x - tamil - it@school · pdf filemohammed aslam, district co-ordinator, it@school project,...

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Prepared by :

IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala

First Edition : 2012

Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in

email : [email protected], [email protected]

Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869

Type setting : IT@School Project

Layout : IT@School Project

Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

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CR˚] U]-ßp LÙi”RÙu Tj-RÙm Yœl◊j RL-Yp T -UÙt-\j RÙØp-÷hT H” RVÙ- d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.

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L¶-R-Æ-Vp Uu- TÙ-⁄-[Ù] ¥˙VÙ-¥lWÙ TÙu-\- Y-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

CkË-≠-¤s[ GpXÙf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm T´ufl RL-X-Yp˘RÙPo◊ ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tj-ßtœ Ee-L[ÙXÙ] Te-L-∞l-◊-L- [-Ÿm YZeLCV-Xh-”m

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˙TWÙ-£- -Vo.- L.-G.-aÙ-µm

CVd-œ-So

Gv.-£-.-C.Bo.•

Mohammed Aslam,District Co-ordinator,IT@School Project, Alappuzha.

K.Shanavas,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Palakkad.

Pradeep Kumar Mattara,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.

Hassinar Mankada,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.

K.V.Pramod,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kozhikode.

V.K.BabuDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Kozhikode.

C.P.Abdul Hakeem,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Malappuram.

Academic Co-ordinatorT.A.Ravi Shankar,IT@School Project.

Members

ArtistE.Suresh,

Pallikara, Kozhikode.

K.V.Sankardas,District Co-ordinator,IT@School Project, Malappuram.

K.P.Vasudevan,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Thrissur.

Tony Antony,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kottayam.

R.S.Hari Krishnan,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Thiruvananthapuram.

K.Sabareesh,Master Trainer(Co-ordination),IT@School Project, Malappuram.

K.U.Rajesh,Master Trainer(Co-ordination),IT@School Project, Kuttanad.

Mohammed Abdul Nasar,Master Trainer,IT@School Project, Kozhikode.

Textbook Development Committee

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY - X

ChairmanK.Anwar Sadath

Executive Director, IT@School Project

N.Kirubanand,H.S.S.T. Physics,G.H.S.S.Mezhathur, Palakkad.

J.Dominic Savio,H.S.A. TamilS.F.X.V.H.S,S. Parisakkal, Palakkad.

R.Divakaran,H.S.A. Physical Science,S.V.V.H.S.S. Eruthenpathy, Palakkad.

K.M.Dhanabagyam,Headmistress,G.H.S.S.Vattavadai, Idukki.

B.Senthil Kumar,H.S.A. Social Science,B.G.H.S.S. Vannamadai, Palakkad.

B.Senthil Kumar,H.S.A. Tamil,S.K.H.S.S. Nallepilli, Palakkad.

Tamil Version

Dr.C.Simon, Reader (Rtd.),Govt.Victoria College, Palakkad.

1.AZ-°V TP-‹-X-Lm .................................................................. 07-16

2.RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Y-ßp ◊ßV- ÿ- \-Ls... 17-25

3.G]’ ◊Æ-®Xl-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm ..................................... 26-36

4.L¶≤ ˘UÙØ............................................................................. 37-48

5.L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm.................................................. 49-62

6.˙LÙ”L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm ............................................. 63-73

7.RL-Yp-L- [l T -UÙ-\XÙm ................................................. 74-83

8.SUd- L] Ko C˚Q-V-R-[m.............................................. 84-96

9.EX-Lm Es-[e- L´p.......................................................... 97-111

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♦ Zoom in or out Tool Il TVuT”jß

˘T¨RÙdL‹m.

ÿu◊ øeLs ˙NL¨jR ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y¥ml ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p ß\k’ Zoom inL⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jß A[˚Yl ˘T¨RÙd°V˙TÙ’ °˚PjR˚RŸm, Cedv˙Ll˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p RVÙ¨jR ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Yl˘T¨RÙd°V˙TÙ’ °˚PjR˚RŸm Jl©”L.øeLs LiP ˙YflTÙ”Ls Gu˘]u]?EeLs LiP±RpL˚[d œ±l©P‹m.

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Cedv˙Ll©p øeLs RVÙ¨jR˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y Aeœ™eœUÙL SLojßlTÙ⁄eLs. H˙R‡m £dLpLs HtT”°\RÙ?Object A˚]j˚RŸm J˙W SWjßp SLojRÿ•Yßp˚XRÙ˙]? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[œ±l◊L˚[ BWÙnk’ T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.

� ��$%�� !�� /�� 34 �� 54�Object� �� G-�� &�� RL%��54� Object� ��0E�� &��5�6��3R!�Edit ��/;!≠ ≠(A4�Selectall (ctrl+A)� S�� !��561��&��RL%�&(� -.�$/�� -?*T0� Object� ��0� "/�� &��5�6�� 3R�6#- Select Tool� S5� �6�A�6�54�Drag� �3RE��O4�7(��-�34 5?%� �6��P��54�Object�K�� 6��3R!��4��&�.#-�@�61�� O b j e c tU��05� �6��3R�6#-� Shift� ��56��O5?�$;545� �6�� 3R!��;!�Object��0�&'��)��3R!��'��P� �6�� 3R6� Object� �)��-?�!�� -��"��T��Drag�3R4�I��56�>;E��6��3R6�Object��0�&� �-O��(Group)�"�#P�6#-Object��/;!≠≠(A4�group functionU�S��!��561��(Ctrl+G).

Cedv˙Ll©p ™Lf £\kR TPeL˚[jRVÙ¨lTRtœl T˚PlTÙt\p ß\uUh”™u±TXRWlThP L⁄ÆL∞u Th•Vp (Menu),YÙnl◊L˚[l (Option) TVuT”j’m ÿ˚\Tt±Ÿm Suœ A±kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.Uh”™u± AYt˚\ ™Lf NÙ’oVUÙLTVuT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm ˘Tt±⁄dL˙Yi”m. Cjß\˚] Y[olTRtœÆPÙÿVt£Ÿm ˘TÙfl˚UŸm ˙R˚Y.˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m TœßL∞p A∞dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm˘Nn’ TÙoj’ øeLfim Cjß\˚]l˘Tfl≈oLs GuTßp IV™p˚X.

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˘NVp-TÙ” 2

L¶R Yœl-◊ -L -∞p ˙LÙ[e-Ls,E⁄˚[Ls , ·m-◊-Ls ˙TÙu\ L] Y•-Ye-L˚[l Tt± øe-Ls Lt-±-⁄l-¿o-L˙[? C’˙TÙu\ L] Y•-Ye-L˚[ C⁄ T¨-UÙQUÙLLÙ°Rjßp Y˚Wk’ TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù?CqYÙfl Y˚Wk-R-Yt˚\ ÿl-T- -UÙQ-ÿ- P-V-RÙdL GkR ÷h-Tj- Rl TVu-T-”jR Yi-”m?NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL Cq-Y-•-Ye-L-fidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Tœ-ß-´p J∞-Ÿm, ®Z-¤m A∞l-T-RuÍXm ÿl-T-¨-UÙQj ˙RÙt-\m ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”-°\’. Cedv-˙Ll˚Tl TVu-T-”jß J⁄˙LÙ[j˚R GqYÙfl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm G]lTÙol- TÙm.

♦ Create Circle Tool Il TVu-T-

”jß J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m. CkR Yh-Pj-ßtœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.

♦ Gradient Tool Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ToolLih-˙WÙpv TÙ¨p °¨-˙Vh ˙W•-Vp° W--•-Vu˚Pj Ro‹ Nn-V-‹m.(TPm 1.5)

♦ Yh-Pj-ß-tœs —h-”d-œ-±˚V ˚Yj’Double °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. SÙm ˙Ro‹˘NnR ®\j-ßtœ HtT J⁄ °˙W-•-Vuh°˚Pd-œm.

°˙W-•-Vu-˙PÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Íufl˙SÙ”-Ls ˘Ru-T-”-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. ©\œ

Edit Path by Node Tool Il TVu-T”jß

A˚Nj-’l TÙod -L -‹m. Gu] UÙfl-R -pHtT”°\’? C⁄-˙LÙ -” -Ls C˚Q-ŸmTœß´p Es[ N’-W-Y-•Y ˙SÙ˚Pj ˙Ro‹˘Nn-R-©-\œ LXo ˘TpXh-•p °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. Cq-YÙfl ®\e-L˚[ UÙt± UÙt±l TVu-T -”jß Cf-˘N -Vp-TÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPok’˘NnV‹m. Gq-Y-˚L-VÙ] ®\e-Ls, Ge-˘Lp-XÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR-˙TÙ’ Yh-Pm ˙LÙ[-UÙLUÙ±-V’? ˙SÙ”-L˚[ Ce-œm Ae-œ-UÙLUÙt± J∞-˚V-Ÿm ®Z-˚X-Ÿm CPm UÙt-±lTÙod-L-‹m. ©\ Y•-Ye-L- [-Ÿm C˙R TÙuflE⁄-YÙd-°l TÙ⁄e-Ls. E⁄˚[ RVÙ-¨d-œm-˙TÙ’ Gq-YÙfl TVu-T -”jR ˙Yi-”mGuT˚R B£-¨-V-¨u ERÆŸ-Pu Li-P-±k’A˚Rf ˘NVp-T-”jß TÙ⁄e-Ls.

˘NVp-TÙ” 3

E - -Vp Yœl-◊-L-∞p A¡-TÙ- Yl Tt±Lt-fls-˙[Ùm. A¡-TÙ-Æu £\l-◊j-Ru˚UVÙ’? A¡TÙ Gu-T’ J⁄ œ±l-©hP Y•-Y-Ut\ J⁄ ˘Np E´-¨. Cev-˙Ll-©p A¡-TÙ-Æu TPj˚R Gq-YÙfl Y˚W-V-XÙm G]dLt˙TÙm. (TPm 1.6)

˘NVp-TÙh” Y¨-˚N-ÿ˚\:

♦ Draw Bezier Line Tool Il TVu-

T”jß J⁄ TX-˙LÙ-Qm Y˚W-V-‹m.

♦ Edit path by Node Tool TVu-T-”jßJq˘YÙ⁄ ·o-˚U-VÙ] Í˚X-˚V-Ÿm˙R˚Ydœ HtT Y˚[-YÙ-]-RÙL UÙt-\-‹m.Aj-’-Pu ˙SÙ”-L -fi-˚PV CPj˚RJ›eœ-T-”j-R-‹m.

♦ °˙W-•-Vuh Â˚Xd °∞d ˘Nn’ AßpLÙQl-T-”m °˙W-•-Vu˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. C˚Rl TVu-T-”jß SÙm Y˚WkRTPj-ßu Y∞d- LÙh-•t-œ(Out line) ®\m˘LÙ”d-L-‹m.

♦ Circle Tool Il TVu-T-”jß L⁄, VacuoleUt-flm glycogen ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\(Efll-◊-Ls) Y˚W-V-‹m. CYt-±tœd °˙W-•-VuhÂp TVu-T-”jß ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\mA∞d-L-‹m.

TPm 1.4

TPm 1.5

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”jR A±-˙YÙ-UÙ-]Ùp C˚R G∞ßp SLpG”d-L-XÙm. CRtœ Edit → Duplicate TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ˘NX-d`u TÙo TVu-T-”jßY˚WkR ˘TÙ⁄˚[ (Object) CPm UÙt-±-˚Yd-L-‹m. Cq-YÙfl Cedv-˙L-©p RVÙo˘NnR ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[(Object) œÏl ˘Nn-’m, SLp G”j’m SUdœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]Gi-¶d-˚L-´p A¡TÙ˚Y E⁄-YÙdLCV-¤m.

♦ Object →→→→→ Fill and Stroke ˙TÙu\ ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß A¡-TÙ-Æu EPpTœ-ßdœl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.(TPm 1.7, 1.8)

♦ J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚Wk’ A˚R A¡-TÙ-YÙLUÙt\ CV-¤UÙ? ÿVt-£ Nn-’ TÙod-L-‹m.SÙm Y˚WkR A¡-TÙ-Æu TPj˚R SLpG”dL Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? £k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls! £X ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-

Fill and Stroke

�� 1.7 �� Ob-ject!�"�#�� $%��&'��()�Fill �*+��,-�.��/��,��0�1�2��'�3�4��-1��/( Object → Fill and Stroke *+5�)��-��2'��16 ��7�8!��1�5��0��9:�;�(�<)=��>��,��Tab�1�?�� /�� 3�4��1�?�� 2��,5�� @1�A=� <�/B�� 2��1�<B�.��C0��D

TPm 1.7 TPm 1.8

TPm 1.6

L⁄

Vacuole

˙TÙ≠d-LÙp-L-s

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CWi-•t-œm Aß-L-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[Ju-±u ¡’ Ju-\ÙL A”d-°-˚Yd-L-‹m.CYt±p HRÙ-Y’ Ju˚\j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’Page Down, Page up, End, Home ˙TÙu\Key TÙj-RÙu-L˚[ A›j-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m. øe-Ls Li-P-±kRYt˚\l TVu-T-”jß Ah-P-Y˚Q 1.3 I ®WlT‹m.

*��.�� 1�EA=� ��,�� ,��*='��/B/(��'��>��,�� 7�F� E'� �G#H��=��'� �� 3�I�1�� J�K� ��L,�9='� ��L$�#'�� /(�� J�K��L,� �9='� ��L$2� ��1�5��0�� 9:. Object → Lower *�%�3�41+�2��<='.�Page Down KeyA1+�<M5)+�=��.��

˘NVp-TÙ” 4

Ts-∞- u ÷˚Z-YÙ- -≠p, TPm 1.10 pLÙi-©j-R-T• Es[ Y˚[-YÙ] ˘TVolTX˚L˚V øeLs TÙoj-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls. C˙R˙TÙu\ ˘TVol TX˚L˚Vj RVÙ- l-T-Rtœ Gk-˘RkR Tool˛Ls ˙R˚Y? Gu-T˚R LXk-’- W-VÙ• œ±l-◊-Ls RVÙo ˘Nn-V-‹m. AYt˚\d∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[, R˚Y-VÙ] Tool˛LsGu-\ R˚Xl-©p G›ß ®Wl◊-L.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] Âp-Ls

♦ Yh-Pm Y˚W-Y-Rt-LÙ] Âp

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∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh”Y¨-˚N-˚V-Ÿm, TPj-˚R-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-ß(TPm1.12) EU’ Ts-∞-ú ÷˚Z-YÙ-´-≠u˙Up ˚YdL Y˚[-YÙ] ˘TVol TX˚L˚VCedv-˙Ll--©p E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙ˙U?

˘Nn-ÿ˚\

♦ J⁄ Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m.

♦ Edit Path Node Il TVu-T-”jß A˚RJ⁄ A˚W Yh-P-UÙd-L-‹m.

♦ Edit → Duplicate Gu\ ÿ˚\-´pCWi” ÿ˚\ SLp G”d-L-‹m. ˘T¨VA˚W -Yh-Pj˚R TPm 1 . 1 1˛pstep 2, Step 3 p LÙi-T-’- TÙp £±-RÙd°J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.

♦ Ts -∞ -ú ˘TV˚W Tex t Too l IlTVuT”jß Rh-Pf—f ˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ S”Æ¤s[ A˚W Yh-Pj-˚R-Ÿm, Ts-∞-ú ˘TV-˚W-Ÿm ˙Noj’j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. Text → Put on path Bl`˚]j˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ S”ÆpEs[ A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßu TÙ˚R-´p Ts-∞-ú ˘TVo ˙RÙu-fl-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.˘TV-⁄dœ ÿu-]Ùp ˙R˚Y-VÙ] CPmA∞j’j ’p-≠-V-UÙL J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.

TÙj-RÙu Ht-ThP UÙt-\m

Page Down ˙Ro‹ NnR TÙ⁄s ARuA•l-T- P- p Es[˘TÙ⁄fidœ A•- p Np-Y-Rt-œ.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 1.3

Page Up .................................................

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Home .................................................

TPm 1.9

TPm 1.10

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TPm 1.13

TPm 1.14

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Cedv- L-©p Y˚WkR J⁄ UX- u -TPm(TPm 1.13) ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. øe-Ls C’-Y˚W Lt-\ Âp-L-fim, AYtfl-Pu ˙Yfl TXÂp-L-fim CRt-œl TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[].∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˘Nn-ÿ-˚\-˚VlTVu-T”jß (-T-Pm 1.14) TPm -Y-˚Wk’ EU’˙LÙl◊j- ˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.

TPm 1.12

�1#2�� 5)=��0��9:�� 1�� ,�� 5�2�� #�"�0� ��9N��.�*O��*+��0��<�/��5)=��1�2�+��()12� ,��@�≠=��0��9:2��;�( File→ Export Bitmap *�%��3�41+5��0��9:2��Selection*��Tab��5��0�� 9:.� ��;/(� ��20� ��,5.Export �9:2��0��9:��()12� ,�� 2�� .png� ��0�� $=� �9N�� 7�77!� Export Bitmap *��2'�� P=� �� ;�� )��*1�� *�� /1�� <�/B�� 2�� 2�1�� *��1�Q<�/1��2��,5)��L�B2��

TPm 1.11

♦ S”l-T-œ-ß- p Es[ A˚W-Yh-Pj˚R Uh-”m ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. AR-‡-˚PVStorke Ut-flm Fill ®\eL˚[ ød-L-XÙm.

♦ Ut\ CWi” Yh-Pe-L˚[ Uh-”mJu\ÙLj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ©\œ Path→ Difference -Bl-`-≤p °∞d Nn’TÙod-L-‹m.

♦ -∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ œ±l-◊-L-˚[lTVu-T-”jß(-TPm 1.11) .png Formate -p˙N™d-L-‹m.

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˘NVp-ÿ˚\

♦ ˘Tu-£p Âp Il TVu-T -”jß

˙U¤m ∏›-UÙL °∞d Nn’ J⁄ LÙ”Y˚WL..

♦ ˙LÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR ©\œ Edit →Clone → Create Tiled Clones Bl`˚]j˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’ ˙RÙu-flmPV-XÙd TÙd-≥p Symmetry Gu-‡mTab˛p PM:Reflection Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn--V-‹m. Row, column 1X2 A∞j’Create ˘TÙj-RÙ˚]d °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.©\œ PV-XÙd TÙd˚^ ÍP-‹m.

♦ ˙LÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-R-©\œ Edit →Clone → select original Gu\ Bl-`˚]j Ro‹ Nn-V-‹m. CRtœl ©\œEdit Path by Node ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR ©\œ˙LÙh-•u ¡’ —h-”d-œ-±˚V Yj’ °∞d˘Nn-V-‹m, ˙LÙh˚P J⁄ ◊\-UÙL C›j-’f ˘Np-X-‹m. C⁄ Td-Le-L-∞-¤m J˙WA[Æp ˙LÙ”Ls Y˚[-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. C˚R J⁄ UXü CRr Y•-Y-UÙd-L-‹m. CRr ÿ›-Y- R-Ÿm Ro‹ Nn’ FillColour ÍXm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\m A∞d-L-‹m.

♦ CkR CR˚Z ÿ›-Y-’m ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-R

©u Edit → Clone → Unlink CloneGu\ Bl-`˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.˙U¤m Path→Union A∞d-L-‹m.Cl˙TÙ’ CkR UX-ü -C-Rr J⁄ —Rk-ßW-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄-[ÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.

♦ CkR UX-¨p CR˚Z TX SLp-Ls G”d-L‹m object ˘U‡-Æp Rotate, Flip˙TÙu\ ÷h-Te-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß J⁄UX-ü Y•Y A˚Ul-˚Tl ˙TÙuflJ›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m.

♦ Cq-YÙfl °˚PjR UX- u GpXÙ CRr-L˚[-Ÿm Ro‹ Nn’ Path→ Union Nn-V-‹m.

&(�-.��$/��85�?%�D�5�4%�≠�!�"��5?(��6�#�- Object → Transform S5��6��3R�E��4��-��!1��V%Rotate ��$%�70�W/�� 0�� !��5�6�� (�)��<4�F/��-.�!��54 Double �)��3R��6��X1��-�� "+�Q�� (A�4��6Y��05�6��-�Z#��&O �-��561��

Gu- ]u] UÙfl-Rp-Ls Nn-RÙp CkR CRr-L- [l TPj-ßp LÙi-©j-R-T• Es[ J⁄UXWÙL UÙt-\-XÙm?Û. C’-Y- Wd Lt\ ÷h-Te-L˚[-Ÿm ˙Yfl-TX ÷h-Te-L- [-Ÿm TVu-T”jßl TPj˚R ÿ›- U-VÙd-L-XÙm.

·”-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ”

�C��"�[�� 6!��M��6#-5� �6��!�� 6#-�Z#��&(� �"��(��0�� C��"�[+�-�Z#��&(� ��5�6��A6��"��(�0�� !��5?�� A4� ��C��"�[C%�&(��5�6��3��"��%��5�?%� I��3�� (Move)� � ,��-�� 05�6C5�6C!�� 6%� �� $%�� !��@;!�� 5�4��&��.#-�?��"��LP�LP� �� 0��856� �6�-��I"��-5� �6M�E�� I"��-5� �6��!��(/��0�&(�-O�� "�#�� I�� #�� I�� A6� ��5�?%� I"�-5� �6��!��G��\��0(Object) � "/�� 6�� 3R�!��#�� 0��3D��4��'��P��4�= ��.A�6��6��C��"�[�+��&(��*��5�6= �� A4��6�+��!�7�%��L��-��"#�P��#��5�6C�!�� !��#��5� 6C5�6�C�!�� 0�� 3D��'��P��3D54��56��A6��7"4��C��"�[��-��$%��!��56�76�Q�!��(��-�� TPm 1.15

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˘RÙPo- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

♦ EU’ Ts-∞-´u ˙XÙ˙LÙ˚Y Cedv-˙Ll-©p RVÙo-˘Nn’ WÙv-Po ˙LÙl-TÙLEU’ LÙl-◊j RÙœl-©p N™j’ Yd-L-‹m. CkR XÙ˙LÙ˚Y EU’ Ts-∞- uC˚Q-V-R-[j-ßu (Web Page) ÿLl-◊lTd-Lj-ßp (˙aÙm ˙T¥p) Eh-T-”j-R-‹m.

