sesabamisad, yovelisimbolos miRma arqetipi igulisxmeba. simbolo arqetipsefuZneba.

arqetipuli xat-warmodgenebis cnobieri damuSavebisa Tudaxvewis Tavdapirvel saxes miTologia warmoadgens.miTologiaSi yvelaze cxadad, sawyisi, pirveladi saxiT vlindebakoleqtiuri aracnobieri da misi arqetipebi. swored amotomacganuzomelia miTologiis mimarT k. iungis ànalizurifsiqologiis~ interesi.

Semdgom etapebze miTologiuri Temebisa da simboloebisdamuSavebas xelovnebis dargebi mimarTaven. aracnobieriarqetipi kidev ufro metad modis SesabamisobaSi cnobier anSegnebul fsiqikurTan. xelovneba miTologias efuZneba; impulssigi swored miTologiSi asaxuli arqetipuli xatebiTa dasimboloebidan iRebs.

cnobierebis ganviTarebasTan erTad adamiansa da misivearacnobiers Soris arsebuli ufskruli TandaTan Rrmavdeba.adamiani kargavs sakuTarive aspeqtisa Tu sferos wvdomisada gancdis unars, rac fsiqologiuri disbalansisa da,Sesabamisad, mentaluri problemebis mizezi xdeba. adamianis

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anima uwoda, xolo qalisas _ animusi.Mmamakacis aracnobierisawyisi feminuria, xolo qalisa _ maskulinuri.Ppirovnebafsiqologiurad orive sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs Seicavs.

iungis fsiqologiur skolaSi SemoTavazebulia anima-animusebis SesaZlo variantebis erTgvari nusxa(54).EesfsiqikaSi `Senaxuli~ da `daculi~ warmodgenebia, romlebicbevriT gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas da mniSvnelovanzegavlenas axdenen mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa da xelovnebazec.arqetipTa variaciebis saxeldebas aiolebs maTi asaxva dadamuSaveba xelovnebasa da kulturaSi.Aase magaliTad, animasSesaZlo saxeebs SeiZleba ewodos: ̀ didi deda~, ̀ mzeTunaxavi~,`karmeni~, `rokapi qali~ da sxva.

`didi dedis~ arqeti pis ZiriTad TaviseburebaspirovnebisTvis daculobisa Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSeadgens. is pirvelyofil, sawyis harmoniasTan an, sxva sityvebiT,dedasTan dabrunebis pirobebs qmnis da zrdasrul adamianssiyvarulis momlodine bavSvad aqcevs.

rogorc naTeli xdeba, animasAaRniSnuli variantigansakuTrebuli gavrcelebiT gamoirCeva, rac sulac araaSemTxveviTi.Aaracnobieri `damcavi feminoba~ (an adamianisfsiqikaSi arsebuli dedis ganzogadebuli saxe) pirovnebisfsiqologiuri stabilobis garantad iqceva. meore mxriv,`didi deda~ pirovnebis infantilizacias, mis ̀ mudmiv bavSvad~qcevas uwyobs xels, rac pirovnebis pasiurobisa da gareSeZalebze mijaWvulobis mizezic xdeba.

`didi dedis~ arqetipi xelovnebisTvis gansakuTrebulstimuls warmoadgens. aRniSnuli arqeti pis pirveladi,miTologiuri asaxvis nimuSebi mravalferovania; yoveli xalxismiTologiur azrovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili deda-qalRmerTebs eTmoba. magaliTad, aseTi arian pirvelyofiliqali-kerpebi, romlebsac nayofiereba da dedoba ukavSirdeboda.aseTia Zvel egvipturi isida, romelsac miTosi yrmiT (horosiT)gamosaxavda. aseTia berZenTa hera, adamianebisa da RmerTebisdeda. CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvanda, radganac adamianissamyarosTan urTierToba swored dediT iwyeba; igia adamianis


pirovneba, rogorc arqetipTa matarebeli, SeiZleba ramdenimeqvepirovnebis erTianobad ganixilos. `CvenSi brboa!~ _ essaxelganTqmuli fraza mkafiod gamoxatavs iungisdamokidebulebas pirovnebis fsiqologiuri struqturis mimarT.pirovneba qve-pirovnebaTa erTianobaa, radganac TiToeuliarqeti pi dasrulebul `pirovnebad~ SeiZleba iqnesganxiluli(53).

p e r s o n a _ ase uwoda iungma arqeti ps, romelicpirovnebis erTgvari `garegani~, sazogadoebisTvis misaRebida socialurad gansazRvruli aspeqtia Tu mxare andaqvepirovnebaa, romlis mizansac socialuri adaptacia Seadgens.sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel saberZneTSi terminiT `persona~msaxiobis niRabi aRiniSneboda, Teatraluri TamaSis is atributi,romliTac garkveuli rolis Semsrulebeli msaxiobiauditoriis winaSe wardgeba.

iungi miiCnevs, rom yoveli pirovnebis struqturaSigamoiyofa erTi aspeqti an mxare, romliTac pirovnebaSesabamisobaSi modis sazogadoebasTan da romelic pirovnebisgarkveul socialur rols ukavSirdeba.Ppersona-niRabipirovnebis socialuri aspeqtia, romliTac, ra Tqma unda,mTeli pirovneba ar amoiwureba. pirovneba gacilebiT metia,vidre roli, romelsac igi sazogadoebaSi asrulebs. per-sona-niRbiT adamiani xSirad atyuebs ara mxolod sociums,aramed sakuTar Tavsac. personasTan sruli gaigivebiT kiadamiani iviwyebs sakuTari pirovnebis danarCen mxareebs, racsaboloo jamSi, seriozuli fsiqikuri (da ara mxolodfsiqikuri) problemebis mizezad iqceva.

a n i m a (a n i m u s i ) _ Zveli berZnulidan iTargmneba,rogorc `suli~. Aam saxelebiT aRniSna iungma arqetipi,romelic pirovnebis garegan aspeqts (mis personas) avsebsda abalansebs.Ees pirovnebis garegani “me”_s gamawonasworebeliSinagani `me~-a. aracnobieri anima-animusi cnobieri `me~-smimarT sapirispiroa da misi polaruli; cnobierisa daaracnobieris polaroba pirovnebis mTlianobisa da harmoniispirobad iqceva.

Mmamakacis ̀ Sinagan~, aracnobier aspeqts an arqetips iungma

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erotikisa da agresiis nazaviT aixsneba. sapirispiro sqesTanmimarTeba aq Sepirispirebasa da Widils gulisxmobs;`sabediswero qalisTvis~ siyvaruli brZolis velia, siyvarulisobieqti ki _ moqiSpe! igi mudmivad daeZebs msxverpls, raTadamangreveli seqsualoba gamoavlinos.Aantikur miTologiaSiaRniSnuli arqetipis nimuSia amorZali, meomari qali, romelsacsisxli swyuria da romlisTvisac samyaro dausrulebelibrZolis velia.

`rokapi dedakacis~ (`kudiani dedaberis~) arqeti piamorZaliviT mtruladaa ganwyobili, magram, misgan gansxvavebiT,sruliad moklebulia qalur xibls. igi agresiulia damistikur SiSs, zogjer ki zizRsac iwvevs.Ees `kudianidedaberia~, romelsac didi xifaTi ukavSirdeba da romlismizansac sworedac rom xifaTis miniWeba Seadgens.Ees,faqtobrivad, urCxulia, naxevrad-qali da naxevrad-mxeci,romlis moTviniereba SeuZlebelia, xolo motyueba da gulismogeba did sirTules warmoadgens. folklori aRsavsea aseTisaxeebiT, rogoricaa kudiani da rokapi-dedkacebi, graiebi,harpiebi... marTlacda, Semzarav qalTa galereaa!

`rokapi dedakacis~ Serbilebil variants ali (sirinoziantikur miTologiaSi) warmoadgens. is saSiSi arsebaa, magramamave dros, momxiblavic. alTan TviT bunebis xibliadakavSirebuli. mSvenieri oqros TmiT igi izidavs mamakacebs,raTa adamianTa samyarosTan kavSiri gaawyvetinos da sakuTaranda bunebis samyaroSo daavanos.

ra Tqma unda, arsebobs animas gansxvavebuli (faqtobrivad,amouwuravi) variaciebi, magram yoveli maTgani Cven miermiTiTebul ZiriTad tipebsa da saxeobebs efuZneba.

animusis SesaZlo variaciebi, aseve mravalferovania dam aTi m atareb eli pirovn e b is Tavis e bureb e bsukavSirdeba.Aanimusis ZiriTad saxeebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos:`moxuci brZeni~, ̀ yrma~, ̀ ubralo Wabuki~, ̀ Zlevamosili mamakaci~.ra Tqma unda, TiToeli tipis gamovlenisa da variaciisSesaZleblobebi amouwuravia.

`moxuci brZenis~ arqetips iungis skolaSi gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeba. igi sayovelTao sibrZnis, usazRvro sikeTisa


ara mxolod gare samyarosTan, aramed sakuTar TavTanmimarTebis Suamavalic.

anima, romelsac pirobiTad ̀ mzeTunaxavi~ SeiZleba ewodos,`didi dedisagan~ gansxvavebiT, ukiduresi pasiurobiTa da`momlodine qalurobiT~ gamoirCeva.Ees animas saxea, romelicgaaqtiurebas (xsnas, gacocxlebas) garedan elis dagansakuTrebuli ̀ mizidvis ZaliT~ _ mimzidvelobiTa da xibliTgamoirCeva.Ees miTebidan da zRaprebidan yvelasTvis kargadcnobili, koSkSi gamomwyvdeuli mzeTunaxavia, romelic Tavismxsnelsa da mijnurs moelis; mzeWabuks, romelic mas asesustsa da umweos, Tavis energias gaunawilebs da borotiZalebis tyveobidan daixsnis.

mzeTunaxavis arqetipis ̀ ukidursi~, eqstremaluri formaamZinare an mkvdari asulebi, romelTa saxeebiTac ase mdidariafolklori. mzeTunaxavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasiuroba aqkulminacias aRwevs! Tumca maRal, miuval koSkSi ancxraklituls miRma Caketili da samyarosgan izolirebulimzeTunaxavic, ase vTqvaT, sanaxevrodaa cocxali da mis arsspasiuri, mTvlemare molodini Seadgens. qarTul miTosSi yamariskoSki caze jaWviT kidia; aRniSnuli metafora yamaris (ciskamaras) qalwulebriv siwmindesa da xelSeuxeblobas (miwisganmowyvetas) da aseve srul pasiurobas asaxavs. TovliviTTeTri da TovliviT civi asulebi _ SeubRalavi siwmindisada emociuri simSralis (faqtobrivad, sikvdilis) simboloebiamaSin, rodesac mzeWabuks, mzis vaJs anda Tavad mzes _sapirispirod, aqtiuri, qmediTi, ̀ sicocxlis momniWebeli~ buneba(Zala da energia) gamoarCevs.

mzeTunaxavis an momlodine qalurobis arqeti pi amavedros moqmedebaSi momyvani, dinamiuri sawyisis matarebelia.mzeTunaxavi moqmedebisken stimulsa da biZgs iZleva. saukunodmZinare asulebs, maTi mxsneli ufliswulis gamoCenamde, magiuriarsebani, feriebi da jujebi icaven. ase elis mkvdrad qceuliqaluroba aqtiur maskulinur sawyiss.

animas saxesa da mis variacias warmoadgens `sabedisweroqalis~ arqetipi, romelic ierTianebs erotulobasa da agresias,sicocxlesa da sikvdils.Mmisi gansakuTrebuli xibli swored

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Sesabamisad, fabulac maT garSemo igeba. aRniSnuli arqetipisZiriTad maxasiaTebels aqtiuri neba, heroika Seadgens; siZneleTagadalaxviT isini mizans uciloblad aRweven, Tundac sakuTarisicocxlis fasad.Ees is `mzeWabukebia~, romelTac moeliandatyvevebuli (sakuTarive umweobiT datyvevebuli)mzeTunaxavebi da romelTa qmedebazecaa damokidebulisayovelTao keTildReoba. Ees maJoruli, optimizmiT aRsavsesaxeebi gansakuTrebul simpaTiasa da siyvaruls iwveven da,Sesabamisad, maTi asaxva gamorCeulad xSiria da gavrelebulixelovnebis yvela dargSi. aq mxolod erTi magaliTiTSemovifarglebi; aseTia miqelanjelos ̀ daviTi~, rogorc gmirisan sakacobrio energiisa da optimisturi SemarTebisganzogadebuli saxe.

arqeti pi ` a C r d i l i ~ SemTxveviT rodia asesaxeldebuli. igi adamianis ̀ Crdilovani~ an ̀ bneli~ mxareebisamsaxvelia. es adamianis aspeqtia, romlis damalva cnobierifsiqikis erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens; adamiansrcxvenia da eSinia koleqtiuri aracnobieris im aspeqtisa,romelsac iungma aCrdili uwoda. sircxvilsa da SiSs iwvevsaCrdilis `cxoveluri~ an pirvelyofili da veluri buneba.is, faqtobrivad, adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli ̀ Seulamazebeli~buneba an ̀ instinqtTa konaa~, Znelad samarTavi da, faqtobrivad,mouTvinierebeli.

iungis mixedviT, aCrdili ara mxolod negatiuridatvirTvis matarebelia; masSi amave dros poetur-uSualoxedvis sawyisic igulisxmeba. iungi Tvlida, rom adamianisTviTSemecneba aucileblad unda gulisxmobdes ̀ Sexvedrasac~sakuTar aCrdilTan.Aam Sexvedras tradiciulad gulisxmobsxelovneba, romelic cnobieri da aracnobieri ZalebisSepirispirebis arenas warmoadgens. aCrdili, Cveulebriv,urCxulis, drakonis, mxecis saxiT aisaxeba miTologiaSi,folklorsa da xelovnebaSi. aseTia, magaliTad, aCrdilisxorcSesxma zRaparSi `mzeTunaxavi da urCxuli~, romelicsiyvarulis zemoqmedebiT mxecidan adamianad gardaisaxeba.

arqetipi, romelsac iungma T v i T o b a (an Tavadoba) uwoda,cnobierisa da arcnobieris gamTlianebas, anu pirovnebis mier


da Zlevamosilebis matarebelia. iungi mas RmerTis arqetipsacuwodebs! adamianis aracnobier fsiqikaSi arsebul SinaganRmerTs, rogorc gonierebisa da Zalis Sinagan wyaros. (arisSexedulebac, rom `moxuci brZeni~ animusis arqeti ps arganekuTvneba da suverenuli arseboba axasiaTebs).

yrmis arqeti pi umweobisa da gamorCeuli siwmindismatarebelia da gareSe Zalisxmevis (zrunvis, movlis)stimulis momcemi.Aamave dros yrma idumali, metafizikurisibrZnis mflobelia. aseTia, magaliTad, viSnu indurmiTologiaSi;Ees uzenaesi RvTaeba adamianebs moTamaSe yrmissaxiT evlineba, raTa amcnos, rom WeSmariti sibrZne mxolodyrmis mier Seicnoba. `iyaviT viTarca yrmani!~ _ am mowodebiTcxaddeba ara mxolod qristianuli, aramed universaluriidealic.

miamiti Wabuki (mwyemsi biWuna) bevriT hgavs yrmis arqetips;igi uSualoa da bunebrivi, TiTqos meditaciur garindebaSimyofi. misi garemo _ bunebaa, romelTanac igi srul harmoniasada erTobaSic arsebobs. igi pasiuria imdenad, ramdenadacaqtiur qmedebas sruliad gamoricxavs gare samyarosTanharmoniuli erToba. Mmisi aqtivoba isev da isev bunebasukavSirdeba _ esaa zrunva bunebriv garemoze, romlisganadgurebiTac Tavad Wabukic nadgurdeba.

aRniSnul arqetips bevri aqvs saerTo yrmis arqetipTan,magram misgan gansxvavebiT Taviseburi, bunebrivi an, ufroswored, bunebismieri xibli gamoarCevs.Ees Tavad bunebis xiblia.Wabukis erotika mas yrmis arqeti pisgan mkveTradmijnavs.Aantikur miTologiaSi mravladaa amgvari arsebebi:mwyemsebi, gulibryvilo vaJebi, tyisa da velebis sulebi. maTisruliad idiliuri bunebis miRma faruli vnebebi gamokrTis;mwyemsebi iolad gardaisaxebian satirebad da favnebad, Txisada adamianis saSiS da safrTxilo nazavad!

Zlevamosili mamakacis (gmiris) arqetipis gamovlinebadunda CaiTvalis iseTi miTosur-mxatvruli saxeebi, rogoracaa:herakle, Tezevsi, amirani da a. S. aRniSnuli personaJebimiTologiisa da folkloris protagonistebs warmoadgenen;maTSi qmediT-SemoqmedebiTi sawyisia kumulirebuli da,

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xelovneba ara mxolod mis safuZvlad arsebul ZalTa msgavsadzedroulia, aramed _ zepirovnulic; koleqtiuri aracnobieripirovnulis CarCobidan gasvlas da pirovnuli fsiqikisfarglebSi sakacobrio-universaluris CarTvas gulisxmobs.Tuki pirad kompleqsebsa da moTxovnilebebze àgebuli~xelovnebis nimuSi am ukanasknelTa asaxvaa da anarekli,koleqtiuri aracnobieris arqeti pebsa da simboloebsdafuZnebuli xelovneba, marTlacda, ̀ xilvad~ iqceva; pirovnebis(da saerTod, konkretul pirovnebaTa) gareSe arsebuli imsamyaros xilvad, romelic konkretul moTxovnilebebsa TusurvilebTan ar kavSirdeba!

Semoqmedebis meore ti ps, romelsac iungis, rogorcmkvlevaris, interesi ukavSirdeba, SemTxveviT rodi ewoda`vizioneruli~, xolo mis Semoqmeds _ vizioneri. iungisTeoriis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuri an universaluri aracnobierisZalebs (arqetipebsa da simboloebs) TviTaqtivirebis unariaxasiaTebT; isini impulsurad modian ra moqmedebaSi,cnobierebis zedapirze àmoisvrian~ cnobierebisTvis ucxo(zogjer miuRebel da Semzarav) xat-warmodgenebs. es Soreuliwarsulidan, sakacobrio arqividan àmosuli~ Sinaarsebia,romlebic, maTi asakis miuxedavad, arasodes kargavenaqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas.

arqetipebiTa da simboloebiT saerTo sakacobrio fsiqikametyvelebs, romlis enac SemTxveviT rodia xatovan-simboluri.iungis gagebiT, swored simboluri xatebiT xdeba SesaZlebeligansakuTrebuli siRrmis, tevadobisa da mniSvnelobisinformaciis gadmocema. logikuri azrovneba uZluria asaxosgrandiozuli, maradiuli ideebi. Aamitomac fsiqika maTgamosaTqmelad aracnobier simboloebsa da arqeti pebsmimarTavs.

iungi Tvlida, rom ̀ vizionerul~ Semoqmedebasa da xelovnebas,realurad, arc hyavs konkretuli avtori an konkretulipirovneba-avtori.Mmas qmnis pirovnebaSi arsebuli ̀ zepirovnuli~,saerTo sakacobrio sawyisi. Sesabamisad, xelovnebis aRniSnulsaxes sruliad gamorCeuli, universaluri daniSnuleba dafunqcia akisria. mis mier warmodgenil simboloSi cxaddeba


sakuTari fsiqikuri siRrmeebis wvdomasa da pirovnebaSiarsebul dapirispirebul ZalTa Serigebas, ukavSirdeba. TviTobacnobieri fsiqikuris aracnobieriT gamdidrebasa da gaRrmavebasgulisxmobs; pirovneba aRar ebrZvis sakuTar aracnobiers dacnobierisadmi mis makompensirebel (damabalansebel) bunabaswvdeba; Tuki cnobieri inteleqtsa da nebelobas efuZneba,aracnobieri, rogorc misi Semavsebeli, arqaul, miTosurwarmodgenebs eqvemdebareba. (aracnobierSi aq, ra Tqma unda,koleqtiuri aracnobieri da misi arqetipebi igulisxmeba).

