xay dung chuong trinh ho tro xep lich thoi khoa bieu cho dao tao va hoc tap tin chi

7/30/2019 Xay Dung Chuong Trinh Ho Tro Xep Lich Thoi Khoa Bieu Cho Dao Tao Va Hoc Tap Tin Chi

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1

B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG

---------o0o---------

Xy dng chng trnh h tr xp lch thi kha biu cho o to v hctp tn ch

N TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

NGNH CNG NGH THNG TIN

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Hong Anh

Gio vin hng dn: Ths. Nguyn Th Xun Hng

M s sinh vin: 111185

HI PHNG 2011


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LI CM N

Trc tin em xin c by t s trn trng v lng bit n i vi c gio

Th.S Nguyn Th Xun Hng ging vin Khoa Cng ngh thng tin Trng i

hc Dn lp Hi Phng. Trong sut thi gian hc v lm n tt nghip, c

dnh rt nhiu thi gian qu bu tn tnh ch bo, hng dn, nh hng cho em

trong vic nghin cu, thc hin n.Em xin c cm n cc thy, c gio Khoa Cng ngh thng tin ca trng

ging dy em trong qu trnh hc tp, thc hnh, lm bi tp, cung cp nhng

kin thc qu bu em c th tip cn v nghin cu nhng cng ngh, k thut

mi.

Xin cm n cc bn b v nht l cc thnh vin trong gia nh to mi

iu kin tt nht, ng vin, c v ti trong sut qu trnh hc v lm n tt

nghip.Mc d em tch cc c gnghon thnh nsong vi khun kh n

tt nghip khng trnh khi thiu st. V vy, em rt mong c s thng cm gp

ca cc thy c v cc bn.

Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Hi Phng, thng07nm 2010

Sinh vin

Nguyn Hong Anh


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3

MC LC

LI CM N .................................................................................................. 1

MC LC ........................................................................................................ 3

DANH MC HNH V .................................................................................. 5

DANH MC BNG BIU ............................................................................. 6

DANH MC CH VIT TT ...................................................................... 7

M U .......................................................................................................... 8

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BI TON XP THI KHA BIU

V CC PHNG PHP TIP CN ........................................................ 9

1.1 Tng quan ............................................................................................. 9

1.2 ng Cao ng i hc ............. 10

1.3 Cc phng php tip cn hin nay .................................................... 12

CHNG 2: GII THUT DI TRUYN V TNH TON TIN

HA ............................................................................................. 15

2.1 Gii thut di truyn ............................................................................. 15

2.1.1 tng........................................................................................ 15

2.1.2 c trng ..................................................................................... 15

2.1.3 Cu trc ....................................................................................... 16

2.1.4 Biu din bng vector s thc ..................................................... 23

2.1.5 Mt s ci tin n gin ca gii thut di truyn........................ 24

2.2 Tnh ton tin ha (Evolutionary Computation) ................................. 25

2.2.1 Cc chin lc tin ha (Evolution Strategies ES) .................. 25

2.2.2 Lp trnh tin ha (Evoluationary Programming EP) .............. 28

2.2.3 Lp trnh di truyn (Genetic Programming GP) ...................... 29

2.2.4 Chng trnh tin ha (Evoluation Programmes Eps) ............. 31CHNG 3: BI TON THI KHA BIU PHN TCH THIT

K H THNG V P DNG GII THUT TIN HA .................... 35

3.1 Phn tch thit k h thng.................................................................. 35

3.1.1 M hnh o to theo tn ch ....................................................... 35

3.1.2 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch....................... 36

3.1.3 S tin trnh nghip v xp thi kha biu ............................ 39

3.1.4 M hnh nghip v ...................................................................... 40

3.1.5 Biu ng cnh ........................................................................ 41


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3.1.6 Biu phn r chc nng.......................................................... 42

3.1.7 Danh sch h sd liu s dng ................................................ 43

3.1.8 Ma trn thc th chc nng......................................................... 43

3.1.9 Biu lung d liu .................................................................. 44

3.1.10 M hnh lin kt thc th (ER) ............................................... 47

3.1.11 M hnh quan h ..................................................................... 50

3.2 p dng gii thut tin ha ................................................................. 54

3.2.1 Cc yu cu cbn ca thi kha biu theo o to tn ch ....... 54

3.2.2 Biu din nhim sc th .............................................................. 55

3.2.3 Khi to qun th ban u .......................................................... 57

3.2.4 Xc nh hm thch nghi ............................................................. 60

3.2.5 Cc ton t di truyn ................................................................... 61

3.2.6 Qu trnh chn lc ....................................................................... 63

3.2.7 Th tc tin ha........................................................................... 64

CHNG 4: XY DNG NG DNG MINH HA ......................... 65

4.1 Tng quan v ng dng ...................................................................... 65

4.2 Mt s chc nng vo giao din ca ng dng .................................. 66

4.2.1 Chc nng nhp d liu .............................................................. 66

4.2.2 Chc nng hin th thi kha biu .............................................. 694.3 Th nghim ng dng ......................................................................... 70

4.3.1 Kt qu t c ca ng dng .................................................. 71

4.3.2 Bng kt qu thc nghim........................................................... 71

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 74


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DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 2.1 S cu trc gii thut di truyn ............................................... 17

Hnh 2.2 Bnh xe x s ............................................................................... 20

Hnh 2.3 S hnh cy ca hai nhim sc th v1 v v2............................. 30

Hnh 2.4 Ni dung th tc Eps.................................................................... 32

Hnh 2.5 Hng tip cn ca GA c in ................................................... 33

Hnh 2.6 Hng tip cn ca Eps ............................................................... 33

Hnh 3.1 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch........................ 36

Hnh 3.2 S tin trnh nghip v ............................................................ 39

Hnh 3.3 Biu ng cnh ......................................................................... 41

Hnh 3.4 Biu phn r chc nng ........................................................... 42

Hnh 3.5 Biu lung d liu mc 0 ........................................................ 44

Hnh 3.6 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh nhp d liu ................... 45

Hnh 3.7 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xp TKB ........................ 46

Hnh 3.8 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xem TKB ....................... 46

Hnh 3.9 M hnh ER .................................................................................. 48

Hnh 3.10 Cs d liu .............................................................................. 50

Hnh 3.11 Cu trc mt nhim sc.............................................................. 56Hnh 3.12 Thi kha biu ban u theo trc ca-ngy ................................. 58

Hnh 3.13 Thi kha biu hon chnh ca phng hc ................................ 59

Hnh 3.14 Ton t i ch gio vin........................................................... 62

Hnh 3.15 Ton t i ch lp mn hc ..................................................... 63

Hnh 3.16 Th tc tin ha cho bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch ........... 64

Hnh 4.1 Menu ng dng ............................................................................ 65

Hnh 4.2 Trang nhp lp mn hc .............................................................. 66

Hnh 4.3 Trang nhp gio vin d kin ...................................................... 67

Hnh 4.4 Trang nhp phng hc d kin .................................................... 68

Hnh 4.5 Thi kha biu ca phng hc ..................................................... 69

Hnh 4.6 Thi kha biu gio vin.............................................................. 69

Hnh 4.7 Thi kha biu cc lp mn hc .................................................. 70


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DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1: So snh gia m hnh nin ch v tn ch:.................................. 11

Bng 2.1 M t cch hot ng ca bnh xe x s ..................................... 21

Bng 3.1 Ni dung cng vic xp thi kha biu ....................................... 38

Bng 3.2 Bng phn tch xc nh cc chc nng tc nhn v h s......... 40

Bng 3.3 Ma trn thc th chc nng ......................................................... 43

Bng 3.4 Cc kiu thc th, thuc tnh v kha ......................................... 47

Bng 3.5 DUKIEN_DT............................................................................... 51

Bng 3.6 MON_CHO_CTDT ..................................................................... 51

Bng 3.7 LOP_MONHOC .......................................................................... 51

Bng 3.8 MON ............................................................................................ 52

Bng 3.9 GV................................................................................................ 52

Bng 3.10 GV_DAY_MON........................................................................ 52

Bng 3.11 TKB ........................................................................................... 53

Bng 3.12 PHONG...................................................................................... 53

Bng 3.13 NGUYEN_VONG ..................................................................... 53

Bng 3.14 Danh sch cc mn hc d kin cho ngnh CT13 .................... 57

Bng 4.1 Bng kt qu nh gi thc nghim ng dng ............................ 72


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DANH MC CH VIT TT

GAGenetic AlgorithmGii thut di truyn c in

TKBThi kha biu

GVGio vin

DSDanh schHSDLH s d liu

SVSinh vin

MHMn hc

t/tinThng tin

QLQun l

HTH thng


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M U

Thi kha biu ca trng hc l k hoch ging dy ca gio vin v hc

tp ca sinh vin. Mt bng thi kha biu hp l gip gio vin thun li, thoi

mi khi ln lp v gip sinh vin thoi mi khi ng khc tp.

t lu, vic lp thi kha biu cho cc lp tn ch l vn quan trng ca

phng o to v phi lun lun hon thnh trc khi trin khai cho sinh vin ngk hc. Lp thi kha biu bng phng php th cng l cng vic rt nng n, tn

nhiu thi gian v d vi phm cc rng buc v nghip v. Do vy, khi p dng phi

tri qua iu chnh vi ln mi c th t c yu cu c bn.

Cc bi ton thi kha biu rt phong ph v a dng bi nhng rng buc

v yu cu c trng ca tng h oto, thm ch tng trng hc.

Bi ton thi kha biu thuc lp cc bi ton ti u nn cc gii thut

truyn thng kh gii quyt c trn vn cc yu cu nghip v v yu cu v thigian thc hin.

Trong ba thp nin qua, c nhiu gii thut c xydng v ci tin gii

cc bi ton ti u. Gii thut di truyn v tnh tin ha m phng s tin ha ca t

nhin ca sinh hc v gn y nht l phng php ti u ha n kin do Dorigo

xut l hng tip cn hin i nht. C hai loi gii thut trn t ra rt hiu

qu trong vic p dng gii quyt cc bi ton ti u trong thc t, tiu biu l bi

ton lp thi kha biu trng hc, l mt bi ton th v v c tnh thc tin cao.Xut pht t nhng vn trn, ti Xy dng chng trnh h tr xp

lch thi kha biu cho o to v hc tp tn ch c hnh thnh, n tp trung

nghin cu bi ton lp thi kha biu cho o to tn ch, s dng gii thut di

truyn v phng php tnh ton tin ha gii bi ton c v mt l thuyt ln

xy dng ng dng.

Cu trc ca n nh sau:

Chng 1: Tng quan v bi ton xp thi kha biu v cc phng phptip cn,

Chng 2: Gii thut di truyn v tnh ton tin ha,

Chng 3: Bi ton thi kha biu Phn tch thit k h thngv p dng

gii thut tin ha,

Chng 4: Xy dng ng dng minh ha,

V cui cng l phn kt lun.


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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BI TON XP THI KHA BIUV CC PHNG PHP TIP CN

1.1 Tng quanBi ton lp thi kha biu trng hc l mt trong nhng bi ton th v

nht trong lp cc bi ton ti u v tnh cht a dng v m hnh thi kha biu, c

nhiu rng buc phc tp v tnh cht thc tin ca n.Bi ton thi kha biu l trng hp ring ca bi ton lp lch, trong

a ra mt chui cc s kin (cc mn hc, bi ging hoc mn thi) v bao gm cc

gio vin v hc sinh trong mt khong thi gian nh trc, v mt tp cc rng

buc phi tha mn ca tng loi thi kha biu khc nhau. Tp rng buc bao gm

kh nng tham d ca hc sinh, kh nng lm vic ca gio vin, s lng v sc

cha ca phng hc v cc yu cu ca cc s kin.

Pht biu bi tonMi trng c mt danh sch cc lp hc.

Mi lp c mt danh sch xc nh cc gi hc trong mt tun, bao gm tn

mn hc, tn gio vin v s tit.

Cc lp hc c phn b trong cc phng hc bit.

Tm mt phng n phn b gi hc, mn hc v gio vin tha mn mt s

rng buc bt buc (rng buc cng) v mt s c th c hoc khng cc rng buc

khng bt buc tha mn trit (rng buc mm).