♦ E´-¨ -Vp ◊j-R -Lj -ßp " "TÙ’-LÙl -◊m£°f˚NŸm'' Gu\ AX°p Es[ TÙ˙LÙ-˚Nt-˙\Ù-£v˛u Tp-˙Yfl ®˚X-L˚[Æ[d-œm TPm Y˚Wk’ EU’ ˙LÙl-◊j-˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.

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♦ ©£-WÙk-˚R-VÙo R]’ Si-Tu ˙LÙl-˘T-⁄g-˙NÙ-Z-‡dœ Au-]l-T-\˚Y˚VÁ’ A‡l-©V ®Lr-˚Y, Ee-Ls R™rTÙP-Ë-≠p Lt-±-⁄l-¿o-Ls. Au-]l-T-\-˚Y˚V Æ[d-œm LÙh-£-´u ˙TÙ’ARu ÿLj-˙RÙt -\j -ßp Ht-T -”mUÙt\j˚R A˚NÓh-Pm ˘NnV˙Yi”m. CRt-LÙL Au-]j-ßu Tp- YflÿLj -˙R Ùt - \j˚R Cedv -˙L -©pRVÙWÙd°j R≤j-R-≤-VÙ] ˙LÙl-◊-L-[ÙLEU’ ˙LÙl-◊j-˘RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.

RL-YpL˚[ AX£ BWÙn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls

17

RLYp ˙NL-¨l◊ GuT’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ”L˙[Ù” RÙPo-◊- PV ™L ÿd-°Vj’YmYÙnkR Ju\Ù-œm. RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-©t-œm,Tœl-TÙn-Ætœm Tp-˙Yfl ÿ˚\-Ls Es-[-],UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u EPpSXm ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Cq-YÙ-\Ù] J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚P˙V Ju-T-RÙmYœl-©p ø≈o ˙Ut-˘LÙi-ºo. J⁄ AXœ-˘RÙPo-TÙL ˙NL¨d-Ld ·•V RL-Yp-LsN¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-ß-]ÙpUh”-˙U, Aß-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-°\ Tœl-TÙn-‹-L-fim N¨VÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

Ju-T -RÙm Yœl-©p SPj-Rl -ThPUÙQYo-L-∞u EPp-SXm RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp˙NL-¨l-◊-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-ßV˙TÙ’øe-Ls Nk-ßdL ˙SokR £d-Lp-Ls G˚Y?

♦ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´u A[‹

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Cf-£d-LpL-fidœj æo‹LÙQ øe-Ls˚LVÙiP YØ-ÿ- \-Ls VÙ˚Y?

♦ ˘Np @l-√-≥e

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RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-’m˙TÙ’ Ht-T-Pd-·-•V Cf £d-Lp-L-˚[j æol-TRt-LÙ] J⁄ ◊ßV YØ-ÿ-˚\˚VlTt±A±k’- ˘LÙs-˙YÙUÙ?

RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-

T”j-’-Y-Rtœ ˙PhPÙ @TÙm

˙PhPÙ @TÙm TVu-T”jß Ko Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj RVÙ-¨lT’ Gq-YÙfl G] SÙmTÙol-˙TÙm. Ee-L-fi-˚PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘TVo, ≈h-•u ˘TVo, YV-’, ÿL-Y-¨,˘Tt-˙\Ùo -L -∞u ˘TVo ˙TÙu\-Yt˚\EhT”j-ß J⁄ Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V ˙PhPÙ@TÙm TVu-T-”jßf ˘Nn-’-TÙol-˙TÙm.CRtLÙL Open Office Spredsheet˛p R˚Y-VÙ] R˚Xl-◊-Ls Rh-Pf—f Nn’ AYt˚\j˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. (TPm 2.1).

2 RL-YpL˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹

˘Nn-Y-ßp ◊ßV ÿ˚\-Ls

RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm

18

©u-]o Data → Data Form ÿ˚\´p˙PhPÙ @TÙm NÙ[-Wj˚Rj ß\dL-‹m.(TPm 2.2)

R˚Xl-◊Lfidœ Ht-◊-˚PV TÙdv-Ls˙PhPÙ @TÙ-™p LÙQl-T-”-°-\RÙ? CYt-±pEs[ A˚]j’ @¿p-•-¤m RL-Yp-L˚[jRhPf—f ˘Nn’ New Th-P˚] A›j-R-‹mAhP-Y-˚Q-´p Ht-ThP UÙt -\j˚RdLY≤Ÿe-Ls Cq-YÙ-\Ù] PhPÙ @TÙm TVu-T”jß Ut\ Ah-P-Y- Q-L-∞-¤m RL-YpL˚[Eh-T-”jßl T´t£ ˘Nn-ß-”-L.

˘apj LÙo” RVÙ- l- TÙm

Nm-ÈoQ Æ˚[-VÙh” ˙Um-TÙh”jßhPjßu ∏r UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u EV-W-ÿmG˚PŸm A[l-T-Rtœj æo-UÙ-≤d-Ll-Th-P-’.˘Tt\ CkRj RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T”jß Ee-L-fi- PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u˘apj LÙo” RVÙ-¨l-T-˚Rl Tt± B˙XÙ-£l-˙TÙUÙ? ˘apj LÙo-•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ]RLYp-L-˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-R ˙PhPÙ@TÙm ÷hTj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. Cßp

EhT”j-Rl-TP ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?

RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l -T -Rt -LÙ] UÙß¨lT•Yj˚Rd LÙi-L.

Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-´p J⁄ T•-Yj˚R OpenOffice Writer-p RVÙ- j’ Ee-L-fi- PV Yœl-

©-¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u RL-YpL- [f NL- d-L-‹m. RVÙ-¨d-L C⁄d-œm ˘apj LÙo•pJq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y‡- PV Body mass IndexCR˚] A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Ut\ £XTœl-TÙn-‹-Ls TÙu-\-Yt-˚\-Ÿm EhT”jß -˘apj LÙo˚P ˙Um-T-”j-R-XÙm. CRt-œd°˚Pd-Ll-˘Tt\ RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”jß Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-Rp Yi-”m. RL-Yp˙NL-¨l◊l T•-Yj-ßp °˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[˙PhPÙ @TÙm ÷h-Tm TVu-T-”jß Spreadsheet ˛p AhPY˚Ql-T”j-R-XÙ˙U?

Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-¤dœ ¤d-Al

@Te-`u

BMI A•l-T-˚P-´p CqYh-P-Y-˚Q-´¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ G˚Pd-œ-˚\-‹s-[-YoLs (Under Weight), NRÙ-WQ G˚PŸs-[-YoLs (Normal Weight), AßL G˚PŸs-[-YoLs (Over Weight), œi-PÙ-]-Yo-Ls(Obesity) G] Y˚Ll-T-”jR-XÙm. CRt-LÙLøeLs RVÙ-¨jR Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’A˚]Y-¨u BMI˛Id LQd-°-P-‹m. (BMILQd -°”Y -Rtœd °˙XÙ -° - W Ù -™¤s[G˚P˚V ¡hP¨-¤s[ EV-Wj-ßu Gi-¶d-˚L-VÙp Yœj-RÙp˙TÙ’m). BMI u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙U˙X œ±l-©h-”s-[-˚Rl-˙TÙXUÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jR (Spread sheet) ¤d-Al (Lookup) ÷h-Tj˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

TPm 2.1

TPm 2.2

˘apj LÙo” RL-Yp NL- l◊l T•-Ym

˙Nod˚L Gi ......................................................

˘TVo ......................................................

Yœl-◊, ©¨‹ ......................................................

EV-Wm ......................................................

G˚P ......................................................

YV’ ......................................................


19

CRt-LÙL øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´u A•l-T-˚P-´p J⁄ ¤dAl NÙoh RVÙ-¨dL˙Yi”m. ∏˙Z LÙ‘m UÙß-¨˚Vd LY-≤d-L-‹m. (TPm 2.3).

Lookup Chart -u A•l-T-˚P-´p UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-XÙm. CRtLÙL ¤d-AlNÙoh˚Pj Ro‹˘Nn’ Data U‡-Æ-≠-⁄k’ Define Range Ij Ro‹ Nn’ TVo LÙ”j’Save ˘NnV‹m.

TPm 2.3

TPm 2.4


20

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’

R≤VÙs RL-Yp-Ls

Cl-˙TÙ’ øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR AhPY˚Q˚V J⁄ RL-Yp L[g-£-V-UÙL (Data-base) G”j-’d-˘LÙs-[-XÙm. CkR ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T≥-≠⁄k’ Jq- YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y- ]l-Tt±ŸmA±d˚L (G-”j-’d-LÙh-PÙL ˘apj LÙo-”)RVÙ¨l-T-’ Gl-T•? Jq- YÙ⁄ UÙQY≤u RL-Yp-L˚[j R≤j-R -≤-VÙL SL˘X”j’A±d˚L RVÙ-¨d-œm ˘NVp- £W-U-UÙ-]-’.Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u RL-Yp-L˚[Ÿm˙R˚Yd -˙LtT J›e -œl -T -”j -ß -]Ùp˙Y˚X˚V G∞-RÙd-L-XÙm. ARt-œl TVu-T”m ÷h-Te-L-∞p Ju˙\ ˘U´p-˘Uow.

˘apj -LÙo•t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv RVÙ-WÙ] ©\œ, ˘apj LÙo-”d-œj˙R˚Y-VÙ] J⁄ ˘Pml-˙Xh˚P Kl-TuBl¿v ˚Wh-P-¨p RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m. UÙß¨A”jR -Td-Lj-ßp RWl-Th-”s-[-’.

øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR ˘Pm-©-˙[h ˙LÙl©p˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥-¤s[ RL-Yp-L˚[ EhT-”jR˙Yi”m. ARt-LÙL Tools ˘U‡Æ≠-⁄k’

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ÿR-XÙ -Y’ UÙQ-Y-˚]d œ±j-R -

˘Np˚Xj ˘R¨‹ ˘Nn-R-©u (˙`” ˘Nn-Vl-

Th-P- Y) Insert U‡Æ≠-⁄k’ Function Ij

˙Ro-k˘R-”d-L-‹m. ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ Th-•V≠-

≠⁄k’ Lookup Ro-‹- NnV RÙPok’ Y⁄m

NÙ[-Wjßp (TPm 2.4) Íufl TVu-TÙ-”-L-˚[d

LÙQ-XÙm. (Search Criterion, Search Vector,Result Vector) C˚Y GYt-˚\d œ±l-©-”-

°u\]?

Search Criterion : UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ GkRjRWÆu A•l-T-˚P-´p Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y’?

Search Vector : Data Range˛I Y˚W-V-fljR-˙TÙ’ ˘LÙ”j-R ˘TVo.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Noj’ OK°∞d ˘Nn-RÙp ÿR-XÙ-Y’ UÙQ-Y-˚]d

œ±jRj RL-Yp AkR Np¤d-œd °˚Pdœm.

∏˙Z Es[ ˘Np-¤d-œm C’-˙TÙu\

RLYpLs °˚Pd-Ll- T-fl-Y-Rtœ Gu] NnV

˙Yi-”m? Li-”-©-•j’ Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V

®WlT‹m.


21

Mail Merge Wizard˛Ij ˙Rok˘R-”d-L-‹m.˘RÙPok’ ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ß-≠-⁄k’Insert Address Block˛I °∞d ˘Nn-ß-P-‹m.Ce˙L Ah-Wv ˘NXdh ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ]ThP˚]j Ro-‹- Nn’ ©\œ Add Th-P˚]d°∞d-˘NnV‹m. Cq-YÙfl øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jRAh-P-Y- Q˚V Document-p Eh-T-”j-R-‹m.Al- TÙ-›’ NÙ[-Wj-ßp •d A˚P-VÙ-[e-LsC⁄k-RÙp AR˚] ød° Create Salutation˛Id °∞d-˘Nn-ß-P-‹m. ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m NÙ[-Wj-ß¤m •d A˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[ ød° EditDocument NÙ[-Wj˚R ˘NXdh ˘Nn-V-‹m.ARu-©u Edit Document Th-P˚]d °∞d-˘Nn’ ÿd°V Document˛tœj ß⁄mT

YWXÙm. C≤ View ˘U‡-Æp Data SourceId °∞d ˘Nn-RÙp (TPm 2.5) SÙm Eh-T-”j-ßV Ah-P-Y˚Q Document ‡˚PV ˙UpTdLj-ßp ˙RÙuflm (TPm 2.6)

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TPm 2.5

TPm 2.6


22

·”-R- X≤p Selected Gu-flm 160 N. -¡hP⁄dœdœ˚\-˘Y≤p Not Selected Guflm Tß‹ -˘Nn-ß-⁄k-RÙp ˘U´p ˘Uow ÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T”jß Certificate RVÙo ˘NnV ÿ•-ŸmRÙ˙]!Cq-YÙfl œ±l-©”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ˚\ Gu]?CRtœd Li•`]p v˙Ph-Uu˚Pl TVu-T-”j-RXÙm. IF Gu\ @Te- ˚]l ©u-Y-⁄-UÙflTVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. UÙQ-Yu Ro‹ Nn-Vl-Th-P-Y]Ù Gufl œ±l-©P ˙Yi-•V ˘Np-≠p°∞d NnR ©u IF @Te- - ]j Rok- R”d-L-‹m. ß\k’ Y⁄-m NÙ[-Wjßp Test @¿p•pAkR UÙQ-Y-≤u EV-Wm A˚P-VÙ[l-T”j-ßV ˘Np-≠u Ußl◊ Gu-]-YÙ-L -C⁄d-L˙Yi”˘Uu-flm (H2>=160), Then_ Value Gu\@¿p-•p ‘SELECTED’ Guflm Otherwise _value

GuTßp ‘NOT SELECTED’ Guflm œ±l-©h”OK °∞d ˘Nn-ß-P-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ AkR˘Np≠p Gu] ˘R¨-°-\’? ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ ˘Np-

L∞p ©\ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[d œ±jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Gq-YÙfl œ±l-©PXÙm. CkR ˙PhPÙ˙T≥-≠-⁄k’ ∏r LÙ‘m UÙß- - p A˚]j’UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ-UÙ] NÙu-±-RrL˚[ ˘U´p-˘Uow YN-ß-˚Vl TVu-T”jßj RVÙ¨dL‹m.

˙Ph-PÙ- Tv RVÙ- l- TÙm

J⁄ R≤lThP ˙R˚Yd-LÙLj ßWh•˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°u\ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘RÙ˚L-VÙL˙Ph-PÙ- T≥-u £±V Y•-Ye-L- [l-Tt± SÙmA±k-˙RÙm? J⁄ ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p APe-°-Ÿs[ RL-Yp-L-˚[l TX ˙R˚Y-L-fid-LÙ-LlTVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\--˚V-Ÿm ◊¨k’ LÙi-ºo-Ls Cp- XVÙ? Æ -RÙs TVu-T”jß PhPÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨l-T-ßp -£X Lh”l-TÙ-”-L-s Es-[].SÙm ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘NnR ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥pCWi” UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm J˙W ˙Nod˚L

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Master/Kumari. Rajeev. K,Standard 10 A is Selected to participate inthe Volly Ball Team Selection Camp 2012.His/Her height is 162 cm.

Place : Signature of Class TeacherDate :

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-ú R˚Xl-◊-L˚[ Jq-˘YÙu-\ÙL °∞d ˘Nn’ C›j’ ÿd-°VDocument˛u ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Tœ -ßdœd˘LÙi”- TÙn Yd-L-XÙm. RÙPok’ U´p-˘Uow ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] NÙ[-Wj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm ◊ßV NÙ[-Wj-ßp˙Nq ˘Uow PÙd-œ-˘Uu-˚Pj ˙Rok-˘R-”j’˙N™d-L-‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ °˚PjR ˙LÙl-©u◊ßV Td-Le-L- [l TÙo- Y- -P-‹m. °˚Pd-œm˘apj LÙo˚P C≤l ©üh ˘Nn-V-XÙm.˘RÙPok’ Mail Merge Wizard-tœj ß⁄m©˘Np-Y-Rt-œs[ NÙ[-Wj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn-Ÿm˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-Ld ·•V ◊ßV NÙ[-Wj-ßpSave Merge Document ˙Rok-˘R-”j’ ˙Nq˘Nn-V‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-Ld -·-•V˙LÙl©u ◊ßV Td-Le-L˚[l T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.°˚Pd-Ll- Tt\ apj LÙo˚P C≤ ©üh˘NnV-XÙm.

øe-Ls E⁄YÙd-°V ˙PhPÙ ˙T≥uERÆ-˙VÙ” Gu-˘]u] A±d-˚L-L-˚[jRVÙ¨d-L-XÙm?

♦ Identity card (A˚P-VÙ[ Ah˚P)

♦ SPj-˚Rf NÙu-±-Rr

♦ ...............................................................................

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C’-˙TÙu\ ◊ßV A±d˚LL˚[jRVÙ¨dLl T´X‹m?

Y˚Ll-T-”j-R ◊ß-V-ÿ˚\

Ts∞ LlTk’ A¶˚Vj Rok- R-”l-T-Rt-LÙ] T´t£ ÿLÙm ˘RÙPe-L-Æ-⁄d-°-\’.Jq- YÙ⁄ Yœl-©-≠-⁄k-’m 160 N.-¡hP⁄dœd·”-Rp EV-W-ÿs-[-Yo-Ls Uh”˙U ÿLÙ™pTe-œ˘T\ ÿ•-Ÿm. T´t£ ÿLÙ-™tœj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-T-”-°u\ A˚]j’ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm Yœl◊ B£¨Vo NÙu-±-Rr A∞dL˙Yi-”m.

Ee-L∞Pÿs[ Ah-P-Y- Q- Vl TVu-T-”jß NÙu-±-Rr Gq-YÙfl RVÙ-¨d-L-XÙmAhPY˚Q-´p Jq-˘YÙ⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u˘TV¨tœ SWÙL, EV-Wm, 160 N.-¡hP˚W-ÆPd-


23

˙Ph-PÙ-˙T˚^ ß\dœm ÿu-]˙W A˚R˙N™dœm-T• ·fl-Yßp-˚XVÙ? CRt-LÙ]LÙWQm-RÙu Gu]? LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.

Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ -˙T -≥uNÙ[Wj˚R (T-Pm 2.7) Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m. CßpGu˘]u] Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YN-ß-Ls Es-[]?Li”©-•j’l Th-•-V-≠-”-L.

Tables : Ah-P-Y˚Q RVÙ-¨lT-Rtœ

Quaries : £X-R-≤l-ThP RL-Yp-L-˚[j˙R”-Y-Rtœ

Forms : .......................................................................

Reports : .......................................................................

Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj

RVÙ¨l˙TÙm

Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vj RVÙ¨dL Íufl YØ--Ls Es-[].CYt±p ÿR-XÙ-Y’ YØVÙ] Create Tablein Design View Ij ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L‹m. Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p Eh-T-”jR Yi-•V RL-Yp-L-∞uR˚Xl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm A˚Y Gm-ÿ-˚\-´-X-˚UkRRL-Yp-L-[Ùn C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T-˚R-Ÿmÿ•‹ Nn-V-‹m. G.-LÙ. Nod˚L Gi GuT’

TPm 2.7

Gi˚Qj RY-fl-R-XÙL A∞jß⁄kRÙp Gu]®L›-m? Cm-U-ßl-◊-Ls ˙N™dLl-T-”-Y-˚RdLÙQ-XÙm. H˘]-≤p CR˚]j RÆ-odL J⁄˙NÙ-R-˚]˚Vf ˘NnYRt-LÙ] A±-‹˚W˘VÙu-flm Ce˙L Eh-T-”j-R-T-P-Æp˚X. J⁄˘T¨V Ph-PÙ- T-≥p RL-Yp-L˚[l TÙ’-LÙl-TÙLd LVÙ-fim Y˚[- p Cq-YÙ-\Ù] TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]-Ls ˙R˚YlT”m.G”j-’d-LÙh-PÙL J˙W Ußl-◊-Ls ß⁄m-T-Y-WÙ-ß-⁄j-Rp, Gi-Ls Uh-”m Eh-T-”jR Yi•V˘Np-L -∞p G›j-’ -L -˚[j RÆoj-Rp˙TÙu\˚Y-...

Cq-YÙ-\Ù] £d-Lp-L-fid-œj æo-‹-Li”TÙ’-LÙl-TÙ] J⁄ Ph-PÙ- T-≥˚]d LVÙ[ER-‹m. ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls ˙PhPÙ-˙Tv˘Uuw-˘Uuh £v-Pm (DBMS) G]lT-”°u\’. Cm-ÿ-˚\-´-X-˚UkR J⁄ ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄˙[ KlTu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv.Office ˘U‡Æ-≠-⁄k’ Kl-Tu Bl-¿v˙PhPÙ-˙Tv (Open Office Database) Ijß\k’ TÙod-L-‹m. ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄s GYt-˚\-˘VpXÙm ˙Lh-°-\-’?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙ[-Wj˚RŸm -˙NÙ-ßj’d˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[d ˘LÙ”j-’l ◊ßV˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨d-L-‹m. øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR


24

AhPY-˚Q˚V ˙N™dL U\dL ˙Yi-PÙm.