TviToba iungis TeoriaSi idealuri fsiqologiurimdgomareobis arqetipad gvevlineba; harmoniis, wesrigis,mTlianobis im mdgomareobisa, romelic adamianis umaRlesida srulyofili gamovlinebaa. TviToba tradiciulad mandalisan wris (mzis) simbolikiT gamoixateba.Mmandala sanskritisenaze wres niSnavs; es magiuri wrea _ fsiqikuri mTlianobissimbolo.Llamaizmsa da iogaSi mandala Wvretis obieqtia, e.w. iantra, romelic RmerTebis samyofels gamoxatavs.

k. iungis xelovnebis Teoria fsiqoanalizis calmxrivobisdaZlevas gulisxmobs; aq araa uaryofili pirovnuli daTavisi bunebiT biologiuri, aracnobieris (froidis erosi daTanatosi) zemoqmedeba mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa daxelovnebaze.Mmagram, amasTan erTad, xazgasmiT miTiTebuliakoleqtiuri aracnobieris simboloebisa da arqeti pebismniSvnelovanzec (48,50,51,52,55).

iungis gagebiT, unda erTmaneTisgan gamoiyos Semoqmedebisada xelovnebis ori ZiriTadi tipi Tu saxe; Tuki pirveli _e. w. ̀ fsiqologiuri Semoqmedeba~ pirovnul an biologisturaracnobiers (romlis Sesaxebac saubari iyo wignis winaTavSi da romelsac SeiZleba pirobiTad `friodiseuli~aracnobieri ewodos) efuZneba, meore saxis e. w.` v i z i o n e r ul i ~ an xilvismieri Semoqmedeba koleqtiuriaracnobieris simboloebsa da arqetipebs ukavSirdeba. iungisSexedulebaTa mixedviT, xelovnebis is nimuSebi, romlebicdrois mdinarebas uZleben da arasodes kargaven zemoqmedebisunars, swored koleqtiuri aracnobieris aqtivobasTankavSirdebian (49).

arqeti pebisa da universaluri simboloebis amsaxveli

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`mecnieruli~ axsnis nimuSad miiCnevs. igi sityva ̀ mecnieruls~brWyalebSi svams, raTa amiT kidev erTxel naTeli gaxadossakuTari undobloba da ironia `fsiqoanalizis~ (anfroidianuli `fsiqoanalizis~) SexedulebaTa mimarT.

iungis mixedviT, Semoqmedi dualuri bunebisaa da arsebiTSinagan winaaRmdegobas Seicavs; erTi mxriv, igi konkretuliadamiania piradi cxovrebiT, xolo, meore mxriv _ upirovnoSemoqmedebiTi procesebis matarebeli. xelovneba Tandayolilisistemis saxea, romelic flobs Semoqmedis pirovnebas(igulisxmeba, rom ara Semoqmedi flobs SemoqmedebiT unarebs,aramed piriqiT, es unarebi floben mas) da aqcevs mas sakuTarinstrumentad . ` x e l o v a n i _ k o l e q t i u r ia d a m i a n i a ! ~ _ acxadebs iungi, raSic gulisxmobs Semoqmedismier sakuTari kerZo pirovnuli CarCoebidan gasvlasa dakoleqtiuri aracnobieris arqetipebTan ziarebas (Seadare:`leqss me ar vwer, leqsi TviTon mwers!~).

Semoqmedebas, iungis gagebiT, f e m i n u r i (qaluri)Taviseburebebi gamoarCevs, radganac sawyiss igi aracnobierisfeminur sferoSi iRebs. (am SexedulebiT aSkaravdebaSemoqmedebis warmodgenili gagebis kavSiri patriarqalurdogmebTan; radganac Semoqmedi mamakacia (da mxolod mamakaciSeiZleba iyos Semoqmedi), amitomac Semoqmedebis impulsi misfeminur aracnobiers an animas ukavSirdeba. Tuki vZlevTpatriarqalur dogmebs da vaRiarebT, rom Semoqmedi SesaZloaqalic iyos, maSin SemoqmedebiTi impulsi mis maskulinuraracnobierSi an animusSi unda veZioT. _ r. m.).

iungi wers e. w. v i z i o n e r ul i g a n c d i s Sesaxeb,romlis dayvanac pirad gamocdilebasa Tu anomalia-darRvevazemis ubralo simptomad qcevas da amiT misi specifikuriSinaarsis dakargvas iwvevs. vizioneruli (an koleqtiuriaracnobieris) sfero ufro Rrma da Zlieri gancdebis Semcvelia,vidre yvela adamianuri gancda erTad aRebuli! vizionerobasiungi pirvel-gancdasa da pirvel-simbolos uwodebs dakoleqtiuri aracnobieris arqetipebTan akavSirebs.

jer kidev pirvelyofil xelovnebaSi, kldis ferwerisnimuSebSi warmodgenilia uCveulo, ucnauri naxatebi. aseTia,


informacia, romlis logikuri aparatiT ̀ daSla~ Tu ̀ dalageba~amouwurav process warmoadgens. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT`mona-liza~ (jokonda); simbolod qceuli qalis RimiliaTasobiT naweri furclis mizezad iqca, magram misi `gageba~Tu `amowurva~ mainc miuRwevel miznad darCa.

rogorc iungi aRniSnavs, koleqtiuri aracnobieris miergadmocemuli informacia bolomde axsnasa da gagebas areqvemdebareba. aseTi saxisaa, misi azriT, dantes `RvTaebrivikomedia~, goeTes ̀ fausti~, nicSes ̀ dionise~, hofmanis ̀ oqrosqoTani~, vagneris operebi, iakob boemes filosofia. (yovelimaTgani ZiriTadSi swored koleqtiuri aracnobieris moqmedebisSedegs warmoadgens).

iungis xelovnebis Teoriis arss naTlad asaxavs iungianelimxatvar-abstraqcionistis (romelic ferweris eniT cdilobdaiungis ideebis gadmocemas), ̀ amerikuli ferweris mamis~, e. w.`wveTovani ferweris~ fuZemdeblis, jeqson polokis, sityvebi:`naxatis Seqmnisas srulebiT ar vfiqrob masze, rasac vakeTeb.is, rac daixata, CemTvis gasagebi mxolod mogvianebiT xdeba;me TiTqos Tavidan vecnobi sakuTar qmnilebas. amasTan erTad,Sesworebebis Setanis da formebis koreqciis ar meSinia,radganac amas Tavad naxati mkarnaxobs.Nnaxati, romelsacsakuTari, Cemgan damoukidebeli cxovreba aqvs.Mme masTankontaqtis SenarCunebas vcdilob da vexmarebi gamoavlinosTvisi arsi. Tu ver vaxerxeb kontaqtis SenarCunebas, tilozeqaosi Cndeba. da Tuki me da Cemi qmnileba kargad vugebTerTmaneTs, maSin tilos elementebs Soris harmonia myardeba,romlis miRmac gamokrTis naxatis f a r ul i a z r i damniSvneloba.~ (Targmani Cemia _ r. m.) («Ïîëëîê.Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿãàëåðåÿ,¹66,2005, ñòð. 24-25).

Ffroidis gagebiT, Semoqmedi sakuTari intimuri, piraduligancdis simbolozirebas axdens; simbolo Semoqmedis im gancdisintensiurobaze metyvelebs, romlis dasaTrgunadac gamoiyenebasimbolizacia. (simbolo, rogorc Semoqmedis gancdis SeniRbvada vualireba). fantaziis amoqmedebis miRma froidi savsebiTkonkretul pirovnul gancdebs xedavda (siyvaruls, SiSs,agresias da a. S.). aRniSnul mosazrebas iungi vizionerobis

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`produqtTa~ ori ZiriTadi saxe gamoirCeva:1. fantaziebi (sizmrebis CaTvliT), romelTac personaluri

xasiaTi aqvs da romlebic cnobierebidan gandevnil dapirovnulad mniSvnelovan (pirad) gancdebs ukavSirdeba(romlebic SeiZleba pirovnebis piradi fsiqologiuriTaviseburebebiT iqnes axsnili.) magaliTad, aseTad SeiZlebaiqces gauziarebeli an calmxrivi siyvaruli, romelictradiciulad mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mZlavr stimulatorswarmoadgenda da Sekavebuli, ̀ dagubebuli~ agresia, romliTacase `mdidaria~ sizmari da msoflio xelovnebis istoria.

2. fantaziebi (sizmrebis CaTvliT), romelTacimpersonaluri (upirovno) xasiaTi aqvT, ar kavSirdebianindividualur gancdebTan da romelTa axsna piradi(pirovnuli) fsiqikiT ver xerxdeba.Afsiqikis am ̀ koleqtiuriSris~ mxolod aRwera an interpretirebaa SesaZlebeli daara misi axsna. sizmrebsa da SemoqmedebaSi SesaZlebeliaiseTi xatisa Tu informaciis warmodgena, romelic Sorsscildeba misi `avtoris~ fsiqikur gamocdilebas. magaliTad,SesaZloa urTulesi, Rrma sazrisis, polisemantikur simboloTamoZieba mcirewlovan bavSvTa sizmrebSi. (magaliTis saxiTiungi gvTavazobs skolamdeli asakis gogonas sizmars, romelSic,Sesabamisi simboloebis safuZvelze, rwmenis, sikvdilisa daaRdgomis ideebia asaxuli). aseve arsebobs `moaruli~,ganmeorebadi an universaluri siuJetebi, simboluri Temebi,romlebiTac aRsavsea nebismieri (ganviTarebis donis, erovnebisada epoqis miuxedavad) adamianis sizmari da msoflioxelovnebis istoria. magaliTad, mTis mwvervalis dapyroba,dedamiwis siRrmeebSi Casvla, gvirabSi moZraoba, zRvis gadacurva,frena _ aRniSnuli siuJetebi koleqtiuri aracnobierisTviTamoqmedebis, TviTaqtivaciis Sedegia da garkveuliinformaciis simbolur-xatovan gadmocemas gulisxmobs.

iungis Teoriis mixedviT, Semoqmedi da xelovneba myaradarian SekavSirebulni, magram isini erTmaneTs ver xsnian!AasemagaliTad, opera `nebelungebis beWedis~ saSualebiT vermoviZiebT misi avtoris, rihard vagneris pirovnulTaviseburebebs. xelovanis piradi fsiqologia, cxadia, bevrs


magaliTad, wreSi Caxatuli rvawvera jvari. EaRniSnulmasimbolom yvela kultura da civilizacia moiara.Aarsebobsmisi ̀ amokiTxvis~ Tu ̀ gaSifvris~ mravali varianti, romelTaSorisac uZvelesia misi, rogorc ̀ mzis etlis~, gageba. iungisSexedulebiT, aracnobieris siRrmeebidan amosulma simbolurmawarmodgenam adamians borblis ideis stimuli misca; pirveliteqnikuri monapovari aracnobieri fsiqikis swored aRniSnularqetips ukavSirdeba!

SemoqmedebiTi aqtis raoba iungs koleqtiuri aracnobieriscnobierebis zedapirze amosvlisa da cnobier gancdaSiaRbeWdvis saxiT esmis. SemoqmedebiT aqts avtori aracnobieriscnobierTan qorwinebas uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom SemoqmedebiTaddajildoebuli adamianebi arcnobierisadmi gamorCeuli`RiaobiTa~ da `gaxsnilobiT~ xasiaTdebian. Sesabamisad, niWisfenomeni Sinagan TvisuflebasTan kavSirdeba, romelSic,uwinares yovlisa, aracnobieri Zalebis TviTgamovlenisTavisufleba igulisxmeba. niWieri xelovani Sinagani cenzurisaTu cnobieri kontrolis Sesustebasa da aracnobierissiRrmeebSi CaRwevas iolad axerxebs maSin, rodesac`Cveulebrivi mokvdavi~, faqtobrivad, Sinagani cenzorisa dacnobierebis kontrolis monad da msxverpladac iqceva; igiimdenad Trgunavs aracnobier Zalebs, rom sruliad kargavsmaTTan kontaqtis unars da amiT ki _ SemoqmedebiTi impulsisaRmocenebis SesaZleblobasac.

iungis gagebiT, xelovnebis nimuSi sizmars SeiZlebaSevadaroT, magram ara imitom, rom masSi piradimoTxovnilebe b is a da survilebis a n areklebimoiZieba.Ffroidisgan gansxvavebiT, iungi miiCnevs, rom sizmarsada xelovnebaSi koleqtiuri aracnobieris mravalmniSvnelovaniarqetipebi da simboloebic cxaddeba. arc erTi sizmari arambobs: `Sen unda~ an `aseTia WeSmariteba~. igi iZleva xatsiseve uSualod, rogorc buneba _ nayofs da am xatidandaskvnebis gamotana ukve Semdgom iqceva adamianis amocanad,_ wers avtori.

iungi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis produqtebs aracnobierifsiqikuris TviTasaxvad da TviTgamovlenad miiCnevs.Aamgvar

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kerZo pirovnulis farglebs, o b i e q t u r i a da arasubieqturi. xelovani erTi mxriv, piraduli adamiania(kompleqsebiTa da pirovnul gancdaTa speqtriT), xolo, meoremxriv, zepirovnuli. sakuTari Sexedulebis sailustraciodiungi aseT frazas gvTavazobs: `ara goeTe qmnis `faustss~,aramed ̀ fausti~ _ goeTes~(48). (Seadare, ̀ me ar vwer leqsebs,leqsi TviTon mwers~).

iungis xelovnebis Teoriis amosavalia Sexeduleba, rommxatvruli Semoqmedeba da xelovneba adamiasTvis TavisuflebismomniWebelia; igi adamians miwieris borkilebisgan aTavisuflebsda m o T a m a S i s mdgomareobamde amaRlebs. TamaSis fenomenSiavtori fsiqikur ZalTa Tavisufal TviTgamovlenas, maT miermxatvrul formaTa SeuzRudav ageba-warmoqmnas gulisxmobs.(Seadare: h. hesses romenSi `tramalis mgeli~ `moTamaSisa~da `magis~ mxatvruli saxeebi, rogorc umaRlesisrulyofilebis simboloebi.Aaqve davZen, rom hesse iungianelimweralia _ r. m.).

egreT wodebuli fsiqologiuri SemoqmedebisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia polaroba anu iseTi antipodebis mkacradgamijvna, rogoricaa: sikeTe da boroteba, sinaTle da sibnele,silamaze da simaxinje da a. S. fsiqologiuri SemoqmedebisgangansxvavebiT, vizionerul SemoqmedebaSi anti podTadapirispirebani fiqciad iqceva da arenaze paradoqsulimTlianoba gamodis; gamomricxavi, antipoduri Zalebi erTmaneTsukavSirdeba im vizioneruli sferos Sesabamisad, romlisTvisacmTlianoba da erTianobaa damaxasiaTebeli.

jer kidev `daubadebeli~ mxatvruli qmnileba mxatvrisfsiqikaSi Taviseburi Zalis saxiT arsebobs. es Zalaa, romelicgamovlenas erTgvari tiranuli ZlevamosilebiT eswrafvis.MmisiTviTgamovlenis Sedegad mxatvruli nawarmoebi ukve mza dadasrulebuli saxiT eZleva cnobierebas qalRmerT aTenasmsgavsad, romelic zevsis Tavidan zrdasruli, abjarasxmulidaibada. iungis gagebiT, avtori mihyveba (mediumis msgavsad)Sinagan, magram mainc ucxo SemoqmedebiT impulss da misiZaliT axerxebs imis gamoTqmasac ki, ris Sesaxebac araferiuwyis!


xsnis mis nawarmoebSi, magram ver xsnis Tavad nawarmoebs!48

wminda mizezobrivi kavSirebis, konkretuli mizezebisada Sedegebis dadgenas fsiqologia mxolod instinqtTa darefleqsTa sferoSi axdens. xolo iq, sadac namdvilad iwyebasulis cxovreba (magaliTad, kompleqsTa sferoSi), fsiqologiafenomenTa mxolod aRweriT kmayofildeba. iungi aRniSnavs,rom SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi iracionaluria, rac misracionalizacias, azrobriv gansjasa da mecnierul SeswavlasSeuZlebels xdis.

Uunda erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos mxatvruli nawarmoebisfsiqologia da poetis (rogorc konkretuli pirovnebis)fsiqologia; nawarmoebis fsiqologiis pirovnebisfsiqologiamde dayvanas iungi did Secdomad miiCnevs.

`analizuri fsiqologiis~ avtori miuTiTebs specifikurSiSze _ vizioneruli samyarosadmi SiSze, romelic, faqtobrivad,pirvelqmnili qaosis SiSia. Sesabamisad, vizionerobisa dakoleqtiuri aracnobieris konkretul da pirovnulkompleqsebamde dayvanas safuZvlad qaosis iluzorulimowesrigebis Jini edeba.