C th nu ra mt s rng buc ph bin sau:

Rng buc cng:

Mt gio vin trong mt tit dy khng qu mt lp.

Mt lp trong mt tit hc c khng qu mt gio vin.

Mt lp trong mt tit hc c khng qu mt mn.

Khng c lp lch vo cc gi bn ca giovin. Chng hn, cc tit hp

nh k ca trng khoa, hay trng b mn

Mt s mn khng c dy qu k tit trong mt ngy hc.

Trong mi bui hc ca mi lp cc tit hc lin tc (khng c tit ngh

gia)

Trong mi bui hc, cc tit hc ca cng mt mn hc lin tc (khng c

tch ri).


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Mt s mn phi phn vo cc gi xc nh. V d: tit sinh hot l tit u

ca bui u tun.

Rng buc mm:

Cc mn hc c nhiu tit trong tun phi phn b tng i tp trung cho

mi lp.

Mt s gio vin mun dy hoc khng dy vo mt s tit hoc mt s bui

nht nh.

S bui dy ca mi gio vin l khng qu nhiu (gom ngy dy).

Trng hp mt gio vin dy c hai bui th nu bui sng c tit dy th

bui chiu ngy khng phn lch dy, hoc bui sng khng phn lch tit

cui v bui chiu khng phn lch tit u

1.2 Bi ton thi kha biu ao ng i hcy l loi thi kha biu phc tp v tnh bin ng v tnh cht a dng

ca loi hnh o to (hc theo nin ch, hc theo tn ch).

Bi ton lp thi kha biu cho trng i hc l bi ton lp lch

cho cc bi ging vo tng kha hc vi mt s lng phng hc v tit hc cho

trc. Kha hc l im khc bit ca thi kha biu trng i hc vi trng

Trung Hc Ph Thng. Cc sinh vin tham d kha hc, cn cc lp hc trng

ph thng c to bi tp hc sinh.

trng i hc, , hai kha hc c th c trng mt s sinh vin

tham d v iu ny to ra xung t khng th lp lch c trong mt tit hc. Hn

na, cc ging vin thng ch dy mt kha hc hay mt mn hc trong mt hc

k.

Cui cng, sc cha ca cc phng hc l mt yu t quan trng trong vic

lp lch.

Hin nay, cc trng i hc Vit Nam thng o to theo 2 m hnh:M hnh lp hc nin ch: Sinh vin vo nhp hc v cc nm hc c phn

c nh vo cc lp hc.

M hnh lp hc tn ch: Sinh vin c t do ng k vo cc lp mn hc

c chun b trc ca thi kha biu. Cc lp mn hc ny thc cht l

cc mn hc c thit k thi kha biu ging dy chi tit. Thng thng,

sau khi thi kha biu ca cc lp hc ny c ln k hoch th sinh vin

mi cn c vo thi kha biu c th ng k hc.


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Bng 1.1: So snh gia m hnh nin ch v tn ch:

c th Lp nin ch Lp tn ch

To lp hc

Bc buc phi phn lp

cho mi kha hc u

nm hc

Khng cn phn lp c

th, sinh vin t ng k

Phn b mn hc

Phn b mn hc v cc

bi ging cho cc lp

hc d dng

Vic phn b, to lp tn

ch hng nm tng i

phc tp

Lp TKB

Lp thi kha biu rt

phc tp v phi ch

n vic trng gi, trng

tit trn lp, gio vin v

phng hc, cha k ccpht sinh do ghp lp,

tch lp

Lp thi kha biu tng

i d dng v ch phi

quan tm n gio vin

vphng hc

Qun l ging dyQun l lp hc v sinh

vin d dng

Qun l vic ln lp rt

phc tp

Lp ghp, lp tch

Rt phc tp khi t chc

ghp v tch cc lp

nin ch

Khng cn ghp hay tch

cc lp tn ch

Phng hcYu cu chung v phng

hc l ln v phc tp

Yu cu phng hc n

gin

Ta nhn thy, i vi lp tn ch, vic t chc thi kha biu n gin hn,

nhng rt phc tp cho vic qun l chuyn mn, o to, cn i vi lp nin ch,

n gin v mt t chc, qun l chuyn mn, nhng rt phc tp trong vic lp

thi kha biu. Trong trng hp phi ghp hoc tch lp th cng vic lp thi

kha biu li cng phc tp hn.

V ni dung n cp v m hnh tn ch, nn phn ny ch cp n h

o to theo tn ch.

i vi cc trng i hc c hnh thc o to theo tn ch, bi ton thi

kha biu c pht biu nh sau:

C N mn hc c cc sinh vin ng k tham d cn lp lch vo mt tun

gm K tit hc tng ng.

Cc mn hc c t chc ti cc phng hc p ng cc iu kin hctp ca mn hc .


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Mt li gii hay mt thi kha biu chp nhn c l tt c cc mn hc

u c chia vo cc tit hc v cc phng hc tng ng, ng thi tha mn cc

rng buc sau:

Rng buc cng:

Khng c sinh vin no tham d hn mt mn hc trong cng mt thi gian.

Phng hc c sc cha v iu kin t chc dy mn hc .

Ch c mt mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt khong thi

gian cho trc.

Cc mn hc thng c hc t 2 n 4 tit mi ngy.

Rng buc mm:

Hn ch s sinh vin phi tham d nhiu mn hc lin tip nhau trong cng

mt ngy.

Hn ch s sinh vin ch hc ng mt mn hc trong mt ngy

1.3 Cc phng php tip cn hin nayTrc ht, chng ta cng im qua cc gii thut truyn thng:

Gii thut vt cn (tm kim theo chiu rng hoc chiu su) v mt nguyn

tc lun tm c nghim nu bi ton c nghim. Nhng trn thc t, cc

bi ton thi kha biu khng nn p dng phng php ny, v ta phi pht

trin mt khng gian trng thi cc ln trc khi i n trng thi ch. Do

cc hn ch v thi gian tnh ton v dung lng b nh, khng cho php ta

thc hin c.

Chng hn, vi bi ton thi kha biu cho 40 lp hc, mi lp c 8 mn

hc, mi lp c 25 tit mi tun th khng gian tm kim rt ln l 825*40

trng hp. R rng, nu dng phng php vt cn th thi gian chy rt

lu, kh chp nhn c.

Gii thut leo i (Hill Climbing) s dng k thut nng cp lp, p dng cho

mt s im n (im hin hnh) trong khng gian tm kim. Mi ln nng

cp, mt im trong ln cn ca im hin hnh c chn lm im k tip,

nu n cho kt qu tt hn ca hm mc tiu. Vic tm kim kt thc khi

khng th nng cp c na. R rng, gii thut leo i ch cho kt qu ti

u cc b, kt qu ny ph thuc vo s chn la im xut pht, mt khc ta

khng c c thng tin v sai s gia ti u cc b tm c v ti u ton

cc. Mc d ci tin bng cch tng s lng im xut pht (chn ngunhin hoc chn theo kt qu ca ln chy trc), nhng khi c nhiu cc tr


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a phng th kh nng tm c kt qu ti u ton cc ca gii thut leo

i cn rt thp.

Tip theo chng ta s xem cc cch tip cn hin nay:

c nhiu gii thut c xut gii cc bi ton thi kha biu. Cc

gii thut ny tm c li gii gn ti u v l mt trong cc xu th pht trin hin

nay i vi cc bi ton cha th tm c li gii ti u thc s. Cc gii thut nyu m phng theo t nhin nh gii thut luyn kim, gii thut di truyn, phng

php tnh ton tin ha, gii thut h kin trong , tnh ton tin ha v ti

u ha n kin t ra l phng php hu hiu nht.

Trong gii thut luyn kim (Annealing Algorithm), ngi ta dng k thut

thay i entropy ca h v iu khin tc hi t ca qun th bng cch

bin i nhit ng hc vi mt tham s nhit T ton cc. hn ch s

ti u cc b v tng kh nng khm ph khng gian tm kim, ngi ta dngth thut gim tng bc nhit T (n mt mc no ). Tuy nhin, do T

ch gim n mt mc nht nh, nn k thut luyn kim khng trnh khi

hn ch trong vic khm ph khng gian tm kim v s hi t a phng.

Gii thut di truyn v tnh ton tin ha kt hp tng ca gii thut leo

i v luyn kim. c trng ca gii thut ny l duy tr mt tp cc li gii

tim nng (gi l tp cc c th hay qun th), khuyn khch vic hnh thnh

v trao i thng tin gia cc c th trong qun th thng qua php lai v

php bin d. Mt qu trnh tin ha c thc hin trn mt qun th thc

cht l s tm kim trong mt khng gian cc li gii tim nng. S tm kim

ny i hi s cn bng gia hai mc tiu: tm li gii tt nht v khm ph

khng gian tm kim mi.

Gii thut ti u n kin (ACO Ant Colony Optimization) do Dorigo

xut l phng php tip cn hin i nht. Mt thnh phn ngu nhin trong

ACO cho php cc con kin xy dng c mt lng ln cc li gii khc

nhau hn cc phng php khc. Ti cng mt thi gian, vic s dng ccthng tin kinh nghim s hng dn cccon kin tm kim c cc li gii

ha hn. Quan trng hn, kinh nghim tm kim ca con kin s c s

dng hc tng cng trong qu trnh lp xy dng gii thut. Thm vo

, vic tham gia ca n kin kin lm cho gii thut ACO c c mt tp

hp cc tc nhn lp hiu qu gii quyt bi ton. Tuy nhin, gii thut ti

u n kin phc tp hn phng php tnh ton tin ha nhiu.

Hin nay gii thut di truyn v gii thut ti u n kin l hai phng phpc s dng nhiu nht gii quyt bi ton lp thi kha biu. Xt v thi gian

thc hin, chi ph thc hin th gii thut ti u n kin tt hn nhng cng phc


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tp hn gii thut di truyn. Trn thc t vic lp thi kha biu ch din ra khong

hai n ba ln trong mt nm ph thuc vo chng trnh o to ca tng trng

c th, nn thi gian v chi ph cng khng nh hng nhiu ti vic lp thi kha

biu, v vy trong n ny n gin em s dng gii thut di truyn gii

quyt bi ton lp thi kha biu cho o to tnch.


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CHNG 2: GII THUT DI TRUYN V TNH TON TIN HA2.1 Gii thut di truyn2.1.1 tng

Gii thut di truyn (GA - Genetic Algorithm) l m phng theo qu trnh

tin ha t nhin ca sinh vt theo thuyt Darwin. Trong qu trnh tin ha, mi c

th u phi t tmcch thch nghi tt nht vi mi trng sng rt phc tp vlun lun thay i. C th no c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng cao hn th s

c kh nng tn ti, pht trin v sinh sn cao hn, ngc li c th no c kh nng

thch nghi thp s c nhiu nguy c b tiu vong hoc pht trin chm. S thch nghi

c c kt v ghi li trong cu trc ca nhim sc th ca chng.

Vic gii bi ton thc t c th xem l vic tm kim trong mt khng gian

cc li gii tim nng nhm tm ra li gii tt nht hoc chp nhn c m ta c

th gi l qu trnh ti u ha.i vi khng gian tm kim nh, n gin nht l dng k thut vt cn,

ngha l lit k ton b li gii tim nng, sau kim tra iu kin chn ra li

gii. i vi khng gian tmkim kh ln th k thut vt cn c phc tp rt

ln, kh chp nhn c. Khi , gii thut di truyn c xem l rt thch hp cho

vic gii quyt bi ton tm kim li gii ti u.

GA khng ch trng n gii php duy nht v chnh xc nh cc phng

thc c in, tri li GA xt n ton b cc gii php v chn ly gii php tngi tt nht.

GA da trn tnh ngu nhin nh trong th gii t nhin ca sinh vt, nhng

c hng dn bi hm thch nghi.

2.1.2 c trngGA lm vic vi mt m ha ca tphp tham s m khng phi mt tham

s.

GA tm kim t mt qun th cc im ch khng phi mt im hoc mt

vi im nh phng php tm kim leo i.

GA nh gi thng tin vi hm mc tiu m khng a vo o hm hay

thng tin b sung khc.

GA s dng cc lut bin i theo xc sut m khng s dng lut quyt

nh.