Ah-P-Y- Q- p RL-Yp-L- [f

˙NodL @TÙm (T•-Ym)

øe-Ls RVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y- Q- p RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Nol-T-Rtœ @TÙm (Form) Gu\÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T-”jRXÙm. Kl-Tu Bl-¿v˙Ph-PÙ- Tv NÙ[-Wj-ßp Form Gu\ Th-P- ]-°-∞d Nn’ YXl-Td-Lj-ß-≠-⁄k’ CWi-PÙ-Y’YØ˚Vj (Use Wizard to create form) ˙Ro‹˘NnL. ˙Ut-˘LÙi” ˘Np-¤m-˙TÙ’ øe-LsRVÙ- jR Ah-P-Y- Q- VŸm Aß-≠-⁄k’ @TÙ-™p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm˙Rok- R-”dL CV-¤m. Arrangement of the mainform Gu-T-ß-≠-⁄k-’ -J⁄ X-A‹h˚Pj Rok-˘R-”j’ ÿu-˙]-±f ˘Np-X-‹m. @TÙ-™tœj˙R˚Y-VÙ] ®\m, ˙XA‹h-” CYt˚\j˙Rok-˘R-”j’ @TÙ˚U ˙N™d-L‹m (TPm 2.9).

TPm 2.8

J⁄ Gi-¶-Vp RW‹ (Numeric), TVo GuT’G›j-ß-Vp RW‹ (Text).

UÙQ-Yo-L-fi- PV Nod˚L Gi, TVo,Yœl◊ Ts-∞-´p ˙NokR ˙Rß, ˘Tt˙\Ùo-L∞u ˘TVo ˙TÙu-\˚Y Eh-T-”°u\ J⁄Ah-PY-˚Q˚V Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T≥p RVÙ-¨l˙TÙm. CRt-LÙL Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V J›e-L- UdL Yi-”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄˘Nh RW‹-L- [-Ÿm Ut-fls-[-Yt±-≠-⁄k’ ©¨j-R-±-V J⁄ RW˚Yl ©˚W-U¨ ∏VÙLj ˙Ro‹˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. C’ R≤j-’-Ym (Unique)E˚P-V-RÙ-L-‹m, ˘Yfl-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m (Not Null)C⁄dL ÿ•-VÙ-’. Ee-L-fi-˚PV Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p G˚Rl ©˚W-U¨ ∏VÙLj ˙Ro-‹-˘NnV˙Yi-”m? AkRj RW-˚Yd œ±l-©-”-°\R˚Xl-©u CPl-Td-Lj-ßp ˚Wh-°-∞d ˘Nn’©˚WU¨ ∏ Gu\ ©¨˚Yj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m(T-Pm 2.8). ˘RÙPok’ J⁄ ˘TVo A∞j’


25

TPm 2.9

��

CkR @TÙ˚Ul TVu-T-”jßj RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”jßl TÙod-L-‹m.øeLs RVÙ¨jR @TÙ-™p Jq- YÙ⁄ ¿p-•-¤mRL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙Noj-R-©u ˙P˚T A›jßA”jR @¿p•tœf ˘Np-X-XÙm. J⁄ UÙQ-Y˚]d œ±jRj RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NojR ©\œ˙Pl ApX’ GuPo ∏˚V A›j-’m˙TÙ’Cj RLYp-Ls øe-Ls ÿu◊ RVÙ-WÙd-°V AhP-Y-˚Q-´p ˙NL-¨d-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-œm Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p RL-Yp-Ls A˚P-VÙ-[lT-”jßV ©uAhP-Y- Q˚Vj ß\k-’-TÙod-L-‹m. Cq-YÙflRVÙ¨jR Ah-P-Y˚Q˚V SÙm ÿu◊ T´t-£-˘NnR U´p- Uow TÙu\ ÷h-Te-Ls TVu-T”jß ©\ R˚Y-L-fid-œm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.Ee-Lfi˚PV Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u Tœ-ß-VÙL Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv TVu-T”jß ˙U¤m TX ˙Ph-PÙ-˙Tv-L-˚[jRVÙ¨j-’l T´-X-‹m.


♦ Ee-L-fi-˚PV Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞uA˚P-VÙ[ Ah˚P RVÙ-¨l-T -Rtœj˙R˚Y-VÙ] RW‹-L-˚[j ßWh• Kl-TuBl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ -˙Tv TVu-T”jß˙PhPÙ-˙Tv RVÙ¨dL-‹m. ˘U´p-˘Uow÷h-Tj˚Rl TVu-T-”jß A˚PVÙ[Ah˚P˚Vj RVÙ¨j-’l ©¨uhG”dL‹m.

♦ J⁄ YÙo-•p Es[ ≈”-L-∞u œ•-øoBRÙWe-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[jßWh• Kl-Tu Bl-¿v ˙Ph-PÙ-˙T-≥p˙P©-fim Aßp RL-Yp-L-fim A∞l-T-RtLÙ] @TÙ-m RVÙ-¨j’ Ah-P-Y˚Ql-T”j-R-‹m.


26

Aß-WÙ-¶l-TÙ-Pm œ•- -⁄l◊ ˚UV-UÙLUÙ±-V-RÙp ◊Æ CVt˚L A˚Ul-©p Ht-ThPUÙt\e-L˚[ Gq-Y-[‹ A⁄-˚U-VÙL Gv.-˙L.˘TÙt-\d-LÙ” ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-°u-\Ùo? øe-Lsœ•- -⁄d-œm Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤m UÙt-\e-Ls ®Lrk’-˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\’ RÙ˙]? Ee-L-fi-˚P-VlTœ-ß- p C’- TÙp Ht-ThP ◊Æ- -V≠p U≤-R-]Ùp ®LrkR UÙt-\e-L-˚[-Ÿm ®XlTP Y•-Æp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jR ÿ•-ŸUÙ? G≤p C˚RGkR Y˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T”jR ÿ•-Ÿm. C˚R ÿ•-‹-˘NnV SÙm TXY˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-T -Pe-L -˚[j ˘R¨k-’ -˘LÙs[XÙ˙U?

˘TÙ’-YÙ] ◊Æ®Xl-T-Pm

Ee-L-fidœ Suœ A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] HRÙ-Y’®Xl-T-Pj˚R (wall map) Et-fl-˙SÙd° AßpGu- ]u] RL-Yp-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[]Gufl Li-P-±-L. (TPm 3.1).

♦ NÙ˚X-Ls

♦ W´p˙Y

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

‘J⁄ ˘T¨V N’l◊ ®Xm LÙXl-˙TÙd-°p Áok’ J⁄ œ-•-´-⁄l-◊ ˚UV-UÙLUÙ±V CP˙U Aß-WÙ-¶l-TÙ-Pm. Ti-P-Vd-LÙ-Xj-ßp J⁄ £±V Bfl AqYØVÙLJ⁄ U´p ÁWm Ut-LÙ-LlTÙnk’ Nufl LP-≠p LXk-ß-⁄k-R’. Ët-\Ùi”-L-fid-œl ©\œ AkR Bfl Y\i” NLß ®˚\k’ Ui-Í• ˘T¨V LÙp-YÙ-VÙLUÙ±-V-’. Ak-Rl Tœß˚V "◊Z-Yd-Lj’' Gu-fl-RÙu Ud-Ls Cu-flm A˚Zd-°u\]o.AkRd LÙpYÙŸm LÙXl-˙TÙd-°p ˘UpX ˘UpXf N’l◊ ®X-UÙL UÙ±-V’.AkRf N’l◊- ®-Xe-Lfim Yt± Y\iP˙TÙ’ Aeœ Ud-Ls œ•-˙V-\j RÙPe-°-]o. Ak-®-Xj-ßp ARu Æ˚[-YÙL U≤R ÿVt-£-´u —Y-”-Ls Up-Xj Ru-T-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. ARu Æ˚[-YÙL L⁄m◊ ˙RÙh-Pe-L-fim, Gsfi, ’Y˚W˙TÙu\ RÙ≤-Ve-L-s Æ˚[-°u\ ®Xe-L-fim Y≠-Lh-•V Tœ-ß-L-fim RÙu±]...’

3 G]’ ◊Æ-®XlTPd

L[g-£-Vm

J⁄ ˙RNj-ßu L˚RGv. ˘L. ˘TÙt-\dLÙ”

G]’ EX-Ll-T-Pd L[g-£-Vm

27

˘NVt- Ld- LÙs ®Xl-T-Pm

www.wikimapia.org C˚Q-V-R-[j˚RlTÙo-˚Y-´h” Ee-L-fi-˚PV Tœ-ß˚V Li-”-©•j’ Etfl˙SÙd-œL. J⁄ ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ®Xl-TPj˚Rd LÙh-•-¤m ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]RLYpLs Cßp ·”-R-XÙL Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th”s[] Gufl Li-P-±-V-‹m.

♦ ≈”

♦ NÙ˚X

♦ œ[m

♦ ...............................................................................

Æd-°- Ul-©-VÙ-Æp CPe-Ls, NÙ˚X-Ls,®fl-Y-]e-Ls, YØ-TÙh-”j RXe-Ls ˙TÙu\-Yt±u ˘TVo-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jRÿ•Ÿm. Ee-L-s Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©Pj˚R®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Li-”©-•d-L‹m. Gq-YÙfl

TPm 3.1

TPm 3.2 NVt- Ld- LÙs LÙh£


28

Ts∞´u ˘TV˚W Æd°˙Ul-©-VÙ -ÆpA˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-Y’?

Æd-°- Ul-©-VÙ-Æp G]’ Ts-∞d-·-Pm

Æd-°-˙Ul-©VÙ˚Yj ß\k’ Search˘Nn˙RÙ, U‹v v˙LÙ-Wp YØ-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ee-L-fi- PV Ts-∞- u C⁄l-©-Pj˚Rd Li-P±-V-XÙm. Satellite view, map view Gu-°\ C⁄ÿ˚\-L-∞p Y˚W-T-Pj˚R Et-fl- SÙd-œ-m YNßCßp Es-[-’. Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©-Pj-˚RdLi”-©•j-’ ©\œ ®Xl-T-Pj-ßu Es˙[˘Nufl ˙Up-Td-Lj-ßp °˚Pd-œm Âp-L-∞pEdit Map˛p Add place Ij ˙Rok- R-”d-L‹m.

TPm 3.3 ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pd LÙh£

TPm 3.4

TPm 3.5


29

U‹-˚Nd °∞d ˘Nn’ ◊s-∞-L˚[E⁄YÙd° Ee-L-fi-˚PV Ts-∞-´u C⁄l-©Pj˚R A˚P-VÙ-[l-T -”j-R -XÙm. C˙R

˙TÙufl Ee-L-fi- PV ≈h-•u C⁄l-©-Pj- R-

Ÿm ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’L.

Save Th-P-≤p °∞d ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’

ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ßp C⁄l-©-Pj-˚Rl

Tt-±V RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Noj’ ˙N™d-L‹m.

(QGIS) ◊ÆjRL-Yp ˘RÙœl◊

C≤ keralaresourcemaps.in Gu\

C˚Q-V-R-[j-˚Rl TÙo-˚Y-´h” TÙXd-LÙ”

UÙYhPj-ßp UXm-◊ZÙ ©[Ùd-°p A˚Uk-

’s[ ALj- Rj-RWÙ °WÙU FWÙh-£- u Yl

°Î¥v (web QGIS) A˚Ul◊l Tt±V ◊Æ

®Xl-TPj-˚Rl TÙo -˚Y-´-P -‹m. Cßp

LÙQlT”m RL-Yp-Ls TX ©¨-‹-L-[ÙL ©¨d-

Ll-Th” CPl-Td-Lj-ßp J›e-L-˚Ud-Ll-

Th”s[˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m. Gu-˘]u]

UiP-Xe-L-∞p RLYp-Ls °Î-¥v ®X-lT-Pj-

ßp RWl-Th”s[] GuT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.

J⁄ Ui-P-Xj-ßu RL-Yp-L˚[ ◊Æ ®Xl-

TPj-ßp ˘LÙi-”-YW Ui-P-Xj-ßu CPl-Td-

Lj-ßp LÙQl-T-”m ˘Nd TÙd-≥p °∞d ˘Nn-

TPm 3.6

GIS �'��=�<,�(��

♦ ��K��

♦ �K��(��

♦ '��(��

♦ ��L��

♦ ��

♦ � �8��;��%��7��

♦ <�M�N�� )��!

♦ ........................................................................

♦ ........................................................................

♦ ........................................................................

�A��O��!�� QGIS �<��'��;��!�

RÙp TÙ’m. Jq- YÙ⁄ Ui-P-Xj˚Rd œ±j’

Gu-˘]u] £\l-◊j Ru-˚U-Ls (Attributes)®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[] GuT˚R

AkR Ui-P-Xj˚R ˘NVp-T-”jß Ap-X’

®Xl-T-Pj-ßp °∞d ˘Nn’ Li-”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls.

Cl-˙TÙ’ SÙm Íufl Y˚L-VÙ] ®Xl-

TPe-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-˙RÙUÙ? CYt-±p


30

CVt˚L-VÙ-]-’m U≤-Ru E⁄YÙd-°V ◊Æ-

˙Ut-TWl◊ £\l-◊-L- [-Ÿm AYt- \Ù” RÙPo-

◊s[ ÿ›-R-L-Yp-L-fim RWl-Th-•-⁄l-T’

°Î¥v (QGIS) ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp RÙu Gufl

◊¨k-’- LÙi-ºo-L-[Ù? °Î¥v ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj-

ßp Eh-T-”j-’-°\ RL-Yp-Ls A˚]j-’˙U

Yh-PÙW ßh-P-™-”-R-¤d-œm Ut\ Tœl-TÙn‹f

˘NV-¤d-œm TVu-T-”jR ÿ•Ÿm Tj-RÙm

Yœl◊ NÍL A±-Æ-Vp˛II p CWiPÙm

AjßVÙ-Vj-ßp C’-˙TÙp ◊Æ ®Xl-TPe-L∞u TVu-TÙh- Pl Tt± œ±l-©”m RL-Yp-L˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m. °Î¥v ◊Æ ®Xl-TPeL˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm AYt-±u TVu-TÙ”Tt±Ÿm C≤ SÙm TÙol-˙TÙm.

TPm 3.7 p RWl-Th-”s[ YÙo” ◊Æ ®Xl-TPj˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m. Aßp œ±j’s[ÿd°V NÙ˚X˚V (Main Road) LY-≤j-æo-L[Ù? 10 ¡h-Po AL-X-ÿs[ J⁄ NÙ˚X˚V

TPm 3.7

°Î-¥v (QGIS)

97��(��8��A��(��!�9��(��;�P��!��

��7��P��9�� )��LQ

��L��(�� (��%�)�<�)��!��)��(��<4��

��@!��8��@!��)!�'��A��@!��,��,��)��

��/��'��P��!��

O��E��!�4��<�)��@!�9��)��%��P��7��/��

�� !� ��LQ� ��L�� !� .� �Q!� �/��)��!�� ≠-� �<��)�� <��

��!��A��<�� )�� (�� /��(��4��

� ��/��<�� P��7��9��Q��(��H��

�<(��!�GIS�


31

AL-Xl-T-”jR AW— ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-’s-[-RÙLdL⁄-’-˙YÙm. Cm-ÿ-•˚Y S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ß]Ùp TÙßl-©t-œs-[Ù-œm LhP-Pe-Ls G˚Y-Gufl Li-”-©-•dL CV-¤UÙ? °Î-¥≥p ®Xl-T-P-UÙL C⁄k-RÙp ®f-NVm ÿ-•-Ÿm. CRt-LÙ]YN-ß-Ls CkR ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-∞p Es-[-’.T@Të (Buffering)Gu\ ˘RÙØp-÷h-T˙UCRt-œl TVu-T-”-°-\-’. T@-T-ë Gu-\ÙpGu] Gu-T˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm.

Buffering

CkRf NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙL TPm 3.7 p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ °Î-¥v ®X-T-Pj-ßu •¥h-PpY•-Yj˚Rl (QGIS Project) ˘Tfl-˙YÙm.C˚R œYÙi-Pm GIS Gu\ ®Xj-R-L-Yp˘RÙœß ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄∞p ß\d-L -‹m.œYÙiPm ¥.-I.-Gv (Quantum GIS) ß\k’File ˘U‡-Æp KlTu ◊˙WÙ-_dh YØ-VÙLEeLs L¶≤´p QGIS Project Ij ß\k’TÙod-L-‹m. CP’ Td-L-ÿs[ ˙XVo TÙd˚^

Et-fl-˙SÙd° Y˚W-T-Pj-ßp Gk-˘RkR A”d-œ-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-\] Gufl Li-”-©-•dL-‹m.˙XVo TÙd-≥p A”d-œ-L˚[ CPl-Td-L-ÿs[˘Nd-TÙd-≥v °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘NVp-T-”j-ßlTÙod-L-‹m.

®Xl-T-Pj-ß-¤s[ ÿd-°Vf NÙ˚X-úAL-Xj˚R 10 ¡h-Po Æ¨-‹-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’ Gk-˘RkR Lh-P-Pe-Ls TÙßl-©t-œs-[Ù-œ-˘Uufl∏rdLÙ‘m ÿ˚\´p LQXÙm.

♦ ÿR-≠p Road Gu\ A”d˚L ˘NXdh

˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ select single feature button Il

TVu-T-”jß ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ÿd-°VNÙ˚X˚V ˘NXdh ˘Nn-L.

♦ Vector → Geo processing Tools →

Buffer(s) Gu\ Y - N- p °∞d NnL.

♦ Input vector Layer BL Roads˛Ij˙Ro‹ -˘Nn-V-‹m.

TPm 3.8


32

♦ Buffer distance˛p Main Road˛dœ·”RXÙLd ˘LÙ”d-°u\ ALXj˚R 10¡hPWÙdœL.

♦ output Shapefile Gu-‡-™-Pj-ßp browseTh-P˚]d °∞d ˘Nn’ A”d-°tœl˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙LÙl-◊l ˘TV-˚Wd(buffer_roads) ˘LÙ”j’ ˙N™dL-‹m.◊ßV A”dœ ˙Nol-T-Rtœ A‡-Uß˘LÙ”d-L-‹m.

♦ ˙XVo TÙd-≥-¤s[ Road Layer˛I C›j’buffer_roads A”d°u ¡’m HouseLayer˛I C›j’ Road Layer˛u ¡’mÆP‹m.

C≤ ®Xl-T-Pj˚R Su-\ÙLd LY-≤j’NÙ˚X˚V AL-Xl-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’ TÙßd-°u\

Lh-P-Pe-Ls G˚Y-˘Vu-fl Li-”-©-•dLÿ•Ÿm. ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]Ùp ®Xl-T-Pm Zoom in˘Nn-VXÙm. VÙ⁄-˚PV ≈”-L-˘[p-XÙm C•d-Ll-T-”m Gu-T-˚Rd Li-”-©-•dL houseA”d°p °∞d NnV‹m. Identify Features

Gu\ Â≠p °∞d Nn-Rl-©-\œ T@lTo

A”d-°-‡s Jq- YÙ⁄ ≈”-L- [-Ÿm œ±l-©”-°u\ ◊s∞-L-∞p ¡i-”m °∞d ˘Nn-L. ≈”-L-˚[l Tt± Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[] Gu-T-˚Rl TÙod-L-‹m.

◊ßV A”d˚Lf ˙NodLXÙm

®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ≈”-L-s A˚]j-’m J˙WA”d°-p- œ±l-©-Pl-Th-•-⁄l-T˚R LY-≤j-æo-L[Ù? NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙLd °Q-fl-Ls ≈”-L-˙[Ù”˙Nok˙R LÙQl-T-”m. Ce˙L °Q-fl-Ls

TPm 3.9

¥˙VÙ ˘W@T˘Wu-≥v

J⁄ Tœ-ß´u ®Xl-T-Pj˚R v˙Lu ˘Nn’ QGIS p Eh-T-”j-’-Y-˙RÙ” A˚R ¥˙VÙ˘W@T-˘Wuv ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙL Al-Tœ-ß-´p N¨-VÙLd Li”-©-•d-Ld ·•VCP A˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[d(Landmark) Li-P-±k’ AYt-±u Ahf-Nd-˙LÙh˚P-Ÿm æodLd˙LÙh-˚P-Ÿm ◊Æ A˚U-Æ-Pf —h-”d-L-⁄Æ(Global Positioning System) Gu\˘RÙØp÷hTj˚Rl TVu-T-”jßd Li-”-©-•d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. Cq-Y-˚P-VÙ-[e-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙd° Y˚W-T-Pm v˙L- Xl Nn-Vl-T”-°-\-’. C˚Rj-RÙu ¥˙VÙ W@T- Wu-≥e GuflA˚Zd-°˙\Ùm. ¥˙VÙ ˘W@T-˘Wu-≥e ˘Nn’ ÿ•k-RÙp ®Xl-T-Pj-ß-¤s[ Jq-˘YÙ⁄◊s-∞-´-u C⁄l-©-Pj-˚RŸm LiP±V CV¤m.


33

A”dœ (Layer) A”dœ Y˚L £\l-◊j Ru- U-Ls(Layer Type) (Attributes)

Gp-˚X-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) FWÙh£/YÙo-•u TVo, Ud-Lh-˘RÙ˚L≈”-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L

œ[e-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) E¨-˚U-VÙ-[o, øo BRÙ-WmTVu-TÙ” ˙TÙu-\˚Y

œ•- -⁄l-◊-Ls TX-˙LÙ-Qm (Polygon) No˙Y Gi, ®Xj-ßu TVu-TÙ”,Ui-Y-˚L, E˚P˚U-VÙ-[o ˙TÙu-\˚Y

Sß-Ls ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, AL-Xm, øo BRÙ-Wm

YÙnd-LÙp ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, AL-Xm, øo BRÙ-Wm ˙TÙu-\˚Y

NÙ˚X ˙LÙ” (Line) ˘TVo, RWm (ÿd-°Vl TÙ˚R Ap-X’FWÙh£ NÙ˚X) AL-Xm, ˙Ut-T-Wl◊˙TÙu-\˚Y

≈” ◊s∞ (Point) ≈h” Gi, ≈h-•u TVo, œ”mTEfll-©-]o-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L, ˙Ut-·˚W(RCC or tiled or thatch)

°Qfl ◊s∞ (Point) E˚P˚U, TVu-TÙ”, øo BRÙ-Wm, RW®˚X-,BZm, ø¨u Án˚U ˙TÙu-\˚Y

˘TÙ’-dLhP-Pm ◊s∞ (Point) ˘TVo, Y˚L, Lh-PP Gi ˙TÙu-\˚Y

TPm 3.10


34

A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-Æp-˚X. A˚R Gq-YÙflEh-T-”jR Yi-”m.