`fsiqika Ria karia~ _ wers iungi, romelSic ucxo, arapirovnuli samyarodan zogjer raRac ucnobi da uCveuloSemoiWreba, raTa adamianebi adamianurobis Cveul da savsebiTgasageb sferos `gamostacos~. sasiyvarulo gancda (erosi),ubralod, xels uwyobs masze mniSvnelovani ZalebisgaTavisuflebasa da aqtivirebas. kerZo piradul-adamianurierTgvari uverturaa, winmswrebi impulsia, raTa gaTamaSdesmaradiuli `RvTaebrivi komedia~. ise, rogorc dantesTvisbeatriCe RvTaebriv, uzenaess kanonebsa da wesebTan ziarebisstimulad iqca!

iungi upirispirdeba froidis Sexedulebas, romlismixedviTac Semoqmedeba sulieri aSlilobis, nevrozisgamovlinebaa, xolo Semoqmedis specifikur Taviseburebas misiinfantilur-autoerotuli buneba Seadgens. iungis gagebiT,aseTi daxasiaTeba SeiZleba xelovans, rogorc pirovnebasSeexos da ara rogorc Semoqmeds. Semoqmedi arcautoerotulia da arc heteroerotuli; is scildeba ra

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gamovlenisas mudmiv aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas axdens.A`arqetipimiTologiuri figuraa~. igi mravalgzis ganmeorebad daerTgvarovan gancdaTa fsiqikuri kvalia an narCeni, erTisa daimave gancdis mravalgzisi gameorebis Sedegi. rodesacpirvelyofili xati cxaddeba da Tavs ̀ miTologiuri situacia~avlens, adamiani sruliad gamorCeul emociur sisavses ganicdis.aseT dros adamiani aRaraa mxolod kerZo individi; adamianimTel Temad an gvarad iqceva da masSi mTeli kacobriobis xmaiwyebs aJRerebas!Aarqetipis zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebuloba imiTacaixsneba, rom misiT metyveli xma yvela konkretuli adamianisxmaze Zlieria; arqetipi aTasi xmiT (sakacobrio xmiT) RaRadebs!xelovnebis umTavres amocanasAaracnobieris siRrmeebSi arsebuliarqetipebis damuSaveba da cnobierisTvis `morgeba~ Seadgens;amiT arqetipi konkretul epoqasa da konkretul sociumisadmiSesabamisobaSi modis(50).

k. iungs ekuTvnis e m p a T i i s esTetikuri fenomenisganxilvac(47,48). igi iziarebs lipsis Sexedulebas, romesTetikuri gancdis safuZveli empaTiis fenomenSi unda veZioT;mSvenierebis gancda sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis miersakuTarive ̀ me-idealis~ gancda gareSe obieqtebSi. Sesabamisad,forma, romelTanac SeuZlebelia empaTireba, maxinjad ganicdeba.arsebobs empaTiis ganwyoba, romelic nimuSis mSveniereba-simaxinjis gansazRvras axdens. empaTias li psi TavadsicocxlesTan akavSirebda, xolo voringeri werdaxelovnebisadmi nebis an empaTiisadmi moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb.iungi aRniSnavs, rom empaTiisas adamiani sakuTars, pirovnulsumatebs obieqts, sakuTari Tavi Seaqvs masSi da amiT,faqtobrivad, TviTSecnobas axdens(47,48).

interess imsaxurebs iungis mier SemoTavazebuli calkeulSemoqmedTa fsiqologiuri analizis nimuSebi.Aase magaliTad,narkvevs ̀ pikaso~ iungi sakuTari profesiis miTiTebiT iwyebs;igi fsiqiatria da cdilobs swored ̀ fsiqiatriuli~ rakursidandainaxos mxatvris Semoqmedebis Taviseburebani, miT ufro,rom pikasos fsiqologiuri problemebi fsiqiatriul pacientTaproblemebis analogiuria (Seadare: Cezare lombrozos`xelovnebis fsiqiatriuli Teoria~).


SemoqmedebiTi procesi adamianis fsiqikaSi CarTuli`cocxali arsebaa~, romelsac iungi avtonomiur kompleqssuwodebs. aRniSnuli kompleqsi sakuTari energetikuli muxtisSesabamisad, SeiZleba vlindebodes, rogorc cnobieri aqtivobisubralo aSliloba anda rogorc is ̀ zeavtoriteti~, romelsacSemoqmedis damorCileba da marTva SeuZlia; es erTgvariaracnobieri imperativia, iZuleba, romelsac hi pnoturiSTagonebis Zala gamoarCevs.

avtonomiur kompleqss SeiZleba antikur filosofosTamsgavsad RvTaebrivi SeSliloba vuwodoT. igi, marTlac,axloa paTologiur mdgomareobasTan; TviTgamovlenisgaxSirebisas is daavadebis simptomadac SeiZleba iqnesmiCneuli.

Aavtonomiuri kompleqsis aRmocenebas _ miuTiTebs iungi_ win uswrebs aracnobierSi aqtivobis zrda; amisTvis saWiroenergia ki cnobieridan miiReba. cnobieri fsiqikuridan energiisdakargvas SeiZleba, p. Janes sityvebiT, inteleqtualuriplatos vardna ewodos; adgili aqvs cnobieri aqtivobisada interesTa sferos Sesustebas, rasac zogjer apaTiac(uaryofiTi emociuri foni) ukavSirdeba. instinqturi sferodominirebas iwyebs eTikur sferoze, infantiluri _mowifulze, araadapturi _ adapturze.Aase rom, avtonomiurikompleqsi pirovnebis cnobieri kontrolisTvis gankuTvnilienergiis xarjze viTardeba.

mxatvruli nawarmoebis fundamentSi, iungis xelovnebisTeoriis Tanaxmad, unda vigulisxmoT ara imdenad poetispiradi aracnobieri , ramdenadac a r a c n o b i e r im i T olo g i i s sfero, romlis pirvelyofili xatebi saerTosakacobrio, universaluri bunebis mqonea. iungis Sexedulebasexmianeba gerhard hauftmanis sityvebi: `poezia sityvebSiacocxlebs pirvelyofili samyaros eqos!~ rac Seexebapirovnul (piradul) aracnobierTan dakavSirebul xelovnebas,iungi mas kvlevisTvis froidis Teorias _ `fsiqoanalizs~,dananebis gareSe utovebs.

iungi wers pirvelyofili xatis im uZvelesi originalisan arqetipis Sesaxeb, romelic fantaziis yoveli Tavisufali

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wigni yvelaze paTologiuri movlenaa Tanamedrovemodernistul xelovnebaSi! joisis romanSi, rogorc Cvenidrois koleqtiur manifestSi, gacxadda Tanamedrove adamianispirovnuli rRveva da fragmentireba, sxva sityvebiT, masobriviSizofrenia!

Tanamedrove xelovneba SemoqmedebasTan arsebiTad akavSirebsngrevas, rac, iungis gagebiT, Tanamedrove kacobriobis seriozulproblemaTa anareklia da gamovlineba. am problemaTa Sesabamisad,ùlise~ wminda uaryofaa, SemoqmedebiTi ngrevaa, uaris TqmaamSvenierebasa da saR azrze.

kulturuli apokalifsis mizezad iungi tradiciuliidealebis gaxistebasa (ideali, rogorc kanoni da imperativi)da maT mier adamianis srul gakontroleba- damorCilebasxedavs. tradiciuli idealebi (WeSmariteba, mSveniereba, zneoba)dogmaturobisa da imperatiulobis mizeziT Tanamedroveadamianis borkilebad, erTgvar ̀ metafizikur policiad~ iqca.amitomac cnobierebis (azrovnebisa da zneobriv-socialurikanonebis) mkveTri SuqiT dabrmavebul Tanamedrove adamiansmxsnelad aracnobieris, iracionaluris (romelic sicxadisada kanonTagan gandgomasac gulisxmobs) sibnele evlineba;joisis ùlise~ adamians tradiciul RirebulebaTagan(romlebzedac aqamde idga evropuli civilizacia) an sulieriborkilebisgan aTavisuflebs. iungi dasZens, romAavtorissavsebiT Segnebuli protestisa da mizanmimarTuli moqmedebisgamo ùlise~ sruliad a r a s i m b o l u r i qmnilebaa!Sesabamisad,Eigia cnobierebis winaaRmdeg gabrZolebacnobierebisave meTodebiT! joisi realobisadmi cnobier,SemecnebiT Tu cxad damokidebulebas isev da isevcnobierisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxebiT upirispirdeba daamiT kidev ufro aRrmavebs ufskruls Tanamedrove adamiansada misave aracnobier fsiqikas Soris. joisis mxatvruliarCevani xels uwyobs realobis xatovan-simboluri anmxatvruli aRqmis unaris dakargvas.

k. iungis Teoriam mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina aramxolod fsiqologiur mecnierebaze, aramed aseve _ Tanamedrovexelovnebazec. iungis mimdevar xelovanTa Soris unda


iungi miiCnevs, rom pikaso da misi gamofena iseve, rogorc28 aTasi damTvalierebeli _ drois niSania da gamoxatva(igulisxmeba pikasos 460 namuSevris gamofena ciurixSi,1932 w.) pikasos Semoqmedebis (iseve, rogorc sazogadodTanamedrove xelovnebis) Taviseburebad iungs aracnobierSiara mxolod ̀ STasvla-CaZirva~, aramed aracnobierTan gaigivebamiaCnia!Ppikasos mTavari personaJi, avtorisve alter-ego _arlekini, erTgvari arqauli, qToniuri RvTaebaa; is aracnobieris`bneli~ raindia, gmiria, romelmac hadesi, ̀ fsiqikis miwisqveSeTi~,unda gaiaros. magram iungi aqve svams kiTxvas, Tu ramdenadZaluZs ara mxolod pikasos personaJs, aramed mTelTanamedrove xelovnebas am rTuli, marTlacda, heroikulimisiis Sesruleba?

pikasos arlekinma, gmirma-masxaram srulad daamsxvriaTavisi gare safarveli, naWuWi, romelic sxva araferia, Tuara goneba, inteleqti, saRi azri da, sazogadod, samyarosadmicnobieri, gonebismieri mimarTebis unari.Aase gamovlindaxelovnebis eniT Tanamedrove adamianis umwvavesi problema _inteleqtisa da cnobierebis krizisi!

pesimisturi paTosiTaa gamsWvaluli iungis narkvevicùlises monologi~. iungi ixilavs ra jeims joisis ̀ ulises~,masSi ara mxolod avtoris mwvave fsiqologiur problemebs,aramed mTeli epoqis Taviseburebebsac xedavs.

joisis ̀ ulise~, misi ZvelberZeni sexniasgan gansxvavebiT,ukiduresad pasiuri cnobierebis, samyarosadmi pasiuridamokidebulebis gamoxatulebaa; es, erTgvarad, T v a l i a ,romelsac warTmeuli aqvs arCevanis unari da romelic qaoturzemoqmedebaTa morCili tyvea. mTeli wigni (735 gverdi)mogviTxrobs erTaderT usaxur dReze, romlis ganmavlobaSicaraferi xdeba. es sruliad uimedo sicarielea! joisisnawarmoebs iungma monstri uwoda da masSi, am literaturulsiurealizmSi, ara mxolod àvadmyofuri luRluRi~, aramedironia da sarkazmi dainaxa. saxezea ara mxolod azrovnebisatrofia, aramed RirebulebaTa sistemisa da grZnobebisatrofiac.Uufro metic, iungi paralels avlebs ùlisesa~da Sizofreniul azrovnebas Soris da miiCnevs, rom joisis

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Tavi VITavi VITavi VITavi VITavi VI

xelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoriaxelovnebis Teoria

iungis fsiqologiur skolaSiiungis fsiqologiur skolaSiiungis fsiqologiur skolaSiiungis fsiqologiur skolaSiiungis fsiqologiur skolaSi

k. iungis ideebi misma mowafeebma da mimdevrebma ganaviTares.gansakuTrebiT produqtiuli iungis simbolos gageba aRmoCnda.erih noimani miiCnevs, rom xelovneba simbolur enasTanimanentur, sawyiseul kavSirSi imyofeba. jer kidev kldisferweraSi bizonis gamosaxuleba mxolod erTi SexedviTaarealisturi.Bbizonis `realisturi~ gamosaxuleba asaxavsara imdenad konkretul cxovels, ramdenadac ̀ bizonTa mamas~,bizonis ideas da r i t u al i s o b i e q t s . amave dros,noimanigansakuTrebulad usvams xazs aracnobieri SemoqmedebiTifunqciis spontanurobasa da mis TviT-gamovlenis (TviT-aqtualizaciis) unars (58).

erih noimanis SexedulebiT simbolo, cnobier da logikurkoncepciaTagan gansxvavebiT, ufro r T ul i r e a l o b i sasaxvas emsaxureba.Aaracnobieris moqmedeba Tanamedrove`cnobierebis civilizacias~ abalansebs da avsebs. aRniSnulibalansis rRveva da aracnobieri Zalebis atrofia cnobierebisrolis gazviadebas iwvevs. kerZod, cnobieri dogmaturi dafanaturi, TviTkmari da gareSesagan izolirebuli xdeba.Aamgvaridisbalansi ̀ aracnobieri religiebis~ stimulirebis mizezadaciqceva, rogoricaa froidis `fsiqoanalizi~ an, ufro didimaStabiT, nacizmi da komunizmi. am dogmaTa Zirebi arqetipulxatebSi Zevs. Sesabamisad, cnobiereba SeumCnevlad iTrgunebaim Zalebis mierve, romelsac uaryofs da gandevnis, rasacsaboloo jamSi, cnobierebis regressa da rRvevamde mivyavarT;aracnobieri Zalebis uaryofiT cnobieri am ZalTa msxverpladiqceva!(58,59).

rogorc vxedavT, noimanis naSromSi aracnobieris`reabilitacias~ mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. Sesabamisad,avtori aracnobierisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboluri enisreabilitaciasac cdilobs. simbolo mniSvnelobiTdamuxtuli xatia, romelic realobis pirveladsa da

dasaxeldnen herman hesse, Tomas mani, federiko felini, ingmarbergmani, jeqson poloki da sxvani; isini, vinc qmnidnen XXsaukunis xelovnebas.

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magaliTad, qristianuli taZrebis simbolur da religiursafuZvels jvari Seadgens (jvar-gumbaTovani taZrebi), romelicara mxolod qristianuli, aramed sazogado, universalurisimboloa.

plutarqes mixedviT, romis aSenebas win uswrebdasimboloebTan dakavSirebuli rTuli religiuri rituali.romulma amoaTxrevina mrgvali ormo, romelSic Sesawiri _xeTa nayofi _ moaTavses. Semdeg TiToeuli adamiani masSimuWa miwas yrida. ormos ewoda ̀ mundusi~, anu kosmosi, romlisgarSemoc romulma guTniT (romelSic Seaba xari da Zroxa)wre, qalaqis mistiuri sazRvari Semoxaza. romis, msofliocentris, dagegmareba, rogorc vxedavT, arqetipebsa (ZiriTadSiwris arqeti ps) da maTgan gamomdinare misteriebsukavSirdeba(60).

iafe aRniSnavs, rom qalaqTa umetesoba mandalis princi pzeigeboda. amiT qalaqi mowesrigebul kosmosad, wminda alagad`gardaiqmneboda~ da Tavisi centriT imqveyniur, maradiulsamyarosTan kavSirdeboda.

avtori miiCnevs, rom nebismieri nageboba, romelic gegmismixedviT mandalas (RvTaebriv wres) warmoadgens, arqeti puladadamianis fsiqikas asaxvs.Qqalaqi, cixesimagre da taZari _fsiqikuri mTlianobis simboloebia da swored amitomac axdenenaseT Zlier zemoqmedebas adamianze. iafe xazs usvams, romarqetipuli principiT (arqetipTa gamoyenebiT) nagebobaTada mTlianad qalaqebis dagegmareba ZiriTadSi arqetipTamier TviTgamovlenisa da TviTaqtivaciis ZaliT warmoebs.

iafe sagangebod Cerdeba qristianuli xelovnebis mTavarsimboloze. jvari da jvarcma didi xnis manZilze (karolingebisepoqamde) evropul xelovnebaSi e. w. berZnuli jvris antolferda jvris (aseT jvarSi centridan gamavali ferdebierTmaneTis tolia) saxes atarebda. jvris aRniSnuli saxe,misi formidan gamomdinare, harmoniis, Sinagani gawonasworebissimboloa.

mogvianebiT xelovneba mimarTavs gansxvavebuli saxis,kerZod, e. w. laTinur jvars, romlis centric zeviTkenaaaweuli da qveda ferdi sigrZiT danarCen ferdebs sagrZnoblad

xelovnebis Teoriaiungis fsiqologiur skolaSi

mTlianobiT gancdas iZleva. im gancdas, romelsac sruliadmoklebulia Tanamedrove adamianis ganmanawevrebelicnobiereba. simbolo erTiani realobis gancdis safuZvelia,romelSic jer araa erTmaneTisgan gadiferencirebuligaregani da Sinagani, obieqturi da subieqturi.

simboloTa samyaro mudmivi transformaciisa da qmnadobissamyaroa, romlis aRqmis unariT Semoqmedi (an kreatuli)pirovnebebi xasiaTdebian. saintersoa, rom mudmivi qmnadobis,kreatulobis an fsiqologiuri Riaobis statuss avtorifeminurobasTan an animasTan akavSirebs. anima transformaciismotivia. SemoqmedebiTi unarebi (transformaciis neba)adaptaciur sirTuleebs, fizikur Tu socialur garemosTanSeguebis problemebs ukavSirdeba da aracnobieri qalurobidanmomdinareobs.

iungianeli avtori, xelovnebis mkvlevari aniela iafexazs usvams simbolos universalobas da aRniSnavs, romsimboluria ara mxolod xelovneba (romelic rogorc xilul,cxad, aseve farulsa da aracnobier aspeqtebs Seicavs), aramedmTeli samyaroc, `mTeli kosmosi potenciuri simboloa!~

adamians simboloTa Seqmnis specifiuri midrekilebag a moarCe vs ; es ada m i a n is aTvis da m ax asi aTeb eliTaviseburebaa.Fformebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis simboloebadgardaqceviT, adamiani zrdis maT fsiqologiur muxts, raTaSemdgom es ukanasknelni religiasa da xelovnebaSi CarTos(60).

avtori ixilavs sam simbolos: qvas, cxovelsa da wres.ase magaliTad,Qqva odiTganve sulebis adgilsamyoflad dareligiuri Tayvaniscemis obieqtad miiCneoda. aseTia `wmindaqvebi~ (Curingebi) pirvelyofil xelovnebaSi, aseTiveawarmarTuli kerpebi.Qqvisadmi formis miniWebiT adamianicdilobda gamoexata is, rasac qvis “sulad” miiCnevda. sworedes garemoeba iqca, iafes gagebiT, skulpturis xelovnebisaRmocenebis pirobad.

xelovnebis dargebi aqtiurad mimarTaven simboloebs damaT damuSavebas axdenen. magaliTad, arqiteqturaSi aqtiuradgamoiyeneba wris, jvrisa da samkuTxedis simbolika; arqiteqturafaqtobrivad, efuZneba da eyrdnoba aRniSnul simboloebs.