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16

2.1.3 Cu trcGA s dng tng v cc thut ng trong di truyn hc nh c trnh by

sau y.

Trong t nhin, mi c th c cc tnh cht v c im ring c th hin

ra ngoi gi l kiuhnh. Kiu hnh ny c quyt nh bi cc cu trc gene trong

c th, gi l kiu gene (genotype). Cc gene to thnh cc nhim sc th, mi tbo c tp hp cc nhim sc th nh nhau. Cc nhim sc th l cc chui DNA

hot ng nh mt m hnh cho ton b c th. S a dng v kiu gene ca cc c

th dn n s a dng v kiu hnh ca mt qun th sinh hc. Qu trnh pht trin

ca mi qun th tun theo quy lut chn lc ca t nhin m tin ha qua cc th

h ni tip nhau. Trong , cc hu du c sinh ra t th h trc thng qua qu

trnh sinh sn ( di truyn v bin d) cch tranh t nhin vi nhau, c th no c kiu

hnh (v do l kiu gene) thch nghi cao hn trong mi trng pht trin th s c

kh nng cao hn trong tn ti v sinh sn con chu. Do , kiu gene ny s tin

ha v hon thin. Qu trnh tin ha ny c lp i lp li, cc c th c kiu gene

ph hp s sng st v pht trin, cc c th yu s b loi b dn.

GA l k thut ti u da trn khi nim chn lc t nhin v di truyn. Do

vy, li gii ca bi ton c trnh by nh cc gene trong nhim sc th. GA m

t mt nhm cc li gii tim nng c c. Qua tin ha v chn lc t nhin

cc nhim sc th vi thch nghi tt hn s xut hin.

Chn lc t nhin m bo cho c th c thch nghi tt nht s c

truyn li cho cc th h con chu (cc qun th tng lai). Php lai ghp kt hp

cc gene t hai c th b m to thnh hai c th con mi vi thch nghi c

chiu hng cao hn b m. Php bind cho php to ra cht liu di truyn mi,

to ra nhng t ph trong tm kim thng tin mi.

GA cung cp s ci tin th h v thch nghi ca cc c th v sau nhiu

th h s to ra cc c th cha nhng thit lp bin i c ti u.

Mi c thtrong GA thng ch gm mt nhim sc th. Do vy thut ngc th v nhim sc th c dng khng phn bit ng ngha.


17/74

17

Hnh 2.1 S cu trc gii thut di truyn

Trong :

P(t) l qun th ti th h th t.

Q(t) l qun th trung gian.

2.1.3.1Nhim sc th v qun thTrong GA, mi c th (hay nhim sc th) c m ha bi cc chui nh

phn.

V d: mt nhim sc th gm 8 gene nh sau

N

Y

t=0Khi to P(t)

nh gi thch nghica P(t)

nh gi thch nghi ca P(t) v chn c thtt nht

t=t+1Chn Q(t) t P(t-1) // bi bnh xe x s

Kim tra iu kin kt

thc thut ton tha mncha?

Kt thc

Ti to P(t) t Q(t) // bi cc ton t di truyn


18/74

18

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Mi c th (mt nhim sc th c th) biu th mt li gii tim nng ca bi

ton. Mt qu trnh tin ha c thc hin trn mt qun th (mt tp hp cc c

th) tng ng vi s tm kimtrong mt khng gian cc li gii tim nng. S

tm kim ny i hi s cn bng gia hai mc tiu: tm li gii tt nht v khm

ph khng gian tm kim.

GA thc hin vic tm kim theo nhiu hng bng cch duy tr mt tp li

gii tim nng, khuyn khch s hnh thnh v trao i thng tin gia cc hng.

Tp li gii tri qua qu trnh tin ha v cui cng cho ta mt li gii tt theo

yu cu. Ti mi th h, cc li gii tng i tt c ti sinh, v cc li gii

tng i xu b loi b dn. nh gi mc tt xu ca tng li gii, ngi ta

xy dng hm thch nghi, hm ny ng vai tr nh mi trng sng trong thuyt

tin ha ca darwin.M ha nhim sc th: Biu din m nh phn ca mi li gii tim nng

Ta c cng thc:1210*)( i

mp

ii ab [2.1]

Trong :

10-psai s n p ch s thp phn

bil im cui trn min gii hn

ail im u trn min gii hn

mil di chui nh phn

V d: Tm gi tr cc i ca hm s hai bin:

f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2trn min -1 x1 3 ; 3 x2 5 vi

sai s cc bin l 10-2

V: b1a1 = 3(-1) = 4; 4*102 = 400 v 28 < 400


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19

v c:

12

)(*

im

iiiii

abkax

[2.2]

V d trn ta c:

x1biu din bi 9 gene x2biu din bi 8 gene

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

k1 = 1*22 + 1*24 + 1*25 + 1*28 = 308

x1 = -1 + 308*(3(-1)) / (291) = 1.41

k2 = 1*20 + 1*21 + 1*22 =7

x2 =3 + 7 *(53) / (281) = 3.05

2.1.3.2Hm nh giHm nh gi (eval) trn tp nhim sc th nh gi thch nghi ca

mi c th : eval(z) = f(x), trong x l vector tng ng vi z

V d hm f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2 v d trn chnh l hm

nh gi thch nghi.

2.1.3.3Th tc chn lc (Selection)Cc c th c chn lc theo thch nghi ca chng tham gia vo pha

tip theo ca qu trnh tin ha. C th c thch nghi cao hn c c hi c

chn nhiu hn, ngha l c nhiu con chu trong cc th h tip theo.

Php chn lc cc c th trong mi qun th c thc hin nh bnh xe x

s (Roulette Wheel).

Vi mi qun th P(t 1) gm N nhim sc th: P(t 1) = {v1,v2,vn} ta

xy dng bnh xe x s nh sau:

nh gi ph hp ton phn, cn gi l tng thch nghi ca qun th.

N

i

ivevalF1

)(

[2.3]

Tnh xc sut chn lc pica mi c th vi:

Fvevalp ii )(

[2.4]


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20

Tnh xc sut tch ly qicho mi c th vi:

i

j

ji Nipq1

,...2,1,

[2.5]

Qu trnh chn lc qun th Q(t) t P(t 1) da vo bnh xe x s c thc

hin nh sau:i vi mi s t nhin k = 1, 2, N pht sinh mt s thc ngu nhin

]1,0[kr

Nu rk q1th chn c th v1, ngc li, chn c th vi sao cho qi1 < rk qi ;

2 i N

Vi cch thc hin nh th, c th c mt s c th c chn nhiu ln v

Q(t) vn c xem l c N phn t. Cc c th tt c chn nhiu ln, cc c thtrung bnh th bnh n v cc c th xu b gim dn.

Minh ha bnh xe x s vi qun th c 5 c th:

Hnh 2.2 Bnh xe x s

C th 1 c xc sut chn lc l 20%, ngha l mi ln quay bnh xe x s,

n c kh nng c chn l 0.2. Tng t nh vy cho cc c th th 2, 3, 4, 5.

Vi v d trn ta c

f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2trn min -1 x1 3 ; 3 x2 5 vi

sai s cc bin l 10

-2

m = 17 l di chui ca mt nhim sc th, x1biu din bi 9 gene x2biu

din bi 8 gene.

C th 1, 20%

C th 2, 25%

C th3, 10%

C th 4, 15%

C th 5, 30%


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21

Khi to ngu nhin 3 c th:

v1 = (10011010000000111) tng ng vi x1 = 1.41; x2 = 3.05;

eval (v1) =12.68;

v2 = (11100010010011011) tng ng vi x1 = 2.54; x2 = 4.22;

eval (v2) =14.78;

v3 = (00001000001100100) tng ng vi x1 = 0.87; x2 = 3.78;

eval (v3) =10.94;

C th v2l tt nht vi eval (v2) =14.78 v thch nghi ton phn ca qun

th l F = 38.4

Gi s cc ringu nhin nh sau: r1 = 0.52; r2 = 0.17; r3 = 0.7

Bng 2.1M t cch hot ng ca bnh xe x s

STT Xc sutchn lc pi

Xc suttch ly qi

S ngunhin ri

C thc chn

nh sli

1 0.33 0.33 0.52 v2 u1

2 0.38 0.71 0.17 v1 u2

3 0.28 1 0.7 v2 u3

2.1.3.4Qu trnh ti toQu trnh ti to da trn cc ton t di truyn l Php lai v bin d.

Cho trc xc sut lai pcv xc sut bin d pm

Vi mi c th vi thuc Q(t), i=1, 2, N, pht sinh mt s ngu nhin r

[0,1]. Nu r < pc th vic a vo tp lai. Tp ny chia thnh cp, nu l th

thm hoc bt ngu nhin mt c th khc v p dng php lai to hu du

thay th cho chng.

Sau khi lai ghp, i vi mi gene ca c th, pht sinh mt s ngu nhin r

[0,1]. Nu r < pm th gene c bin d

Qu trnh trn cho ta qun th P(t) ca th h t v c nh gi chn c

th c gi tr thch nghi tt nht.

Php lai hay trao i cho:

Kt hp cc c tnh trn nhim sc th ca b v m to thnh hai c th

con mi, bng cchhon i cc on gene tng ng trn cc nhim sc th ca

b v m. Php lai nhm nng cao cht lng c th, do vy s nh hng n tc

hi t ca qu trnh tin ha.


22/74

22

Vi hai nhim sc th ty :

x = (x1, x2, , xm)

y = (y1, y2, , ym)

Chn im lai k [1, m-1] (k chn trc hoc ngu nhin), ta s sinh c

hai c th mi:x = (x1, , xk, yk+1, , ym)

y =(y1, , yk, xk+1, , xm)

V d:

Parent1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Parent2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Nu thc hin lai ghp sau gene th 5, s to ra hai con nh sau:

Child1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

Child2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Php bin d:

L s sa i mt hoc mt vi gene ca mt nhim sc th. Ton t bin d

lm tng nhanh qu trnh hi t, nhng c th lm tng t ngt v khng gy tc

dng g hoc lm hi t sm n mt li gii di ti u. Trong GA, mi c thbiu din bi mt chui nh phn, nn bin d ti mt v tr no l s o bit ti v

tr .

V d:

Parent 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Sau khi bin d ti v tr 6:

Child 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

2.1.3.5iu kin kt thc:L iu kin kt thc qu trnh tin ha ca qun th. Ty theo bi ton

m chn cch kt thc khc nhau. Ngi ta thng dng mt trong cc cch sau:

Kt thc theo kt qu: Khi t n mc gi tr yu cu th dng.

Kt thc da vo s th h: xc nh trc s th h cn tin ha, khi tri qua

s th h th dng, khng cn bit kt qu nh th no.

Tnh theo thi gian: qu trnh kt thc sau mt khong thi gian quy nh

trc, khng cn bit s th h tri qua cng nh kt qu.


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T hp nhiu cch: dng nhiu phng n khc nhau cho vn . Chng hn:

chy theo s th h, nh gi v cho chy tip theo kt qu

2.1.4 Biu din bng vector s thci vi cc bi ton kh c min chp nhn ln v i hi sai s nh th

di ca mi nhim sc th theo phng php GA c in trnh by trn l rt ln,

nn vic p dng GA rt kh khn. Do vy, ngi ta ci tin cch biu din nhimsc th bng vector thc gii bi ton. Trong cch biu din ny, ngi ta dng

cc vector thc trong min chp nhn c (thuc tp M) lm nhim sc th v thit

k cc nhm ton t di truyn cho thch hp vi cch biu din ny m vn gi

nguyn th tc GA c t trn. Di y gii thiu mt s ton t d dng.

Cc ton t lai:

Lai ngin: ton t ny thc hin tro i hai nhm gene tng t nh GA

c in.

x = (x1, x2, , xm) v y = (y1, y2, , ym)

Chn im lai k [1, m1] (chn trc hoc ngu nhin), ta s sinh c

hai c th mi:

x = (x1, , xk, yk+1, , ym) v y = (y1, , yk, xk+1, , xm)

Lai s hc n: Nu lai hai vector:

x = (x1, , xm) v y = (y1, , ym) vi im chn v tr k, th ta c:

x = (x1, xk, , xm) v y = (y1, , yk, , ym)

trong , xk = a*xk + (1 a)*yk v yk = a*yk + (1 a)*xkvi a (0,1) l

mt s cho trc hoc chn ngu nhin.