♦ QGIS ˘U‡-Æ-p Layer → New → NewShapefile Layer Cq-Y-¨-˚N-´p °∞d˘Nn-ß-P-‹m.

♦ ˙RÙufl°u\ PV-XÙd TÙd-≥p LayerTypeG’-˘Y]d ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q-˚Vl TÙoj’ œ±l-©P‹m.

♦ New Attribute˛dœ ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ NameTÙd≥p °Qt-±tœl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] £\l◊jRu˚UL˚[-d (Attributes) ˘LÙ”d-L-‹m.

R≤j-Ru-˚U-L-[ÙL Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-L- [d LÙ”dLXÙm? Th-•-V≠-≠-⁄k’ Li”-©-•d-L-‹m. R≤l-Ti-©u ∏˙Z-Ÿs[ typebox˛p ·”-Rp £\l◊j Ru˚U-L- [-Ÿm œ±l-©PXÙm. G›j-’-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ’text data Guflm Gi-L-fidœ Whole num-ber Ap-X’ Decimal number Guflm˘LÙ”dLXÙm. Jq- YÙ⁄ £\l-◊j Ru- U- Vd˘LÙ”d-œm- TÙ’m ∏˙Z Add to attributes listGu\ ˙P©p °∞d ˘NnV U\dL ˙YiPÙm.˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ Eh-T-”j-ßV ©\œOK Th-P˚] A›jß well Gu-\ ˙LÙl-◊l˘TV-˚Wd ˘LÙ”j’ ˙N™dL‹m. Al-˙TÙ’

TPm 3.11

well Gu\ ˘TV-¨p Ko A”dœ CP’ ˙XVoTÙd-≥p ˙RÙu-flm. A”d-°p ˚Wh °∞d˘Nn’ properties Ij ß\k’ TÙod-L-‹m. Cq-Y-”d-°p ˙U¤m Gu˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[f˘Nn-V-XÙm Li-”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls. (TPm 3.11).

SÙm Cq-YÙfl RVÙ-WÙd-°V A”d-°pRÙu°Qfl-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m.∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ ÿ˚\-´p Jq˘YÙ⁄°Qfl-L˚[Ÿm œ±l-©-P-‹m.

♦ ˙XVo TÙd -≥-≠-⁄k’ well Gu\A”d˚L ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ Âp TÙ¨p toggle editing Th-P-≤p°∞d ˘Nn-L.

♦ Al- TÙ’ Uh-”m NVp-TÙh” ®˚Xdœ

Y⁄m capture point Th-P˚] °∞d

˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ ≈h-•u A⁄-°¤s[ °Qfl A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jR ˙YQ-•V CPj-ßp °∞d˘NnV‹m.

♦ ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ Attributes NÙ[-Wj-ßp(TPm 3.12) ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-LsA∞j’ OK °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.


35

C˙R ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”jßj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] A”d-œ-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° œ•-´-⁄l◊,œ[m, Sß-Ls ÿR-≠-V- Y-L˚[ øe-L˙[ ®Xl-TPjßp Eh-T-”j-R-XÙ˙U!

TPm 3.12

®Xl-T-PeL˚[ ˙U¤m LYof-£-LWUÙd-LXÙm

SÙm RVÙ-¨d-œm ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp R˚Xl◊,œ±-¬”, ß˚N (North line) , œ±l-◊ -Ls

£\l-◊jRu- U-Ls (Attributes)

GIS 84�P��9�� !��A��

'�Q��!��E��)�<��8�

��(��<��@!�9�� !��9��

� ��84�P��4��

P��(��8��(��<��E��

��Q��<��+(��(��<��RE��7��

��(��

��@!��E��H%�@!��<�!�P��

��E��(�� View �<S�4�

Identify Features T��/� ��L�� E� �

�� !��!��/��H��!

��;�� Layer �<S�4��Open

Attribute Table �N��!�

GIS ®Xj-R-L-Yp ˘RÙœß˚Vl

TVu-T”j-’m ÿ˚\

��9��<!��%��U�P��(�� H%Q��L��Q!�� P�� P��<�� U� P�� !�� (�<�� <�� E�� R��7�� !�� 4�� (Overlay) �<�� (�9��4�@��(��<!�� N�H�� (��)�

��P�� <��/(�� 4��8��<��!��!��7�� ;�H�%�@!��A��.� �� (��A��H ��!�GIS 84�P��7��/(��(�� 4E��H%��4 ��


36

(Legend) ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Gq-YÙfl Eh-T-”jRÿ•-Ÿm? CRt-LÙL file → New print ComposerG] °∞d Nn-Ÿm- TÙ’ RÙu-fl-m- Lm˙TÙôNÙ[-Wj-ß-p add new map Âp °∞d NnV‹m.©\œ ∏˙Z LÙu-YÙ-≥p NÙn-YÙ] ß˚N-´pclick & drag ˘Nn-V‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’ ◊Æ ®Xl-TPm ˙RÙu-flm Ee-Ls ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT UÙtfl-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄Æ-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.(TPm3.13). YX’ Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ propertiesbox˛p general, item Gu-T˚Y-L˚[l TVu-T”jß ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]UÙt\e-L-˚[f ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿ-˘Uufl øe-L˙[Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

R˚Xl-◊d ˘LÙ”l-T-Rtœ Lm-˙TÙ-ôNÙ[Wj-ßp add new label Âp Th-P˚]˘NXdh ˘Nn’ LÙu-YÙ-≥p °∞d ˘NnRÙp.quantum GIS Gu\ ˙P◊-L- [Ù” ·•V J⁄˘Pdvh TÙdv ˙RÙu-fl-°u-\-’. YX-’ -Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ label box˛p UÙt-\m ˘Nn’ RœkR˘TVo A∞j’ ˘Pdvh TÙd-≥p ˙Ul-©-‡-˚PV R˚Xl-©˚]j ˙RÙu-\f ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

legend Eh-T-”jR add new vect legendTh-P˚] °∞d ˘Nn’ ©\œ LÙu-YÙ-≥p°∞d ˘Nn-RÙp-˙TÙ-’m.

C≤ Âp-TÙ-¨p add image˛I ˘NXdh˘Nn’ LÙu-YÙ-≥p A›j-’m-˙TÙ’ YX’

TdLm RÙu-fl-m Picture Option ≠⁄k’ Northline œ±-¬h˚P Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm. C˚Rl -˙TÙX˙Y Lm -˙TÙ -ô NÙ[ -Wj -ßp Ut\ÂpLs Gu˘]u] Es-[] Gu-T-˚RdLiP-±-V-‹m

File → Export as Image Ij ß\k’RœkR @TÙo-˙Uh-•p SÙm RVÙ-¨jR ◊Æ®XlTPj˚R Save ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

♦ °WÙU FWÙh-£-ú ®Xl-T-P-ßp EeL-fi-˚PV ≈”m —t-fl-◊-\ÿm Eh-T-”-°u\QGIS ◊Æ ®Xl-T-Pj˚Rj RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

♦ œYÙi-Pm GISp RVÙ- jR Ts∞ A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm YÙo-•u ®Xl-T-Pj-ßp Ts-∞- Vf—t± 50 ¡h-Po —t-\-[-Æp Gj-R˚] °Qfl-Ls Es-[-]. C˚R frequency analysisYØ Li”-©•-Ÿe-Ls.

♦ Ck-ß-VÙ-Æu CVt˚L A˚Ul˚T TXYiQ ®Xl-T-P-UÙLj RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

♦ ‘Ck-ßVÙÆu ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙW ◊Æ-´-Vp’Gu\ Ajß-VÙ -Vj -ßp Ck-ß -VÙ -Æp˙LÙ’˚U Æ˚[-°u\ Tœ-ß-L- [ (Td-Lm 87)

¥.I.Gv ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jßjRVÙo ˘Nn-V-‹m.

��

TPm 3.13

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

37

˚TjRu Gu‡m L¶≤ ˘UÙØ˚VlTVuT”jß Y•-Æ-Vp Y•YeLs (¥˙VÙ™ß)E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\˚V SÙm ÿu]˙WLtfls˙[Ùm. A˙R˙TÙp L¸ih P¸‹uL•LÙWm A˚UdL‹m SUd-œj R¨Ÿm. G∞VGiL¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˚TjRu

˘UÙØ´p SÙm TVuT”jßŸs˙[Ùm.

Gh”, JuTRÙm Yœl◊L-∞p SÙm Lt\£X ˚TjRu LhP˚[Lfim, AYt±uTVuLfim ∏˙Z Es[ AhPY˚Q´p˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

LhP˚[ G”j’dLÙh” TVu

import from turtle import* GpXÙ turtle °WÙ©d

˘UÙ”ÎpL˚[Ÿm ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pEhT”j’YRtœ

raw_input a=raw_input(“Enter your Name:”) ‘a’Gu‡m UÙ±˚V

Æ˚NlTX˚L YØVÙLCu◊hPÙL Htfld˘LÙsYRtœ

if if(n>10) print “Greater than TEN” else

print ”Less than TEN”

‘n’Gu‡m UÙ±ú Ußl◊ Tj˚RÆPd ·”Rp Gu\Ùp “Greater

than TEN” Guflm Tj˚RÆPdœ˚\‹ Gu\Ùp “Less than

TEN” Guflm ©ïh NnYRtœ.

‘i’Gu‡m UÙ±´p 0,1,2,3,4

G] GiL˚[f N™j’˚YlTRtœ

range i=range(5)

‘i’ Gu‡m UÙ±´p N™j’ YjRGiL˚[l ©ïh ˘NnYRtœ

for for i in range(11): print i

time ˘UÙ•Î˚[l ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pEhT”j’YRtœ

import import time

turtle °WÙ©d≥u NÙ[Wjßp‘s’ Gu‡m ˘RÙPü Ußl˚Tl©ïh ˘NnYRtœ

write() write(s)

AhPY˚Q 4.1 SÙm C’Y˚Wl TVuT”jßV £X TjRu LhP˚[Ls

4 L¶≤ ˘UÙØ


38

˘NVpTÙ” : £X ˚TjRu LhP˚[Lfim AYt±u TVuLfim AhPY˚Q 4.2p˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

˚TjRu ˘UÙØ´p Cu‡m TXLhP˚[L˚[ SÙm LtLXÙm.

for dœl TßXÙL while

J⁄ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p EhT”jRlThPHRÙY’ J⁄ LhP˚[˚V J⁄ œ±l©hPRP˚Y ¡i”m ¡i”m NVpT”j-Rl TVuT”m LhP˚[˙V For G] SÙm A±˙YÙm.˚TjRu ˘UÙØ˚Vl ˙TÙX˙Y ©\ L¶≤

Programme 1 Programme 2

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50)

from turtle import*clear()i=0while(i<8): rt(45) circle(50) i=i+1

˘UÙØL∞¤m For Gu‡m LhP˚[ TÙu˙\While Gu‡m LhP˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. J˙W ◊˙WÙ °WÙ™p For Utflm While

Gu‡m LhP˚[L˚[l TVuT”jßAhPY˚Q ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.CqÆ⁄ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL˚[Ÿm ˘NVpT”jßlTÙodL‹m. Programming Gu‡m ˘U‡ÆpEs[ IDLE˚Vj ß\k’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf˘NVpT”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’m.

˚TjRu LhP˚[ TVu

a=range(1,10)

AhPY˚Q 4.2

1 ÿRp 10 Y˚W Es[ GiL˚[j ˘RÙP¨p ˙N™j’˚YlTRtœ

i=i+1 ˘RÙP¨p (i) ˙N™j’˚Yj’s[ Gi˙QÙ” 1 ˛I·h”YRtœ

a=range(2,21,2)

LhP˚[L˚[ J⁄ œ±l©hP RP˚Y ¡i”m ¡i”m˘NVpT”j’YRtœ

for

a=range(3,31,3)

for i in ranges(5,51,5) print i

clear()

circle(100)

a=range(10,1,-2)

write(s, font=(“Arial”,30)) turtle °WÙ©dv NÙ[Wjßp ‘s’ Gu‡m RÙP¨uUßl˚T ÆjßVÙNUÙ] TX Y•Ye-L∞p ©¨uh˘NnYRtœ

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

39

◊˙WÙ°WÙmL˚[f ˘NVpT”jßV ©\œ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ-¨VÆ˚P˚Vd LiP±V‹m.

♦ GkRd LhP˚[ŸPu range Gu‡m@Teù TVuT”jRlT”°\’?

♦ CWiPÙY’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p i=i+1Gu‡m LhP˚[ ˘LÙ”dLlTPÙUpC⁄kRÙp Gu] ®L›m?

♦ CWi-PÙ-Y’ ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-™p i=0 Gu\LhP-˚[-ú TVu Gu]?

˚TjR≤p @Te-ùLs

For LhP˚[dœs For LhP˚[

&(� for� �/��0�-�&(�-.�$/�� 6��<�� <��3!%�� ;!�/��0�!�&O -��56� I�� ]Y��-��)%��*#L��#�� 4�� for�/��0�-�<��&(�for��/��0�!��!��56��!T��

&��6�� -�$%��1�-� B%� �H�C�*%� ��1�� 6%� ��+�� -?*%�.>�"��3!%��/��]��/�4��1�� >��*%��O61��A6�� >��0E��&�$/��&(�for��/��0�-�"#��(for��/��0�!�7/��54��>��!��.!�� 4�>��!�G �!�� - for i in range (8) : ��+��/��0�-�<�� for j in range (30, 91, 10) :��+� for �/��0��/�0�6��81��

� ��4�>��*%�&'��(��/��0�K��5�6��6��3!%��4�#�.��]��6 ��/�0��/��8*%��/�04�

LhP˚[ ˘NVp-T-”m Gi-¶d˚L

from turtle import*

clear()

for i in range(8):

rt(45)

for j in range(30,91,10):

circle(j)

1

1

8

56

ÿ˚\ 1 ÿ˚\ 2

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45)

circle(30)circle(40)circle(50)circle(60)circle(70)circle(80)circle(90)

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) for j in range(30,91,10): circle(j)

LÙpd, ˚WhPo ˙TÙu\ TVuTÙh” ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄sLfim SÙm TVuT”j’m SUM,AVERAGE, COUNT ˙TÙu\ @Te-ùLfimSUdœ A±ÿLUÙ]˙R! C’˙TÙu\ L¶Rf˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ G∞RÙdL‹m ¡i”m¡ i ” m T V u T ” j R d · • V ’ U Ù ]


40

@TeùL˚[l (˘NVpTÙ”) ˚TjRu ˘UÙØ´¤m E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. CqYÙflE⁄YÙdœm @TeùL˚[l ©\ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞¤m ˘NVpT”jR CV¤m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙm3˛p CWi” GiL∞u ·h”j˘RÙ˚L˚VdLÙiTRtLÙ] Teù LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

C’ ˙TÙu\ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞p Es[Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lh-P -˚[-Ÿm ARu TV-‡m˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q (4.3˛p)LÙhPlTh”s[’.

Programme 3

def sum(a,b):

c=a+b

return c

◊ßV ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p ˚TjRu

@Te-ùL˚[ EhT”j’m ÿ˚\

ÿu◊ Æ[dLlThP ·h”j˘RÙ˚L

˚Vd LÙiTRtLÙ] @Te-ù (◊˙WÙ°WÙm 3)

Gedit˛p RhPf—f NnV‹m. CYt˚\ EeLs

˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©p myfunction.py Gu\

˘TV¨p ˙N™dL‹m. ARu ©\œ ˚TjRu

◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uj ß\k’ ◊˙WÙ°WÙm˛4p

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙufl CVd°l

TÙodL‹m. CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p Es[

Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhP˚[˚VŸm ˚TjRu

˘`p≠p CVd°]Ù¤m ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.

˘NVp-TÙ”

◊˙WÙ°WÙm 4u A‹h◊h (˘Y∞¬”)˚PBWÙnkR ©\œ AhPY˚Q 4.4Il Èojß˘NnV‹m. ARu ©\œ CWi” GiL∞u˘T⁄dœj ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtLÙ] @Teùmyfunction.py Gu‡m ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿPu˙NodL‹m.

v•ë-œ-Ls

v•ëœLs GuT’ G›j’ Y•Æ¤s[ RW‹Ls (Data) Bœm. Ut- LÙs-L∞p( " ' ) ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfimv•ëœL˙[. ◊˙WÙ°WÙm 4p ˘LÙ”dLl

Programme 4

import myfunction

print myfunction.sum(3,4)

print myfunction.sum(‘3’,‘4’)


print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)

LhP˚[ TVu

def sum(a,b): CWi” GiL∞u Ußl◊L˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙi”Sum Gu‡m ˘TV¨p

Es[ @Teù E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] LhP˚[

c=a+b ˘LÙ”dLlThP C⁄GiL∞u Ußl˚Td·h• C Gu‡m˘RÙP¨p ˙N™dL.

return c CkR @TeùL˚[lTVuT”j’m ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™pC⁄ GiL∞u Ußl◊dL [d·h•V ©\œ °˚PdœmUßl˚T ˘Y∞´”YRtœ.

AhPY˚Q 4.3

LhP˚[ TVu

import myfunction



print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)

AhPY˚Q 4.4

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

41

Th”s[Yt±p print my function.sum(“Good”,“morning”)Gu\LhP˚[˚Vl TVuT”jß]Ùp ˘Y∞¬PÙLGood morning Gufl °˚Pdœm.Te`‡dœ Cu◊hPÙLd LÙ”dLlThP RW‹GiQpX G]l ˚TjRu EQokRRÙpRÙuCqYÙfl °˚PjR’. ‘+’ (·hPp) œ±¬” C⁄GiL˚[d ·h”Rtœ Uh-”m ApX C⁄v•ëœL˚[ C˚QdL‹m TVuT”°\’.

˘NVpTÙ” : v•ë ©W™h

v•-ë ©W-™h E⁄-YÙd-œm NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙ] ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm 5 ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[’.C˚R ÿu-]o Æ[d-Ll-ThP ÿ˚\-´pRhPf—f ˘Nn’ ˘NVp-T-”j-ßl TÙod-L-‹m.

Programme 5

s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)for i in range(n+1): print s[:i]

��56��"��^%�

-#�;��#�-#��=� from turtle import*� *�%�� 1�12� @�=� ��,��L,�� *�� G�� <B�� <.��'�� G#51�R� �90�� 2��,�� 1��1�� ,5�� L,�� *��=� ��#�-#�N=� import time� *�%�� 1�12� @�≠=� ��,�� L,�� Time, turtle� �� ,S=�1��1�5�=�� ,5�� 1��90��,-��+��*,5.�� importtime�*�� 1��T'��time�*�%��$S1'��#�-#�N=�� ,5�'��,S=�T'��G#5.��0�1�2�*='�R��92=��,�U��)2��#�-#�N=G��(�� -1��-�.�� O�� G�� (�� *='�� #�-#��1�?�� import*�%�� 1�12��2��,5)��)2��#�-#�N=��90��'��

1�5�� #�-#�� G�.� �VA=� �� (Install)� ��.� ��/(� @�+0��-2��'��,S=�U��%��90�.�-��(��,S=�1��*��#�-#�N/(��*�� import��9:2'��3+�=�G��-2�W��1�5��1�5��;/(� import��9:2��L,��*��=��#L,��U��W�#��5��(�;=��L,��

LhP˚[ TVu

a=“Good” a ´p Good Gu‡m v•ë ˙N™dL

print a a ´p Es[Yt˚\l ©üh ˘NnV

a ´p ˙N™jR v•ë°p ÿRp G›j˚Rl ©üh ˘NnV

�;M �#-��H6�

�;M -��&(�6C��/��>��*%��3D��L1��;M ��/��0�K��#.��!��K��]��/�0��

print a[0]

print a*3

print a[:2]

print a[2:]

print a[-1]

print a.upper()

print a.lower()


42

◊˙WÙ°WÙm 5˛p While Gu‡m LhP˚[˚Vl TVuT”jßd ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[◊˙WÙ°WÙm 6I E⁄YÙdLXÙm. C˚Rf ˘NVpT”jßl TÙoj’ RYfl C⁄kRÙp ß⁄jßG›R‹m.

˚TjRu ˙LÙ” (Code) _]˙WhPo

˚TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL˚[ WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) ÿ˚\´pE⁄YÙdLlTVuT”m J⁄ ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˙[wxglade. CkR ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s Programming˘U‡Æp Es[’. ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˚[jß\kR‹Pu L⁄Æl ˘Th•Ÿs[ (TPm 4.1)Properties (TPm 4.2) Utflm wxglade:Tree G]Íufl NÙ[WeLs ß\lT˚Rd LÙQXÙm.

wxglade˛Il TVuT”jßl TjRu

◊˙WÙ°WÙm E⁄YÙdœRp

J⁄ TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙm NVpT”jßV˙TÙ’ °˚PjR NÙ[Wm TPm 4.4p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. wxglade ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l

Programme 6

s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)i=1while(i<n): print s[:i] i=i+1

TVuT”jß CkRl ˚TjRu ◊˙WÙ°WÙmE⁄YÙdLlThP’.