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k. iungis skola amosaval wertilad arqeti pebs, koleqtiuriaracnobieris universalur, zepirovnulsa da zedroulkomponentebs miiCnevs. leonardos Semoqmedebis analizisasnoimani ara konkretulad leonardis dedis xatiT, aramedzogadad dedis arqeti piT xelmZRvanelobs. e. noimanis azriT,“qaluri principi” gansakuTrebuli unikalobiT swored “monalizas” SemTxvevaSi vlindeba, romelic aq aisaxeba ara rogorcqalRmerTi, aramed rogorc adamianis suli an rogorc zeciurida miwieri sawyisebis axali mTlianoba; es animaa, maradiuliqaluri sawyisi. swored am axal mTlianobasa da mis idumalRimils ukavSirebs noimani erosis axal da umaRles gancdas.

k.iungis xelovnebis fsiqologiis amosavalia Sexeduleba,rom SemoqmedebiT adamianSi arqeti pebi gansakuTrebul Zalasada mniSvnelobas iZenen. SemoqmedSi arqetipuli faqtori mispirad SegrZnebebsa da gancdebze dominirebs. amitomackoleqtiur aracnobiers SemoqmedebiTi aracnobieris saxeliTacmoixsenieben. arqetipul samyarisTan gansakuTrebuli kavSirisgamo, Semoqmedi am samyaros obieqtad, mis instrumentad iqceva.es garemoeba sociumisagan mis gaucxovebasa da sakuTarego-ze centrirebas iwvevs (rasac z. foridi narcisizmissaxiT moixseniebs). e. noimani miuTiTebs, rom mamakacisnormaluri ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi misi “qaluri komponenti”iTrguneba da aracnobieris qalur sawyiss (animas) ukavSirdeba.xolo Semoqmedi pirovnebis SemTxvevaSi es procesi arsruldeba; SenarCunebuli qaluri komponenti maRalimgrZnobelobisa (sensitiurobisa) da e.w. “matriarqaluricnobierebis” saxiT vlindeba. Semoqmedi dualuri bunebisaa,masSi qaluri da mamakacuri sawyisebi erTmaneTs erwymis.Semoqmedze imdenad Zlieria dedis arqetipis zegavlena, romigi ver Tavisufldeba qaluri sawyisisagan da ver axdensmis CarTvas aracnobierSi. araSemoqmededi pirovnebaSemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs wiravs adaptaciis sanacvlodda SemoqmedebiTi potenciis daTrgunvis xarjze adaptirdebasociumTan. misgan gansxvavebiT, Semoqmedi ara sociumTan darealobasTan axdens adaptirebas, aramed sakuTarsavearacnobierTan, ris sazRauradac misi martooba iqceva.

aRemateba.Aaxla qristianuli religiis simbolo adamianismiwisgan miwyvetasa da sulierebisaken swrafvas gamoxatavda.am swrafvam apogeas Sua saukuneebSi miaRwia, risigamoxatulebacaa goTuri taZrebis simaRleSi mateba, ltolvazecisken da miwierisadmi zurgis Seqceva. goTuri taZrebisarqiteqtura efuZneba laTinur, `wagrZelebul~ jvars daamiT epoqis asketuri suliskveTebis amsaxvelia.

renesansis epoqaSi adamiani miwas ubrundeba, xelaxlaaxdens bunebisa da sxeulis silamazis aRmoCenas da iaraRdebamecnierul-teqnikuri codniT. Sesabamisad, xelovnebarealisturi da grZnobieri xdeba. iafes SexedulebiT,aRorZinebis epoqis harmoniuli adamianis msoflSegrZnebisasaxvaa am peroidSi agebuli mrgvali taZrebi (rotondebi).avtorisTvis sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom swored aRorZinebisepoqaSi xdeba qristianuli arqiteqturisTvis uprecendentomovlena _ sakurTxevlis taZris centrSi ganTavseba (da arataZris erT-erT kedelTan); aseTia bramantesa da miqelanjelosmier agebuli saxelganTqmuli ̀ wminda petres taZari~, romelicmTeli aRorZinebis epoqis kulminaciad, mis gvirgvinad miiCneva.sagulisxmoa, rom swored aRniSnuli taZaria mTelikaTolikuri samyaros centri.

Tanamedrove xelovnebis arsad wrisa da, sazogadod,arqeti puli formebis Segnebuli deformireba da asimetriaiqca. klasikur formaTa, arqeti pTa da simboloTa rRveva_ aseTia Tanamedrove xelovnebis princi pi!Nngrevis amimpulss iafe Tanamedrove adamianis fsiqikaSi mimdinareprocesebis anareklad da gamovlinebad miiCnevs.

k. iungis skolis pozicias da mis gansxvavebas froidisSexedulebebisagan naTlad asaxavs erih noimanis narkvevi“leonardo da vinCi da dedis arqetipi”. z. froidi leonardosfenomenis gasaRebs Tavad leonardos piradi gamocdilebis,misi fsiqologiuri biografiis, ojaxuri kavSirebisTaviseburebebSi xedavda. ase magaliTad, mona lizas Rimilifroidma leonardos dedis, katarinas Rimils da adreulibavSvobis mogonebebs daukavSira; man Sedevri aRiqva, rogorcdeda-Svilobis gandideba. froidis poziciisgan gansxvavebiT,

xelovnebis sakiTxebTandakavSirebuli kvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi

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Tavi VIITavi VIITavi VIITavi VIITavi VII

xelovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebulixelovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebulixelovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebulixelovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebulixelovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli

kvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSikvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSikvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSikvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSikvlevebi ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi

qarTuli fsiqologiuri skola dimitri uznaZis ganwyobisTeoriasTan kavSirdeba, romelic dResac aqtiurad agrZelebsmuSaobas misi damaarseblis ideebisa da SexedulebebisSemdgomi ganviTarebisa da empiriul-eqsperimentuliganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT(61,62,63,64).

d. uznaZe sakuTar Sexedulebas xelovnebisa da mxatvruliSemoqmedebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ayalibebs naSromSic“bavSvis fsiqologia”, romelsac qcevis formebisa da e.w.funqcionaluri moTxovnilebis moZRvrebasTan mimarTebaSiwarmoadgens.

qcevis mravalferovan formebs ganwyobis fsiqologiisavtori or ZiriTad kategoriad, eqsterogenur da introgenurqcevis formebad, ajgufebs.

eqsterogenuri qceva garegan stimulze an obieqtzeamimarTuli. is konkretuli sagnobrivi moTxovnilebiT aRiZvrisda moTxovnilebisadmi relevanturi, Sesabamisi obieqtisadmi(obieqtebisadmi) miimarTeba. eqsterogenur qcevas safuZvladedeba moTxovnileba, romlis realizeba-dakmayofileba garkveulobieqtTan (obieqtebTan) kavSirdeba. aseTi kategoriis qcevamoTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisTanave an relevanturi obieqtismopovebisTanave wydeba. magaliTad, SimSiliT aRZruli qcevaeqstrogenuria, sakvebis mopoveba_miRebasa da SimSilisdakmayofilebazea mimarTuli. aRniSnuli qceva aRniSnulimoTxovnilebis realizebis Semdeg wydeba da sruldeba.

d. uznaZis klasifikaciis mixedviT, eqsterogenur qcevebsmiekuTvneba: a.moxmareba _ qceva, romelic aqtualurimoTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad,sakvebis miReba SimSilis dros. b. movla da momsaxureba(sakuTari Tavis Tu sxva adamianis) _ qceva, romelicarapirdapiri saxiT aqtualuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebasemsaxureba. magaliTad, sakvebi produqtebis higienuri damuSaveba

e. noimani dedis arqetipTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavsleonardos Sedevrebs “madona mRvimeSi”, “wminda anaRvTismSobelTan da yrma iesosTan erTad”, “mona liza”. Tukiz. froidi leonardos qmnilebas “wminda ana RvTismSobelTanda yrma iesosTan erTad” dedisa da dedobilis (biologiurida gamzrdeli dedebis) mimarT mxatvris damokidebulebasukavSirebs, noimani da sazogadod, k.iungis skola amSemTxvevaSic arqetipebze da saxeldobr, dedis arqetipzeda mis variaciaze msjelobs. sagulisxmoa e. noimanismosazrebebi SedevrTan “madona mRvimeSi” dakavSirebiT. rogorcavtori aRniSnavs, aq pirveladaa asaxuli madona miwisqveSamRvimeSi, sibneleSi, “panisa da nimfebis TavSesafarSi”;RvTismSobeli aq deda-miwis an deda-bunebis wiaRSiawarmodgenili. Sesabamisad, dedis arqeti pi zecisa da miwisgamTlianebul simbolod, “marad mqmnad qalRmerTad” iqceva.

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magaliTad, bavSvma SeiZleba esa Tu is profesiuli saqmianoba(eqimis, mZRolis, pedagogis da sxv.) gaiTamaSos.

TamaSi, rogorc qcevis specifikuri forma, mxolodbavSvobis periodTan rodi kavSirdeba. qcevis introgenuriformebi adamianis ganviTarebis nebismieri etapisTvis arisdamaxasiaTebeli. “marto eqstrogenuri aqtivobis amaraadamianis ZalTa ganviTareba ufro calmxrivad warimarTeboda:ZalTa Tavisufali TamaSi absoluturad aucilebeliaada m i a n is aTvis” (43 1 ) . a qtualuri sag nobriv imoTxovnilebebisagan Tavisufal zrdasrul adamians “ZalTaTavisufali gamovlena” mxolod TamaSis saxiT ar eZleva.Tumca, funqcionaluri tendenciis mier stimulirebulnebismier introgenur qcevas pirobiTad TamaSi SeiZlebaewodos. ZiriTad introgenur qcevebs Soris gamoiyofa: TamaSi,mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, esTetikuri tkboba, sporti, garToba.uznaZis Sexedulebidan gamomdinare, introgenuri qcevisnebismier saxes, maT Soris mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa daesTetikur tkbobas, TamaSi SeiZleba ewodos.

d. uznaZe adiferencirebs da aanalizebs TamaSisgansxvavebul saxeebsa da formebs. ganwyobis fsiqologiisavtoris mixedviT, “namdvili TamaSi” yovelTvis iluziisTamaSia da fantazia-warmosaxvasTan aris dakavSirebuli.Sesabamisad, TamaSi TavisiT, bunebrivad gadadis mxatvrulSemoqmedebaSi. iluziis TamaSi aRsaniSn _ aRmniSvneliskompleqssa da simbolos fenomens efuZneba. aq simbolodiqceva ara mxolod obieqtebi, aramed moqmedi pirebi daTavad moqmedebac. magaliTad, “manqanobanas” dros skami _avtomobilia, burTi _ saWe, saTamaSo daTvi _ mgzavri dasxva. iluziis TamaSis formebisgan d. uznaZe adiferencirebse.w. rolur TamaSs, romelSic mTavari yuradReba me-scvlilebebzea mimarTuli; moTamaSe sxvadasxva (dedis, Svilis,amxanagis, mezoblis das xv) rolebs asrulebs. TamaSisgansxvavebuli saxeebisadmi mimarTviT bavSvi aqtiuradaviTarebs sakuTar fsiqo-fizikur resursebsa daSesaZleblobebs. bavSvobis asakSi TamaSis gansakuTrebulimniSvnelobisa da adgilis gamo uznaZe TamaSis ganwyobisTamaSis ganwyobisTamaSis ganwyobisTamaSis ganwyobisTamaSis ganwyobis


kvebis moTxovnilebis arapirdapir dakmayofilebas emsaxureba.g. Sroma da saqme (fizikuri da gonebrivi) _ subieqtissituaciuri, aqtualuri moTxovnilebis gareSe mimdinareobs.Sesabamisad, Sromis produqti scildeba subieqturiRirebulebis farglebs da “obieqtur mniSvnelobas” iZens.Sroma, rogorc qcevis wminda adamianuri forma moTxovnilebisideasTan an samomavlo, perspeqtul moTxovnilebasTan (daara aqtualur, situaciur moTxovnilebasTan) kavSirdeba.

introgenuri qcevis fenomenSi ramdenime ZiriTadi niSanigamoirCeva. upirveles yovlisa, introgenuri qceva aqtualursagnobriv moTxovnilebisa da konkretul obieqtze calsaxaintencia _ mimarTulebis farglebs scildeba. is “Sinagan-pirovnuli” warmomavlobis qcevaa da kavSirdeba ara sagnobrivmoTxovnilebasTan, aramed universalur funqcionalurtendenciasTan. introgenuri qcevis stimulirebasfunqcionaluri tendencia an aqtivobis, funqcionirebismoTxovnileba axdens.

yvelaze srulad funqcionaluri tendencia Tavs TamaSisdros avlens. sagulisxmoa, rom funqcionaluri tendenciisTeorias d. uznaZe TamaSis Teoriebis kritikuli analizisada sakuTari TamaSis Teoriis konteqstSi ayalibebs. TamaSs,rogorc adamianis ZalTa spontanur, Tavisufal moqmedebas(“usargeblo” da “uazro” moqmedebas) introgenur qcevaTaCamonaTvalSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba; aRniSnulikategoriis qcevebis specifikas TamaSi gansakuTrebiT naTladda mkafiod asaxavs. “TamaSis procesSi adamianis SinaganiZalebi raime Sinaarseuli moTxovnilebis aqtualurizegavleniT rodi aRiZvrian samoqmedod, aramed sakuTariSinagani impulsiT.” (gv.430). d. uznaZis TamaSis TeoriismixedviT, TamaSi biologiurad ara aqtualuri SesaZleblobebisfunqcionaluri tendenciis impulsiT gamowveuli aqtivaciaa.

amave dros, TamaSi qcevis yvelaze generaluri, zogadisaxea; masSi qcevis yvela SesaZlo formis interfunqcionalurikompleqsebi CaerTvis. TamaSis saxiT qcevis yvela sxvadanarCenma formam (moxmareba, momsaxureba, movla Sroma)SeiZleba iCinos Tavi; qcevis nebismieri forma “TamaSdeba”.

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d. uznaZe miiCnevs, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Sefasebisasunda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes masSi ̀ msoflio faruli amocanis~(an msoflio sazrisis, samyaros universaluri azris) gancdissiZliere; adamians poetad swored es unikaluri gancdaaqcevs.

rogorcFfilosofia, aseve xelovnebac ar Semoifarglebasamyaros mxolod TvalsaCino, garegani aspeqtiT da mis wiaRSiarsebuli, faruli azris gaxsnisadmia mimarTuli. OorivemaTgani samyaros S e m e c n e b a s (msoflio amocanis amoxsnas)mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli da unikaluri xerxiTa TumeTodebiT axdens; xelovani `msoflio farul arss~ wvdebalogikis dauxmareblad, uSualo wvdomis, intuiciisa da gancdisdaxmarebiT. Sesabamisad, mxatvrul qmnilebaSi unda veZioTxelovanis garkveuli msoflSegrZneba, rogorc am qmnilebisSinaarsi, gamovlenili garkveuli mxatvruli formisdaxmarebiT.

narkvevSi ̀ baraTaSvilis liris motivebi~ d. uznaZe adamianSiarsebul or, erTmaneTisadmi antipodur sawyisze wers.Epirveliaqtiuri bunebisaa, gonebasa da nebelobasTan dakavSirebuliqmediTi Zalaa, romelic adamianis arsebiT Taviseburebaswarmoadgens da mas mkveTrad mijnavs cxovelTa samyarosgan.meore sawyisi pasiuria da saerTo biologiur grZnobierebas(xorcielebas) da Sesabamisad, SezRudulobas, uZlurebasada droulobas ukavSirdeba.Oor Zalas (goniT-suliersa dabiologiur sawyisebs) Soris mudmivi brZolaa da Sepirispireba,rac adamianis fsiqologiuri bunebis arsebiTsa da dramatulTaviseburebas asaxavs. adamianSi aqtiur (SemoqmedebiT) dapasiur (materialur) ZalTa dapirispireba msoflio istoriuliganviTarebis safuZvlad iqceva. aRniSnuli dapirispirebagansakuTrebul simZafres genialuri adamianis fsiqikaSi iZensda vlindeba, rogorc araraobis grZnobisa da maradisobiskenltolvis antagonizmi(62,67). (Seadare. froidis gagebiT,geniosis fsiqikaSi erTmaneTs cnobieri da aracnobieri Zalebi,instinqti da inteleqti upirispirdeba).

tradiciuli Sexeduleba, rom ̀ gmiri _ sulis maqsimumia!~SeiZleba mieweros Semoqmed, xelovan adamiansac, radganac


fenomenze miuTiTebs, romelsac sinamdvilis (realobis)ganwyobas upirispirebs. igi aRniSnavs, rom asakis matebasTanerTad TamaSis ganwyobis sinamdvilis ganwyobiT Canacvleba xdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedebis produqtiobieqturi Rirebulebisaa, aRniSnuli qcevis stimuls uznaZemainc pirovnebis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebSi da kerZod,funqcionalur tendenciaSi xedavs. xelovneba ara obieqturadarsebuli realobis adeqvatur gamosaxvas emsaxureba, aramedTavad xelovanis pirovnul ganwyobaTa gamoxatvis mizans.“xelovneba Sinaganis gansaxierebis formaa” (438). xelovnebaar iZleva sinamdvilis fotografiul suraTs da es arcwarmoadgens mis amocanas. xelovneba sinamdvilis axal formebsqmnis, rogorc xelovanis ganwyobaTa obieqtivacias. mxatvruliSemoqmedebis impulsi xelovanis ganwyobaTa gansaxierebisadmi,maT dasrulebasa da realizaciisadmi miswrafebaSi undaveZioT. “Semoqmedeba mxatvris ganwyobaTa adeqvaturigansaxierebisaTvis brZolaSi mdgomareobs”(438).

mxatvruli Semoqmedeba sxva introgenuri qcevebisaganrigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, romelTa Sorisac gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas mxatvruli produqtis mniSvneloba iZens.xelovanis funqcionaluri tendenciis realizeba sworedmxatvruli produqtis Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebTan da maTsubieqtur asaxvasTan kavSirdeba. kerZod, imasTan, Tu rogoraRiqmeba da fasdeba mxatvruli produqti da TavadSemoqmedebiTi procesi Semoqmedis mier.

adreul, filosofiur SromebSi d. uznaZe esTetikis sakiTxebsaraerTgzis mimarTavs(62). Dd. uznaZis mixedviT, filosofiasada xelovnebas safuZvlad saerTo determinanti edeba, romelsacavtori adamianisa da samyaros amocanis an samyaros problemisidumalebas (romelic wminda ekzistencialuri problemaa, adamianisraobasTan, samyaroSi mis adgilTan dakavSirebuli)uwodebs.Ffilosofia da xelovneba aRniSnuli problemiTaa`daavadebuli~, rac universaluri amocana-problemis gamZafrebulSegrZnebasa da misi gadawyvetisken swrafvas gulisxmobs. Tukifilosofia am mizniT logikur azrovnebas mimarTavs, xelovnebisiaraRad TvalsaCino xatebi da warmodgenebi iqceva.

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SemoqmedebiT procesSi CaerTvis da mis monawiled iqceva (68).rogorc vxedavT, uznaZis mosazreba iungis fsiqologiuri

skolis SexedulebaTa analogiuria; rogorc kreaciisa daaqtiuri Semoqmedebis, aseve recepciis, mxatvruli aRqmisSemTxvevaSic simbolos aqtiuri, mastimulirebeli Zala eniWeba!Uufro metic, uznaZis ganmartebiT, mxatvruli aRqmaSemoqmedebis aqtiur procesebTan unda iqnes dakavSirebuli,rogorc am ukanasknelTa Taviseburi saxe da forma.

uznaZe erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs xelovnebis esTetikursada filosofiur kritikas. Tuki esTetikuri kritika xelovnebisnawarmoebSi maxvils konkretulsa da formalur mxareebze(mxatvruli formisa da meTodebis sakiTxebze) akeTebs,filosofiuri kritika xelovnebis abstraqtuli anmsoflmxedvelobiTi problemebiTaa dainteresebuli.