Lai s hc ton cc:

Nu lai hai vector x = (x1, , xm) v y = (y1, , ym) th c:

X = a*x + (1 a)*y v y = a*y + (1 a)*x vi a (0,1) l mt s cho trchoc chn ngu nhin.

Cc ton t bin d:

Bin du: gi s gene xkbin d thnh xk th xk l s ngu nhin phn b

u trn min chp nhn c [ak, bk] ca n.

Bin d khng u: gi s gene xkbin d thnh xk th xk = xk + (t, xk),

trong (t, xk) l s ngu nhin phn b khng u trn on [akxk, bkxk] v hi t theo xc sut v 0 khi t tng ra v cng, tham s t ch vng lp.


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2.1.5 Mt s ci tin n gin ca gii thut di truynCng vi s pht trin ca thut ton di truyn cc nh nghin cu xut

mt s phng php chn lc, lai ghp v t bin khc.

2.1.5.1Chn lc c thTheo thuyt tin ha ca Darwin, nhim sc th tt nht s tn ti v to ra

cc c th con mi. C nhiu phng php chn cc nhim sc th tt nht.

Chn lc Roulette (Roulette Wheel Selection)

Chn lc xp hng (Rank Selection)

Chn lc cnh tranh (Tournament Selection)

2.1.5.2Ton t lai ghpLai ghp nhm nng cao kt qu c th, do , ton t lai ghp s to iu

kin cho tin trnh hi t nhanh hay chm. Cn ty thuc vo cch t chc v phnb cc nhim sc th m chng ta c xc sut lai ghp nhanh hay chm. Sau y l

vi phng php lai ghp thng dng trong gii thut di truyn:

Lai ghp nh x tng phn (PMX Partial Mapped Crossover)

Lai ghp c trt t (OX Order Crossover)

Lai ghp da trn v tr (Position Based Crossover)

Lai ghp da trn th t (Order Base Crossover)

Lai ghp c chu trnh (CX Cycle Crossover)

Lai ghp th t tuyn tnh (LOX Linear Order Crossover)

2.1.5.3Ton t t binCng ging nh lai ghp, ton t t bin lm tng nhanh qu trnh hi t,

nhng tng mt cch t ngt, cng c khi s khng gy tc dng g mt khi khng

thnh cng. Khng ai c th nh gi c phng php t bin no tt hn, do

c mt vi phng php n gin, cng c vi trng hp kh phc tp. Ngi tathng chn mt trong nhng phng php sau :

t bin o ngc (Inversion Mutation)

t bin chn (Insertion Mutation)

t bin thay th (Displacement Mutation)

t bin tng h (Reciprocal Exchange Mutation)

t bin chuyn dch (Shift Mutation)


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2.2 Tnh ton tin ha (Evolutionary Computation)Gii thut di truyn c in dng phng php m ha nh phn cho cc

nhim sc th, v vy khi p dng cho cc bi ton c min chp nhn c ln

trong khng gian nhiu chiu v yu cu chnh xc cao, th cc nhim sc th s

c kch thc rt ln nn gp nhiu kh khn khi thc hin.

V d : xt hm s hai bin:

F(x1, x2) = 10 + x1*sin x1 + x2*sin x2trn min -5 x1 5; -10 x2 10 vi

sai s cc bin l 10-4

Biu din nhim sc th theo GA c in

V b1a1 =5(-5) = 10; 10*104 =105 v 216 < 105


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cho cc bi ton ri rc. Trong , cch biu din gene trn cc vector thc c s

dng x l cc rng buc v gim khi lng x l d liu.

Ni dung ca chin lc tin ha:

2.2.1.1Chin lc tin ha hai thnh vinChin lc ny c dng trn qun th ch gm mt c th v ch p dng

mt ton t di truyn l bin d. Sau khi bin d ta c mt c th con. C th con ny

u tranh sinh tn vi c th m sinh ra n trong pha chn lc. Mt trong hai c th

m v con ny s c chn cho th h tip theo ty thuc thch nghi ca chng.

ES c k hiu l (1+1) ES

Biu din nhim sc th: mi c th biu din dng v = (x, ), trong x v

l cc vector thc, x l i din cho mt im tm kim, l vector cc

lch tiu chun.

Tp li gii: (1+1) ES c qun th ch gm mt c th.

Xc nh hm thch nghi: Hm thch nghi v tng thch nghi c xc

nh tng t nh GA c in, n c o da vo gi tr ca hm ph hp.

Cc ton t di truyn: Ch gm php bin d, v c thc hin nh sau:

Thay x bi x= x + N(0, ) l vector cc s Gausse ngu nhin c lp, c

trung bnh l 0 v c lch tiu chun l .

Php chn lc: Nu c th con c thch nghi cao hn c th m v thamn mi rng buc th n thay th c th m, nu khng n s b loi b v

qun th khng thay i.

V d:

Cho hm s f(x1, x2) = 21.5 + x1*sin(4*x1)*x2*sin(20*x2) min xc nh

nh sau: -3 x1 12.1; 4.1 x2 5.8

Nhim sc th c dng (x, ) trong x = (x1, x2) l mt im trong khng

gian tm kim ( -3 x1 12.1; 4.1 x2 5.8) = ( 1, 2) biu din hai lch tiuchun c dng cho php bin d.

Gi s ti th h th t, ta c tp li gii vi mt c th duy nht l:

(xt, ) = ((5.3, 4.9), (1.0, 1.0))

Gi s php bin d cho ta kt qu sau:

x1t+1 = x1

t + N (0, 1.0) = 5.3 + 0.4 = 5.7

x2t+1 = x2t + N (0, 1.0) = 4.90.3 = 4.6


27/74

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Hm thch nghi chnh l hm f cho, ta c:

f(xt) = f(5.3, 4.9) = 18.3837

f(xt+1) = f(5.7, 4.6) = 24.8495

Php chn lc v f(xt) < f(xt+1) v x1t+1 v x2

t+1 u nm trong min xc nh,

nn c th con s c chn thay th c thm th h th t + 1.

2.2.1.2Chin lc tin ha a thnh vin: k hiu ( + 1) ESCu trc nhim sc th: cu trc nhim sc th v hot ng ging nh (1 +

1)ES

Tp li gii: c nhiu c th.

Cc ton t di truyn

Php lai: Mi c th trong qun th c cng xc sut ghp cp tham gia lai

ghp. Hai c th cha m c chn ngu nhin, sau php li cho ra mt c th con

Ton t bin d v quy tc iu chnh vn ging nh chin lc tin ha

hai thnh vin (1 + 1)ES

Php chn lc : ging nh (1 + 1)ES ch trong mi th h ch sinh ng

mt c th con, v c th yu nht trong (pop_size + 1) c th s b loi b.

2.2.1.3Chin lc tin ha a thnh vin ci tinGm hai dng sau:( + )ES : trong mi th h, c th cha m sinh ra c th con, sau

qun th + s loi b c th trong qu trnh chn lc.

(, )ES : trong mi th h, c th cha m sinh ra c th con ( < ),

sau s chn lc c th t c th con trong qu trnh chn lc.

So snh chin lc tin ha v gii thut di truyn c in

ES v GA c in ging nhau im u duy tr mt tp li gii tim nng,

sau tri qua cc qu trnh tin ha tm ra li gii tt nht.

im khc bit gia ES v GA l:

Cch biu din c th : ES biu din cc c th bng cc vector thc, cn GA

c in dng cc vector nh phn.

Qu trnh chn lc: trong ES, th tc chn lc c tnh cht tt nhchn

c th t + c th trong - ( + )ES, hoc t c th trong (, )ESv khng c s lp li. Cn trong GA c in th c th tt vn c th c

chn nhiu ln.


28/74

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Trt t cc ton t: trong ES, th tc chn lc c thc hin sau cc php

bin i gene, cn trong GA c in th ngc li.

Trong nhng nm gn y, khong cch gia hai hng tip cn ES v GA

c in cng gn nhau hn.

2.2.2 Lp trnh tin ha (Evoluationary Programming EP)2.2.2.1 tng

Lp trnh tin ha hng ti s tin ha ca tr tu nhn to trong vic pht

trin kh nng d on cc thay i ca mi trng.Mi trng c m t bng

mt chui k hiu (t mt bng ch ci hu hn), gii thut tin ha cn a ra mt

k hiu mi, k hiu mi ny lm cc i hm do chnh xc ca d on.

2.2.2.2Biu din nhim sc thCc c th ca qun th trong EP c biu din bi cc automat hu hn,

k hiu l FSM (Finite State Machine)

Tp li gii: EP duy tr mt qun th cc FSM, mi FSM i din cho mt li

gii ca bi ton.

Hm thch nghi: Mi FSM c o thch nghi bng cch th chng trong

mi trng, ngha l chocc FSM kho st cc k hiu gp.

Cc ton t di truyn: EP ch s dng mt php bin d gene, EP to cc c

th con trc, sau mi thc hin php chn lc. Mi c th cha m sinh ra

ng mt c th con, v vy qun th trung gian c kch thc gp i tp li

gii.

Cc c th con (FSM) c sinh ra bng cch thc hin php bin d ngu

nhin trn qun th cha m. C nm hnh thc bin d:

Sa mt k hiu ra.

Sa mt cung chuyn trng thi.

Thm mt cung trng thi.

Xa mt trng thi.

Thay i trngthi ban u.

Php chn lc: Pop_size c th tt nht c chn t 2* pop_size c th

trung gian cho th h mi theo thch nghi ca cc c th, nh vy, mi FSM

c chn phi nm trong nhm 50% FSM c thch nghi cao hn cc FSM cn

li.

So snh lptrnh tin ha vi gii thut di truyn c in


29/74

29

EP v GA c in c mt s khc bit sau y:

Cch biu din nhim sc th: EP biu din cc c th bng cc otomat hu

hn, cn GA biu din bng cc vector nh phn.

Qu trnh chn lc: trong EP, th tc chn lc c tnh cht tt nh: chn

pop_size c th tt nht t 2* pop_size c th trung gian v khng c s lp

li trong vic chn lc, cn trong GA th cc c th tt c th c chnnhiu ln.

Trt t cc ton t: trong EP, th tc chn lc c thchin sau cc php

bin d gene, cn trong GA c in th ngc li.

Cc tham s: trong GA c in, xc sut lai v bin d gi nguyn trong sut

qu trnh tin ha, cn trong EP, xc sut bin d c th thay i trong qu

trnh tin ha.

2.2.3 Lp trnh di truyn (Genetic Programming GP)2.2.3.1 tng ca GP

Lp trnh di truyn da trn nguyn l tin ha t nhin, trong cc c th

ca qun th l cc chng trnh my tnh. tm li gii cho mt bi ton, ngi

ta xy dng mt qun th cc chng trnh my tnh, tri qua qu trnh tin ha, cc

chng trnh cch tranh nhau, cc chng trnh yu b dn loi b v cui cng cho

ta chng trnh tt nht.

2.2.3.2Biu din nhim sc thMi chng trnh my tnh c cu trc cy.

V d: hai nhim sc th v1biu din biu thc sin(x) + 2x+y v v2biu din

biu thc sin(x) + )( 2 yx c dng sau:


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Hnh 2.3 S hnh cy ca hai nhim sc th v1 v v2

Tp li gii: Qun th ban u gm c mt tp cc cy c sinh ngu nhin.

Hm thch nghi: Hm nh gi gn mt gi tr thch nghi nh gi hiu qu

ca cy. Cc nh gi da trn b test c chn trc.

Cc ton t di truyn

Php lai: l ton t ch o trong GP. Php lai to ra c th con bng cch

hon i cc cy con ca cc c th cha m.

Php bin d: thng s dng l chn mt nt trn cy v sinh ngu nhin

mt cy con mi c gc ti nt c chn.

Php chn lc

+

sin

x

^

x 2

+

sin

x

^

2 +

x y


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31

Chn lc theo nguyn tc mi cy c mt xc sut c chn cho th h sau

t l thun vi thch nghi ca cy .