TPm 4.2

TPm 4.3TPm 4.1

TPm 4.4˛p Es[ NÙ[Wj˚R E⁄YÙdLWxglade TVuT”jßl ©˙W˚U E⁄YÙdœRp, X©pLs, TÙjRÙuLs ÿR≠VYt˚\

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

43

EhT”j’Rp ˙TÙu-\ -Yt˚\ Gq-YÙfl˘NnY’ Gu-T˚R C≤ SÙm LtLXÙm.

Wxglade TVuT”jßl @©˙Wm (Frame)E⁄YÙdœRp

♦ Programming U‡Æ≠⁄k’ wxglade˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[j ß\dL‹m. ÍuflUÙflThP NÙ[WeLs ß\lT˚RdLÙQXÙm. (1) TPm 4.1 ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wm(2) TPm 4.2 ◊˙WÙTohºv NÙ[Wm (3) TPm4.3 wxglade : Tree

♦ ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Add a FrameGu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d ˘NnV‹m.

♦ ˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp TPm 4.5 Es[wxFrame-- Ij Ro‹ Nn’ OK ThP˚]A›jR‹m. Al˙TÙ’ <design> FrameNÙ[Wjßp TPm 4.6 E⁄YÙY˚RdLÙQXÙm..

♦ Aq˙Y˚[´p wxg lade :TreeNÙ[Wjßp (TPm 4.3) HtT”m UÙflR˚XdLY≤dL‹m. ◊ßV ©˙W™u ˘TV⁄m,˚NN⁄m(Sizer) TPm 4.7˛p Es[’ TÙpUÙflRp A˚PY˚Rd LÙQXÙm.

Q_�%��

Q_�%� � �� >��0�� !��54�� 4� � �� O4�4��)6��4�3�6� 8"�� !��56�� "�`�)%�&(�34 �� !��CodeU�� 3�A6� �/��0��05� 6/�2F2� �3R!� ��G��%�Q_�%� �� D%��"�`*%�&(�34 �� 4�� /�MT04��1�; ��; ��(Drag and drop) >��*1�-��

>��!"��%1�� >�K��Q_��1��3R!��/�04��C++��+��HC�"�`*%�Q_��1��3R6��"�`�!�Visual C++.�≠��V%�Programming�"+Q%�70�wxglade��+��"��()��76QE��56��C++. Perl,XRC, Lisp� ��+�� "�`�)%� 70� � �� 0�WYSIWYG >��*%7(��1��

♦ wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Sizer˛p°∞d ˘NnV‹m. Properties NÙ[WjßpC⁄k’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] sizer˛Ij ˙Ro‹

TPm 4.4

TPm 4.5

TPm 4.6

TPm 4.7


44

˙X©pLfim, ThPu (˘TÙjRÙu)

Lfim EhT”j’Rp

Frame˛p ˙X©s, ˘Pdvh TÙdvUtflm ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[d ∏˙Z Æ[dLlThPÿ˚\´p E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

♦ ˙X©s E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp : ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp(TPm 4.1 ) Es[ Add a static Text

˘TÙjRÙ˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m.

<design> NÙ[Wjßp ÿRp LhPjßp°∞d ˘NnV‹m. <design> NÙ[Wjß¤m,wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjß¤m ˙X©∞u˘TVo ˙RÙuflm. Properties NÙ[WjßpWidget Tab˛u ERÆŸPu Label 1GuT˚R Number 1 G] UÙt\‹m.CWiPÙY’ Label˛IŸm TPm 4.11˛Il˙TÙp UÙt\‹m.

˘NnV‹m. <design> Frame NÙ[Wj˚RlTPm 4.10˛p ˙TÙp A˚UdL‹m.

a$� �"�3M�3R!�Sizer

a$� �� 3�0 5?%� 70� , %� ��0E�� ,� ��0E�� ]��Q0��/��6��P�"�#.!�"��1��

♦ wxglade:Tree� 3�0 5?�(A4� b�� c�de�SizerUS��)��3R!��4Properties�3�0 ��b��c�Be��6��P��4��23�0 5?%�70�Class U�-��I ��

70� ��56��)��3R!��4��6��P��Select Sizer

type��3�0 5?%��c�f�70�Sizer typeUS5��6��3R!��c�c%704� ��%�,� � �� , %� ��70�$� ��7(�� %�wxFlexGridSizerUS5��6��3R!��

♦ �6�� $�-�Wxglade : Tree� 3�0 5?%� 70� SizerU%�� /� �)�� 3R4�6��!��, �1E��,� �!E��7/��56��

TPm 4.8 TPm 4.9

TPm 4.10

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

45

♦ ˘Pdvh TÙd˚^ ˙Noj-Rp : ÿd°Vf

NÙ[Wjßp Es[ Add a Text Ctrl Gu‡m

˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d ˘NnV‹m.

˙X©s E⁄YÙd°V ÿ˚\´p ˘TÙ⁄j

RUÙ] CPeL∞p °∞d Nn’ TPm 4.11

LÙhPlThP’ ˙TÙufl Text Box I

E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

♦ ˘TÙj-RÙ- ]f Noj-Rp : ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp

Add a Button ≤p °∞d ˘Nn’ ©˙W™p

˘TÙjRÙ˚]f ˙NodL‹m. ˘TÙjRÙ˚]

EhT”j’m ˙TÙ’ ÿR≠p Properties

NÙ[Wjßp C⁄ UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jR

˙Yi”m. Properties˛p Es[ Widget

tab˛p Label 1 GuT˚R Add Gufl

UÙt\‹m. ©\œ Event Gu‡m tab˛p

Es[ Handler Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d

°∞d ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ ˙RÙuflm

˘TVoL∞p ˘NVpT”m @Te-`≤u

˘TVo G’˙YÙ Al˘TV˚Wj ˙Ro‹

˘NnV‹m (˘NVpTÙh•p sum Gu\

@Te- ≤u NodLlTh”s[’). Æ˚P

˙ R Ù u \ ˙ Y i • V C W i P Ù Y ’

ThP˚]f ˙NojR ©\œ Widget tab˛p

Es[ Label 2 GuT˚R ødL‹m.

˚TjRu Code E⁄YÙdœRp

TPm 4.11˛p <Design> NÙ[WjßuJ›eœT”jR¤dœ C˚QVÙ] ˚TjRuCode E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\ ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

�1$��!� E��70��5�6E��"�#�1��

Add a static Text TÙjRÙ˚]l TVuT”jß X©s E⁄YÙdœm TÙ’ Label_1, Label_2Gufl ˘TV⁄m, Es[PdLÿm LÙQlT”m. CYt˚\d ∏˙Z Æ[dLlThP ÿ˚\´pUÙt±V˚UdLXÙm.

♦ wxglade:Tree NÙ[Wjßp UÙt± A˚UdL‹s[ X©˚[d °∞d NnV‹m. E⁄YÙœmProperties NÙ[Wj˚Rl TVuT”jßj ˙R˚Ydœj RdL ÿ˚\´p UÙt± A˚UdL‹m.

♦ Properties NÙ[Wjßp LÙQlT”m Common Tab˛Id °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘TVo UÙt\XÙm.Widget Gu\ tab˛≠⁄k’ Es[PdLj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVXÙm.

TPm 4.11

TPm 4.12 TPm 4.13


46

♦ Wxglade : Tree NÙ[Wjßp Applications ˛Id

°∞d ˘NnV‹m. ©\œ Properties

NÙ[Wjßp Output path Bl`‡dœ SWÙL

Es[ (TPm 4.13) Gu‡m ˘TÙj

RÙ˚]j Ro‹ NnV‹m. TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m.

˙LÙl©tœl ˘TVo „hP‹m. ˘TV⁄Pu

.py Gu‡m øh•l˚T A∞dL

U\YÙæoLs.

♦ C˙R NÙ[Wjßp ˚TjRu Gu‡m

Bl`˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR©u Generate

Code Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jR‹m.

SÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ˘LÙ”dœm ˙LÙl◊j

˘RÙœl©p ˚TjRu Code E⁄YÙ°

Ÿs[˚Rd LÙQXÙm. IDLE Vj ß\k˙RÙ

ApX’ TerminalIl TVuT”jß˙VÙ

CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf ˘NVp T”jßl

TÙodL‹m.

◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf ˘NVpT”j’Rp

˙Ut·±V ÿ˚\´p SÙm E⁄YÙd°V◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf NVpT”j’m TÙ’ °˚Pdœm˘Th-•-L-∞p (Box) GiL˚[f ˙NodL CV¤m.B]Ùp Add Gu‡m ˘TÙjRÙ˚]d °∞d˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ Æ˚P °˚PlTßp˚X. ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlThP ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”j’YRuÍXm Cl©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQXÙm.

♦ E⁄YÙd°V ˚TjRu ˙LÙl˚Tjß\dL‹m. Cßp @Te-`-≤u Code

Es[ Tœß´p TPm 4.14 p Es[Yt˚\l TPm 4.15˛p LÙi©jRT• UÙt±A˚UdL‹m.

Text box �`!��HC�-��6 ��%1��A6��0�� H62� �3!%��/;#-��!��56��%��#��6 ��>6≠%� "�#�� 6#�� 56C% int ��+�a� [��!��56��4�

TPm 4.14

TPm 4.15

L¶≤ ˘UÙØ

47

♦ Cl˙TÙ’ Utœ±l©hP ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uf˘NVpT”jR‹m, Add TÙjRÙu TÙd-≥pA›j’m ˙TÙ’ CWiPÙY’ ·h”j˘RÙ˚L °˚PlT˚Rd LÙQXÙm.

♦ TPm 4.16˛p LÙQlT”Y˚Rl˙TÙp◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚U UÙt± A˚Uj’f ˘NVpT”jR‹m. CqÆWi” ◊˙WÙ°WÙmL˚[Ÿm Jl©h”l TÙodL‹m.

˘NVpTÙ”

TPm 4.17˛p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[˚Rl˙TÙu\ J⁄ NÙ[Wj˚R wxglade˛u

�1$��/��/��#��"�.��0��!��54�4��%��!��561��c�9BU%�70�� D% sum ��+� a� [C%��/��"#P��56��)��!��7/��56��/�0�6��C��wxglade : Tree 3�0 5?%��!�� !��56��/�0�6��6��!�� -��!��56��/�0�6��81��

E R Æ Ÿ P u ˚ T j R u ◊ ˙ W Ù ° W Ù ˚ UE⁄YÙdL‹m. ˙U¤m TX L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ CkR ◊˙WÙ°WÙ™p ˙NodL‹m.

TPm 4.18

TPm 4.16

TPm 4.17

ÿRp Pdvh TÙdv

CWi-PÙ-Y’ Pdvh TÙdv

Æ˚P -°-˚Pl-T -Rt-LÙ]Th-Pu


48

��

G]dLÙL J⁄ GUI Uu˘TÙ⁄s

= ��7(��-��"��(�0��!��5?�� /��N��%��#��5?��!��1�g� 7 �K�-5� �6��!��L1� � �� >��?��6#��56��CodeU��]��/�0�6��C��

from Tkinter import *

import os

def callback():

print “called the callback!”

quit()

def callback1():

os.system(‘oowriter’)

def callback2():

os.system(‘oocalc’)

root = Tk()

menu = Menu(root)

root.config(menu=menu)

filemenu = Menu(menu)

menu.add_cascade(label=“File”, menu=filemenu)

filemenu.add_command(label=“New Writer file”, command=callback1)

filemenu.add_command(label=“New Calc file”, command=callback2)

filemenu.add_separator()

filemenu.add_command(label=“Exit”, command=callback)

mainloop()

= �� 56�� -�$%� �!��54��&'��(� �"��(/��0E�� ?��!��56�� 0�� "�1� ��/�0 Code˛��0��!��5?�7(��- ��

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

♦ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞u A‹h◊h˚Pd (˘Y∞¬”) LÙiL.

Program 1

a = “o”for i in range (1, 11):

print i * a

Program 2

a = “o”c = “ ”for i in range (0, 11):

print (10-i) * c,(2*i+1)*a

♦ ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ◊˙WÙ°WÙÿL∞p £X UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jßd ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ TPeL∞p Es[’ TÙuflY•-Y- Ul-◊-L- [j(pattern) RVÙ¨dL‹m.

****** +ooooo***** ++oooo**** +++ooo*** ++++oo** +++++o*

1111

111111111111

111111111

♦ PIT˛u‡m ˘NÙp˚X TIP Gufl UÙt±G›’YRtL Ù] ◊˙W Ù°W Ùm ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. CkRl ◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚Uinput Gu\ Lh-P-˚[-˚Vl TVuT”jßUÙt± A˚UdL‹m.

a = “TIP”n = len (a)s = “”for i in range (n): s = s+a[n-i-1]print s

(1) (2)

(3)

L¶≤ Gu-‡m CVk-ß-Wm

49

RL-Yp ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tj-ßu UÙ˘T-⁄mY[of-£- Vl Tt± 45 Y⁄-Pj-ßtœ ÿu ß⁄.-˙LÙo-Pu.-C.-Ío Gu-‡m ◊Lr- Tt\ A±-Æ-VpA±Oo Y∞-´h-P L⁄j-’ C’.

L¶≤˚VŸm AR-‡-Pu˘RÙPo-◊- PV ©\ L⁄-Æ-L- [-ŸmG∞-RÙ-Ll TVu-T-”jR SUdœCV¤m. AR-]Ùp L¶-≤-´-¤m,AR-‡-Pu ˘RÙPo◊˘LÙs-fim©\ L⁄-Æ-L-∞-¤m Ht-T-”m S≈]UÙfl-Rp-Tt±V RL-Yp-L-˚[f˙NL¨l-T’ SUdœ ™œkRBoYj˚R A∞d-œm. Yœl-©pEs[ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[l TX œ-›d-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-L-‹m. Jq-˘YÙ⁄œ›‹d-œm L¶≤ Ut-flmL ¶ - ≤ - N Ù o L ⁄ Æ L ∞ pHtTh”s[ S≈] UÙfl-Rp-L- [dLi-P-±-Ÿ-UÙfl ·\-‹m. RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ER-‹m £Xœ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm R⁄L.

—h-˘P-≠(Mouse)

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TPj-˚RdLY≤d-L-‹m. C˚Y Mouse˛Id L¶-≤-Ÿ-PuC˚Qd -Ll - T -Vu -T -”m TX ÆR -UÙ]

TPm 5.1

""J⁄ J⁄e-°-˚Qd-Ll-ThP ™u-—t-±p(I.C.chip) ™Ld œ˚\kR ˘NX-ÆpEhT”jRl-T-”m •WÙuv-£v-Po-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Jq-˘YÙ⁄ CWi-PÙi-”-

L∞¤m CWh•l-TÙœm. Cf˘NVp 2015˛m Bi”Y˚Wj ˘RÙP-⁄m''--

ß⁄.˙LÙo-Pu.C.Ío, GXdh-WÙ-¶d CRr, Hl-Wp, 1965

5 L¶≤ Gu-‡m

CVk-ß-Wm

RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØ-X-÷h-Tm

50

CuPo@˙TvL[Ùœm (TPm 5.1) . ∫¨VpLQdPo-Ls Cl-˙TÙ’ TVu-TÙh-•p Cp˚X.PS/2 LQd-Po-L-fim T•l-T-•-VÙL U˚\-Vj-’Ye-°-Ÿs-[-’. CYt-±tœl TßXÙL USB UtflmYVo-Xv Mouse L˙[ TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°u--\].

A˙R- TÙufl —h- P≠j RÙØp ÷h-Tj-ß-¤m TX UÙfl-Rp-Ls Ht-Th-”s-[-]. SÙmTVu-T-”j-’m mouse˛u A•-lTd-Lj˚R Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m. AR-‡s J⁄ ˙LÙ[m ˚Yd-Ll-Th”s-[- Rd LÙQ-XÙm. CRu CVd-Lm ÍXm˘NVp-T-”Y˚R CVk-ßW ˘U¸v Gu°-˙\Ùm.Rt-˙TÙ’ J∞˚V E⁄-YÙd° ARu ¡[˚XEQ-o-Y-Ru ÍXm ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm Gq-Y-[‹˙YL-UÙL Y[o-°-\’ Gu-T-Rtœ C’-‹m KoG”j’d-LÙh”!

Ll-T- Xd L˚Wdœd ˘LÙi-”-

Y-⁄-Y-˚Rl-˙TÙX

SÙm TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤˚V Aq-Yl-˙TÙ’ £v-Pm Gu-°-˙\Ùm. ∏˙TÙo-”, ˘U¸v,UÙ≤h-Po, £v-Pm Î≤h ˙TÙu\ Ju-±tœAß-L-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-Ls J⁄-e°-˚Qk-’ ˘NVp-T-”-YRÙ˙X˙V C˚R £v-Pm Gu-°-˙\Ùm.CkR Æjß-VÙ-N-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-L˚[ £vPmÎ≤h”-Pu Gq-YÙfl C˚Qd-L-XÙm?

LP-≠p Es[ Ll-Tp-L-˚[d L˚WdœA⁄-LÙ-˚U-´p ˘LÙi”Y⁄m CP˙U ’˚\-ÿ - Lm (Po r t ) . A’ - ˙T ÙX Es -«h”˘Y∞¬h”d L⁄-Æ-L˚[ £v-Pm Î≤h-”-PuC˚QdL £v-Pj-ßp ˙TÙoh”-Ls LÙQl-

Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L(Key Board)

Æ˚Nl-T-X˚L Ut-˘\Ù⁄ Es-«h”d L⁄-Æ˙V! U¸˚^l TÙu˙\ Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚LŸmPS/2, USB, Wireless Utflm ∫¨-Vp CuPo@-˙Tv-L-fi-Pu °˚Pd-°-\-’. (Æ-˚Nl-TX˚L´¤s[PS/2 LQd-P-¨u ®\m Gu-]?)

Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L-´p ˘TÙj-RÙu-Ls(Key) J›e-œ-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[ ÿ˚\ Key Board Layout

G]l-T-”-m. Be-°-Xj-ßp QWERTY G]l-T-”m ∏˙TÙo” ˙XA-‹h Ee-Ls Gp˙XÙ⁄dœmA±-ÿ-L-UÙ-]- R. Rh-Pf— CVk-ß-Wj-ßt-LÙL (Type Writer) A˚Ud-Ll-ThP˙R CkR J›e-œ-ÿ˚\.™L ˙YL-UÙL Type Writer˛p Rh-Pf—f Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’ A”jR”j-’s[ TÙj-RÙu-L∞u Sm-◊- LÙp-Ls(Levers) Ju-fl-Pu Jufl £d°d- LÙs-fim YÙnl◊ Aß-L-UÙ-œm. Cl-©-Wf-£- ]dœjæo‹ LÙi-T-Rt˙L Be-°-Xj-ßp ™L Aß-L-UÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m G›j-’-Ls Ju-fld-œA⁄-°p Ut-˘\Ùufl YWÙ-Up C⁄d-L-, Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p J›e-œT-”j-Rl-Th-P-’. B]ÙpL¶≤´u ∏˙TÙo-•p ˘Sm-◊-˙LÙp-Ls Cp-˚X. Rt-˙TÙ’ SU’ ÆWp-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚UdœHtT ™L-˙Y-L-UÙ-Lj Rh-Pf—f ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\-´p ∏ ˙TÙo” ˙XA‹h A˚UdLlT”-°-\-’.Cm-ÿ-˚\˚V A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi” Duorak, Colemak ˙TÙu\ ˙XA‹h-Ls E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°u-\-]. Duorak ˙XA‹h•u TPm 5.2 p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚Rd LY≤d-L-‹m.

Ck-ßV AW— ®fl-Y-]-UÙ] C.Dac Bp 12 dœm Aß-L-UÙ] Ck-ßV ˘UÙØ-L-∞p Rh-Pf—f˘NnV E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P˙R Cuv-°-¨lh ˙XA-‹h. Ck-ßV ˘UÙØ-L-∞p Es[ G-›j-’-L∞u Jt-fl-˚U˚V BWÙnkR ©\œ C’ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. GpXÙ ˘UÙØ-L-∞-¤m Es[JjR G›j-’-L-fidœ J˙W ˘TÙj-RÙu (Key) Y⁄-UÙfl Cuv-°-¨lh ˙X A‹h-•p TVu-T”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-’. G”j-’d-LÙh” E = B / Ù

TPm 5.2


51

L⁄-Æ-L-∞u ˘TVo?L⁄-Æ-L-∞u

CuPo@-˙Tv

PS/2

∫¨-Vp

TÙW-Xp

VGA

USB

RJ45

TRS Plug(Tip, Ring, Sleeve jack)

∫ -Vp ˙UÙPm(TVu-TÙh-•p Cp˚X)

£X Y˚L PÙh-˙Uh-¨dv©¨u-Po-Ls

©¨u-Po

J≠ Eh-◊œ, ˘Y∞-˙Vfl˙TÙoh”-Ls, A]-XÙd

£d-]p ˚Xu Cu

TPm 5.3

◊˘WÙ-_d-Po


52

T”m. CuPo@-˙Tv-Ls C˚Q-Ÿm ÿ˚\-´p£vPm Î≤h-•p ˙TÙoh”-Ls LÙQl-T-”m.TPm 5.3 p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p TX-Æ-R -UÙ] Cu-Po@-˙Tv-L -fimAYt˚\ £vPj-ßp C˚Qd-Ll-T-Vu-T-”m˙TÙoh-”Ls Tt-±V œ±l-◊-Lfim ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[-]. AhPY-˚Q˚V ®˚\‹˘NnV‹m.

U•d-L-¶≤, C˚Q-Vd-L-¶≤ ˙TÙu\L¶--≤-L-∞p £v-Pm Î≤h, UÙ≤h-Po,Æ˚Nl-T-X-˚L, ˘U¸v ˙TÙu\˚Y J⁄e-°˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. B]Ùp ©\ L⁄-Æ-LsC˚Qd-Ll-T-”m ˙TÙoh”-L-∞p UÙfl-RpEs[RÙ? A˚Y Geœ A˚Ud-Ll-Th-”s-[’?Li-P-±-V-‹m.