Gganwyobis Teoriis avtori ixilavs i. WavWavaZis`gandegilis~ mTavar motivs _ adamianis xorciel da suliersawyisTa Sepirispirebas. Tuki sulis arsebiTi niSani aqtivobaa,sxeuls pasiurobis niSani gamoarCevs, wers uznaZe.Aadamianissulis arsi nebis fenomenSi, rogorc aqtiur, qmediT sawyisSivlindeba.Nnebas kavSiri ara aqvs adamianis fizikursa dapasiur (an droulsa da SezRudul) mxaresTan da azrovnebisada WeSmaritebisken swrafvis impulss Seadgens.

uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom adamianis nebas esTetikuri, eTikurida inteleqtualuri (rogoricaa: mSveniereba, morali daWeSmariteba) Rirebulebebisadmi ltolva gamoarCevs. Sesabamisad,adamianis neba (nebeloba) esTetikur, inteleqtualursa dasamarTlis (zneobis) sferoebSi vlindeba.Aamave dros uznaZemiuTiTebs, rom Rirebuleba (an idea) mxolod SegrZnebaTa dagrZnobaTa erTgvari sinTezia. ̀ magaliTad, sikeTe Cveni grZnobebiserTgvari ganwyobilebaa da meti araferi.~ xolo grZnobapasiuria, _ dasZens uznaZe.Mmasalis (maRal RirebulebaTa) espasiuroba boWavs nebis aqtivobas da mas mkacr CarCoebSomoaqcevs. swored amitomac neba Tavisi absoluturi aqtivobiTdamTavrebul srulyofilebas ver wvdeba, rac adamianis arsebaSiZiriTadi wanaaRmdegobis aRmocenebis pirobad iqceva.

d. uznaZes esTetikis problemebi sakuTriv ganwyobis


swored mis fsiqikaSi iZens gansakuTrebul intensivobasa daZalas saerTo sakacobrio gancdebi Tu ideebi.

baraTaSvilis `merans~ uznaZes `grZneul grZnobaTa~ anm iwieri ( b iologiuri) sawyisis Zlevis saxiTwarmogvidgens;Mmernis Weneba adamianis SemoqmedebiTi, aqtiurisawyisis ganTavisuflebis simboloa! (`Sens Wenebas ara aqvssamZRvari~). leqsSi ̀ SemoRameba mTawmindaze~ xorcieli amaoebisdaTrgunva ara misgan aqtiuri gaqceviT da ara SemoqmedebiT,aramed esTetikuri tkbobiT miiRweva. (`vin mogixilos, romelmyisve TvisTa fiqrTa Sveba ara ipovnos da ar daxsnasgulsa vaeba~.)

esTetikuri tkboba ganwyobis fsiqologiis avtorswuTisofelze, yofaze, amaoebaze amaRlebisa da ganusazRvrelTan(universumTan) ziarebis saxiT warmoudgeba. esTetikuri tkbobaTavisi arsiT Semoqmedebaa da esTetikuri aRqma kreatulia;Semoqmedebis procesSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli ara mxolodkreatori, aramed misi aRmqmeli _ reci pientic. uznaZeesTetikuri tkbobis platoniseul ganmartebas gvTavazobs daaRniSnavs, rom is, uwinaresad, `grZneul grZnobaTagan~ anbiologiur vnebaTagan (xorcielisgan) ganTavisuflebaSimdgomareobs(62).

d. uznaZe ixilavs SemoqmedebiT ZalTa stimulirebissakiTxsac. misi azriT, Semoqmedebis impulsi da SemoqmedebiTienergiis wyaro xelovnebis nawarmoebisa da mxatvrulisimbolos ormag bunebaSi unda veZioT.Ees ukanasknelikonkretulicaa da abstraqtulic (zogadic). magaliTad, iliaWavWavaZis gandegili (rogorc mxatvruli saxe) ara imdenadkonkretuli adamiania, ramdenadac abstraqtul-zogadi dasimboluri. sazogadod, mxatvruli nawarmoebi erTiani simboloa,garkveuli Sinagani azrisa da mniSvnelobis matarebelia daswored amitomac iwvevs SemoqmedebiT ZalTa aqtivirebas;simbolo _ Semoqmedebis impulsad, mis Zravad iqceva!

uznaZis mosazrebiT, mxatvrul nawarmoebTan dakavSirebuliesTetikuri emocia, Tavisi aqtiuri bunebidan gamomdinare,imTaviTve Seicavs aqtiurad kreatul, SemoqmedebiT aspeqtebsda mxatvruli moqmedebis impulsad iqceva; recipienti erTian

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emorCileba ra e. w. funqcionaluri tendenciis zegavlenas.`sizmari fsiqikisTvis aucilibeli sagnis sakuTari ZalebiTSemoqmedebisa da fsiqikur SesaZleblobaTa Tavisufalirealizaciis procesia~ (64. gv. 59).

d. uznaZis `ganwyobis TeoriaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgiliganekuTvneba funqcionaluri (an aqtivobis) tendenciis fenomens,romelic adamianSi arsebuli Tandayolili, imanenturi daTviTga movlenis admi mi m arTuli Z alis saxiTmoiazreba(63,64,69). funqciobis tendenciis mizeziT adamianimoqmedebasa da aqtivobas garegani stimulirebisa da SinaganimoTxovnilebis gareSec iwyebs.Aase magaliTad, TamaSis impulsiuznaZis TeoriaSi swored funqciobis tendenciiT ixsneba;TamaSs sxva, gareSe moTxovnileba ar ukavSirdeba; adamianiTamaSobs TamaSisTvis! TamaSs safuZvlad fsiqikisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli TviT gamovlenisa da TviT aqtivaciis unarismqone funqcionaluri tendencia edeba; TamaSi fsiqikisTavisufali (da ara iZulebiTi, garegani Tu Sinagani saWiroebiTstimulirebuli) TviT gamovlenis formaa(63,64).

d. uznaZe miuTiTebs, rom funqcionaluri tendencisamoqmedebas ararealizebuli (gamovlenis gareSe darCenili)fsiqikuri funqciebis arseboba gansazRvravs. (Seadare.`fsiqoanalizSi~ sizmrisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebisararealizebul moTxovnilebebTan dakavSireba).

sizmrisa da funqciobis tendencias Soris kavSirisa damimarTebis idea SesaZlebelia davukavSiroT mxatvrulSemoqmedebasa da xelovnebasac; funqciobis tendencia SeiZlebamoviazroT mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da xelovnebisfundamentSic da masSi vcnoT adamianis mxatvruli moqmedebisfsiqologiuri safuZveli.

uznaZis SexedulebiT, sizmris ganmsazRvreli aracnobieriSinaarsebi (funqciobis an aqtivobis tendenciebi) arsebobenara rogorc gancdebi, azrebi, survilebi an afeqtebi, aramedrogorc am ukanasknelTa aqtivaciis, maTi amoqmedebis mzaobebida ganwyobebi. Ffunqciobis tendenciaSi garkveulimimarTulebiT aqtivobisa da garkveuli gancdisadmimidrekileba (ganwyoba an mzaoba) igulisxmeba.Aaqve unda


Teoriis prizmidan ar ukvlevia. magram, am mxriv gansakuTrebulyuradRebas imsaxurebs uznaZis naSromi `Zili da sizmari~,romelSic avtori fantaziisa da warmosaxvis fenomenTagaSuqebas gvTavazobs.

sizmris bunebis analizisas uznaZe gamorCeul mniSvnelobasmis subieqtursa da emocionalur Sinaars aniWebs. ̀ Cven gvZinavs,magram es xels ar gviSlis, namdvili da ara mxolodwarmosaxuli emociuri gancdebi gvqondes. ... grZnoba, emociaaqtualuri gancdis saxiT Sedis sizmris SinaarsSi~ (64. gv.39-40).

uznaZis ganmartebiT, sizmarSi emocia imTaviTvea kavSirSifantaziasTan.Uufro metic, sizmari fsiqikuri funqciebidanmxolod warmosaxvisa da emociis muSaobas gulisxmobs.sizmrisas fantaziisa da emociis dominantis mTavari mizeziSemdgomSia: danarCeni (SemecnebiTi) fsiqikuri funqciebi garesinamdvilesTan, realobasTan kontaqts gulisxmoben; aRqmada azrovneba realursa da obieqtur sinamdvilezeadamokidebuli. maTi daniSnuleba obieqturi realobisadeqvaturi asaxvaa.

f a n t a z i a gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT adamianisgaremosTan kontaqtis gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi moqme-debs.ASesabamisad, Zili `TvalsaCinod acxovelebs~ fantaziismoqmedebas. uznaZis SexedulebiT, emocia ki ar gansazRvravswarmodgenasa da warmosaxviT xatebs, aramed, piriqiT, fantaziiswarmodgenebi emociaTa aRmocenebis mizezad iqceva. Sesabamisadunda vigulisxmoT, rom mxatvruli S e m o q m e d e b i s f u n -d a m e n t s fantaziisa da emociaTa sferos aqtivireba dakognituri, ESemecnebiTi procesebis (azrovnebisa da aRqmis)rolis Sesusteba agebs da ayalibebs! Sesabamisad, Semoqmedebaara mxolod ukavSirdeba aracnobier fenomenebs, aramed sworedaRniSnuli fenomenebiT aixsneba!

uznaZe erTmaneTsUupirispirebs cxadsa da sizmars daaRniSnavs, rom cxadSi adamiani gare, obieqturi realobisadmimiimarTeba, xolo ZilSi fsiqika Tavadve qmnis subieqturrealobas. ZilSi fsiqika umoqmedo mdgomareobaSi ar rCebada `TavisiT~ iwyebs moqmedebas; TviTon `agebs~ Tavis sagans,

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sizmrebi axasiaTebs. pirovnebis specifikuri fsiqofizikuristruqtura Tavisebur pirovnul an ZiriTad ganwyobas(pirovnebisaTvis zogad da ZiriTad ganwyobas) gansazRvravs.sizmrebic am ZiriTadi ganwyobis gamovlenaa. sakuTariSexedulebis sailustraciod uznaZes de sanqtisis sityvebimohyavs: `miambe Seni sizmrebi da me getyvi, vina xar Sen!~

cxadSi subieqturi ganwyoba obieqturi viTarebiTizRudeba da Tavisufali gamovlenis SesaZleblobas kargavs,xolo ZilSi dabrkoleba moxsnilia da sizmris Sinaarsi araTu ewinaaRmdegeba subieqtur ganwyobas, aramed isea SerCeuli,rom mis subieqtur tendenciebs maqsimalurad Seesabamebodes.`sizmari xom swored am miznisTvisaa Seqmnili!~ _ dasZensavtori (iqve.Ggv.62).

uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom sizmari subieqtis istorias, misbeds gvixatavs. subieqti sizmarTan arsebiT kavSirSi imyofeba;sizmris samyaro ukiduresad subieqturi, Sinagani,interpirovnuli samyaroa. cxadSi ki adamianis fsiqika obieqtur,misgan gareT an mis gareSe arsebul viTarebasac asaxavs.Zilis procesSi fsiqika funqcionaluri tendenciis impulsiTsubieqtis romelime aqtualuri ganwyobis mimarTulebiT iwyebsmuSaobas. sizmari subieqtis aqtualuri ganwyobis niadagzeaRmocendeba da fsiqikis spontanuri amoqmedebis Sedegswarmoadgens. Sesabamisad, sizmris daniSnuleba fsiqikisfunqcionaluri tendenciis daZabulobis moxsna an ganelebaa.Aam TvalsazrisiT, miuTiTebs uznaZe, sizmars aqvs fsiqikismaregulirebeli anda `kaTartuli~ mniSvneloba.

adamianis fsiqikaze `kaTartuli~ an makaTarzisebelizemoqmedeba mxolod sizmris Taviseburebas ar Seadgens.SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos uznaZis mier sizmris konteqstSitermin `kaTarzisis~ gamoyeneba, romelic tradiciuladxelovnebis sferosTan asocirdeba; sizmarsa da mxatvrulSemoqmedebas araerTi saerTo niSani gamoarCevs, romelTaxazgasmac niSandoblivia ara mxolod `fsiqoanalizisTvis~,aramed `ganwyobis fsiqologiisTvisac~.

aracnobieris fsiqologia , romelsac rogorc`fsiqoanalizi~, aseve `ganwyobis fsiqologiac~ miekuTvneba,

aRiniSnos, rom termini ̀ funqciobis tendencia~ ganwyobisfsiqologiaSi mxolobiT ricxvSi gamoiyeneba, rogorcfsiqikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli im zogadi tendenciisamsaxveli termini, romelsac akonkretebs da garkveulmimarTulebas esa Tu is konkretuli ganwyoba aniWebs.

`ZilSi fsiqika Tavad qmnis Tavis sagans, magram rogorsda ra mimarTulebiT, amas Cveni subieqturi ganwyobagansazRvravs. sizmris Sinaarsi Cveni subieqturi ganwyobispirdapiri funqciaa. da es imitom, rom Tu ra fsiqikurZalebs esaWiroeba sagani, e. i. ra Zalebi ganicdianfunqcionaluri tendenciis gansakuTrebiT cxovel gavlenas,aqtualizaciis moTxovnilebas, es Cvens cxadSi gamouvlinebelganwyobebzea damokidebuli~ (64. gv. 61).

d. uznaZe akonkretebs, Tu ra mizeziT miuTiTebs sworedganwyobebze da ara, Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri literaturisSesabamisad, aracnobier survilebze, afeqtebsa Tu kompleqsebze.uznaZis azriT, aracnobieri survili, aracnobieri afeqti Tukompleqsi (froidis terminebi) uaRresad hipoTeturi cnebebia,romlebic ̀ gancdis niSans moklebul gancdebs~ asaxaven.MmaTgangansxvavebiT ganwyoba im aracnobier fenomens asaxvs, romelicsruliad gansxvavdeba cnobieri gancdebisagan; is arc survilia,arc afeqti da arc kompleqsi.Gganwyoba an mzaoba is mTlian-pirovnuli mdgomareobaa, romelic win uswrebs cnobierifsiqikis, calkeuli fsiqikuri funqciebis (grZnobebis, aRqmisada azrovnebis) muSaobas an gancdaTa cxovrebas da fsiqikisfunqcionaluri tendenciis realizacias garkveulmimarTulebas aniWebs.

Sesabamisad, sizmris Sinaarsic swored ganwyobis niadagzeunda iqnes gagebuli. sizmarSi fsiqika im sagnebs qmnis, romlebicadamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli (da jerac gamouvleneli,realizebis gareSe darCenili) ganwyobis arsidan gamomdinare,fsiqikur funqciebs esaWiroebaT. Sesabamisad, mxatvruliSemoqmedebisa da xelovnebis fundamentSi aracnobieriganwyobis mier garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTulifunqciobis tendencia igulisxmeba!

TiToeul pirovnebas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli Sinaarsis


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Teatri: gancdisa da warmodgenis Teatrebi. orive tipisTeatrs Tavisi warmomadgenlebi da Tayvanismcemlebi hyavs,romelTa Soris dava da kamaTic Cveul ambadaa qceuli.

naTaZis mixedviT, sasceno gardasaxvasa da moqmedebasara Cveulebrivi grZnobebi, aramed sruliad gansxvavebulibunebis gancdebi ukavSirdeba. Aam Tavisebur gancdebs avtori`mfrinav~ an àraseriozul~ grZnobebs uwodebs. `mfrinavi~grZnoba garkveuli reluri moqmedebis gamowvevis unarsmoklebulia da mxolod sasceno moqmedebis sivrceSiarsebobs. msaxiobi ara mxolod `ganicdis~ sasceno gmirisgrZnobebs (otelos eWvebs), aramed ar kargavs realobisgancdasac.Mmsaxiobi mxolod ukidures da paTologiurSemTxvevbSi SeiZleba srulad gaigivdes Tavis gmirTan darealobis mimarT ara adeqvaturi gaxdes. Teatris istoriasmoepoveba aseT SemTxvevaTa ramdenime magaliTi, magram esmxolod erTeuli magaliTebia.

naTaZis Sexedulebis mixedviT, msaxiobis `mfrinavi~grZnobebi garkveul ganwyobas ukavSirdeba da misganmomdinareobs. Aavtori ixilavs ganwyobis fenomens, rogorcqcevis uSualo safuZvelsa da meqanizms. imisaTvis, raTamsaxiobi gardaisaxos, cvlileba unda moxdes TviT misipirovnebis mTlian Sinagan mdgomareobaSi; pirovneba undaàewyos~, `moimarTos~ sxvagvarad. am mobolizaciismdgomareobas ganwyobas uwodeben, _ dasZens avtori.

naTaZe aRniSnavs, rom ganwyoba SeiZleba aRmocendes rogorcuneblied, impulsurad, aracnobieri meqanizmebis safuZvelze,aseve nebismieredac, adamianis aqtiuri, cnobieri Carevis gziTac.Mmagram ukve Camoyalibebuli ganwyoba qcevisa da fsiqikisaracnobier fundamentad iqceva da aracnobierad axdenscnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da qcevis warmarTvas.

msaxiobi momavali, jer mxolod warmosaxuli angaazrebuli situaciis Sesatyvis ganwyobas imuSavebs. esaaganwyobis Segnebulad, nebismierad (da ara TavisiT, impulsurad,aracnobierad) SemuSavebis forma, romelic msaxiobis sascenomoqmedebisa da gardasaxvis fsiqologiur meqanizmad iqceva.sasceno rolis Sesabamisi ganwyobis SemuSavebas Teatraluri

erTmaneTs ukavSirebs sizmarsa da mxatvrul Semoqmedebas.am SekavSirebis ZiriTadi mizezi sizmrisa da mxatvruliSemoqmedebis pirdapiri mimarTebaa fantaziasTan, grZnobaTasferosa da aracnobier fenomenebTan.

uznaZis adreul naSromSi `Zili da sizmari~ garkveulfroidianul ideaTa miReba da gaziarebac ki aisaxa.MmagramTxzulebaSi aseve gamoikveTa avtoris sakuTari, gansxvavebulipoziciac; sizmars safuZvlad ararealizebuli ganwyobebida funqciobis tendencia edeba. Sesabamisad, mxatvruliSemoqmedebisa da xelovnebis fsiqologiur fundamentSicaRniSnuli fenomenebi unda dasaxeldes!

ganwyobis fsiqologiis poziciidan mxatvruliSemoqmedebisa da xelovnebis kvlevis magaliTs warmoadgensrevaz naTaZis naSromi `sasceno gardasaxvis fsiqologiuriproblema~, romelic konkretulad erT sakiTxs, sascenogardasaxvis problemas ukavSirdeba. avtorma sakiTxi aramxolod Teoriulad, aramed eqsperimentuladac ikvlia(65).

r. naTaZe ayalibebs kvlevis sakiTxs da miuTebs, romistoriulad igi yovelTvis Riad rCeboda; igulisxmeba sascenogardasaxvis problema, romelic `msaxiobis dualuri, ormagibunebis~ anda `msaxiobis paradoqsis~ gamovlenad miiCneoda.