So snh lp trnh di truyn vi gii thut di truyn c in

Khc bit c bn gia GP v GA c in cch biu din c th, GP biu

din cc c th bng cc chng trnh my tnh c cu trc dng cy, GA c in s

dng vector nh phn.

2.2.4 Chng trnh tin ha (Evoluation Programmes Eps)2.2.4.1 tng

Nh trnh by, GA c in gp kh khn vi nhng bi ton c nhiu rng

buc khng tm thng v nhng bi ton c khng gian tm kim phc tp. Chnh

v vy, ngi ta ci tin GA c in bng cch s dng nhng cu trc d liu

hp l v tt hn m khng buc phi dng cc chui nh phn, cng nh s dng

cc ton t di truyn thch hp hn cho tng lp bi ton c. Phng php tnh tontin ha theo phng thc trn gi l cc chng trnh tin ha.

Theo Michalewicz th:

2.2.4.2So snh GA c in v cc chng trnh tin haGA v Eps tng ng im cng duy tr mt tp cc li gii tim nng, v

thc hin chn lc da trn thch nghi ca tng c th, ri p dng cc php bin

i gene trong qu trnh tin ha.

Cu trc d liu + Gii thut di truyn = Chng trnh tin ha


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32

Ni dung th tc Eps u c dng sau:

Hnh 2.4 Ni dung th tc Eps

Mt s khc bit gia GA c in v Eps nh sau:

Eps kt hp c c im ca mi bi ton bng cch dng cc cu trc d

liu t nhin, c dng gn ging vi li gii thc t ca bi ton, v xy dng

cc ton t di truyn ph hp vi bi ton c th. GA c in khng phthuc c im bi ton v s dng cu trc nhim sc th nh phn.

Trong GA c in, bc chn lc P(t) c thc hin trc, bc thay i

P(t) c thc hin sau. Trong Eps th hai bc ny c th c hon i cho

nhau.

S khc nhau v cch tip cn:

Trong GA c in, bi ton ban u c bin i sang dng c bit bng

cch xy dng cc chui nh phn cho cc li gii tim nng (m ha), cc b gii

Procedure Eps

Begin

t0

Khi to P(t)

nh gi P(t)

While (not iu kin dng) do

Begin

t t + 1

chn P(t) t P(t-1)

thay i P(t)

nh gi P(t)

End

End


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m, cc gii thut sa cha Trong thc t, nhng vic ny khng phi lc no

cng d dng thc hin.

Hng tip cn GA c in c th biu din bng s sau:

Hnh 2.5 Hng tip cn ca GA c in

Trong cc chng trnh tin ha th ngc li. Ngi ta khng bin i bi

ton m bin i chnh GA, tc l bin i cch biu din nhim sc th v cc ton

t di truyn sao cho ph hp vi bi ton.

Hng tip cn ca Eps c th biu din bng s sau:

Hnh 2.6 Hng tip cn ca Eps

C th ni, chng trnh tin ha l s ci tin ton din GA c in v cch

biu din nhim sc th v ni dung cc ton t di truyn.

Bi tonthc t

Chngtrnh tin

ha

GA c in

Bi tonthc t

GA c in

Bi ton bin i


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34

Nhc im ca chng trnh tin ha:

Nhn chung, chng c nhc im l khng c c s l thuyt chc chn nh

GA c in, m ch c nh gi qua kt qu thc nghim.

2.2.4.3Cc bc xy dng mt chng trnh tin haBc 1: Chn cch biu din gene cho li gii ca bi ton. Cn chn cch

biu din gene sao cho t nhin, gn vi dng li gii thc t. y l bc

quan trng nht c nh hng n chng trnh tin ha. Cch biu din gene

cn cha cc thng tin quan trng v kt qu. S khc nhau c bn ca

cc phng php tnh ton tin ha l cch biudin gene.

Bc 2: Khi to qun th (tp li gii) ban u. Vic khi to c th l ngu

nhin hay c p dng mt vi gi thut heuristic, nhng phi bo m c

cc rng buc ca bi ton.

Bc 3: xy dng hm nh gi nh gi thch nghi ca cc c th

trong qun th theo thch nghi ca chng.

Bc 4: xy dng cc ton t di truyn da trn bi ton v cc rng buc

ca n.

Bc 5: Cc tham s cho bi ton. Cc tham s ny c th khng thay i

hoc c t iu chnh trong qu trnh tin ha nh cc hng tip cn mi.


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CHNG 3: BI TON THI KHA BIU PHN TCH THITK H THNG V P DNG GII THUT TIN HA

3.1 Phn tch thit k h thng3.1.1 M hnh o to theo tn ch

Hc ch tn ch l phng thc o to, trong sinh vin ch ng la chn

hc tng mn hc (tun theo mt s rng buc c quy nh trc) nhm tch lytng phn v tin ti hon tt ton b chng trnh o to, c cp vn bng tt

nghip.

Trn c s lng ha quy trnh o to thng qua khi nim "tn ch", hc

ch tn ch to iu kin ti a c nhn ha quy trnh o to, trao quyn cho sinh

vin trong vic ng k sp xp lch hc, vic tch ly cc hc phn, k c sp xp

thi gian hc khoa, thi gian tt nghip, ra trng. V pha mnh, ngi sinh vin

cn pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng thch ng vi quy trnh o to ny v t nhng kt qu tt nht trong hc tp, rn luyn.

Tn ch c s dng tnh khi lng hc tp ca sinh vin. Mt tn ch

c quy nh bng 22.5 tit hc l thuyt; 30 - 45 tit thc hnh, th nghim hoc

tho lun; 45 - 90 gi thc tp ti c s; 45 - 60 gi lm tiu lun, bi tp ln hoc

n, kho lun tt nghip (i vi nhng chng trnh, khi lng ca tng hc

phn c tnh theo n v hc trnh, th 1,5 n v hc trnh c quy i thnh

1 tn ch).


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3.1.2 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch

Hnh 3.1 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch

Din gii quy trnh

u mi k hc, xp c thi kha biu hp l, nhn vin phng o to

phi nm c cc thng tin v danh sch lp mn hc, danh sch gio vin bn ri,

danh sch phng bn ri,

u mi k hc, to c danh sch lp mn hc hp l, phng o to

phi nm c cc thng tin v danh sch mn hc d kin, danh sch lng sinh

vin. T a ra gii php tr gip quyt nh s lp mn hc cn m,

chnh l D kin m lp.

Vic lp danh sch mn hc d kin cho tng k tng nm hc c cc

khoa thc hinda vo danh sch mn hca ra d kin v cc mn hc

cn m lp cho tng ngnh tng kha.

Vic thng k v lp danh sch lng sinh vinc b phn qun l im

sinh vin thc hin da trn danh sch sinh vin ca tng ngnh tng kha,

s lng sinh vin s c tnh nh sau: s sinh vin s l tng s sinh vin

ca cc ngnh c mn hc tng ng cng thm s lng sinh vin hc

mn hc m cha qua.

Lchbnri

Giai on xp

D kin khoch m lp

Danh sch GV

Danh schphng

Danh sch sinhvin (cc khoa,

ngnh)

Cclpmnhc

Xp t ng(thut ton)

Xp th cng(can thip c

ch )

Cc rng bucxp TKB

TKBd

kin


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37

Sau khi lp xong hai loi danh sch trn khoa v b phn qun l im sinh

vin s gi li cho phng o to, phng o to s lp danh sch d kin m lp v

trnh ln lnh ok duyt, tip theo da trn danh sch d kin m lp c

duyt phng o to s lp danh sch lp mn hc.

Mt lp mn hc c th c chia thnh cc nhml thuyt, thc hnh. V

d nh mn Vt l i cng 1: c chia thnh nhm l thuyt v nhmthc hnh. Cn kim tra khi xp tkb sao cho l thuyt v thc hnh khng

trng vo cng thi gian.

Cc lp mn hc c t chc ging dy theo ca mi ca l 3 tit, mt ngy

ti 1 phng c 4 ca. Vi cc lp mn hc c khi lng hc t 4 tn ch tr

ln: v d nh mn qun tr ti chnh doanh nghip c t chc ging dy 2

ca 1 tun. Cc mn di 4 tn ch th 1 ca 1 tun.

tin hnh xp thi kha biu ngoi danh sch lp mn hc cn cn thmdanh sch gio vin d kin v danh sch phng d kin:

Vic lp danh sch gio vin d kindo khoa thc hin da trn danh sch

gio vin ca cc b mn.

Vic thng kv lp danh sch phng hcd kindo phng t chc hnh

chnh thc hin da trn danh sch phng hc.

Sau khi c c ba danh sch bao gm: danh sch lp mn hc, danh

sch gio vin d kin, danh sch phng hc d kin,phng o to tin hnh xpthi kha biu.

Thi kha biu s c xp cho 1 tun v sau tri ra 15 tun. Sau khi tri

xong c th sa thi kha biu ca tng tun.


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38

Bng 3.1 Ni dung cng vicxp thi kha biu

STT Tn cng vic i tng thc hin H s d liu

1.Lp danh sch lp

mn hcPhng o to

Danh sch lp mn

hc

2.

Thng k v lp

danh sch phng hc

d kin

Phng t chc hnhchnh

Danh sch phng hcd kin

3.Lp danh sch gio

vin d kinKhoa

Danh sch gio vin

d kin

4.Lp danh sch mn

hc d kinKhoa

Danh sch mn hc

d kin

5.

Thng kv lp

danh sch lng sinhvin

B phn qun l imsinh vin Danh sch lng sinhvin

6.Lp danh sch d

kin m lpPhng o to

Danh sch d kin

m lp

7. K duyt Lnh oDanh sch d kin

m lp

8. Xp thi kha biu Phng o to Thi khabiu


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39

3.1.3 S tin trnh nghip v xp thi kha biuLnh

o

Phng o

to

B phn QL

im sinh vin

Phng t

chc hnh

chnh

Khoa H s d liu

Hnh 3.2 S tin trnh nghip v

Xp TKB

Lp DS dkin m lp

Yu cuthng tin dkin m l

Thng k vlp DS lng

sinh vin

Lp DSmn hcd kin

DS SinhVin

DS mn hc

DS MH dkin

Gi DSmn hcd kin

DS l n SV

Gi DSlng sinh

vin

DS d kinm l

Gi DS dkin m lp

DuytDS d

kin mlp Lp DS lp

mn hcDS lp mnh c

Yu cu t/tinxp TKB Lp DS GV

d kin

Thng kv lp DS

phng hcd kin DS Gio vin

DS phnghc

DS GV dkinGi DS GV

d kin

DS phnghc d kin

Gi DSphng hc

d kin

TKB


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3.1.4 M hnh nghip vBng 3.2 Bng phn tch xc nh cc chc nng tc nhn v h s

ng t+ B ng Danh t Nhn xt

Thng k v lp danh sch lng

sinh vinB phn qun l im sinh vin Tc nhn

Lp danh sch mn hc d kin Khoa Tc nhn

Lp danh sch d kin m lpDanh sch mn hc d kin +

Danh sch lng sinh vinHSDL

Lp danh sch lp mn hc Danh sch d kin m lp HSDL

Lp danh sch gio vin d kin Khoa Tc nhn

Thng k v lp danh sch phng

hc d kinPhng t chc hnh chnh Tc nhn

Duyt danh sch d kin m lp Lnh o Tc nhn

Xp thi kha biu

Danh sch lp mn hc + Danh

sch phng hc d kin+ Danh

sch gio vin d kin

HSDL


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3.1.5 Biu ng cnh

Hnh 3.3 Biu ng cnh

Phn tch hot ng:

Khi c yu cu t h thng v thng tin cn thit lp danh sch d kinm lp, khoa v b phn qun l im sinh vin s a d liu u vo cho h

thng:

Danh sch lng sinh vin

Danh sch mn hc d kin

Khi nhn c cc thng tin trn h thng s tin hnh lp danh sch d kin

m lp v gi cho cc lnh o ph duyt. Khi c ph duytda vo danh

sch d kin m lph thng tin hnh ln danh sch lp mn hcv gi i yu

Duyt DS d

kin m lp

DS d kinm lp

LNHO

DSlng

sinhvin

B PHNQUN L IM

SINH VIN

DS gio

vin d kin

DS mn hcd kin

DSphng

hcdkin

0

H

THNGXP

THIKHABIU

PHNG TCHC HNH

CHNH

KHOA

Yucuthngtin

dkinml

Yu cu thng tind kin m l

Yu cu t/tin xp TBK

Yucut/tin

xpTKB


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42

cu thng tin xp thi kha biucho khoa v phng t chc hnh chnh, hai ni ny

s gi v d liu u vo cho h thng:

Danh sch gio vin d kin

Danh sch phng hc d kin

Kt hp thng tin trn vi danh sch lp mn hc h thng s tin hnh xp

thi kha biu.