˘Th-•d-œs Es-[˚Y Gu- ]u]

J⁄ L¶-≤l ˘Th-• -´-u Es˙[˚YdLl-Th”s[ L¶-≤l Tœ-ß-L-∞u ·h-P-˚Ul˙T £v-Pm Î≤h Bœm. Gu-˘]u]Tœ-ß-Ls CR-‡s LÙQlT-”m? CYt- \l-Tt±Æ[d-L-UÙ-Ld LtLXÙ˙U.

˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-No

C’˙Y L¶-≤-´u Í˚[ G]l-T-”-°\’. SÙm A∞d-œm RW-‹-L-[Ù] Gi-LsUtflm Lh-P-˚[-L-fidœ HtT Tœl-TÙn‹˘NnY’ (◊˙WÙNv)Ce-LÙ-œm. Nu-hWp ◊˙WÙ-N-≥e Î≤h (CPU) G]l-T-”-Y-’m C’-˙Y.TPm5.4˛p SÙm LÙi-T’ AMD (AdvancedMicro Devices) Gu-‡m ®fl-Y-]j-ßu Athlon64 Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-^-No Bœm.

J⁄ £v-Pj-ßp Es[ CPU Tt-±VRLYp A±V SÙm £v-Pm ˙L©-]h˚Pß\dLj ˙R˚Y-´p˚X. UÙ\ÙL Sysinfo

(Applications → System Tools → Sysinfo)Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚Ul TVu-T-”j-ß-]Ù-p˙TÙ’m.

TPm 5.5 p J⁄ L¶-≤-´p TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”ss Cu-Pp Tu-•-Vm •ŸYp LÙo-˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-N-˚Wl Tt-±V RL-YpL˚[CkR Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s-A-∞l-T-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

øe-Ls EeL-fi-˚PV £v-Pj˚R ˙U˙XÆ[dLl - ThP ÿ˚\ -´p BWÙnk’AhPY˚Q 5.1 I ®Wl-◊-L.

TPm 5.4

TPm 5.5

TPj-ßp LÙi-©d-Ll-ThP£v-Pm

øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m£v-Pm

˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-NoRVÙ-¨jR ®fl-Y-]m

-UÙPp

Intel

Pentium Dual-Core

1200 MHz

1024 KB

-°[Ùd ˙Wh

-˙Lx(Cach) UU¨ (L2)

TPm 5.1


53

£v-Pm ˙L©-]h-˚Pj ß\k’ TÙod-œm˙TÙ’ TPj-ßp LÙi-©j-R-T• ˚Ud˙WÙ◊˙WÙ^N˚Wd LÙQ CV-XÙ-’. H˘]-≤p CRu¡’ Æ£± ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-œm L¶≤˘NVp-T-”m TÙ’ ◊˙WÙ- -No Yl-Tm A˚P-°-\-’. G]˙Y C˚Rd œ∞o-Æl-T-Rtœ C-Ru˙Up Tœ-ß-´p œ∞of-£-Îh-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-°-\’. TPm 5.6 p ◊˙WÙ-^N˚Wd œ∞-Wf-£-Îh-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Õh£e-œm™u Æ£-±-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄jRl-Th-”s-[˚RdLY≤d-L-‹m.

˘NVp-TÙ” 1

øe-Ls Ts-∞- p TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-L˚[ BWÙk’ ˚Ud˙WÙ ◊˙WÙ-^-NoL˚[jRVÙ¨jR ®flY]eL∞u ˘TVo, UÙPp˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-’e-Ls.GjR˚] ®fl-Y-]e-Ls C˚Rj RVÙ¨d-°-u\]? URo- TÙo” (Mother Board)

L⁄ÆL∞u Y[ol-◊j RÙn

TX L¶-≤l ˘TÙ⁄h-L -∞u ·h-P-˚Ul˙T £v-Pm Î≤h G] SÙm A±-˙YÙm.

Cd-L-⁄-Æ-L-˚[-˘Vp-XÙm Ju-fl-PuJufl C˚Ql-T’ G’? A’˙Y URo-˙TÙo”Bœm.

£v-Pj-ßp Es[ GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fim

J⁄e-° -˚Qd-L -l -ThP ™u-]-‘-Æ-Vp

™u—tfll TX-˚L-Ÿ-Pu (Integrated Electronic

Circuit Board) C˚Qd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. ’YdLd

LÙXj-ßp Jq- YÙ⁄ TÙLj- R-Ÿm Lh”l-T-”j-

TPm 5.6

°[Ùd-˙Wh

&(�L��5�?%�CPU�Q%��(A4�"#��(

�-�?��-�� %1�� -�?��)� � �(A4�CPU

��-�� &(� �I�;�*%� ��H�1�� 5

6 ��(data) �3�P��(��62�LA�?54�

��( ��5�6� ��%�1��&O �-��5�

6��Q%�1��%��&'��(

�(�Q��0� ��?�T�� #��

�(Q��Z#�P��?�T�� L��%��

Z#��

��$ � 2 �L��!� L��5�?%� �'��P

=��1��g� L��5�?%� 70� CPUUQ%

��"��/��0�-��/�� ;��

$ 2�L��-� >#�P��)�� 4�

�6��4;��$#-�Z#��L��5�?�%�70�&'�

��(��(�Q�E��! �-��4��4��0��

� /�Frequency��4��A6��0��

� /��h/��1��%�(Unit) -.��$�� 4�� 5 �4� ��/ �� ;!�

IV, 3.2 Ghz.

CPU ˙Lx

CPU D��D��"��2��3!%��&(��(�

Q�!��-��G��%� "#�� (�Q��K�-�CPU

Q�� 5�?#-� i�� !�1��4�

�6��X1��CPU Q#�-5��6��!��6��%�

�� 1�6� �" �6 �� Z#��

�6#-M!�J��g

CPU Q%� 6��%��02� �3D��-�� &(�

�-?�!�7(��L��5�6�� !��5�

4��;��;��!��5�4��/��0��0

� -� �3D��6��X1��$� 2�L��-5

J��8�1��4�CPU�Q��_��"��"M

��4��A62��3D��5�?��/��

��8�*%� ��_� �"�"M� ��P� -.� �

$ �� /�0�6�� C��


54

R‹m, ˘NVp-T-”j-R-‹m R≤j-R-≤-VÙ] ◊˙WÙ-

°-WÙm ˘LÙiP £fl-£fl I.£ £l◊Ls TVu-

T”j-Rl-Th-P]. ©\œ CkRf £fl-£fl I.£

£l◊Ls Jufl ˙Noj-Rl-Th” ˘T¨V I.£

£l◊Ls E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. C˚Y VLSI (Very

Large Scale Integrated Chips) G]l--T”m. J⁄

URo- TÙo-•p C⁄ VLSI £l-◊-Ls LÙQl-T”m.

AYt-±p Jufl UmU¨˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m

al (SÙoj ©¨hw / aÙvh ©¨hw) Bœm.

©±-˘RÙufl I/O al (˘N¸j ©¨w) Gu-flm

A±Vl-T-”-°-\-’. CkRf £l-◊-Ls Gp-XÙm

C˚Rj RVÙ- d-œm ®fl-Y-]j-ßu TV- - X˙V

A±Vl-T-”-°-u\’. TPm 5.7 Id LY-≤d-L-‹m.

øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-´pEs[ URo-˙TÙo -•p TVu-T-”j-Rl-ThP£l◊Ls G˚Y?- Sysinfo Gu-‡m◊˙WÙ°WÙ˚U

CVd-L-‹m, Aßp LÙQl-T-”m HardwareTœß˚V BWÙ-V-‹m. CRu UÙß¨ TPm 5.8 p˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.

C m - ÿ - ˚ \ - ˚ V l T V u - T - ” j ßAhPY˚Q 5.2 I ®˚\‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p LÙQl-T-”m URo˙TÙo” Intel 82945 £l-˘Nh URo-˙TÙo” G]A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

˘NVp-TÙ” 2

TX Y˚L-VÙ] URo ˙TÙo -” -L˚[

BWÙnk’ TPm 5.7 p Es[ vXÙh-”-Ls

Utflm CWi” VLSI £l-◊-Ls CYt˚\l

©¨jR-±-V-‹m. ÆVÙ-TÙW A•l-T-˚P-´p

CqY˚L VLSI £l-◊-Ls RVÙ-¨l-T-Yo-Ls VÙo

Cu-◊h, A‹h-◊h ˙TÙoh-”-Ls

Add-on Card -L-fid-LÙ] vXÙh-”-Ls

TYo LQd-Po --˛ 1

◊˙WÙ-^-No vXÙh

I/O al˘UU¨ Lu-h˙WÙp al

(œ∞-oÆd-œm Fan ‡Pu)

TYo LQd-Po˛ 2

TVÙv˙Th-P¨

TVÙv

RAM LQdh Nn-Vl-TP Es[vXÙh-Ls

Yu-Rh-”, CD •vd, Uu-Rh”, •˚Wq, TÙu-\-Yt-˚\d C˚QlTRt-LÙ] vXÙh-”-Ls

TPm 5.7


55

VÙo G] AhP-Y-˚Ql-T-”j-R-‹m. CYt˚\

Et-Tjß ˘Nn-T-Yo-L˙[ CYt˚\ Æt-T˚]

˘Nn-°\ÙoL[Ù?

RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙N™dL Yu-Rh”

TPm 5.9 p LÙi-©d-Ll-Th-”s[ L⁄-Æ-

˚Vl TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù? L¶-≤-´p Es[

CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(-Bl-T-˙Wh-•e £v-Pm OS)

TVu-TÙh” ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s, Ut-flm SÙm

E⁄YÙd°V £X LÙl-◊-Ls TÙu-\˚Y Ceœ

˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-u\]. J⁄ Af-£p(v-©u-•p)

C˚Qd-Ll-ThP Ju˙\Ù Ap-X’ Ju-±tœ

˙Ut-ThP Rh-”-Ls (•vd) Es[ A˚Ul˚T

E˚P-V˙R Yu-Rh” (Hard Disk) G]l-T-”-°\’.

•v-°p LÙkRj Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚PV J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s

ÈNl-Th-•-⁄œ-Lm. CYt˚\ ÷i LÙk-R-UÙL

UÙtfl-YRu ÍXm RL-Yp ˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

TPm 5.8 LÙi-©d-Ll-Th-”s[£v-Pm


£l- Nh RVÙ-¨l-TÙ-[o

˘UmU¨˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-’mal (˙aÙvh ©¨hw)

I/O alPCI, USB ©¨hwLs

Intel Corporation

82945 G/GZ/P/PL

N10/ICH7

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.2

TPm 5.8

TPm 5.9

•vdv©u-•p ˘ah

TYo LQd-hPo

˙PhPÙ˙Tv LQdh-Po


56

CVdœÿ˚\˚U

TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[

File System

d‡/≠]dv Ext3, Ext4

˚Ud- WÙ-NÙlhÆu- PÙv (c) FAT 32, NTFS

Bl-©s HPFS, HPFS+˙Ud-°u- PÙx(c)

TÙoh•ù-Ls Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-°-u\]. B]Ùp£X ˙Y˚[ J˙W CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Udœl TXTÙoh-•-ùLs ˙R˚Yl-T-”m. J⁄ d‡/≠]dv CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Ud-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]TÙoh-•- uL[Ù-Y-].

♦ Ïh (/) ˛ CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U-ú ◊˙WÙ-°WÙm ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙl-TÙLf˙N™j’ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.

♦ ˙aÙm (/home) ˛ L¶-≤˚Vl TVu-T”j-’-T-Yo E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[lTÙ’-LÙl-TÙLf ˙N™j’ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.

♦ Swap - C’ J⁄ Aß-˙YL @T-Vp£vPm. C’ RL-Yp-L-˚[j Rt-LÙ-≠L-UÙLf ˙N™dLl TVu-T-”-°-\-’.

Yu-Rh-•p C’ ˙TÙu\ TÙoh-•-ù-LsC⁄l-T˙R ™L‹m £\kR ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. (£XL¶-≤- p Es[ Harddisk p Ïh Ut-flm Swap

Uh-”˙U LÙQl-T-”m.

˘Tu-•-˚Wq/˘UmU-¨-LÙo”/CD/DVD

˙TÙu-\-˚Y-L-fim RW-‹-L-˚[f ˙N™d-œmL⁄Æ-L-[Ù-œm. CD/DVD TÙu-\-Yt-±p Es[ RW-‹-L-˚[l T•d-L-‹m, AYt-±p A˚R G›RlTVu-T-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls ÿ˚\˙V CD Drive/DVD

Drive G]l-T-”m.

˘NVp-TÙ” 3

J⁄ ˘Tu •˚Wq YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ Aßp@T-Vp £v-Pm LÙQl-T-”m. A˚R UÙt±˙Y˘\Ù⁄ @T-Vp £v-Pj˚R Aßp A˚UdL˙Yi-”UÙ? CRt-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-Rl-T”Y˙R

•vd-œL-∞-≠-⁄k’ RL-Yp-L -˚[l˘T\‹m (T-•d-L), N™d-L-‹m(G-›-R)- ah-”-LsTVu-T”j-Rl-T-”-°-u\] (T-Pm 5.9). •vd-œL˚[-Ÿm ˘ah-˚P-Ÿm J⁄ ™u ˙Uh-PÙoTVu-T”jß —ZXf ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm ˘ah-•tœ •vd-°p Es[ A˚]j’l Tœ-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nu-\-˚PV ÿ•-°-\-’.

TÙo-h•- u-L-fim @TVp£v-P-ÿm

SÙm J⁄ ◊ßV aÙoh •vd YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ A’ ˘Yfl-˚UVÙL C⁄d-œm G] SÙmA±˙YÙm. TVu-TÙh” ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s-L˚[lTVu-T -”jß SÙm E⁄-YÙd -°V GkRd˙LÙl˚TŸm Cßp ˙N™dL CV-XÙ -’.˙LÙl◊Ls Gk-˘RkRl Tœ-ß-´p ˙N™d-Ll-T-”-°-u-\] Gufl LÙh-”m œ±l-◊-Ls Ju-flmCßp Cp-XÙ-R’RÙu Ck-Rl ©Wf-£-˚]--L-fid-œd LÙW-Qm. ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙj’ ˚Yd-L-‹m, AYt˚\ G∞-RÙLj ß⁄m-T- G”d-L-‹mC’ ™L-™-Lj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm.

GkRd LÙl◊ GkR CPj-ßp TÙ’-LÙl-TÙL˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s-[’ Gufl G∞-ßp A±-Y-RtœÿR-≠p SÙm A˚Rl TX ©[Ùd (Drive)

ApX’ ˘Nd-˘Ui-”-L[ÙLl(-T-œ-ß-Ls) ©¨dL˙Yi-”m. CkR ©[Ùd-œ-L-fid˘Lp-XÙmÿLY¨-Ÿm RW ˙Yi-”m. Cf-˘N-V-˚X˙V TÙo-˙Uh-•e Gu-°-˙\Ùm. CYt˚\ ©[Ùd-œ-L-[Ùdœ-Y-’m, CYt±tœ ÿL-Y-¨ A∞l-T’mSÙm TVu-T”j’m CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\˚Udœ(OS)

Ht\ ÿ˚\ G’˙YÙ, AkR ÿ˚\-´p Bœm.

Cq-YÙfl Jq-˘YÙ⁄ CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) Ÿm ARtœ Ht-\ ÿ˚\-´p Yu-Rh˚PTÙo-˙Uh ˘Nn-°-\-’. C˚R˙V @T-Vp £v-Pm(File System)Gu-°-˙\Ùm. J⁄-£X CVdœ ÿ˚\-˚U-L-∞u @T-Vp £v-Pm ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[ Ah-P-Y- Q- p RWl-Th-”s-[-’.

J⁄ Yu-Rh-•p Ju-±tœ Aß-L-UÙ]CVdœÿ˚\ -˚U - L˚[ ®flY -˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp. Al-˙TÙ’ TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] @T-Vp£vPÿm ˙R˚Yl-T-”m. CRtœ Yu-Rh˚PlTX Tœ-ß-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-L˙Yi”m. Cq-YÙfl©¨d-Ll -ThP Tœ-ß -L -˙[ aÙoh •vd


57

D i s k u t i l i t y (S y s t e m → Administration →

Disk utility) Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚U. Fomate

˘NnVj ’Ye-œ-YRtœ ÿu •˚W˚Y Au-U‹uh ˘NnV U\dL ˙Yi-PÙm.

4 GB ˙N™l-◊j ß\-‡-˚PV J⁄˘Tu•˚W-Æp NTFS, Ext3 Gu\ @T-Vp £vPmEs[ C⁄ TÙoh-•- u-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\TPm 5.10 p LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.

WÙi-Pm Bd- v ˘UmU¨

L¶-≤-´p RL-Yp-L-˚[d ˚LVÙs-Y’˚Ud-˙WÙ-◊-˙WÙ-^-No G] SÙm A±-˙YÙm. C’™Lj ’¨-R-UÙL ˘NVp-T-”m J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm.G]˙Y ◊˙WÙ-^-No ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm, ARt-LÙ] Lh-P-˚[-L-˚[-Ÿm ARu ˙YLj-ßtœC˚Q-VÙL A∞d-L Yi-”m. B]Ùp CkRjRL-Yp-Ls Ge-œs-[]? A’ Yu-Rh-•˙XÙ CD

•˚W-Æ˙XÙ Ap-X’ AkR ˙SWj-ßp SÙmA∞d-œm J⁄ RL-Y˙XÙ BLXÙm. CR-]Ùp◊˙WÙ-Nv ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V RL-Yp-L˚[d˚LVÙ[ CYt-±tœ C˚P˙V Y˘\Ù⁄ L⁄Æ-·P ˙R˚Y. Cd-L-⁄-Æ˙V RAM ApX’WÙiPm Bd^v ˘UmU¨ G]l-T-”-°\-’.

♦ L¶≤ ˘NVp-T-Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ ÿR-≠p RAM p Ht±-˚Yd-Ll-T”°\-’. CRu ©\œ Cß-≠-⁄k’

◊˙WÙ^N-⁄dœ A‡l-Tl-T -” -° -\ -’.£vPm NVp-T-Pj R˚Y-VÙ] CVdœ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) ·P ÿR-≠p RAM dœUÙt\l - T -” -° - \ -’ . C˚R Èh -•eGu°˙\Ùm.

♦ WÙ™p GkRl Tœ-ß -´p ˚Yd-Ll -Th”s[ RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm SÙm EP˙]˙SW-•-VÙLl T\-XÙm. (Ko J≠ SÙPÙ-ÆpGh”l TÙPpLs Tß-‹- Nn-Vl-Th-”s-[-RÙLd L⁄-’e-Ls. CYt-±-≠-⁄k’ SÙu-LÙ-Y’ TÙPp ˘T\ ˙Yi”m Gu\Ù˙XÙ?Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙh-PÙL Íufl TÙPp-L- [dLPk-’-˘Nu\ ©\œ SÙuLÙY’ TÙP˚XA˚P-V-XÙm. Cm-ÿ˚\˚V SÙm ∫¨-VpBd-£v ˘UmU¨ Gu-°-˙\Ùm. B]ÙpRAM u ÍXm SUdœ ˙SW-•-VÙL SÙu-LÙY’ TÙP-˚Xf ˘Nu-\-˚PV CV-¤m.)

TPm 5.10

TPm 5.11


58

TPm 5.13

TPm 5.12

˙U˙XLÙQl-T-”m

£v-Pm


°˚PjR N™l◊A[‹

TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P’

Swap

TVu-T-”j-ß-V’

938 MB

225 MB

0

956 MB

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.3

ÿ˚\˚U´p Es-[-’. CYt˚\ •¥h-Pp

ÿ˚\-˚U-VÙL UÙt± A˚Uj’ Mother Board

˛”Pu C˚Qj-RÙp CR-˚]d L¶-≤-´p

LÙQ-XÙm. CRt-LÙ-L˙Y TPm 5.13 p LÙi-©j-

R-T• Es[ £X L⁄-Æ-Ls °˚Pd-°-\-’.

CqYÙfl R≤j-R-≤-VÙLd °˚Pd-œm Cd-L-⁄-

ÆL˚[˙V Add on Card Gu-° -˙\Ùm.

AhPY˚Q 5.4˛p £X Y˚L Add on Card Ls

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m.

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

L¶≤ ˘NVp-T -PÙ -R -˙TÙ’ CVd-œ-

ÿ˚\˚U (OS) Ut-flm TX ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm-Ls Yu-

Rh-•p ˙N™d-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-œm GuT’ SÙm

A±kR˙R! CkR ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm-L˚[ RAM -˛dœ

UÙt-flm NV˙X Èh-•e. B]Ùp L¶-≤-´u

Yu-Rh-•p C˚Y Es-[’ Gu-flm CYt˚\

RAM- dœ UÙt\ Yi-”m Guflm LhP- [- ”-

-Y’ G’ ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?

Cf-˘N-V˚Xf ˘Nn-Y’ URo-˙TÙo-•p

Es[ J⁄ IC £l-©p ˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s[ BIOS

Gu-‡m ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙm. BIOS˛u ˙Y˚X Gu]?