msaxiobis sasceno moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobsori tradiciuli da erTmaneTis sapirispiro pozicia:èmocionalisturi Teoria~ da ìnteleqtualisturi(imitaciis) Teoria~. emocionalisturi Teoria miiCnevs, romsasceno gardasaxvas safuZvlad rolis Sesabamis emociurgancdaTa gamowveva edeba. magaliTad, Tuki msaxiobi Seqspirisotelos ganasaxierebs, man otelos emociebi unda gaacocxlossakuTar fsiqikaSi. `sxvisi anTeba mxolod mas SeuZlia, vincTviTon sulis siRrmeSi ara aris civi~ (francisk langi).

inteleqtualisturi (imitaciis) Teoriis mixedviT, sascenogardasaxva msaxiobis gonebis `civ~ muSaobasa da profesiulostatobas ukavSirdeba. `msaxiobis cremlebi misi tvinidanmomdinareoben~ (deni didro).

aRniSnuli Teoriebis Sesabamisad, tradiciulad arsebobsori gansxvavebuli orientaciisa da `msoflmxedvelobis~


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sasceno xelovnebis korifeebic: veriko anjafariZe da sesiliaTayaiSvili, romlebmac warmosaxviT ganwyobis SemuSavebisgansakuTrebuli Zala da unari gamoavlines.

eqperimentulma Sedegebma r. naTaZes misca safuZveli,raTa sasceno gardasaxvis safuZvlad msaxiobis mier warmosaxviT,fantaziiT SemuSavebuli ganwyoba eRiarebina.Mmsaxiobi axdenssasceno moqmedebis Sesabamisi ganwyobis warmosaxviT planSi(sasceno moqmedebis situaciis Sesabamisad) SemuSavebas. sascenogardasaxvisa da scenur saxeTa Seqmnis fundaments warmosaxviTSemuSavebuli ganwyobebi qmnian. xoloMmsaxiobis niWierebaski warmosaxviT ganwyobaTa SemuSavebis unari ukavSirdeba.

repeticiebi, sasceno gmiris habitusze, mis eqsprisiaze, ̀ sxeulisenasa~ Tu gancdebze muSaoba emsaxureba. naTaZem erTmaneTsdaukavSira ganwyobis Teoria da rolze muSaobisstanislavskiseuli sistema; rolze muSaobis ZiriTad amocanadrolis Sesabamisi ganwyobis Camoyalibeba iqna aRiarebuli.

sakuTari Sexedulebis dasabuTebis mizniT r. naTaZemCaatara eqsperimentebis seria, romelSic monawileoba miiResprofesionalma msaxiobebma, Teatraluri institutisstudentebma da Teatrisagan gareSe pirebma. naTaZem egreTwodebul `saganwyobo eqsperiments~ mimarTa, Tumca erTimniSvnelovani cvlilebiT: cdispiri ganwyobas ara realuriobieqtebis (didi-patara burTebis) saSualebiT SeimuSavebda,aramed am realur obieqtTa mxolod w a r m o s a x v i T (66).

klasikur saganwyobo cdaSi cdispirs ganwyobas obieqtTa(didi-patara burTebis) mravalgzisi miwodebiT umuSaveben;erT xelSi awvdian did, xolo meoreSi _ patara burTs.Agansxvavebuli sididis obieqtTa mravaljeradi miwodebisSedegad, cdispirs ganwyoba (obieqtTa sididesTan dakavSirebuliganwyoba, aratol saganTa aRqmis ganwyoba) umuSavdeba, risgamoc da ris safuZvelzec igi toli sididis obieqtebs(burTebs) aratolad aRiqvams. aratoli obieqtebis mravalgzisimiwodeba toli obieqtebis aratolad aRqmas ganapirobebs;toli burTebi adamians utolod `eCveneba~.

r. naTaZis eqsperimentma aCvena, rom ganwyoba SemuSavdeba(fiqsirdeba) im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac cdispirs ara realuriobieqtebi (didi da patara zomis burTebi) miewodeba, aramedmaSinac, rodesac mas gansxvavebuli sididis obieqtebisw a r m o d g e n a (am obieqtTa sakuTar fsiqikaSi ̀ gacocxleba~)evaleba! (65).

rogorc eqsperimentebma cxadyo, profesional msaxiobebsaRniSnuli unari (warmosaxviT ganwyobis fiqsirebis unari)ufro metad da gamorCeulad axasiaTebT gansxvavebuliprofesiis adamianebTan SedarebiT. aseve dadginda, romwarmosaxvis an fantaziis safuZvelze ganwyobis SemuSavebagansakuTrebulad ioldeba gamorCeuli sasceno unarebisa datalantis SemTxvevaSi. naTaZis cdispirTa Soris iyvnen qarTuli


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vigotskis SexedulebaTa mixedviT, esTetikuri grZnobaCveulebriv grZnobaTagan rigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba da gamoirCeva.esTetikuri emociuri reaqcia kavSirSia fantaziis fenomenTan;grZnoba da fantazia erTian fsiqikur movlenad iqceva. fantaziaavtors emociis gamoxatvis saxed da formad esmis. Tavismxriv,Eemocia fantaziis amoqmedebiT ganimuxteba. xelovnebaemociaTa ganmuxtvas axdens ara garegan aqtivoba-moqmedebaTagziT, aramed fantaziis xatebis saSualebiT.

vigotskis xelovnebis Teoriis mixedviT,Mmxatvrulinawarmoebi aucilebel afeqtur-emociur winaaRmdegobas Seicavsda amitomac urTierT sapirispiro grZnobebis aRZvrasukavSirdeba. sapirispiro grZnobebi (siamovneba usiamovneba, dardi_ sixaruli, tanjva _ netareba da a. S.) erTmaneTs ganmuxtavenda spoben! aseTia kaTarzisis vigotskiseuli ganmarteba.esTetikuri afeqti ori, urTierT sapirispiro mimarTulebiTviTardeba da sabolood polarul grZnobaTa mier urTierTgadafarvis gziT ispoba.

vigotski aRniSnavs, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis miersapirispiro emociebis erTdrouli aRZvra esTetikuri reaqciismTavar pirobad iqceva.Aase magaliTad, erTmaneTs ̀ upirispirdeba~mxatvruli forma da Sinaarsi; formiT xelovani SinaarsisZlevas axdens. riTmiT gamowveuli afeqti (emocia) SinaarsiTgamowveuli afeqtis (emociis) sapirispiroa da sawinaaRmdego!Sileris sityvebiT: `xelovnebis WeSmariti saidumlo sxvaaraferia, Tu ara formiT Sinaarsis ganadgureba!~

mxatvruli nawarmoebis formisa da Sinaarsisd a p i r i s p i r e b a s vigotski xelovnebis Zireuli da arsebiTiTaviseburebis saxiT ixilavs. xelovneba imTaviTve gulisxmobsSinagan winaaRmdegobasa da kolizias, romelic esTetikurireaqciis unikalobis mTavar mizezad iqceva. magaliTad, r i T m aleqsis S i n a a r s i s `deformirebasa~ da misi gagebisgarTulebas ukavSirdeba.

komediis xelovnebaSi òrmag~ grZnobas iwvevsdamkvidrebuli normebisa da maTi darRvevis erTdrouligancdebi.K(imaves miuTiTebda froidic: enamaxviloba orsaxaianusia, radganac azri ori, urTierTsapirispiro mimarTulebiTmihyavs).

Tavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIII

lev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologialev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologialev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologialev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologialev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologia

lev vigotskis naSromSi `xelovnebis fsiqologia~warmodgenilia avtoris Sexedulebebi rogorc xelovnebisTeoriul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT (xelovnebis fsiqologiuriTeoria), aseve konkretuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebisfsiqologiuri analizis nimuSebic. unda aRiniSnos, romvigotski fsiqologisTvis kvlevis sakmaod uCveulo gzasmimaTavs da ZiriTadSi gvevlineba, rogorc kulturulogi(70).

Aavtori xelovnebis TeoriaSi gamorCeul mniSvnelobasinterpretaciul Tavisuflebas aniWebs da ̀ maRali kritikis~impulsad a R f r T o v a n e b a s aRiarebs. vigotskis mixedviT,kritikis amocanas nawarmoebis àxsna_ eqsplikacia~ ar undaSeadgendes, radganac axsna, faqtobrivad, amowurvas, amoxsnas,gasagebad qmnas niSnavs. xelovnebis eqsplikaciisadmidamokidebulebas vigotski oskar uaildis sityvebiT gamoxatavs:àrsebobs xelovnebis ar-siyvarulis ori gza: erTi, ubralodar giyvardes xelovneba da meore, giyvardes racionalurad!~

vigotski aRniSnavs, rom xelovnebis nebismieri Teoria imSexedulebaTa sistemas efuZneba, romelSic gansakuTrebuliadgili sam fsiqikur funqcias ganekuTvneba, rogoricaa: aRqma,grZnoba da fantazia-warmosaxva.Aavtori dasZens, rom aRniSnulifsiqikuri funqciebidan xelovnebasTan mimarTebiT, sruliadgamorCeulia grZnobaTa sferosa da fantaziis roli. xelovnebisfsiqologia ̀ igeba~ swored grZnobisa da fantaziis problemaTakveTaze.Aamave dros grZnoba da fantazia fsiqologiisTvisdRemde yvelaze ̀ bneliT mosil,~ rTulad Sesaswavl sferoebadrCeba.

problemurad es axe b a vigotskis xelovne b isfsiqologiisTvis iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxis gadawyvetac,rogorsac grZnobisa da fsiqikuri energiis mimarTebis sakiTxiwarmoadgens; ra aris grZnoba? _ kiTxvas svams avtori.grZnoba fsiqikuri energiis xarjvaa Tu am energiis ekonomia?kiTxvas avtori Riad tovebs.

lev vigotskis xelovnebis fsiqologia

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xelovneba realuri, Cveulebrivi grZnobebis gardaqmnas axdens,maT `gakeTilSobilebasa~ da `daxvewas~ mimarTavs. Sesabamisad,xelovnebas sruliad Taviseburi `sazogadoebrivi~ da araindividualuri grZnobebi ukavSirdeba. (ix. iungis ̀ koleqtiuriaracnobieris~ termini).

xelovnebis arsebiT Taviseburebad vigotski grZnobaTagadalaxvas miiCnevs. SemoqmedebiTi aqti grZnobis ganmuxtvvisan grZnobaze gamarjvebis aqtia; kaTarzisi sakuTari grZnobebisgadalaxvas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, kaTarzisuli sixarulisakuTari grZnobebis moTokva-damorCilebasTan dakavSirebulisixarulia, romelsac fsiqikur ZalTa ̀ feTqebadi~ ganmuxtvacaxlavs.

vigotski gvTavazobs Seqspiris `hamletis~ fsiqologiuranalizs da cdilobs Seqspiris tragedia miTis saxiT gaigos.

narkvevis Sesaval nawilSiAvigotski aRniSnavs, romidumaleba tragediis arsi arsTagania, misi Sinagani centri,xolo masSi gamoyenebuli mxatvruli simboloebi mniSvnelobiTamouwuravia da mravalsaxovani. ̀ Cven uZlurni varT simboloTa`bneli~ azris mimarT!~ _ wers avtori.

xelovnebis mecnieruli kvleva, avtoris ganmartebiT,gulisxmobs fabulis dayvanas mis pirvelsawyisamde. SeqspiristragediaSi aseT pirvelsawyiss Seadgens miTi hamletis Sesaxeb,romelsac avtoris sityvebiT, hi pnoturi STagonebis anzemoqmedebis Zala aqvs. am mistiuri realobidan tragediaxatavs sxva danarCens, rogorc meorads: moqmed pirTa saxeebs,fabulas, dialogebs da a. S. aq yovelive ZiriTads, miTs _eqvemdebareba!

vigotskis mixedviT, Seqspiris tragedias safuZvladreligiuri WeSmaritebis momcveli miTi edeba. rihard vagnerissityvebiT, `tragedia (musika) ideaa samyaros Sesaxeb da is,vinc SesZlebs tragediis (musikis) srulad gadmocemascnebebSi, amave dros warmoadgens filosofiasac samyarosSesaxeb~.Mmagram tragediis iseve, rogorc musikis gadmocemacnebebSi mis mospobas, ̀ mokvlas~ niSnavs.Aase rom, mxatvrulinawarmoebis mecnierul cnebebSi gamoTqmisa da Camoyalibebis

sakiTxi Riad rCeba.

vigotskis azriT, sapirispiro grZnobaTa gamowvevamxatvruli nawarmoebis fabulis ganviTarebaSic igulisxmeba,rac, sabolood, am grZnobaTa urTierT Sepirispirebisa dakaTarzisuli efeqtis pirobad iqceva. magaliTis saxiT avtoriixilavs puSkinis ̀ evgeni onegins~, buninis ̀ msubuq sunTqvas~,ezopes, lafontenis, krilovis igav-arakebs da bolos, Seqspiris`hamlets~. ase magaliTad, èvgeni oneginis~ gmirebi poemisganmavlobaSi sruliad garkveul da `calsaxa~ grZnobebsiwveven mkiTxvelSi; onegini _ egoisti, civsisxliani dendis,xolo tatiana _ emociuri da gulubryvilo gogonasSTabeWdilebas toveben.Ppoemis bolo gverdebze situaciaradikalurad icvleba!Ggmirebi erTmaneTs ucvlian rolebs!tatiana racionaluri da emociurad `mSrali~ xdeba, igi,faqtobrivad, sasikvdilod imetebs Seyvarebul onegins! emociaTaes moulodneli da paradoqsuli `Setrialeba~ Seadgens,vigotckis azriT, ara mxolod puSkinis poemis, aramed nebismierimxatvruli nawarmoebis agebis zogad princips.

didros saxelganTqmuli `msaxiobis paradoqsi~ vigotskisxelovnebis òrmagobis~ kerZo gamovlinebad esaxeba; msaxiobiasaxavs ra misi gmiris gancdebs, amave dros sakuTar gancdaTagakontoleba-marTvasac axdens. amiT msaxiobi gmiris grZnobebsesTetikur formaSi moaqcevs. didro msaxiobis xelovnebas`paTetikur grimasas~ uwodebda, ris mizezsac vigotcki isevmsaxiobis emociis ormagobaSi (gancda da Tan gancdis marTva-kontroli) xedavs!

ferwerasa da grafikaSi esTetikuri reaqciis òrmagoba~upirveles yovlisa, samganzomilebiani sivrcis organzomilebiansibrtyeze gadmocemas ukavSirdeba; realuri samyaro tilozean furcelze aisaxeba, rac Sinaarsisa da formis dapirispirebasiwvevs. magaliTad,Aaivazovskis tiloze zRva, realurad,mxolod tilos patara naWerze `boboqrobs da mZvinvarebs~.

qandakebis xelovnebaSic Sesabamisad realuri movlenebisgadmocema sruliad irealuri formebiT xdeba; magaliTad,`laokoonSi~ tanjva m arm arilos figuraSi awarmodgenili.Ggmiris tanjvas aq marmarilos qvis siciveùpirispirdeba~ da àneitralebs~.


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saidanac ganisazRvreba da imarTeba amqveyniuri movlenebi.tragedia swored am ori samyaros zRvarze TamaSdeba!

vigotskis esTetikur mosazrebebs bevri aqvs saerTo k.iungis xelovnebis TeoriasTan, xolo kaTarzisis miseuligageba bevriT uaxlovdeba kaTarzisis samedicino (kaTarzisi,rogorc ganmuxtva, abreaqcia) gagebas. amave dros, undaaRiniSnos avtoris originaluri Sexeduleba xelovnebs`dualurobasa~ da esTetikuri emociis `ormagobasTan~dakavSirebiT.

avtori erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs ori saxis gamouTqmelobas:

pirveli (`dumili~) TviT `hamletis~ ideis gamouTqmelobaa.

tragediis, iseve rogorc samyaros idea maradiul saidumlos

warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia tragediis ara

inteleqtualuri axsna, aramed misi afeqtur-emociuri gancda

da wvdoma.Mmeore saxis gamouTqmelobaSi vigotski sakuTar

STabeWdilebaTa gamouTqmelobas, cnebebSi maTi formulirebis

SeuZleblobas gulisxmobs («Ìûñëü èçðå÷¸ííàÿ – åñòü ëîæü!»,

_ Òþò÷åâ).

mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmis procesi SeiZleba sizmris

xilvas SevadaroT, _ wers vigotski. magram xelovnebis

Teoretikoss aqvs unari, sxvebsac ganacdevinos is, rasac

Tavad ganicdis da damuxtos sxvani sakuTari ganwyobilebiT!

Tuki mxatvrul STabeWdilebaTa gamouTqmeloba nakliada gonebis dasaZlevi sisuste, TviT nawarmoebis ideisgamouTqmeloba, misi `dumili~ _ siWarbea, sisavse da`saidumlo~!

vigotski iziarebs oskar uaildis Sexedulebas, romkritika yovelTvis avtobiografiulia da realurad kritikosisakuTari gancdebisa da warmodgenebis proecirebas axdensmxatvrul nawarmoebze.

narkvevis meore nawili sakmaod originaluradiwyeba.Aavtori cdilobs gadmogvces is zogierTi ̀ sulieriganwyobileba~, romelic tragediam masSi gamoiwvia. igicdilobs gadmosces tragediis pirveladi, zogadi gancdisrogoroba da mas metaforulad riJraJs adarebs, rodesacerTdroulad saxezea dReca da Ramec. es mistiuri wamebia,_ wers avtori, _ idumalebiTa da sevdiT aRsavse. ̀ hamleti~aseve sevdiTa da idumalebiT moculi tragediaa!

`hamletisTvis~ ormagoba (dRisa da Ramis mistiuri Seyra)gansakuTrebiTaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tuki tragediis erTi aspeqtixilulia da cxadi, meore _ uCveuloa da Rrma. (horacio: ̀ o.dRe da Rame! Aai, saocreba!~) aq moqmedeba erTdroulad orsamyaroSi mimdinareobs; erTi materialuri da droulisamyaroa da meore ki, miRmiseuli, metafizikuri samyaro,


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zegavleniT mxatvrul nawarmoebSi xelovanisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli niSnebi aisaxeba (aRniSnulelementsa Tu Zalas SeiZleba Semoqmedebis subieqturi faqtorivuwostilis eledoT).

2. stilis elementi, romelic mocemuli, konkretuliepoqisa da qveynis (im droisa da sivrcis monakveTis,romelSic cxovrobs da moRvaweobs xelovani) asaxvasgulisxmobs. mxatvari garkveuli erisa da epoqis Svilia,rac mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens Semoqmedebaze da,upirveles yovlisa ki , mis stilur, formalurTaviseburebebze; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeirCeva is mxatvruliena, romelic mocemuli epoqisa da qveynis ganwyobaTa sistemisSesabamisia (am elementsa da Zalas SeiZleba Semoqmedebissituaciuri an obieqturi faqtori vuwodoT).