3.1.6 Biu phn r chc nngV ni dung n ch cp v vn xp lch nn phn d kin o to em

s b qua trong cc phn thit k tip theo ca n, em ch s dng nhng d liu

cn thit l danh sch lp mn hc, danh sch phng hc d kin, danh sch gio

vin d kin, danh sch d kin o to.

Hnh 3.4 Biu phn r chc nng

H thng xpthi kha biu

1.0 Nhp dliu

1.1 Nhp DS lpmn hc

1.2 Nhp DS

gio vin dkin

1.3 Nhp DSphng hc dkin

2.0 Lp thikha biu

2.1 Lp TKB cclp mn hc

2.2 Chn thikha biu

3.0 Xem thikha biu

3.1 Xem TKB

phng

3.2 Xem TKB

Gio vin

3.3 Xem TKB lpmn hc


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43

3.1.7 Danh sch h s d liu s dngd1. Danh sch lp mn hc

d2. Danh sch phng hc d kin

d3. Danh sch gio vin d kin

d4. Thi kha biu

d5. Danh sch d kin o to

3.1.8 Ma trn thc th chc nngBng 3.3 Ma trn thc th chc nng

Cc thc th d liu

d1. Danh sch lp mn hc

d2. Danh sch phng hc d kin

d3. Danh sch gio vin d kin

d4. Thi kha biu

d5.Danh sch d kin o to

Cc chc nng nghip v D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

1.0 Nhp d liu C C C

2.0 Lp thi kha biu R R R C/U R3.0 Xem thi kha biu R


44/74

44

3.1.9 Biu lung d liu3.1.9.1Biu lung d liu mc 0

Hnh 3.5 Biu lung d liu mc 0

d5 DS d kin o to

DS

DS phng hc dkin

1.0

Nhpd liu

KhoaPhng t

chc hnhchnh

d1 DS lp mn hc

d2 DS phng hc d kind3 DS gio vin d kin

d4 Thi kha biu

2.0

LpTKB

3.0

XemTKB


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45

3.1.9.2Biu lung d liu mc 1Tin trnh nhp d liu

Hnh 3.6 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh nhp d liu

Yu cu thng tinxp TKB

DSphng hc d kin

Ch

unbd

liu

xpTKB

Yu cu thng tinxp TKB

DS gio vin dkin 1.2

Nhp DSgio vind kin

d1 DS lp mn hc

Phng tchc hnh

chnh

Khoa

1.3

Nhp DSphng hc

d kin

1.1

Nhp DSlp mn

hc

d2 DS phng hc d kin

d3 DS gio vin d kin

Chunbd

liuxpTKB


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46

Tin trnh xp thi kha biu

Hnh 3.7 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xp TKB

Tin trnh xem thi kha biu

Hnh 3.8 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xem TKB

3.2

Xem TKBgio vin

d4 Thi kha biu3.1

XemTKBphng

3.3

Xem TKBl mn h c

d5 DS d kin o to

2.2

Chn TKB

d4 Thi kha biu

2.1

Lp TKB

cc lpmn hcd2 DS phng hc d kin

d3 DS gio vin d kin

d1 DS lp mn hc


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3.1.10M hnh lin kt thc th (ER)Xc nh cc kiu thc th, cc thuc tnh v thuc tnh kha ca thc th

Bng 3.4 Cc kiu thc th, thuc tnh v kha

STTKiu thc

th

Thuc tnhThuc tnh

kho

1 MnMn ID, Mn tn, Mn s tn ch, Mn hc

phn, Mn v tr, Mn tn ting anh.Mn ID

2 Gio vin Gio vin ID, Gio vin h tnGio vin

ID

3 Lp mn hc Lp ID, Lp s lng sinh vin, Lp tn Lp ID

4 Phng Phng ID, Phng loi, Phng s ch Phng ID

5 D kin oto

D kin o to ID, K, Ngnh, D kino to tng s tn ch

D kin oto ID

6 Nguyn vng Nguyn vng ID, Ca, ThNguyn

vng ID


48/74

48

M hnh ER

Hnh 3.9 M hnh ER

:

D kin o to:

DUKIEN_DT (DUKIEN_DT_ID, DUKIEN_DT_SOTINCHI, NGANH_ID,

KY_ID)

Mn hc:

nPHONG

PHONG_ID

PHONG_LOAI PHONG_SOCHO

XEP_TKBTKB_ID

CA

THU

n

nLOP_MONHOC

CO

LOP_ID

LOP_TEN

LOP_SLSV n

n

1

n

GV

NGUYEN_VONG

DAYGV_ID

GV_HOTEN

CO

NV_IDTHU

CA

n1

nCHO MON

MON_ID

MON_TEN

MON_TINCHI

MON_HOCPHAN

MON_VITRI

MON_TEN_TA

nDUKIEN_DT

DUKIEN_DT_ID

KY

NGANHDUKIEN_DT_

SOTINCHI


49/74

49

MON (MON_ID, MON_SOTINCHI, MON_HOCPHAN, MON_VITRI,

MON_TEN_TA, MON_TEN)

Lp mn hc:

LOP_MONHOC (LOP_ID, LOP_TEN, LOP_SLSV)

Gio vin:

GV (GV_ID, GV_HO_TEN)

Phng:

PHONG (PHONG_ID, PHONG_LOAI, PHONG_SOCHO)

Nguyn vng:

NGUYEN_VONG (NV_ID, CA, THU)

Biu din cc mi quan hMn CHOd kin o to thuc dng quan h nhiu vi nhiu.

MON_CHO_CTDT (DUKIEN_DT_ID, MON_ID)

To ra mt bng vi hai kha ph ly t hai kha ca hai thc th hnh thnh

mi quan h.

Gio vin DAYmn hc thuc dng quan h nhiu vi nhiu.

GV_DAY_MON (GV_ID, MON_ID)

To ra mt bng vi hai kha ph ly t hai kha ca hai thc th hnh thnh

mi quan h.

Mn COcc lp mn hc thuc dng quan h mt nhiu vi mt pha mn

v nhiu pha lp mn hc.

LOP_MONHOC (LOP_ID, LOP_TEN, LOP_SLSV, MON_ID)

Thc th lp mn hc ly kha chnh ca thc th mn v lm thuc tnh.

Gio vin COnguyn vng thuc dng quan h mt nhiu vi mt pha

gio vin v nhiu pha nguyn vng.

NGUYEN_VONG (NV_ID, CA, THU, GV_ID)

Thc th nguyn vng ly kha chnh ca thc th gio vin v lm thuc

tnh.

XEP_TKBcho lp mn hc,gio vin, v phng thuc dng quan h nhiu

nhiu.TKB (TKB_ID, TKB_CA, TKB_THU, LOP_ID, PHONG_ID, GV_ID)


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50

To ra mt bng c kha chnh v thuc tnh ring, ng thi ly kha ca c

ba thc th tham gia vo quan h lm thuc tnh.

3.1.11 M hnh quan h

Hnh 3.10 C s d liu


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51

Cc bng d liu:

Bng 3.5 DUKIEN_DT

Dng lu thng tin v d kin k hoch m lp ca cc nm hc.

STT Tn trngKiu d

liu

Kch

cGhi ch

1 DUKIEN_DT_ID nvarchar 50 M d kin o to

2 KY_ID nvarchar 50 M k

3 NGANH_ID nvarchar 50 M ngnh

4 DUKIEN_DT_SOTINCHI nvarchar 50 Tng s tn ch

Bng 3.6 MON_CHO_CTDT

Dng lu thng tin v cc mn hc ng vi tng k hoch m lp ca cc

nm.

STT Tn trng Kiu d liu Kch c Ghi ch

1 MON_ID nvarchar 50 M mn

2 DUKIEN_DT_ID nvarchar 50 M d kin o to

Bng 3.7 LOP_MONHOC

Dng lu thng tin v cc lp mn hc.


1 LOP_ID nvarchar 50 M lp


3 LOP_SLSV nvarchar 50 Slng sinh vin ca lp

4 LOP_TEN nvarchar 50 Tn lp


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Bng 3.8 MON

Dng lu thng tin v cc mn hc.

STT Tn trng Kiu dliu Kchc Ghi ch


2 MON_TEN nvarchar 50 Tn ting vit ca mn

3 MON_TEN_TA nvarchar 50 Tn vit tt ting anh ca mn

4 BOMON_ID nvarchar 50 M b mn

5 MON_SOTINCHI nvarchar 50 S tn ch

6 MON_HOCPHAN nvarchar 50 S hc phn ca mn

7 MON_VITRI nvarchar 50 V tr ca mn trong CTDT

Bng 3.9 GV

Dng lu thng tin v cc gio vin.


1 GV_ID nvarchar 50 M Gio vin

2 GV_HO_TEN nvarchar 50H Tn Gio

vin

3 BOMON_ID nvarchar 50 M b mn

Bng 3.10 GV_DAY_MON

Dng lu thng tin cc v cc gio vin ng vi cc mn hc h c th

dy.





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53

Bng 3.11 TKB

Dng lu thng tin v thi kha biu ca ton b cc lp mn hchin

c.


1 TKB_ID nvarchar 50 M s kin

2 TKB_THU nvarchar 50 Th

3 TKB_CA nvarchar 50 Ca

4 LOP_ID nvarchar 50 M lp

5 PHONG_ID nvarchar 50 M phng


Bng 3.12 PHONG

Dng lu thng tin v cc phng.


1 PHONG_ID nvarchar 50 M phng

2 PHONG_LOAI nvarchar 50 Loi phng

3 PHONG_SOCHO nvarchar 50 Sc cha ca phng

Bng 3.13 NGUYEN_VONG

Dng lu thng tin v cc bui hc m cc gio vin khng th dy trong

tun.


1 NV_ID nvarchar 50 M nguyn vng

2 GV_ID nvarchar 50 M gio vin

3 CA nvarchar 50 Ca

4 THU nvarchar 50 Th


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54

3.2 p dng gii thut tin ha3.2.1 Cc yu cu c bn ca thi kha biu theo o to tn ch

Thi kha biu ca gio vin khng trng lp: Tha mn iu ny c ngha l

ti mt thi im ch cho php gio vin dy mt lp mn hc ti mt phng

hc xc nh no .

Thi kha biu phi tha mn c bn nguyn vng ca gio vin. Thi kha

biu tha mn nguyn vng ca gio vin l iu rt cn thit v s to nn

tnh mm do cho Thi kha biu. Thc t c rt nhiu gio vin va phi

dy, va phi kim nhim cc chc v khc nh trng, ph phng,

, trng b mn, .Cc gio vin ny thng c nhng cuc hp

quan trng, i hi trong Thi kha biu ca h phi trnh xp vo cc tit

m gio vin phi i hp. Ngoi ra, vic cho php Thi kha biu tha mn

nguyn vng ca gio vin cn gip nhng gio vin c con nh, cc giovin xa v Khoa cng tc, ging dy, c lch biu hp l hn to iu

kin tt nht cho h khi cng tc ti Khoa. Tuy nhin, nguyn vng ca gio

vin phi m bo s tit phi dy ca gio vin nh hn hoc bng s tit

con trng trong Thi kha biu hin thi ca gio vin . Nu s titdy

ca gio vin ln hn s tit cn trng trong Thi kha biu ca gio vin th

nguyn vng ca gio vin khng th c p ng v bi ton l khng th

xp c. Thi kha biu ca gio vin nn c xp sao cho gio vin c

th dy lin tip cc tit trong mt bui, phi hn ch cc tit trng gia buicho gio vin.