♦ RAM Aß-˙Y-L-UÙLf ˘NVp-T-”m J⁄™u]-‘-Æ-Vp L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm. B]ÙpCRtœ ™u-Ndß C⁄k-RÙp Uh-”˙URLYp-L-˚[f ˙N™dL CV-¤m. SÙmL¶≤˚V ®flj-’m ˙TÙ’(Shutdown)

™u C˚Ql◊ ’i-•d-Ll-T-”-Y-R]ÙpCßp Es[ GpXÙj RL-Yp-L -fimÿt±¤UÙL A-Ød-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

TPd-LÙh£ ˙TÙu\ ™Ll- T- V ˙LÙl-◊-

L˚[ G•h ˘Nn-Ÿm- TÙ’ J˙W ˙SWj-ßp TX

˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[j ß\dL ˙Yi•V „r-®˚X

HtT”m. CkRd ˙LÙl-◊-Ls WÙ™u ˙N™l-◊j-

ß\˚] ÆP Aß-Lm Gu-\Ù˙XÙ? Cl-©-Wf-

£˚]d-œj æo-YÙL Yu-Rh-•- X˙V J⁄ R≤ File

Sysem E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. Aß-Lm Es[ LÙl-

◊-Ls Ceœ UÙt-\l-T-”-°-\-’. CRt-LÙL Yu-Rh•p

E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”m File Sysem ˙U Swap G]l-T-”-

°\-’.

TPm 5.12˛p LÙi-©j-R-T• Sysinfo Gu‡m

◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ˚U CVd° Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.3 I

®˚\‹ ˘Nn-L. TPm 5.12 p CVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-

˚Udœm Ut\j R˚Y-L-fi-dœm CP-J-’d-∏”

˘Nn-R-©u Gg-£V 938 MB TVu-T-”j-’m

ST⁄d-œd °˚PjR Swap˛u A[-YÙ-œm.

Add on Cards

L¶-≤- p RÙ˚Xd-LÙh£ ®Lrf-£˚Vd

LÙQ- Yi-”m Gu-\Ù˙XÙ? J⁄ ◊ßV L¶≤

YÙe-œm-˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[ L⁄-Æ-L˚[

Uh”m TVu-T-”jß ˘RÙ˚Xd-LÙh£ ®Lrf-£-

L˚[d LÙQ˙YÙ Ap-X’ ®Lrf-£-L-˚[l

Tß‹ Nn-V˙YÙ CV-XÙ-’. H˘]u-\Ùp L©s

ÍXm °˚Pd -œm £d -]p A] -X Ù d


59

♦ L¶-≤˚V ™u-—t-fl-Pu(Power On)C˚Qd-œm ˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[A˚]j-’l Tœ-ß-L-fim CVe-Lj RœßE˚P-V -]YÙ G]l T¨-˙NÙ -ßdL˙Yi”m (Power On Self Test - POST).CR˚]l TPm 5.15 p LÙh”-°\-’. LÙQCV-¤m. C˚R øe-Ls L¶-≤˚VCVdœm-˙TÙ’ TÙoj-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls.

♦ £v-Pj-ßp LÙQl-T-”-m RAM A’˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-TP ˙Yi-•V ˙TÙoh-•pN¨VÙL ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-T-PÙ-U˙XÙ Ap-X’Á— T•k-ß-⁄lT- R˙VÙ LÙh-”-Y’ BIOS.CkR RY˚\ BIOS Gq-YÙfl LÙh-”mGuT˚Rd Li-P-±-V-‹m.

♦ ˘U¸v, Æ˚Nl -T -X˚L ˙TÙu\A•lT˚P Yu-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls(Hardware)˘NVpTPj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-˚UjR⁄-°-\-’.

LÙo” ARu R˚Y

Bd-≥-X˙Wh °WÙ©dv LÙo” (AGP)

T.V •Î-]o LÙo”

N‹i” LÙo”

USB Gdv-˙Tu-`u LÙo”

Cu-Po-]p UÙPm

˘Sh-Yod Cu-Po-˙Tv LÙo”

TX Y˚L-VÙ] L¶≤ Æ˚[-VÙh-”L-∞p˙R˚Yd˙LtT ÿ›- U-VÙ] °WÙ-©d G˘Tdh(Effect) A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.4

TPm 5.14

TPm 5.15

TVÙv _m-To

TVÙv £l

™u-Ndß A∞d-œm˙Th-P¨


60

L⁄Æ ˘NVp-TPj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙YÙp-˙Pw

CD •˚W-Æ-¤m, YuRh-

• -¤m Es[ •v-œ-

L˚[f —Zf-˘Nn-Ÿm

˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls

˚Ud-˙WÙ- ◊-˙WÙ-^-No

12V DC

5V DC

3.3V DC

TX Y˚L •¥h-Pp™u-—t-flLs

1.3 - 1.5V DC

ÿR-≠p CD •˚W-Æp Es[ CD˛´p

CVdœ-ÿ-˚\-˚U(OS) Es-[RÙ Gufl

BWÙnkR ©u˙T Yu-Rh” ÿR-≠V ©\-

L-⁄-Æ-L˚[ BWÙ-V‹m.)

EU’ £v-Pj-ßu Pvd PÙl-©p Es[

L•-LÙ-Wj-ßp Li-©d-Ll-T-”m SW-ÿm, TVÙ-£p

Es[ SW-ÿm N¨-RÙ]Ù G] Jl-©h”l TÙod-

L‹m.

™u J›d-°u TÙ˚R

J⁄ L¶≤ ˘NVp-TP NWÙ-N-¨-VÙLj

˙R˚Yl-T-”m ™u-NÙ-Wm Gq-Y-[‹ ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?

CRtœ Æ˚P-V-∞j-Rp G∞-RpX Gu-T˚Rd

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q˚V

BWÙnk-RÙp TÙ’-UÙ-]-’.

TPm 5.16

♦ £v-Pm Èh ˘Nn-ŸlT-”m-˙TÙ’ CVd-œ-ÿ˚\˚U (OS) YuRh-• -˙XÙ, CD

•˚WÆp Es[ ∫•-´˙XÙ Ap-X’˘Tu•˚W-Æ˙XÙ C⁄d-L-XÙm. Èh NnV-˙Yi-•V CVdœ ÿ˚\˚U GeœEs[’ G] SUdœj RL-Yp A∞d-°-\-’.

♦ L¶≤ CVe-LÙR ˙TÙ’ Aßp Es[L•-LÙ-Wj˚R CVd° ˙SWj˚R ’p≠VUÙLl TÙ’-LÙd-°-\-’.

˘NVp-TÙ” 4

˘TÙ’-YÙL TVÙv £l-©p Tß‹ Nn-Vl-

Th-”s[ ◊˙WÙ-°-WÙ-™p UÙt-\m Ht-T-”jR

CVXÙ-’. B]Ùp J⁄ £±V Tœ-ß˚V SUdœ

UÙt± A˚UdL CV-¤m. C’˙Y ∫˙UÙv

˘NhPl (CMOS) G]l-T-”-°-\ -’. L¶≤

CVeLj ’Ye-œm˙TÙ’ Æ˚Nl TX-˚L-´p

Es[ F1, F2, Ap-X’ Del CYt-±p HRÙ-Y’

J⁄ ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›j-R-‹m. Al-˙TÙ’

TVÙ˚^ A˚UdL ER-‹m NÙ[-Wm ß\l-T- Rd

LÙQXÙm. (TPm 5.16).

♦ øe-Ls TVu-T -”j -’m L¶-≤-´u

TVÙ≥p LÙh-Pl-T-”m ˙SWm N¨-VÙL

Es[RÙ Gu-T˚Rl T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m. RYfl

Gu-\Ùp ˙SWj˚R N¨-˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ £v-Pj-ßp ÿR-≠p Èh ˘Nn-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-

VÙL CD •˚W-˚Y UÙt-\-‹m. (ÿR-≠p Èh

˘Nn-Ÿm L⁄Æ CD •˚Wq Gu-\Ùp £vPm


61

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´-≠-⁄k’ SÙm A±-Y]VÙ˚Y?

♦ GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fim J⁄ ß˚N-™u-˙]Ùh-Pj-ß-˙X-˙V(DC) CVe-œ-°-\-’.

B]Ùp SÙm £v-Pj-ßtœ A∞l-T’220V AC UÙfl- ™u-˙]Ùh-Pm Bœm.C˚Rl TX-£±V YÙp- Pw E˚PV DC

VÙL UÙt\ ˙Yi-”m. Aj-’-Pu ˚Xu˙YÙp- P-¥p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\j- R-Ÿm N -˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

♦ £v-Pj-ßu Es-˙[-Ÿm ˘Y∞-˙V-ŸmCVe-œm Jq-˘YÙ⁄ L⁄-Æ-ŸmAYt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙YÙp-˙P¥p ˘NVp-T-”-°u-\-].

Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up GpXÙd L⁄-Æ-L-fimGl˙TÙ-’m NVp-T-”-Yßp˚X (G.LÙ. CD

•˚Wq) U¤m A˚Y NVp-T-”m- TÙ’Bœm ™u-T-Vu-TÙ” ARu ˘NVp-TÙh•u Ru-˚Udœ HtT UÙfl-T-”m.

SMPS - —Æf UÙ” TYo Nl˚[

TPm 5.17˛Id LY-≤d-L-‹m. C’˙YL¶≤´u Bt-\p ®˚X-Vm(Power House)

SMPS G]l-T-”m. U˙X ÆYÙ-ßd-Ll-ThP L⁄j-’-L∞-≠-⁄k’ J⁄ SMPS u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[AhPY- Q-lT-”j-’-≈o-L[Ù?

SMPS˛p C⁄k’ TX DC ˙YÙp-˙PwLs˘Y∞-˙V-fl-°u\]. C˚Y TX ®\e-Ls Es[

TPm 5.17

˙L©sLs YØ-VÙL URo˙TÙo˚P A˚P-°u\]. TPm 5.18 Id LY-≤d-L-‹m. SMPS˛pC⁄k’ ˘Y∞-˙V-flm TX ®\e-L-∞p Es[˙L©s-Lfim AYt˚\ URo ˙TÙo-”-PuC˚Qd-Ll -T -Vu-T -”m LQdh-P -˚W -ŸmLÙQXÙm.

J⁄ U•d-L-¶-≤-´p Cq-Y-˚L-VÙ]SMPS Es-[RÙ? U•d-L-¶-≤-´p CRtœlTßXÙL GkRd L⁄Æ TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\’G]d LiP±V‹m.


1. “Gq-Y-[‹ Æ˚W-YÙLd L¶-≤-´u Yu-˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞p (Hardware) ˘RÙØp-÷h-TmUÙt\m ®Lr°-\’”! L¶-≤- u Y•-YjßpHt-ThP T¨-UÙQ UÙt-\j-˚Rl Tt± (-TZe-LÙXd L¶-≤-Ls, „l-Tod L¶-≤-Ls,ToN]p L¶-≤-Ls, U•d-L -¶-≤-Ls,˘Sh◊d, TÙm-PÙl-◊-Ls, Pl- Xh-”-Ls) J⁄œ±l◊j RVÙ¨d-L‹m.

2. Ts-∞-´p L¶-≤-Ls YÙe-œ-Y-˘R]jæoUÙ≤d-Ll-Th-P’. CRt-LÙ] L⁄j’˙NL¨d-œm TÙfll◊ Ee-L-∞-Pm Jl-T˚Pd-Ll-Th-P-’. Ts-∞-´p Cl-˙TÙ’ Es[L¶≤-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m L⁄-Æ-L˚[l Tt±V ÿ› ÆY-W-e-L-˚[-ŸmGqYÙfl ˙NL-¨d-L -XÙm G] SUd-œj˘R¨Ÿm. Rt-˙TÙ-’s[ Aß-S-≈] L¶-≤-´p Es[ L⁄-Æ-L-˚[l Tt-±V ÿ›jRLYp-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙NL-¨d-L-‹m. CYt-±pGkRd L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿ-˚PV L¶-≤˚V

TPm 5.18


62

��

øeLs T¨k-’˚W ˘Nn-≈o-Ls? ˙Yfl-ThPL⁄j-’-L˚[l T¨-UÙ-flm Y˚L-´p Tj-RÙmYœl◊ UÙQ-YoLs A˚]-Y-⁄m Te- LtLJ⁄ L⁄j-R-We-Lj˚R ®Lrj-R-‹m.

3. Yœl-©p Hardware Æ]Ù-•-Æ]Ù ®LrjRÆ]Ùd-L˚[ S›-Yj-ßp RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

4. EU’ £v-Pj-ßp d‡ / ≠]d˚^ ®flY˙Yi-”m. CRtœ ER-‹m £X œ±l-◊-Ls∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[]. A˚R ®˚\‹˘Nn’ G›-R-‹m.

♦ CVdLÿ˚\˚U E˚PV CD ˚VDVD •˚W-Æp CP-‹m

♦ CkR •˚W˚Y ÿRp Èh-•e L⁄-Æ-VÙd-L-‹m.

♦ £v-Pm CD YØ-VÙL Èh ˘NnR ©\œYu-Rh˚P @TÙo- Uh Nn-V-‹m. ©\œCVd-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Ud-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]TÙoh•- u-L-fim, @T-Vp £v-Pe-L-fimE⁄-YÙd-L-‹m.

♦ ∏˙TÙo” ˙XA-‹h, £v-Pm CVe-œmSÙ”, Ae-œs[ ˙SWm, TVu-T-”j-’-TY¨u ˘TVo, LP-‹f-˘NÙp (Password)

˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

♦ .............................................................................

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♦ .............................................................................

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˙LÙ”-L-fidœ E´-Ïh-P-XÙm

63

R]’ ÿRp A˚NÓhPj ß˚WlTPmÿ › ˚ U V Ù ] ˙ T Ù ’ ˙ L Ù Ø d ˙ L Ù ”UÙYhPjßp LÙÆkRu G‡m UÙQY‡dœHtThP EtNÙLUÙ] U°rf£´u ®Lr‹RÙu˙U˙X RWlThP ˘Nnß. JuTRÙm Yœl◊RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTÆVp TÙPjßp"A˚NÓhPjßu WL£Vm' G‡m AX-°˚]T•jR˙TÙ’ "¥˙LÙml¨v' TVuT”jßC˙R˙TÙufl øeLfim J⁄ U°r‹kßtœ (Car)

A˚NÓhPm A∞jR’ ®˚]Æ⁄d°u\RÙ?

U°r‹kß˚](Car) SLoj’YRtœ øeLs˙Ut˘LÙiP ˘NVpTÙ”Ls G˚Y? EeLsL¶≤´p CkR Æ˚[VÙh˚P ¡i”mJ⁄ÿ˚\ Æ˚[VÙ•lTÙ⁄eLs. ©u◊ ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊˙YÙm.

♦ TPj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ LÙuYÙ≥pEhT”jß˙]Ùm

♦ RWlThP TPj˚R A˚]j’f NhPLeL∞¤m (Frame) EhT”jß˙]Ùm

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

A˚NVÙl TPeL˚[ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[lTVuT”jß A˚N‹ ˘LÙ”lTRu Uo-UmCl˙TÙ’ T•lT•VÙLl ◊¨°\’ Cp˚XVÙ?

L¶≤´p Es[ TPj˚RjRÙu SÙmRt˙TÙ’ A˚Nj˙RÙm. B]Ùp SÙ˙U —VUÙLY˚WkR TPeLfidœ C’˙TÙufl A˚N‹A∞dL CVu\Ù˙XÙ? A˚NÓh”Y-Rtœ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVuT”jß C’˙TÙu\˘RÙ⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnYRtœ SmUÙpCV¤m. SÙm LtT˚]´p LÙ‘m EX˚LdL¶≤´p ¡i”m T˚PdL CVu\˘Ru\Ùp ˙LÙÆkRu G‡m UÙQY‡dœHtThP A˙R A‡TYj˚R SÙÿm˘T\XÙ˙U? Smÿ˚PV CVdœ ÿ˚\˚U´pSUdœd °˚PdLl˘Tt\ Â© G‡m˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[ SÙm CRtLÙLl TVuT”jßlTÙol˙TÙUÙ?

TPm Y˚WVXÙm

A˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lTRtœl TPeLs·”RXÙL Yi”m GuT’ SUdœj R¨Ÿm.ClTPeL˚[ A˚NÓhP ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞˙XY˚WV CV¤m. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u ERÆ˙VÙ” Â© ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p J⁄TPj˚R Y˚WŸeL˙[u.

�� !"��#��$�� %��&��'� �("� �%)*�� +��,�� ("�-.��/��&0 +��&��!��,�1�2�134��526"� �&��&��$0�77�

6 ˙LÙ”Lfidœ

E´ÏhPXÙm

RL-YpT¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm

64

♦ Graphics Th•V≠p Tupi : 2D Magic Ijß\dL

♦ File → New → New Project Y¨˚NlT•LÙuYÙv NÙ[Wm ß\k’ Project Name,

FPS ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ A∞j’ OK °∞d˘NnV‹m.

TPm 6.1 ˛ Â©-´u ÿd-°V NÙ[-Wm

A˚NÓhPm

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TPm Y˚WkæoLs ApXYÙ? SÙm


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NhPLeL∞p EhT”jR‹m.

♦ NhPLj˚R SL˘X”dL ˛ SLp˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V NhPLjßp Right

Click → Copy frame

♦ NhPLjßp Jh”YRtœ Paste JhPlTP˙Yi•V NhPLjßp Click ˘Nn’ Right

Click → Paste in frame

SÙm RVÙ¨dœm A˚NÓhPm J⁄Æ]Ù•dœ 6 NhPLeLs G‡m ÿ˚\´p˘Y∞´PlTP˙Yi”m G] C⁄dLh”m.Cmÿ˚\´p 3 Æ]Ù• LÙX A[‹s[A˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lTRtœl TPeL˚[GjR˚] NhPLeL∞p EhT”jR SmUÙpCV¤m. EeLs SiToL˙[Ù” LXk’˚WVÙ•V ©u ˙R˚YVÙ] NhPLeL∞pTPeL˚[ EhT”jR‹m.

A˚]j’f NhPLeL∞¤m TPj˚REhT”jßÆhºoL[Ù? Rt˙TÙ’ A˚]j’NhPLeL∞¤m TPm J˙W CPjßpRÙuEs[’. ÿRXÙY’ Utflm 18˛Y’ NhPLjßpEs[ TPeLfim J˙W CPjßp RÙu Ei”.G]˙Y CR˚] A˚Ndœm ˙TÙ’ A˚N˘YÙuflm HtT”Yßp˚X. G¨˙LÙmlW≥pU°r‹kß˚] (Car) A˚NlTRtœ Gu]˘Nn˙RÙm? RWlTh”s[ Lt\p œ±l◊L∞uA•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ NhPLjß¤mTPjßu CPeL∞p ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs

˘Nn’ A˚NÓhPm ˘LÙ”j’l TÙ⁄eLs.

Y˚WkR TPj˚R A˚NlTRtœ Ju±tœ˙UtThP NhPLeL∞X˚UkR (Frame)TPeLs ˙R˚Y. øeLs Y˚WkR TPmRt˙TÙ’ GkRf NhPLjßp Es[˘RuT˚RÂ© G‡m ÿd°Vf NÙ[Wjßp A”dœ (Layer)1˛≠⁄k’ Li”©•ŸeLs. GpXÙf NhPLeL∞¤m ClTPj˚R EhT”jR ˙Yi”m.Cp˚XVÙ? ©\ NhPLeL∞¤m ClTPj˚REhT”j’YRtœ SÙm ˘NnV ˙Yi•V’Gu]?

L¶≤´p Y˚WkR TPjßuSL˘X”dL Copy & Paste G‡m ÿ˚\TVuT”m GuT’ SÙm A±kR˙R. Â©´pTPj˚R SL˘X”dLl TPUPe°V NhPLj˚Rl ©\ NhPLeL∞p Copy NnRÙp TÙ’m.øeLs Y˚WkR TPj˚Rd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[œ±l◊L∞u ’˚Q˙VÙ” AR]⁄°¤s[

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˙LÙl◊ ˙N™dLXÙm

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TPm 6.2

Â©-´p Tu-£p Tool TVu-T-”jß Y˚Wk-Rl TPm

♦ TPeLs CVp◊jRu˚UŸPu A˚NY’˙TÙp ˙RÙu\˙Yi”™p˚XVÙ?

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L⁄ÆL˚[j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm

Â©´p TPm Y˚Wk’ ARtœ A˚NÓhPÿm ˘LÙ”j’l TÙoj˙RÙm? C≤ Cf˘NVpTÙh•u ÍXm SÙm R¨k’˘LÙiP L⁄ÆLs G˚Y˘V] AhPY˚Q´p ®Wl◊˙YÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” : 1 L˚R˚Vj Ro‹ Nn- YÙm

L˚RlTX˚L RVÙ¨l˙TÙm

A˚NÓhPjß˚WlTPm RVÙ¨dL ™LfN¨VÙ] ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls ™Lj ˙R˚Y.A˚RÆP ™Lÿd°Vm L˚Rl TX˚LRVÙ¨jRp. SÙm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR L˚R˙Vß˚WdL˚RVÙL‹m ARu©u L˚Rl TX˚LVÙL‹m UÙt\ ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄LÙh£ú Æ[dLeLfim L˚Rl TX˚Ldœ™L ÿd°Vm. L˚Rú ©u]¶, A˚NVÙlTPeLs, A˚NŸm TPeLs LÙh£ú LÙXA[‹, E˚WVÙPpLs ©u]¶d œWpLsC ⁄ l © u A Y t ± u R L Y p L s

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L ˚ R l T X ˚ L ´ u ˙ Y ˚ X Ÿ m

♦ TPm Y˚WYRtœ Pencil (P)

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TPm 6.3


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TPm 6.4

LÙh£ 2

E⁄YÙdL Yi”UÙ? SÙm ÿu◊ Lt\ C˙UwG•h•e /TPm T˚PjRp Uu˘TÙ⁄hL∞pTPm Y˚Wk’ ARu©u Â©´p AR˚]EhT”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’m Cp˚XVÙ?CqYÙflTPeL˚[ SÙm ÿu]˙W Y˚Wk’ ©uA˚NÓhPm RVÙ¨lT˙R ™L G∞VYØVÙœm.