3. mxatvruli (zepirovnuli da zedrouli) elementi,romelic ar kavSirdeba konkretul pirovnebasa da konkretulepoqasTan.Kkandinskis gagebiT, es xelovnebis umTavresi,`maradiuli~ elementia, damoukidebeli rogorc droisa dasivrcisgan, aseve xelovanis subieqturi, pirovnuliSezRudulobisganac (mesame elementsa Tu Zalas SeiZlebaSemoqmedebis esTetikuri faqtori ewodos).

kandinskis SexedulebaTa Sesabamisad, rac ufro metadiTvaliwinebs Tanamedrove mxatvruli nimuSi pirvel or(subieqtursa da situaciur) faqtorebs, miT ufro ioladiwvevs igi gamoZaxils Tanamedrove adamianSi (an miTufro popularuli xdeba igi) da rac ufro metia mesame(esTetikuri) faqtoris wili, miT ufro aucilebeli xdebadro i s i nt er v al i m i s i s a T a n a do aR q m i s a d aSefasebisTvis.Aavtori dasZens, rom mesame elementi(esTetikuri faqtori) xelovnebis umTavres faqtorsada aspeqts warmoadgens da misi siWarbe mxatvruli nimuSis`sidiadis~ (misi ukvdavebis) maniSnebelia.

kandinskis mosazreba SemoqmedebiTi stimulisa da misiraobis Sesaxeb bevriTaa saintereso da sagulisxmo.Ee. w.Sinagani aucilebloba, rogorc Cans, Tavad Semoqmed-kreatoris Taviseburi Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic

Tavi IXTavi IXTavi IXTavi IXTavi IX

vasili kandinski,vasili kandinski,vasili kandinski,vasili kandinski,vasili kandinski,

rogorc xelovnebis fsiqologirogorc xelovnebis fsiqologirogorc xelovnebis fsiqologirogorc xelovnebis fsiqologirogorc xelovnebis fsiqologi

SemoqmedTa Soris xelovnebis Teoriuli sakiTxebiTdaintereseba iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens.Ees tendenciagansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove xelovnebisTvis gaxdadamaxasiaTebeli.Mmxatvruli mimdinareobebi sakuTarorigi n alur pozici as S es a b a m i s i `ofici aluridokumentebiTa~ Tu manifestebis saxiT aformeben, romlebSicgarkveuli adgili xelovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebisfsiqologiuri aspeqtebis (kreatuli Tu receptuliTvalsazrisiT) gaSuqebasac eTmoba. magram am mxriv,gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas imsaxurebs abstraqtuli, usagnoxelovnebis mamis, vasili kandinskis Teoriuli naSromi.kandinskis werili `sulieris Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi~(71)SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes ara mxolod Tanamedroveformalisturi xelovnebis kredod, aramed aseveTanamedrove xelovnebis fsiqologiis mniSvnelovanmonapovradac, radganac yuradRebis fokusSi avtormaxelovnebis sakuTriv fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi moaqcia.kandinskis werili miT ufro sagulisxmoa, rom masSiwarmodgenilia sazogadod Tamanedrove xelovnebisspecifikis fsiqologiuri analizi. avtori ara erTgzismiuTiTebs `drois sulis~ an, sxva sityvebiT, epoqalurganwyobaTa sistemis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxatvrulnawarmoebze zemomqmed uZlieres faqtorad miiCnevs.

kandinskis Teoriis mixedviT, mxatvruli Semoqmedebisstimuls mxatvrisTvis (xelovanisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli,Sinagani aucileblobis principi warmoadgens. Sinagani (Sidafsiqologiuri) aucilebloba (an, sxva sityvebiT, SidaiZuleba, Sinagani imperativi) Tavis mxriv, sami aucilebelielementisa Tu Zalisgan momdinareobs, rogoricaa:

1. individualuri elementi, romelic xelovanis pirovnul,fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba.Aam elementis

vasili kandinski,rogorc xelovnebis fsiqologi

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es gancdebi, kulinariul SegrZnebaTa msgavsad, zedapirulia,maleve qreba da pirovnebaSi kvals ar tovebs. rogorc avtoriaRniSnavs: aseT gancdaTa mimarT ̀ adamianis suli daxurulia~.

kandinski miuTiTebs, rom Cveuli, yoveldRiuri sagnebiadamianze ̀ zedapirulad~, periferiulad zemoqmedeben, xolobavSvisTvis samyaro misi `siaxlisa~ da ùCveulobis~ gamodidi STabeWdilebebis momtania. asakis matebasTan erTadSecnobili da gasagebi samyaros mimarT mwvave interesiTandaTan qreba, mas gulgriloba, indiferentoba cvlis dasamyaro TandaTan xibls kargavs. (`zrdasrulma adamianebmakargad viciT, rom xe Crdils iZleva, cxeni swrafia, xolomanqana kidev ufro swrafi, rom ZaRli ikbineba, mTvareSoria da rom adamiani sarkeSi _ namdvili ar aris~).

adamianis ganviTarebis maRal doneze, _ wers kandinski,_xdeba saganTa da movlenaTa Tvisebebis `gafarToeba~, maTixelaxali ̀ aRmoCena~; sagnebi Sinagan Rirebulebas anda ̀ Sinagan,farul xmas~ iZenen. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba sagnisa Tu movleniskulturul RirebulebaTa erTian sistemaSi CarTvasa da misaxali mniSvnelobiT (mniSvnelobebiT) datvirTvas gulisxmobs.TviT feris zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSic, _ miuTiTebs kandinski,_ ̀ dabali sulieri mgrZnobelobis~ adamianze feri zedapirul,elementalur efeqts iZleva, xolo ganviTarebis maRal doneze_ Rrma STabeWdilebad iqceva (samwuxarod, avtori arakonkretebs adamianis ganviTarebis miseul kriteriumebs).

2. feris adamianze f s i q ol o g i u r i zemoqmedeba; amSemTxvevaSi feri adamianis fsiqikamde aRwevs. Mmas ̀ fsiqikurivibracia~ ukavSirdeba. periferiuli, fizikuri movlena (ferisSegrZneba) fsiqologiur movlenad (fsiqikuri gancdebis:emociebis, azrebis, survilebis farTo speqtris maprovocirebelZalad) iqceva. A

avtori aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa feris fsiqologiurizemoqmedeba garkveuli asociaciuri procesebiT, garkveulsagnebTan an movlenebTan asociaciiT aixsnas. magaliTad, wiTeliferi iwvevdes fsiqikur reaqcias ara uSualod, aramedcecxlTan an sisxlTan asociaciuri kavSiris (cecxlis ansisxlis gaxsenebis) gamo.Mmagram kandinskis Sexedulebis

erTdroulad sami faqtoris (subieqturi, situaciur-obieqturi da esTetikuri faqtorebis) zemoqmedebiTyalibdeba.

`Sinagani aucileblobis~ termini d. uznaZis ganwyobisfenomenis asocoacias iwvevs; ganwyoba, rogorc qcevisfundamenti (misi stimuli da moqmedebaSi momyvani) _subieqturi (subieqtis moTxovnileba) da obieqturi(konkretuli situacia) faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia.

k a ndi nskis TeoriaSi esTetikuri moq m ede b is(Semoqmedebis) stimuls, subieqtur da obieqtur-situaciurfaqtorebTan erTad, sakuTriv esTetikuri faqtoricaformirebs, romlis Sesaxebac avtori sakmaod calmxriv,arasrul informacias iZleva. kandinskisTvis cxadia, rommxolod viwro subieqturi da konkretul- situaciurifaqtorebiT SeuZlebelia mxatvruli moqmedebis stimulismoazreba. Semoqmedebis mastimulirebeli `mesame elementi~an èsTetikuri faqtori~, samwuxarod, mxolod Teoriulimonaxazis saxiTaa warmodgenili. Tumca rigi niSnebiTèsTetikuri faqtori~ k. iungis koleqtiuri aracnobierisarqeti pebisa da simboloebis analogiuria.KkandinskismosazrebebSi sainteresod erTiandeba d. uznaZisa da k.iungis Sexedulebebi, rac samomavlo kvlevebisaTvis mdidarmasalas iZleva.

abstraqtuli xelovnebis `mama~ vrclad ixilavs ferisfsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis sakiTxebs, rasac misTvis, rogorcformalisti mxatvrisTvis, gansakuTrebuli praqtikulimniSvneloba gaaCnia. esTetikur amocanebTan erTad kandinskiwminda fsiqologiur amocanebsac isaxavs; misi mizaniaaRmqmel-reci pientSi garkveuli grZnobebis provocireba damis fsiqikaze uSualo zemoqmedeba.Aase esaxeba kandinskissazogadod ferweris mniSvneloba da arsi!

kandinskis SexedulebaTa mixedviT, feris zemoqmedebaSesaZloa ori ZiriTadi saxis iyos;

1. feris Tvalze wminda f i z i k u r i (an fiziologiuri)zemoqmedeba. aRniSnuli ti pis zemoqmedebas SeiZlebasiamovnebisa da kmayofilebis gancdebic ukavSirdebodes. magram


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konkretul ferTa (yviTelidan dawyebuli Savi feris CaTvliT)zemoqmedebis Taviseburebebs.

abstaqtuli xelovnebis fuZemdeblis Teoriis arssnaTlad da mkafiod gamoxatavs momavlis xelovnebisadmimimarTuli sityvebi: ̀ da rogorc iqneba, ferwerisTvis dadgebadro, rodesac igi aigeba ara imdenad fizikur kanonTasafuZvelze, ramdenadac Sinagani aucileblobis kanonissafuZvelze, romelsac Tavisuflad SeiZleba vuwodoT`sulis~ _ fsiqikis kanonebi.~

kandinskis naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba e. w.`sulieri atmosferos~ ganxilvas. Aavtori aRniSnavs, romfsiqikur atmosferos qmnis ara mxolod adamianTa dakvirvebadiqmedeba, cxadi azrebi da grZnobebi, aramed faruli qmedebani,gamouTqmeli azrebi da gamoxatvis gareSe darCenili grZnobebic,Aanu, rogorc cnobieri, aseve aracnobieri fsiqikuri sinamdvile.

avtori ixilavs Tanamedrove epoqis Taviseburebebsac;Cven vcxovrobT droSi, romelic aRsavsea kiTxvebiT,winaTgrZnobebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT, rac tradiciulmxatvrul meTodTa gadaxedvisa da reorganizaciis sakiTxsacwamoWris. `Cven vusmenT mocartis musikas, rogorc sxva,warsuli da ucxo epoqis melodias~. Cveni epoqis harmoniaki tonTa brZolas, dakargul wonasworobas, `principTa~msxvrevas, uecar dafdafebs, diad kiTxvebs, umizno swrafvebs,qaotur Zalisxmevas, melanqolias, damsxvreul borkilebsada winaaRmdegobebs ukavSirdeba!

axal, Tanamedrove harmoniaze dafuZnebuli kompoziciaferadovan formaTa akordad iqceva, sadac TiToeuli feridamoukidebelia da erTad im mTlianobas qmnis, romelicTanamedrove adamianis Sinagani, fsiqikuri aucileblobidanmomdinareobs. Tanamedrove harmonia kontrastis principsefuZneba, romelic Cvenive Sinagan, fsiqologiur kontrastebsada winaaRmdegobebs ukavSirdeba.

kandinski ixilavs Tanamedrove ferweris bunebasTan mimarTebissakiTxsac; saxezea Tanamedrove ferweris TandaTanobiTi (saboloojamSi ki, sruli) emansipacia da ganTavisufleba bunebisagan.`xelovneba bunebaze maRla dgas!~ _ aseTia Tanamedrove xelovnebis

Sesabamisad, fers uSualo, sagnobrivi asociaciebisgandamoukidebeli zemoqmedebis unari gamoarCevs; feri zemoqmedebsara masTan kavSirSi myofi sagnebisa da movlenebis gaxsenebisgamo, aramed pirdapir da uSualod.

`feri _ klaviSia, suli _ mravalsimiani roiali, mxatvari_ xeli, romelic ama Tu im klaviSis saSualebiTmizanmimarTulad axdens adamianis sulis vibraciaSi moyvanas~,_ wers kandinski. ferTa harmonia adamianis fsiqikaze zemoqmedebiswminda fsiqologiur princi ps efuZneba, romelsac avtoriSinagani (an Sida fsiqologiuri) aucileblobis princi psuwodebs; Sesabamisad, ferTa Tu musikaluri harmoniis safuZveliadamianis fsiqologiis struqturul TaviseburebebSi undaveZioT.

kandinski Cerdeba ferisa da formis, ferwerisa da musikis,mxatvruli kompoziciis sakiTxebzec.Mmagram calkeulisakiTxebis ganxilvisas avtoris ZiriTadi idea ucvlelia _yovelive gareganSi (xilulSi) faruli Sinagani mxare daaspeqti igulisxmeba; yovel calkeul formas sakuTariSinaarsi gaaCnia! da es wminda fsiqologiuri bunebis Sinaarsia,dakavSirebuli grZnobebisa da emociebis samyarosTan.E

aRniSnuli idea gansakuTrebul JReradobas sworedkandinskis Teoriul naSromSi iZens. mxatvris naSromSi,romelmac msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi pirvelma Tqvauari garkveuli, konkretuli mniSvnelobisa da Sinaarsisobieqtebisa Tu sagnebis asaxvaze.Kkandinskis TeoriulSexedulebaTa Sesabamisad, mis `usagno~ tiloebze faruliSinaarsi da azri unda veZioT!Mmagram ara konkretuliobieqtebisa da sagnebis Sesabamisi, aramed adamianis fsiqikurgancdaTa samyarosTan kavSirsa da mimarTebaSi myofi.kandinskis esTetika wminda fsiqologiur miznebs isaxavsda kerZod, Cveuli, gasagebi da amitomac mosawyeni samyarosuCveulo da idumali fsiqologiuri samyaroTi Canacvlebas!

kandinskis Teoriis mixedviT, xelovnebis zemoqmedebisiaraRsa da adresatsac grZnobebi Seadgens. xelovnebis faruli,Sinagani aspeqtis wvdoma swored grZnobaTa (da ara gonebis)safuZvelze xdeba.Aavtori detalurad ixilavs fsiqikaze


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bolosityvaobabolosityvaobabolosityvaobabolosityvaobabolosityvaoba

naSromSi ganxiluli iyo Teoriebi da Sexedulebebi,romlebmac gansazRvra da Camoayaliba xelovnebisa daSemoqmedebis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.

Tanamedrove kultura da xelovneba mecnierebis winaSeaxal amocanebsa da problemebs wamoWris, romelTa moazrebad a g ad aw y v eta i nterdisci plin aruli m idgom isaucileblobas gulisxmobs . dRev a ndel etapzeckulturologiur disci plinaTa WrilSi fsiqologiasmniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia da miT ufro,rom es ukanaskneli kulturasa da xelovnebas kreator-

Semoqmedsa da reci pient-aRqmelTan mimarTebaSi Seiswavlis.

kredo, romlis anareklia da Sedegi formaTa geometrizacia(jer kidev sezanis SemoqmedebiT dawyebuli) da, rac mTavaria,uaris Tqma konkretuli sagnisa da, sazogadod, realuri samyarosasaxvaze.

avtoris SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove xelovneba aqcevs razurgs realobas, amiT imTaviTve adamianis Sinagan, fsiqikursamyaroze miimarTeba. Tuki `materialisturi~ (sagnobrivi)ferwera aRmqmels aiZulebda naxatSi gareSe arsebuli realobada bunebis mibaZva daenaxa, Tanamedrove xelovneba mas naxatis`Sinagani cxovrebis~ amokiTxvisadmi ubiZgebs da, rac mTavaria,saSualebas aZlevs sakuTar fsiqikazeve ganicados naxatisuSualo, pirdapiri da `Sinagani~ zemoqmedeba.

`dRes Tavisuflebis dRea!~ _ am fraziT gamoxatavskandinski Tanamedrove mxatvruli meTodebis gansakuTrebulsimravlesa da mravalferovnebas.Mmagram es Tavisufleba erTfundamentur, Zireul faqtors ukavSirdeba _ adamianis ̀ Sinaganaucileblobas~ anda, sxva sityvebiT, adamianis fsiqologiur

kanonzomierebebs.