Mt yu cu quan trng trong thi kha biu theo tn ch l phi m bo sao

cho mi sinh vin c th ng k c ht cc mn hc trong hc k. Nh

vy thi kha biu phi r rng, d hiu sinh vin c th d chn ra c

lch hc cho bn thn.

Phng hc c sp xp m bo lm sao cho sc cha ca phng hc

phi ln hn hoc bng tng s sinh vin ca lp mn hc ti phng .

T cc yu cu c bn trn ta c cc rng buc cho bi ton thi kha biu

tn ch

Cc rng buc cng:

Phng hc c iu kin dy lp mn hc .

Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt ca xc

nh.Cc lp mn hc t 4 ch tr ln phi c chia thnh hai ca hc khc nhau.


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Ti mt khong thi gian cho trc ch c mt gio vin dy mt lp mn

hc ti mt phng xc nh no .

Cc rng buc mm:

Cc mn chuyn ngnh ca cng mt k, cng mt kha, thuc cng mt

ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng k

c ht cc mn hc.

Cc lp mn hc c chia thnh hai ca hc ti hai ngy c khong gin cch

trong tun l ph hp (thng thng khong cch gia 2 ngy cch nhau

t 2-3 ngy l hp l).

Thi kho biu phi c khnng chp nhn cc ngy nghnh trc ca cc

gio vin.

Cc ngy nghnh trc l nhng ngy m gio vin phi i hp, hi

tho Hoc l cc yu cu t pha cc ging vin cao tui, h yu cu khng

dy hc vo cc tit u ca bui tra v nh th l qu sc vi h

Ta c th thy nu vi phm cc rng buc cng s lm cho thi kho biu

khng th chp nhn c, v s khng phi l mt thi kho biu thc s. Cn

nu vi phm cc rng buc mm th thi kho biu vnc coi l thi kho biu

nhng n khng c hp l lm v s c mt sngi khng thch kiu lp thi

kho biu ny. Tuy nhin vi chng trnh ny chng ta s c gng lm sao m

bo khng vi phm cc rng buc cng, cn cc rng buc mm nu gii quytc th cng tt cn nu khng th cng c th coi l chp nhn c.

Cc rng buc cho sinh vin khng c tnh n y v thi kha biu

ny s l chun cho sinh vin ng k hc. Trong qu trnh ng k s x l vic

trng thi gian gia cc lp mn hc m sinh vin ng k bng cch thng bo cho

sinh vin ng k lp khc hoc hy ng k mn . Lch hc ca sinh vin nhiu

hay t ph thuc hon ton vo quyt nh v la chn ca sinh vin.

3.2.2 Biu din nhim sc thTy vo tng bi ton m ngi gii c cc cch biu din cu trc nhim

sc th khc nhau, mi cch c u im ring nhng u bo m gn ging vi

dng li gii thc t hoc d dng chuyn v dng nh li gii thc t sau khi

tm c li gii tt. Ph bin l dng cu trc mng 3 chiu.

V th ta s dng mng 3 chiu biu din mt nhim sc th (c th):

Chiu th nht biu din cc ca hc trong ngy.

Chiu th hai biu din cc ngy trong tun.

Chiu th ba biu din cc phng hc.


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Khi thit k ng dngta s s dng mt mng 2 chiu thay cho mng 3 chiu

biu din nhim sc th v thc t mng 3 chiu cng ch l nhiu mng 2 chiu

ni tip nhau.

Hnh 3.11 Cu trc mt nhim sc

Mi mt phn t ca mng ng vi v tr ca mt gene trn nhim sc th,

m ha cho mt ca hc trong mt ngy trong tun ti mt phng xc nh, ngha l

xc nh 3 tham s [Ca, Ngy, Phng].

Mi gene lu tr hai thng tin (Lp mn hc, Gio vin) tng ng vi ca

hc ca mt lp mn hc trong ngy.

Mt nht ct theo hai trc ca-ngy, ta c thi kha biu ca mt phng.

Mt nht ct theo hai trc ngy-phng ta c mt ca hc ca tt c cc phng

trong c tun.

Mt nht ct theo hai trc ca-phng ta c cc ca hc ca mt ngy trong tun

ti tt c cc phng.

Ton b nhim sc th l thi kha biu mt trng.

A202-Th 7-Ca 3: (ALG31021-1: Nguyn Th Hu)

A201-Th 4-Ca 2: (GPH31021-1: inh c Linh)

A203

A202

A201

A204

1

2

4

3

Ngy

Phng

Ca

BySuNmTBaHai

A205


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3.2.3 Khi to qun th ban u3.2.3.1Th tc to ngu nhin mt nhim sc th

Ta ln lt to ngu nhin thi kha biu cho mt phng, tng ng vi mt

nht ct theo trc ca-ngy.

Trc tin, m bo cc mn hc d kin cho tng kha ngnh trong d

kin k hoch m lp t b trng nhau to iu kin cho cc sinh vin c th ng kht cc mn hc cn thit ca ngnh mnh ta s ly thng tin v cc mn hc ca

tng ngnh tng kha trong d kin m lp xp trc.

Ta s dng hm (random) chn ra mt ngnh trong danh sch

cc ngnh v ly cc mn d kin ca ngnh tham chiu ti cc lp mn hc

tng ng v xp vo mt hoc hai phng sau loi b ngnh ny khi danh

sch, lp li bc ny vi tt c cc ngnh cn li ti cc phngcn li ta gii quyt

c tt c cc mn d kin cho tng ngnh m bo t b trng nhau. Cc lp mnhc cn li thc hin random ti mt v tr ngu nhin trong mng 3 chiu sao cho

ti v tr cn trng th xp vo v tr . Thc hin th tc ny vi tt c cc lp

mn hc cn li ta c qun th ban u gm N c th, v hin nhin cn vi phm

nhiu rng buc.

V d: xt danh sch cc mn hc d kin ca ngnh CT13 vi s lng ca

cc ca hc ca tng mn trong 1 tun

Bng 3.14 Danh sch cc mn hc d kin cho ngnh CT13

Mn Lp mn hcS lng ca hc trong

mt tun

ha my tnh CGR33021-1 1

V k thut DRA31021-1 1

C s d liu DSY33031-1 1

Ting Anh 5 ENG31035-1 1





Ton cao cp 2 MAT31032-2 1

Ton cao cp 1 MAT31031-2 1

Ton cao cp 3 MAT31023-2 1Vi x l v lp trnh MAP32021-1 1


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Assembly

T tng HCM HCM31021-1 1

Vt l i cng 2 GPH31022-1 1

Vt l i cng 1 GPH31021-1 1

Phng php tnh MCA32021-1 1

Nhng nguyn l c bn

ca ch ngha MAC-

LENIN 1

MLP31021-2 1

Nhng nguyn l c bn

ca ch ngha MAC-

LENIN 2

MLP31032-1 1

Lp trnh hng i tng OOP33021-1 1

H iu hnh OSP23021-1 1

An ton bo mt thng tin SSI33021-1 1

21 mn hc d kin

25 gene trong mt c th

Tng ng vi 25 v tr

khc nhau.

Ta ly ngu nhin mt mn v nh x ti mt lp mn hc tng ng cha

c xp ch v xp vo mt v tr bt k trong cng mt phng.

Ca\Th 2 3 4 5 6 7

1CGR33021

-1

DSY33031

-1

MAP32021

-1SSI33021-1

HCM31021

-1

GPH31022

-1

2DRA31021

-1

OSP23021-

1

OOP33021

-1

MCA32021

-1

GPH31021

-1

MLP31032

-1

3MLP31021

-2

ENG31041

-2

MAT31031

-2

ENG31054

-2

ENG31053

-2

ENG31054

-2

4 ENG31041-2

MAT31032-2

ENG31042-2

ENG31053-2

ENG31042-2

MAT31023-2

Hnh 3.12 Thi kha biu ban u theo trc ca-ngy

Nh vy l ta cn lp ting anh 5 khng xp c vo v mt phng trong

mt tun ch c 4*6=24 v tr m ta cn ti 25 v tr, nhng cng khng c ai c th

hc c 5 lp ting anh cng mt k, cho nn nu sau ny ta xp lp ting anh ny

ti mt phng no khc v chc chn s trng lch vi mt mn no trn th

cng khng nh hng nhiu lm.

T bng trn ta thy nu xp nh vy s khin cho cc lp mn hc tp trung

ti mt phng. iu ny khin chocc phng cn li c nguy c khngc lp mn


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hc no c v cc phng khc ly ht cc lp mn hc ca k ri. V vy ta s

tch s lng lp mn hc phng trn lm hai cc lp ti ca sng ta gi nguyn v

chuyn ton b cclp bui chiu sang mt phng trng khc lm vy m bo

cc lp mn hc c dn u ra cc phng.

Vi cc lp mn hc cn li ta s xp ngu nhin vo mt gene trng trn c

th, sau khi xp ht s lng lp mn hc vo cc phng ta c mt c thvi Nlp mn hc tng ng vi N gene.

Vic tip theo l in m gio vin vo cc lp c xp ch da vo

danh sch mi ging, nu ch nh r gio vin no s dy lp no th n gin l

ch vic tm lp trn c th v in m gio vin tngng vo cnh m lp.

Nu nh cha ch nh r gio vin no dy lp mn hc no th ta s tm trong c

s d liu cc gio vin c kh nng dy lp , ri la chn mt gio vin m khi

nhn lp cc rng buc b vi phm l t nht xp vo. Sau bc nyta c mt

c th hon chnh vi nhiu phng hc c xp lch ging nh haibng sau:

C\T 2 3 4 5 6 7

1CGR33021-1

\ GV-001

DSY33031-1 \

GV-007

SSI33021-1 \

GV-123

GPH31022-1

\ GV-221

2DRA31021-1\

GV-321

OOP33021-1 \

GV-322

GPH31021-1

\ GV-422

3MLP31032-2 \

GV-777

MAP32021-2

\ GV-213

4HCM31021-2

\ GV-331

OSP23021-2 \

GV-751

MCA32021-2

\ GV-023

C\T 2 3 4 5 6 7

1MLP31021-2

\ GV-512

MAT31023-2

\GV-733

ENG31042-2

\GV-742

2ENG31053-2

\GV-245

ENG31042-2

\GV-572

3ENG31041-2

\GV-623

MAT31031-2

\GV-432

ENG31054-2

\GV-145

ENG31054-2

\GV-235

4ENG31041-2

\GV-867

MAT31032-2

\GV-735

ENG31053-2

\GV-522

Hnh 3.13 Thi kha biu hon chnh ca phng hc


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Nu nh khng tm c mt gio vin no thch hp ta s trng phn m

gio vin ti lp mn hc .

Vicch biu din nhim sc th v th tc khi to qun th ban u nh

trn, gii thut tha mn c mt s rng buc cng sau:

Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng trong mt ca xc nh.

Cc lp hc t 4 ch tr ln c chia thnh hai ca khc nhau.

V tha mn mt rng buc mm:


ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng k

c ht cc mn hc.

Cc rng buc cn li s c x l bng cc php bin d, s trnh by k

phn sau.u im ca cch biu din ny l:

Cu trc nhim sc th ging vi mt thi kha biu thc t.

Mi nhim sc th m ha cho ton b thi kha biu ca mt trng.

3.2.4 Xc nh hm thch nghiDo cc rng buc a dng, ta nn xt tng rng buc v xy dng cc hm

nh gi tng ng, sau t hp li thnh hm nh gi chung cho c th. Ty

theo tnh cht cng, mm v tnh cn thit ca cc rng buc, ta s gn cho chng

cc tham s ln nh khc nhau trong hm nh gi tng th ca c th.

Ta xy dng t hp cc hm nh gi thnh phn ca c th vgm k rng

buc nh sau:

k

i

i vfMvf1

)()(

[3.1]

Trong , fi(v) = - Ai*xil hm nh gi theo rng buc th i, Ai > 0 l tham

s, xi 0 ls lp mn hc vi phm rng buc th i, vi i = 1, 2, , k,

M > 0 l gia s ban u. Gia s M phi c chn ln bo m cho

f(v) > 0

V d:

f1(v) = - A1*x1nh gi s tit hc b trng ca gio vin (A1l tham s, x1

l s lp mn hc b trng).x1=10 c ngha l c 10 lp mn hc m mt s gio vin b trng lch ti

mt s ca hc.