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SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura:SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura:SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura:SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura:SeniSvnebi da gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. antikur miTologiaSi mSvenieri fsiqea (`suliko~) amurma, siyvarulisRmerTma amboriT gaacocxla da ukvdavebis niSnad peplis frTebiTdaasaCuqra. berZnul paradigmaSi aisaxa rogorc erTeuli sulismaradiulobis wyurvili, aseve siyvarulis macocxlebeli Zalisadmirwmena da ukvdavebis sulis dinamikasTan dakavSireba (frTebi, frena,simsubuqe, dinamika).2. induqtori _ ideis, gancdis, ltolvis, ganwyobis gadamcemi angamcemi.3. recipienti _ induqciis mimRebi an adresati. recepcia _ aRqma.4. pirovnebis kvlevebsa da fsiqodiagnostirebaSi farTod gamoiyenebaxelovnebis dargebic.Aase magaliTad, Tematuri da Tavisufali naxatiimTaviTve Seicavs fsiqodiagnostikur informacias, aris ra avtorTanda mis fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, xelovnebis nimuSiTmisi avtori Seiswavleba.5. ̀ siurealisturi manifestis~ lozungad swored axali xelovnebisuSualo xedvisken mobruneba iqca. Sesabamisad, idealad aRiaresarasrulwlovanTa _ gonebiTa da codniT Seuryvnel, umanko bavSvebisada, ufro metic, fsiqiatriuli pacientebis an sruliad araordinaruli,Cveulebriobisa da standartulobis CarCoebidan amovardnili`SeSlilebis~ Semoqmedeba.6. fsiqoanalizma xelovnebisa da, sazogadod, kulturis determinantadaracnobieri, instinqturi biologiuri Zalebi (erosi da Tanatosi anseqsi da agresia) aRiara.7. fundamentur esTetikur fenomenebad, tradiciulad, miiCneva kaTarzisi,empaTia, insaiTi, tele da sxv., romelTa ara mxolod Teoriul kvlevas,aramed praqtikul-Terapiul gamoyenebasac didi mniSvneloba eniWebaxelovnebis fsiqologiaSi.8. Tuki fotografiis subieqturobaze dRes aRaravin daobs (fotografiaxelovnebis dargad aRiares da Sesabamisad, masSi avtoriseuli xedvadaafiqsires), dokumenturi masalis, qronikis, media-niusebis sakiTximainc Riad rCeba.Aaris angariSgasawevi Sexeduleba, rom nebismierSemTxvevaSi realobis asaxva rakursulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli daTavisi arsiT subieqturia.Mmediis mravalferovneba (Tundac telearxebissimravle) aRniSnuli Sexedulebis argumentad iqceva, radganac maTSierTi da igive masala (realuri faqti), ideologiuri da politikuripoziciis Sesabamisad, sruliad gansxvavebul rakursSi warmoCindeba.igive SeiZleba iTqvas mateaneebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebSi istoriulifaqtebisa da movlenebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiTac, radganac amSemTxvevaSic ki, obieqturi realobis asaxva mis amsaxvel subieqtsada mis pozicias (ganwyobebs) ukavSirdeba da Seesabameba.9. miureis `Tematuri apercepciis testi~ pirovnebis kvlevis

proeqciuli meTodebidan erT-erTi yvelaze popularulia. testicalkeuli baraTebisgan Sedgeba, romlebzedac sxvadasxva Sinaarsisnaxatebia warmodgenili, magaliTad: mosaubre qali da mamakaci, vaJifanjarasTan, biWuna violinoTi da sxv. testis Sesruleba aRniSnulinaxatebis gageba-interpretacias gulisxmobs; unda aRiweros da aixsnas,Tu ra xdeba TiToeul naxatze.Nnaxatebi araerTmniSvnelovania damaTi gageba pirovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri Taviseburebebidangamomdinare xdeba. Sesabamisad, naxatis aRwerisas pirovneba, realurad,sakuTar Tavze saubrobs.10. antikuri anTropocentrizmis nimuSebia delfosis Segoneba: ̀ SeicanTavi Seni!~, sofistTa maqsima: `adamiani yvelafris sazomia!~ dasofokleseuli: ̀ mravali ars sakvirveleba, adamianze sakvirveli kiaraa qveynad!~11. mimesisis ideas vxvdebiT demokritesTanac.Mmisi gagebiT, xelovnebassafuZvlad adamianis mier ama Tu im cocxali arsebis wabaZva edeba.magaliTad, musikaluri xelovnebiT adamiani _ frinvels, xolo safeiqroxelovnebiT _ obobas baZavs.12.12.12.12.12. Òàòàðêåâè÷ Á.”Àíòè÷íàÿ ýñòåòèêà”, Ì.,1977.13.13.13.13.13. Ëîñåâ À.”Èñòîðèÿ àíòè÷íîé ýñòåòèêè”, Ì.,1969.14.14.14.14.14. Ëîñåâ À.”Èñòîðèÿ àíòè÷íîé ýñòåòèêè”,Ì.,1975.15.15.15.15.15. Àðèñòîòåëü “Ïîýòèêà”, Ì.,1957.16. Tanamedrove fsiqoanalizma ganaviTara platonis idea ̀ RvTaebrivisiSmagis~ Sesaxeb, aRiara ra Semoqmedebis safuZvlad aracnobieri dairacionaluri Zalebi.17. ̀ Zveli berZnuli tragedia~ Tb., 1996, gv. 10-1118. ambivalenturi emociebi, romlebSic paradoqsulad gaerTianebuliasiamovneba da usiamovneba, erTpolusian, calsaxa emociaTagan gansxvavebiT,Zlieri intensivobiTa da maRali empaTiurobiT (gadamdeblobiT)xasiaTdebian.19. evsefi pamfilusi (me-4 sk).20.20.20.20.20. Äæèâèëåãîâ Â.”Ëåîíàðäî äà Âèí÷è” Ì.,1974.21. kritikuli werilebidan: “manes xelovneba imdenad daeca, romgakicxvasac aRar imsaxurebs!”(1865w.).22.22.22.22.22. Ðåâàëüä Ä. “Ïîñòèìïðåññèîíèçì”, Ë.,1962.23.23.23.23.23. ”Ñåðà Æ. Ñèíÿê Ï._Ïåðåïèñêà,ïèñüìà,äíåâíèêè”, Ì.,1976.24.24.24.24.24. “Ñåçàí- ïåðåïèñêà, âîñïîìèíàíèÿ ñîâðåìåííèêîâ”, Ì.,1972.25.25.25.25.25. froidis doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori antipoduriinstinqti _ erosi (seqsualuri impulsi) da Tanatosi (agresiuliimpulsi).26. froidi sicocxlis fundamentSi arsebul libidoze, rogorcseqsualur energiaze, miuTiTebs.27. Seadare: Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi ̀ filea~ _ kosmiuri siyvarulida `neikosi~ _ kosmiuri agresia. xazgasmuli iyo am ori Zalis

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Widili da urTierTcvla. (bibliuri _ `Jami Senebisa da Jamingrevisa~).28. piToni (gveleSapi) apolonma daamarcxa da mis saflavze (delfosSi)sakuTari samosnos daweseba brZana. SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom miTipiTonisa da dionises paradoqsul dakavSirebas axdens.29.29.29.29.29. Íèöøå Ô. “Ðîæäåíèå òðàãåäèè èç äóõà ìóçûêè»…â ñáîðíèêå «..EcceHomo”, Ì., 2000.30. fsiqoanalizuri TeoriisTvis (z. froidi) asevea damaxasiaTebeliSemoqmedebisa da sulieri aSlilobis dakavSireba.Oorives safuZvladgadauwyveteli fsiqologiuri problema (kerZod, daukmayofilebelibiologiuri moTxovnilebebi) edeba.Ggansxvavebas aRniSnuli problemismxolod simwvave an intensivoba qmnis; kerZod, Tu problema naklebadintensiuria, maSin is Semoqmedebis stimuls iZleva. intensivobiszrdasTan erTad misi paTogenuri bunebac matulobs da saboloojamSi, is fsiqikuri aSlilobis mizezad iqceva.31. ase magaliTad, alfred hiCkokis kinoxelovnebaSi ̀ fsiqologiurideteqtivi~ (e. w. ̀ saspensi~) gulisxmobs erTgvar CaZirvas, STasvlasadamianis aracnobier siRrmeebSi; es erTgvarad saxifaTo fsiqologiurimogzaurobaa, sadac deteqtiuri Ziebis (gamoZiebis) miznad adamianisfaruli mxareebis amocnoba da mokvleva iqceva. es marTlac da, kinoseniT ametyvelebuli `fsiqoanalizia~; qvecnobieri swrafvebiTa dakompleqsebiT, pikanturi TrToliTa da SiSnarevi interesiT (filmebi`fsiqo~, ̀ Tavbrusxveva~ da sxv.).32. sainteresoa, rom stresis mkvlevari, h. selie Semoqmedebas (rogorcmxatvrul, aseve mecnierul Semoqmedebas) gamravlebis procesis etapebsufardebs da Seusabamebs: 1. siyvaruli an survili _ anu cocxalidaintereseba, enTuziazmi, swrafva Semecnebisa da Semoqmedebisken. 2.ganayofiereba _ Semoqmedis tvini cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT`ganayofierdeba~. 3. orsuloba _ mecnieri an xelovani ideaTamatarebeli xdeba da Tanac zogjer ise, rom amis Sesaxeb araferiicis. 4. mSobiarobis wina tkivilebi _ am dros idea an mxatvrulixati momwifebulia, rac diskomfortis, ̀ SemoqmedebiTi tanjvis~ saxiTganicdeba. 5. mSobiaroba _ axali idea an mxatvruli xatis dabadeba.6. axalSobilis Semowmeba _ mecnieri logikurad da eqsperimenruladamowmebs ideas, xolo xelovani _ mxatvruli xatis damuSavebasa dakoreqcias mimarTavs. 7. sicocxle _ idea an mxatvruli xatidamoukidebel arsebobas iwyeben. Semoqmedebis biologiur procesebTandakavSireba da Semoqmedebis reducireba-dayvana ufro dabal, biologiursafexurze, rogorc vxedavT, ara mxolod froidis skolisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli, ris mizezTa Soris unda dasaxeldes biologiurimodelis aRqmisa da gagebis siiole, misi ̀ sicxade~; es is pirveladida yvelasaTvis gasagebi fundamentia, romelic TiTqos damatebiTaxsna_ganmartebebs aRar saWiroebs ( Ñåëüå Ã. “Ñòðåññ áåç äèñòðåññà”,Ì,1978).

33. aracnobieris fsiqologiis Camoyalibebaze zemoqmedeba iqonia`nevrozTa napoleonis~, Sarkos klinikaSi Catarebulma eqsperimentmac.saxelganTqmulma ̀ eqsperimentma qolgiT~ axalgazrda froids axalirakursidan daanaxa adamianis fsiqika. Sarkom hipnozur transSi myofcdispirs hipnozidan gamosvlis Semdeg qolgis povna da oTaxSigaSlili qolgiT siaruli ubrZana.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom cdaSimonawiles ar axsovda (da arc SeiZleba xsomeboda) aracnobiermdgomareobaSi miRebuli brZaneba-raporti, igi zedmiwevniT zustadasrulebda nabrZanebs. kerZod, poulobda qolgas, xsnida da oTaxSiase ̀ daseirnobda~. sainteresoa, rom ̀ Sarkos zombi~ uCveulo moqmedebisaxsnasac cdilobda. ra Tqma unda, man araferi icoda alogikuriqcevis realuri mizezis da kerZod, hipnozuri STagonebis Seaxeb.Sesabamisad, qcevis ̀ napovn~ fsevdo mizezebs araferi hqonda saerTorealobasTan. Sarkos eqsperimentma ara mxolod gamoavlina fsiqikaSiarsebuli da qcevaze zemomqmedi aracnobieri Zalebi, aramed asevecnobierebis mier `xelovnuri~ motivebis gamomuSavis tendenciacasaxa, romliTac cnobieri fsiqika qcevis axsna-gagebas cdilobs daromelic faqtobrivad, sakuTari Tavis motyuebis formas atarebs.(Ôðåéä Ç. “Ïñèõîëîãèÿ áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî”,Ì.,1990).34. froidis Teoriuli modeli kavSirSia antikur modelTan:empedoklesTan antipoduri fundamenturi Zalebis saxiT warmodgeniliafilea _ siyvaruli da neikosi _ sikvdili.35. sainteresoa, rom sofokles ̀ oidipos mefe~ klasikuri deteqtivisprincipzea agebuli.Ooidiposi iZiebs didi xnis winaT Cadenil danaSauls,dakiTxavs mowmeebsa da TviTmxilvelebs da sabolood midis daskvnamde,rom danaSauli swored mas ukavSirdeba. `deteqtiuri Janri~ aqfsiqologiur wiaRsvlisa da TviTSemecnebis analogad iqceva. CvenwinaSea, faqtobrivad, oidiposis mier sakuTari Tavis Secnobisprocesi.Aaseve deteqtiuri Janris formatSi ikiTxeba f. dostoevskisfsiqologiuri romanebic (`danaSauli da sasjeli~, ̀ Zmebi karamazovebi~),rac personaJTa TviTSecnobisa da TviTanalizis metaforad SeiZlebagavigoT.36. Semoqmedebis tradiciuli moazrebis nimuSebi: 1. Semoqmedebaadamianisgan gareSe arsebuli da adamianze aRmatebuli Zalebis moqmedebisSedegia; adamians zebunebrivi, SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis mxolod ̀ gamtaris~(mediumis msgavsi) funqcia akisria. aseTi Sexedulebis erTerTipirveli da Tanac poeturi TvalsaCinoebebia _ muza, muzaTa savaneparnasi, pegasi, apoloni, romelnic ara mxolod mfarveloben xelovnebas,aramed maT momlodine adamians Semoqmedebis biZgad da stimuladevlinebian. 2. Semoqmedeba kavSirdeba fsiqologiur avtomaturmeqanizmTan (poetur STagonebasTan), romelic TavisiT, adamianis (adamianiscnobierebis) aqtiuri Carevis gareSe modis moqmedebaSi. meoreSexedulebis Tanamedrove variaciad unda iqnes miCneuli z. froidisxelovnebis Teoriac.

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37.37.37.37.37. Þíã Ê. “Ê ïîíèìàíèþ àðõåòèïà ìëàäåíöà”, â ñáîðíèêå “Áîæåñòâåííûéðåá¸íîê”, Ì.,1997.38.38.38.38.38. Ôðåéä Ç. “Ðàçâèòèå ëèáèäî è ñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ”, â ñáîðíèêå«Îñíîâíîé èíñòèíêò”, Ì.,1997.39.39.39.39.39. unda iTqvas, rom mamaTa winaSe `sayovelTao~ danaSaulis TemagamorCeuli Temaa fsiqoanalizSi.40. monografiaSi ̀ totemi da tabu~ (Ôðåéä Ç. “Òîòåì è òàáó”, Ì.,1997).froidi aracnobieri gancdebis cnobierebis zedapirze amosvlis, maTigacnobierebis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas inversiis(sapirispiroTi Canacvlebis an ̀ Setrialebis~) fsiqologiur meqanizmsaniWebs; aracnobieri gancda misi sapirispiro cnobieri gancdiT (dacnobierebisaTvis misaRebi gancdiT) iniRbeba!Aase magaliTad, rasaccnobierad mTeli ZalebiT vebrZviT da ar viRebT, aracnobierad Zlierpozitiuri muxtis mqone tkboba-Trobis aRmZvrelia.41. analogiuri Sexeduleba aqvs k. iungs; koleqtiuri aracnobieri,rogorc sayovelTao, saerTo aracnobieri, Semoqmedebis ZiriTad stimuladsaxeldeba.42. ra Tqma unda, xelovneba yovelTvis Seicavda fsiqologiur aspeqtebs.rom aRaraferi vTqv aT XIX saukunisFfsiqologiurliteraturaze.Mmagram fsiqoanalizis zegavleniT daiwyo marTlacda,axali era e. w. fsiqologiur xelovnebaSi.43.43.43.43.43. Ôðåéä Ç. “Ëåîíàðäî äà Âèí÷è”, â ñáîðíèêå “Òîòåì è òàáó”, Ì.,1997.44.44.44.44.44. Ôðåéä Ç. “Äîñòîåâñêèé è îòöåóáèéñòâî”, â ñáîðíèêå “Îñíîâíîéèíñòèíêò”, Ì.,1997.45.45.45.45.45. Ðàíê Î. “Ìèô î ðîæäåíèè ãåðîÿ”,Ðåôë-áóê-Âàêëåð, 1997.46.46.46.46.46. Ìàðêóçå Ã. “Ýðîñ è öèâèëèçàöèÿ”, Êèåâ, 1995.47.47.47.47.47. Þíã Ê. “Äóõ ìåðêóðèÿ”, Ì.,1996.48.48.48.48.48. Þíã Ê. “Ïèñüìà îá ýñòåòè÷åñêîì âîñïèòàíèè” â ñáîðíèêå“Ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå òèïû”, Ì.,1996.49.49.49.49.49. germaneli xelovnebaTmcodne h. kuni erTmaneTisgan asxvavebsimaginaciur (warmosaxvasTan dakavSirebul) da sensualistur (anSegrZnebiseul) ferweras. sensualisturi ferwera uSualod asaxavsbunebasa da konkretul obieqts, imaginaciuri ki, asaxvas axdens ararealisturi maneriT, aramed mxatvris fantaziisa da subieqturiSTabeWdilebebidan gamomdinare. (ix. SeniSvna #54-Si miTiTebuliwyaro).50.50.50.50.50. Þíã Ê. “Ê ïîíèìàíèþ àðõåòèïà ìëàäåíöà” â ñáîðíèêå “Ñàìîñîçíàíèååâðîïåéñêîé êóëüòóðû XX âåêà”, Ì.,1991.51.51.51.51.51. Þíã Ê. “Ïñèõîëîãèÿ è ïîýòè÷åñêîå òâîð÷åñòâî» â ñáîðíèêå “Ñàìîñîçíàíèå åâðîïåéñêîé êóëüòóðû XX âåêà”,Ì.,1991.52.52.52.52.52. Þíã Ê. “Ïðàêòèêà ïñèõîòåðàïèè”, Ñ-Ï.,1998.53.53.53.53.53. Þíã Ê. “Àðõåòèï è ñèìâîë”, Ì.,1997.54.54.54.54.54. Þíã Ê. “×åëîâåê è åãî ñèìâîëû”, Ì., 1997.

55.55.55.55.55. Þíã Ê. “Äóøà è ìèô”, Ì.,1997.56.56.56.56.56. “Ìèñòèêè äâàäöàòîãî âåêà- Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì.,1996.57.57.57.57.57. Íîëë Ð. “Òàéíàÿ æèçíü Êàðëà Þíãà”, Ðåôë-áóê-Âàêëåð,1998.58.58.58.58.58. Þíã Ê. Íîéìàí Ý. “Ïñèõîàíàëèç è èñêóññòâî”,Ðåôë-áóê-Âàêëåð,1998.59.59.59.59.59. Íîéìàí Ý.”Èñêóññòâî è âðåìÿ” â ñáîðíèêå “Ïñèõîàíàëèç èèñêóññòâî”, Ðåôë-áóê Âàêëåð, 1998.60.60.60.60.60. ßôôý À. “Ñèìâîëû â èçîáðàçèòåëüíîì èñêóññòâå” â ñáîðíèêå“×åëîâåê è åãî ñèìâîëû”, Ì.,1997.61. d. uznaZe ̀ Sromebi~, t.VI, Tb., 1977.62. d. uznaZe ̀ filosofiuri Sromebi~, Tb.,1984.63. d. uznaZe ̀ Sromebi~, t.V, Tb., 197564. d. uznaZe ̀ Zili da sizmari~, Tb., 2004.65. r. naTaZe `sasceno gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri problema~, Tb.,1970.66. r. naTaZis eqsperimentis instruqciiT, cdispirs erT xelSi didizomis, xolo meoreSi _ patara zomis obieqtTa (burTebis) warmodgena(rac SeiZleba cxadad da mravalgzis warmodgena) evaleboda.AamisSemdeg cdispirs realur tol obieqtebs (burTebs) awvdidnen. rogorcaRmoCnda, warmosaxvis zegavleniT (aratoli obieqtebis ara aRqmis,aramed warmodgenis zegavleniT) realuri toli burTebi aratoladaRiqmeboda.67. adamianis dualuri, ormagi (cxoveluri da sakuTriv adamianuri)buneba araerTi Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri (da ra Tqma unda,filosofiuri) Teoriis mieraa gaSuqebuli.Aase magaliTad,neofroidianeli avtoris, erih fromis ̀ humanistur fsiqologiaSi~adamianis unikaloba swored dualobiTa (ormagobiTa) da SinaganikonfliqtiT aixsneba.68. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba exmianeba mxatvruli percepciisadmiTanamedrove midgomas, romelic esTetikur tkbobas erTiani kreatuliprocesis Semadgeneli rgolis saxiT moiazrebs.69. d. uznaZe ̀ bavSvis fsiqologia~, Tb., 1947, gv. 128.70.70.70.70.70. Âûãîäñêèé Ë. “Ïñèõîëîãèÿ èñêóññòâà”, Ìèíñê, 1998.71.71.71.71.71. Êàíäèíñêèé Â. “Î äóõîâíîì â èñêóññòâå”, â ñáîðíèêå “Ïñèõîëîãèÿöâåòà”, Ðåôë-áóê âàêëåð, 1996.72. www.Psycho.com73. www.Psychology.org (Freud Z.)74. www.Psychology.org (Jung C. G.)75. www.Theorybooks.com76. www.Philosophikal society.com77. www.Questia.com78. www.Wikipedia.com79. www.C theory.net80. www.Historyofpsychology.com

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