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A1= 10 tng ng vi mi vi phm tnh 10 im tng s im vi phm l

100

Khi chn M bng 1000 vy s im cn li ca c th l 1000 100

cn 900. Vy c th no c im cng cao cng gn vi 1000 l c th ti u hn.

Ty theo tng loi rng buc cng hay mm v s vi phm nhiu hay t m quyt

nh gi tr cho tham s A v gia s M.Vic xy dng hm thch nghi cho c th t cc hm thch nghi ton phn

gip ta d dng thay i cc tham s c th iu khin hng hi t ca bi ton

theo nh hng ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, nhng thay i ny cn phi bo

m tiu chun c bn ca hm thch nghi trong mi pha tin ha, ngha l hm

thch nghi phi phn bit c thch nghi ca tng c th, c th tng ng

vi li gii tt hn s c gi tr hm thch nghi ln hn.

3.2.5 Cc ton t di truynCc ton t di truyn c tch thnh hai nhm chnh l ton t lai v ton

t bin d. Mt s ton t bin d ngoi vic to ra cc c th mi cn c nhim v

x l cc rng buc. Vi bi ton thi kha biu ny ta khng s dng ton t lai v

cc on gene trong mi nhim sc th mang tnh duy nht i din cho mt lp

mn hc c th v chng c xp ngu nhin vocc phng. V th ta khi i ch

cc on gene gia cc c th vi nhau s to ra vic tha cc lp mn hc c th

ny nhng li thiu lp mn hc c th kia, iu s khng m bo s ton vn

ca cc lp mn hc u vo. Hn na y l xp ngu nhin v th cng kh

tm cc on gene ging nhau i ch nn ta ch dng cton t bin d trong

bi ton ny.

Mt c im ca gii thut tin ha l thng chtm c cc li gii gn

ti u, rt kh tha mn hon ton cc rng buc, hoc nu cho tha mn trit th

thi gian chy rt lu (c th ln ti c ngy) do khng gian tm kim rng v c

s lp li. Do , i vi mi rng buc, ta cn c cc ton t bin i c nh

hng (ging nh vic bin i gene theo con ngi trong cng ngh sinh hc).Vic ny va gip to ra nhim sc th mi, va x l c cc rng buc v y

nhanh qu trnh hi t. Ngoi ra, vic y nhanh s hi t s c th dn n mt mt

s thng tin tch cc (mt s nhim sc th c tim nng cao b b qua), nn b

sung thng tin ta cn c cc ton t bin d mnh.


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3.2.5.1Ton t i ch gio vin trong mt phng(khca trng)S dng ton t ny xa ca trng ca mt gio vin ti nhiu phng.

Khi c mt gio vin A b trng ca dy trn hai phng, gi s lphng A201

v phng C101 vo ca th T ca ngy N. Ta s tm ca T vo ngy N trong tun

sao cho gio vin A khng c ca dy. Ta tm c gio vin B dy ti tit T ca

ngy N ca mt trong hai phng . i ch ca dy ca hai gio vin, ta kh cxung t ti ca T ca gio vin A.

V d:

A201 Th 2 Th 3 Th 7 A201 Th 2 Th 3 Th 7

Ca 1 GV-A GV-D Ca 1 GV-B GV-D

Ca 2 GV-G GV-B Ca 2 GV-G GV-A

Ca 3 GV-G GV-E Ca 3 GV-G GV-E

Ca 4 GV-C Ca 4 GV-C

C101 Th 2 Th 3 Th 7

Ca 1 GV-A GV-C

Ca 2 GV-M GV-G

Ca 3 GV-L GV-N

Ca 4 GV-O

Hnh 3.14 Ton t i ch gio vin


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3.2.5.2Ton t i ch lp mn hc (kh cc lp cm)S dng ton t ny i ch cc lp mn hc c 4 ch tr ln c chia

lm hai ca c v tr lin k nhau.Khong cch ti u gia hai ca hc ny l hai n

ba ngy.

C\T 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 MLP31021-2 MAT31023-2 ENG31042-2

2 ENG31053-2 ENG31042-2

3 ENG31041-2 MAT31031-2 ENG31054-2 ENG31054-2

4 MAT31032-2 ENG31041-2 ENG31053-2

C\T 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 MLP31021-2 MAT31023-2 ENG31042-2

2 ENG31053-2 ENG31042-2

3 ENG31041-2 MAT31031-2 ENG31054-2 ENG31054-2

4 MAT31032-2 ENG31053-2 ENG31041-2

Hnh 3.15 Ton t i ch lp mn hc

3.2.5.3Ton t thay i ton b lpMt c im cagii thut tin ha l khi t n gi tr gn ti u, qun

th s mt dn tnh bin d v khng cn thng tin mi nn kh pht trin. khc

phc im ny, ta s cho bin d mnh bng cch thay th mt phn hoc ton bcc c th bng cc c th hon ton mi. iu ny s cung cp thng tin mi cho

gii thut, em li kh nng c nhng t ph mi tromg tm kim dn n gi

tr gn ti u hn.

3.2.6 Qu trnh chn lcQu trnh ny da vo phng php bnh xe x s ca GA c in (xem

mc 2.1.3.3)vixc sut la chn ca mi c th vic tnh theo cng thc:

N

j

j

ii

vf

vfp

1

)(

)(

[3.2]

Trong , f(vi) l hm nh gi c th vitrn tt c cc rng buc,N

j

jvf1

)(

l thch nghi ton phn ca qun th, N l s c th.


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3.2.7 Th tc tin ha

Hnh 3.16 Th tc tin ha cho bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch

Trc tin, khi to qun th P nh trnh by mc 3.2.3

Sau , cc c th ca qun th P c nh gi thch nghi thng qua th

tc nh gi nh mc 3.2.4.

Vng lp Repeat Until thc hin qu trnh tin ha cho n khi tha mniu_kin_kt_thc (t n mt gi tr ln ca hm thch nghi). Trong vng lp

ny, qun th P lin tc c ti sinh v pht trin thng qua qun th trung gian T.

Cc c th mi c sinh ra thng qua cc ton t di truyn c lu tr tm thi

trong T. Sau khi hon thnh cc ton t di truyn, th tc La_chn (xem mc

3.2.6) mi thc hin la chn t qun th T cc c th tt hn thng qua hm thch

nghi a vo qun th P. Cui cng P c nh gi vi cc c th mi kt

thc mt bc lp.Trong th tc trn, cc bin Pmut1, Pmut2, Pmut3 l cc tham

s th hin xc sut c s dng cc ton t. Chng c th c c nh hoc thay

i gi tr trong qu trnh thc hin ng dng.

Procedure len_lich_tkb;

Begin

Khi to P;

nh gi P;Repeat

S_ln Random( )

For i 1 to S_ln Do

Begin

H_sRandom( );

If H_s < Pmut1then Kh ca trng ca gio vin( P,T);

H_sRandom( );If H_s < Pmut2 then Kh cc lpcm (P,T);

H_sRandom( );

If H_s < Pmut3 then Bin d mnh (P);

End;

nh gi P;

Until iu_kin_kt_thc;

Biu_din_li_gii;

End;


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CHNG 4: XY DNG NG DNG MINH HA4.1 Tng quanv ng dng

ng dng s dng qun th gm 20 c th, mi c th c th hin bi mt

nhim sc th c cu trc mng hai chiu th hin thi kha biu ca ton b mt

trng hc. Cu trc ny d dng chuyn v dng cu trc mng ba chiu nh

m t mc 3.2.2 sau khi tm c li gii tt. Vic s dng mng hai chiugip ta c ci nhn tng th v thi kha biu ca ton b trng, ng thi d dng

xy dng cc ton t di truyn v t lngph b nh. gii quyt vn v cc

bui m gio vin phi hp ti b mn ng dng cho php nh du trc vo ngy

trnh phn lch. Cui cng, ng dng cho php quyt nh ly bao nhiu li

gii tt c th chn ra phng n va nht.

Menu chnh:

Hnh 4.1 Menu ng dng


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4.2 Mt s chc nng vo giao din ca ng dng4.2.1 Chc nng nhp d liu4.2.1.1Chc nng nhp lp mn hc

Nhp cc lp mn hc cho qu trnh xp lch thi kha biu ti y. S dng

mt li hin th kt ni ti c s d liu hiu chnh, xa v thm mi cc lp

mn hc. Menu t ng hin th khi di chut ti trng d liu tng ng, c thhiu chnh trc tip trn li d liu hoc s dng cc textbox v combobox bn

di. S dng cc nt bn di kt thc hoc p dng cc thay i vo c s d

liu thc t.

Hnh 4.2 Trang nhp lp mn hc


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4.2.1.2Chc nng nhp gio vin d kinDng li d liu hin th cc bng trong c s d liu, c th tng tc

vi cc d liu trn li mt cch trc quan v d s dng. Ti y c th nhp cc

mn m gio vin c kh nng dy ng thi cho php ng k cc ca bn ca gio

vin trong tun.

Hnh 4.3 Trang nhp gio vin d kin


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4.2.1.3Chc nng nhp phng hc d kinTrang ny ch nhp mi hoc sa cha cc thng tin v phng hc.

Hnh 4.4 Trang nhp phng hc d kin


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4.2.2 Chc nng hin th thi kha biu4.2.2.1Xem thi kha biu phng hc

S dng mt dropdownlist la chn phng hc cn xem lch.

Hnh 4.5 Thi kha biu ca phng hc

4.2.2.2Xem thi kha biu gio vinS dng tab pha trn di chuyn qua li gia ba loi thi kha biu hoc

c th s dng menu bn tri.

Hnh 4.6 Thi kha biu gio vin


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4.2.2.3Xem thi kha biu cc lp mn hcTi y hin th ton b thi kha biu ca cc lp mn hc trong mt k.

Hnh 4.7 Thi kha biu cc lp mn hc

4.3 Th nghim ng dngng dng c chy th nhiu ln trn cng mt b d liu thc t, vi cc

tham s bin d c nh, kt qua thu c kh kh quan trong vic gii quyt cc

rng buc cng v rng buc mm. Qua th nghim cho thy, sau 50 ti 100 th h

tin ha vi thi gian thc hin t 7 ti 15 pht c th cho li gii tt hoc chp

nhn c.

Hn ch ca ng dng ny l tc hi t cn km, nu ci tin cc tham s

tnh bng cc tham s ng th chc chn s hiu qu hn.


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4.3.1 Kt qu t c ca ng dngCc rng buc cng:

Gii quyt trn vn cc rng buc sau:

Phng hc c iu kin dy lp mn hc .

Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt ca xcnh.

Cc lp mn hc t 4 ch tr ln phi c chia thnh hai ca hc khc nhau.

Ti mt khong thi gian cho trc ch c mt gio vin dy mt lp mn

hc ti mt phng xc nh no .

Cc rng buc mm


ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng kc ht cc mn hc.

Cc lp mn hc c chia thnh hai ca hc ti hai ngy c khong gin cch

trong tun l ph hp (thng thng khong cch gia 2 ngy cch nhau

t 2-3 ngy l hp l).

Thi kho biu phi c khnng chp nhn cc ngy nghnh trc ca cc

gio vin.

4.3.2 Bng kt qu thc nghimB d liu th nghim

Gm ton b cc lp mn hc c phng o to d kin m cho khi

ngnh k thut CT, CTC, C, CC, XD, XDC, T vi tt c cc kha cng

thm cc lp thuc b mn Gio dc th cht (GDTC) tng cng 405 lp

mn hc.

Tng s gio vin tham gia quy trnh xp thi kha biu tng ng vi 405

lp mn hc l 112 gio vin. Mt s lp mn hc nh Gio dc quc phng,

k nng thuyt trnh v giao tip hiu qu khng xc nh trc c gio

vin ging dy.

Tng s phng hc c s dng xp thi kha biu l ton b dy nh A

gm 3 phng my v24 phng hc cng vi tng 1 v tng 2 dy nh F gm

3 phng my tng 1 v 2 phng th nghim tng 2 v cui cng l khu

nh tp a nng v b bi sn bng tng cng 37 phng c s dng

xp cc lp mn hc vo.


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