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TPm 6.5

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AhPY˚Q 6.1


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ÿRp LÙh£ ÿ›˚UV˚PkR©u New

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˘NVpTÙ” : 2 ˙LÙl◊L˚[ Export˘NnV CV¤m

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TPm 6.6

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˘NVpTÙ” : 3 LÙh£L˚[

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TPm 6.7

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TPm 6.9

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�C�>6%� 3/��5�6� "#�� $�3/�� )T�� Copy � �3R4� 6�� ! �� 3 / � � ��07(��

�'��P��542�3/�� 0E��6!�M56$��&'��(�3/��5?+��!��$��H��5�6�"/��6��3R4�Q"��!8��3RE��?�3�-��I��?�?�3*%�3M!��15?%�"�#.!�"��$��H�!�I��54�6#- Arrow��56�� !��54�4�I%14�

�C Player �/;! �%�(menu) X1"��3j/�5�62��3!%>��5?��( ��


♦ S[-‡d-œm RU-Vk-ßd-œm Au-]l-T-\˚YÁ’ ˘Nu-\˚R øe-Ls R™r CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p Lt-±-⁄l¿oLs. Au-]l-T-\˚YT\k’ Y⁄m LÙh-£˚V Â© TVu-T-”jßA≤-˙U-`-]ÙL £j-R-¨d-L-‹m.

♦ U≤R EP-≠p ˘Np-Æ-›e-œ-Rp (Phago-

cytosis) Gu\ ˘NVp-TÙ”, E´¨Vp TÙP-Ë-≠p "TÙ’-LÙl-◊m £°f-˚N-Ÿm' Gu\AX-°p RWl-Th”s[-’. C˚R Et-fl-˙SÙd° ˘NVp-TÙh-•u A≤-˙U-ù

TPj˚R Â©-´p RVÙ-¨j’ Yœl-©pß˚W- -P-‹m.

♦ CVt-©-Vp TÙP-Ë-≠p J∞-ú Æk-˚R-Ls Gu\ TÙPj˚R Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’J∞-ú ®\l-©-¨-˚L˚V (Dispersion of

Light) Â© ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jßA≤-˙U-ù TPm RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

♦ ˙TÙ˚Rl - ˘T Ù -⁄s ß] -Æ -Z Ù˚Yÿu≤h” Ts-∞- p SPd-œm ®Lrf-£-´p ß˚W- -Pl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] G∞V A≤-˙U- u ß˚Wl-T-Pj- Rj RVÙ- d-L‹m.

RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷h-Tm

74

GhPÙm Yœl◊ TÙP-Ë-≠p "A±-Æ-VpÆWp ÷≤´p' G‡m AX-°p L¶≤C˚Ql◊Ls Tt± £X RLYpL˚[ øÆoA±kß⁄l¿oRÙ˙]? J⁄ L¶≤´p RVÙo˘NnR TPeL˚[ Ut˘\Ù⁄ L¶≤ YØVÙLjß\k’ Aßp UÙt\eLfim ˘NnæoLs.L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ ÍXm Jq˘YÙ⁄L¶≤˚VŸm Ut\ L¶≤Ls ÍXUÙLj˘RÙPo◊T”j’YRÙpRÙu C’ CVu\’.Smÿ˚PV CVdœÿ˚\˚U˚Vl (Operating

System) TVuT”j’m L¶≤L∞p C˚RGqYÙfl TVuT”jRXÙm GuT˚Rl Tt±RÙu ClTÙPlTœß´p SÙm A±k’˘LÙs[l ˙TÙ°˙\Ùm.

ÿuYœl©p Lt\Yt˚\ ®˚]‹·ok’ TÙ⁄eLs. EeLs Ts∞ L¶≤d·Pjßp A˚]j’d L¶≤L˚[Ÿm J⁄˙Xu (LAN - Local Area Network) ÍXmC˚QlTRÙp SUdœd °˚PdLl˘TflmYÙnl◊Ls G˚Y?

♦ L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ ÍXm C˚QdLlTh”s[ L¶≤Ls Rmÿs RLYpL˚[lT¨UÙ±d˘LÙs[XÙm.

♦ J⁄ L¶≤´p ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[

Printer ˙TÙu\ L⁄ÆLs C˚QdLlT h ” s [ U t \ L ¶ ≤ L fi d œ mTVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm.

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

CqYÙfl RLYpL˚[j ReLfidœs

TPm 7.1

7 RLYpL˚[j

˘RÙPo◊T”j’˙YÙm

RL-Yp-L-˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-˙YÙm

75

TÜÙt\m Nn’ LÙs[ L¶≤Ls RmÿsA±kß⁄dL‹m ˙Yi”m GuT’ ™Lÿd°Vd ·flRÙ˙]? C’ GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙ]’? SÙm BWÙVXÙm.

L¶≤ú ÿLY¨

J⁄ C˚Ql©p APe°Ÿs[A˚]j’d L¶≤L˚[Ÿm R≤j-R-≤-VÙLA±kß⁄dL (Address) ÿLY¨ A∞dL˙Yi”m. CkR ÿLY¨˚V I.©. ÿLY¨(I.P. Address) G] A˚ZlTo. I.©. ÿLY¨úÿd°Vj’Ym, £\l◊Ls G˚Y˘V]j˘R¨ŸUÙ? Y⁄m TœßL∞≠⁄k’ CRtLÙ]Æ˚P˚Vd LiP±ŸeLs.

Ts∞ L¶≤d ·Pjßp Es[L¶≤L∞u I.P. ÿLY¨˚V GqYÙflLi”©•lT’ G]l TÙol˙TÙm.

L¶≤ú IP ÿLY¨

Li”©•l˙TÙm

˘NVp-TÙ” 1

A˚\´¤s[ L¶≤L˚[f ˘NVpT”jßl RVÙWÙdœeLs al, UÙPm TÙu\C˚Ql◊d L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm Switch On

˘NnV‹m.

Panel˛p LÙQl-T-”m Network Monitor-

Applet)˛u IdL≤p Right Click YØVÙL Connec-

tion Information˛Id °∞d ˘NnV‹m. (TPm 7.2)

ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[Wj˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs.L¶≤ú I.P ÿLY¨˚V A±k’˘LÙs[XÙm. (TPm 7.3).

TPm 7.2

TPm 7.3

TCP / IP

��8�� X1"��5� 6��%��M"��;!��54��HC�K�� &� � �I 5?%� �3!%�/��;(�� ;!��L!D%�1��&'��P� Hardware, OperatingSystem ��#.%� ��P�/�6��(�-�� K��!� 6��%��0�� M"�#�� 3R!� L1� ��4Q?>��7��6�!� NetworkProtocol �� ;�L�$�oS�$. (TransferControl Protocol / Internet Protocol) ��4��8��`�6��%��6��I�54�6#��Q?>��!�-�� A65� �6�`%W/�5?%��54�� HC�K�-��3�A6"�� &( I.P. >��M� �(�� I.P. >��M�!�� `>��7�� IPversion 4,IPversion 6, ��-�� #�.%>6%� �?�� IPv4� 6��O4��8!5?%� ��(�"�0�� !��56��4�

Cmÿ˚\´p L¶≤A˚\´p Es[A˚]j’d L¶≤L∞u I.©. ÿLY¨˚VdLiP±k’ ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Qú CWiPÙY’d LhPj˚R ®Wl-T-‹m.(AhPY˚Q7.1) C≤ A˚]j’ L¶≤L˚[Ÿm Switch On NnV‹m. AYt˚\ Yfl


76

ÿ˚\´p Switch On ˘Nn’ ÿu◊ ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙh˚P ¡i”m ˘Nn’ TÙoj’ Íu\ÙY’LhPj˚R Y¨˚NlT• ®WlT‹m.

L¶≤ Gi ÿRp ÿ˚\ CVd°V

˙TÙ’ ˘Tt\ I.P. ÿLY¨

CWiPÙY’ ÿ˚\

CVd°V ˙TÙ’

˘Tt\ I.P. ÿLY¨

1. 192.168.1.21

2. 192.168.1.___

3. 192.168.1.___

4. 192.168.1.___

5. 192.168.1.___

TPm 7.1

IP ÿLY¨´u A˚Ul◊

192.168.1.12 �+��>��*%�� I��-��H��*% IP Address �)��A6�I��-��H��54�mstU#-� D��4� �(56%� ��I�>��!�L.!��8��)%��%1��> 6% � � �� H�� 54�� 9fm�9tB� �� "!�� X��4� ��H��8��E�� b&(��8�$#-�&(��e�I��4��H��HC�!E�� b&(� �HC�-� &(� ��e-.�$��4�� 3!%�/�� ;(�-�� &(� ��8�$%� "/��" IP

Address 6-?� E��!6�� (�-��HC��8�$%��(��4 DHCP

(Dynamic Host Control Protocol) �+��6�`%� W/�>��;� 6#��≠�"��)��@;!46��Automatic IP Address.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ L¶≤´u IP ÿLY¨˚VJl©h”l TÙ⁄eLs. øeLs LiP±kR˚YVÙ˚Y?

♦ CkR ÿLY¨Ls A˚]j’m L¶≤C˚Ql©p Y⁄m ˙TÙ’ RtLÙ≠LUÙLAYt±tœ A∞dLlT”m ÿLY¨L˙[Bœm.

♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ÿ˚\ C˚QdLlT”m˙TÙ’mC’ UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P´⁄dœm.

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

J⁄ ®˚XVÙ] C˚Ql©p RLYp˘RÙPo◊ ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V L¶≤dœA∞dLlTh”s[ ÿLY¨˚V Jq˘YÙ⁄ÿ˚\Ÿm SÙm T¨˙NÙßj’l TÙodL Yi”mGuT’ £dLpRÙu. CRtLÙ] æo‹RÙuGu]? ®˚XVÙ] IP ÿLY¨ A∞lTRuÍXm CkRf £dL¤dœj æo‹ LÙQÿ•Ÿm,A’ GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙœm?˘NVp-T-”-ßlTÙol- TÙUÙ?

®˚XVÙ] IP ÿLY¨˚V A˚UjRp

˘NVp-TÙ” 2

˘NVpTÙ” Ju±p SÙm NnR’ TÙufl˙U˙X NhPjßp (panel) Network Moniter

Appletu IdL≤p Right °∞d YØVÙL Edit


77

Connections Id °∞d NnV‹m. ß\k’Y⁄mNÙ[Wjßp Wired G‡m Tab p ˘T\lT”mConnections˛Ij ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Edit˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d ˘NnV‹m.(TPm 7.4).

Cl˙TÙ’ ˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp IPv4

Settings G‡m Tab -˛p Method G‡™PjßpManual Selection Nn’ Add TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d˘NnV‹m. (TPm 7.5)

Address : 192.168.1.___ (Ceœ 0 ÿRp255 Y˚WŸs[ GkR GiL˚[ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m TVuT”jRXÙm. J⁄ XÙ≤p (Lan)

TPm 7.4

TPm 7.5

CWi” L¶≤Lfidœ J˙W ÿLY¨˚VA∞dLd ·PÙ’)

Netmask G‡™Pjßp 255.255.255.0 G]A∞dL‹m. Gateway, DNS Server ˙TÙu\Yt±p 192.168.1.1 G]‹m A∞jRÙp Apply

(Save) ˘NnVXÙm. (TPm 7.6).

Password ˙R˚YlT”m NÙ[Wm ˙RÙuflm˙TÙ’ Administration Password A∞jRÙp˙TÙ’m.

CqYÙfl EeLs Ts∞ L¶≤d·Pjßp Es[ A˚]j’ L¶≤LfidœmJ⁄ ®˚XVÙ] I.©. ÿLY¨ A∞dLXÙmCp˚XVÙ? L¶≤L˚[ Restart ˘NnYRuÍXm ◊ßV I.P. ÿLY¨Ls S˚Pÿ˚\´pYkß⁄dLXÙm. NÙßj’l TÙodL‹m. —⁄eLd·±]Ùp J⁄ L¶≤´u I.P. ÿLY¨ GuT’C˚QlTÙp —VUÙL A∞dLlT”Y˙RÙ,ApX’ Sm YNßd˙Lt\ ÿ˚\´pE⁄YÙdœY ˙RÙRÙu.

C’Y˚W SÙm L¶≤L˚[ C˚QlTRtLÙ] ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s ÿu˙]tTÙ”L˚[f˘Nn˙RÙm. CR‡Pu L¶≤ C˚Ql©tœj˙R˚YVÙ] Yu˘TÙ⁄s (Ha rdware )

G˚Y˘V]d LÙi˙TÙm.

TPm 7.6


78

Hardware ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls

Smÿ˚PV L¶≤d ·Pjßp L¶≤L˚[C˚QlTRtœ TVuT”m Hardware L⁄ÆLsG˚Y˘V]j ˘R¨ŸUÙ? LiP ˚Pk’ ®WlTÿVt£ŸeLs.

♦ ˙L©sLs

♦ APÙlPo (Adaptor)

♦ ..........................................................

♦ ..........................................................

Jq˘YÙu˚\l Tt±Ÿm Æ[dLUÙ]œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨dL‹m. ERÆdLÙLf £XRLYpLs ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].

˙L©s-Ls (UTP Cables - UnshieldedTwisted Paid Cables)

B£¨V¨u ERÆ˙VÙ” UTP (TPm 7.7)Ju˚\ G”j’ ARu ˙Ut◊\m LÙQlT”m˙U¤˚\˚V ød° T¨˙NÙßdL‹m. ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ Æ]ÙdLfidLÙ] Æ˚PL˚[dLiP±L.

♦ ˙L©∞u Es˙[ GjR˚] YVoLsLÙQlT”°u\]?

♦ CkR YVoL∞u ®\eL˚[d LiP±k’AYt˚\ ˙_Ù•L[ÙdL‹m.

♦ CqYÙfl GjR˚] ˙_Ù• YVoLsLÙQlT”°u\]?

APÙlh _Ùd-œ-Ls (Adapt Jake)

♦ U T P ˙ L © s L ˚ [ d L ¶ ≤ ´ p˘TÙ⁄j’Y˚R LY≤jæoL[Ù?

♦ J⁄ œ±l©hP Y˚L´XÙ] APÙlPoLsRÙ˙] TVuT”jRlT”°\’.

♦ RJ45 G‡m Y˚L˚Vf NÙokR APÙlPo_ÙdœLs RÙu C˚Y. (TPm 7.8)

♦ Cßp GjR˚] ©uLs (PIN) LÙQlT”°u\] G]l TÙodL‹m.

DRo-˘Sh LÙo” (Network InterfaceCard)

J⁄ C˚Ql◊ ˙L©s YØVÙL Y⁄mRLYpL˚[d L¶≤´u URo˙TÙo”Pu˘RÙPo◊T”j’m L⁄Æ˚Vd LY≤jæoL[Ù?C’RÙu DRo˘ShLÙo” ApX’ (Network

Interface Card) G]lT”°\’. TPm (7.9) CR˚]URo˙TÙo•p Add-on Card BL ˙NodL‹mÿ•Ÿm. B]Ùp Rt˙TÙ’ °˚PdLl˘TflmURo˙TÙo”L∞p Network Card˛L˚[j R≤˙V˙NodL ˙Yi•V AY£V™p˚X. A˚Y˙TÙo•˙X˙V TÙ⁄jRlTh•⁄dœm.

al/ vÆhf

J⁄ ˙L©˚[l TVu-T-”jß CWi”L¶≤L˚[ C˚QdL ÿ•-Ÿm. G≤p

TPm 7.7

TPm 7.8

TPm 7.9


79

÷hTd Li-”-©-•l-◊-RÙu A’! L©s-L-fid-œlTß-XÙ-Lj RL-YpLs T¨-UÙ-\l (Data Carriers)TVuT”j’-Y-’-RÙu Gu]? J⁄ Lm©´pXÙC˚Ql-©p NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL ˙L©s-Ls TVu-T”jß S˚P-˘T-flm ˘Sh˘YÙod-°p Es[GpXÙ YN-ß-L-fim °˚Pd-Ll ˘Tfl-°-\RÙ?LiP-±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.

NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-Ld Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊YNß °˚Pd-Ll- T-flm L¶-≤-Ls G˚Y?

♦ £X (Laptop) U•d-L-¶-≤.

♦ .................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

TPm 7.12

°¨m-©e

UTP ��$�)�� >��)T��Connector Jack��0��(54��6�!�M�$ ��P�@P��6#��I��!��54��(Q�!��M�$ n%��bd�9:eUTP�70��!��&(�-.�$/��M�3�>��*%�RJ45�%��(56��/;(�-��d�9U%��$��/�04��%�RJ45US��$;54��D(A4��14�?�3*%]Y��u��>��*%��!��(56��/;�(��-��

Pin 1 - Orange White Pin 5 - Blue WhitePin 2 - Orange Pin 6 - GreenPin 3 - Green White Pin 7 - Brown WhitePin 4 - Blue Pin 8 - Brown

°¨m©e Âp (TPm 7.10) RJ45 ©u-Ls (TPm 7.11)

TPm 7.13

Íu˙\Ù ARtœd Aß-LUÙ] L¶-≤-LsC⁄k-RÙp? Jq-˘YÙ⁄ L¶-≤-´-≠-⁄k-’m˙L©s-L-˚[j Rm-ÿs C˚Ql-T-˘Ru-T’CVXÙR LÙ¨-Vm. G]-˙Y, RL-Yp-Ls ˘Nufl˙NW-˙Yi-•V L¶-≤dœ N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´pß˚N ß⁄l-T ER-Yd-·-•V J⁄ L⁄-Æ-´p˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. Ak-Rd L⁄Æ-RÙu al /vÆhf (TPm 7.12) G]lT”°\-’.

Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql-◊-Ls (WirelessNetwork)

£X U•dL¶-≤-L∞p ˙L©s Cp-XÙ-U˙X˙V C˚Q-V-m YNß °˚Pd-Ll-˘T-fl-°u\-’, CRt-œl ©u-]Ùp Es[ ˘RÙØp÷hTm- Gu]? øe-Ls £k-ßj-R -’iPÙ?Lm©´pXÙ C˚Ql-◊-Ls G]l-T-”m RÙØp-


80

Desktop L¶-≤-L-∞-¤m Lm-©-´pXÙC˚Ql◊ YNß Ht-T-”jR ÿ•-ŸUÙ? CkRYNßdœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] L⁄-Æ-Ls VÙ˚Y?LiP±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.

Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊ ˛ L⁄-Æ-Ls

Jq- YÙ⁄ TPj-ß-¤m LÙQl-T-”m L⁄-Æ-Ls G˚Y-˘V] A±V ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls.

˘NV-p-TÙ” 4

YVo-Xv CVdœ ÿ˚\-˚U-´pL¶≤´u I.P ÿL-Y¨ A˚Ud-Ll -TP˙Yi”UÙ? Cq-YÙfl A˚Ul-T-RÙp Ht-T-”mTÙßl-◊-Ls Gu]?

♦ £X L¶-≤-L-∞p C˚Ql◊ °˚Pd-°u\’.B]Ùp, C˚Q-Vm °˚Pl-T-ßp- X.

♦ .................................................................................

TPm 7.14

TPm 7.16TPm 7.17

TPm 7.15

♦ YVo-Xv ˙UÙPm ♦ YVo-Xv ˘Sh-˘YÙod- Cu-Po ˙Tv LÙo”

♦ YVo-Xv Âp ♦ YVo-Xv ˘Sh-˘YÙod APÙl-T-Po

˘NVp-TÙ” 5

Ee-Ls Ts-∞-´p L¶≤d ·Pj-ßpL¶≤ C˚Ql-©p A•d-L• LÙQl-T-”m£dLpLs G˚Y? Y¨-˚Nl T”j’L.

♦ L¶-≤d ·Pj-ßp Es[ £X L-¶-≤-LsC˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙL LÙl-◊-L- [f N -VÙLT°o-Y-ßp˚X.


81

♦ .................................................................................

CYt -± - \ - L Ù -]j æ o‹ Gu]?Æ[dLUÙ] œ±l◊j RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

˘NVp-TÙ” 6

L¶≤d ·Pj-ßp J⁄ L¶-≤-ú(Server) Pvd PÙl-©p J⁄ LÙoh-Âu ß˚Wl-T-Pm foolfox.mpg G‡m TV- p N™j’ Yd-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. CR˚] Ee-Ls L¶-≤-úDesktop˛p Gq-YÙfl ˘Y∞-´”-≈o-Ls? ∏˙ZRWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs.

♦ System → Preferences YØ- Remote Desk-

top ß\d-L-‹m. Allow other users to view your

Desktop GuT˚R •d ˘Nn’ Close

˘NnV‹m.

♦ A˚]j’d L¶-≤-´-¤m C˙R ˘NVp-

TÙhP˚Pj ˘RÙP-W-‹m.

♦ Ee-Ls L¶-≤-´-¤s[ C˚Q-V-R[lTh•V≠-≠-⁄k-’(Internet Menu) RemoteDesktop Viewer˛Ij ß\k’ Connect°∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[-Wj-ßp Protocol VNC˛Ij

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Host G] LÙ‘m CPj-ßp

Server-u I.P ÿL-Y¨˚V A∞d-L-‹m.

TPm 7.18

♦ Cl-˙TÙ’ Server System˛jßp

˘Y∞VÙœm NÙ[-Wm G˚Rd œ±d-°u\-’?

♦ Ee-L-s L¶-≤- p Server˛u Desktop˛IdLÙQ-ÿ-•-V-Æp-˚X-VÙ.

CkRd ˙LÙl˚T Sm-ÿ-˚PV L¶-≤-´pTßdL ÿVt-£-Ÿe-Ls. CV-¤-°-\RÙ? CRtœGu] æo‹?

˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l T°o˙YÙm

˘NVp-TÙ” 7

˙LÙl-◊-L˚[l T -UÙt-\m NnV L¶-≤-´p C≤-Ÿm Gu-˘]u] Ht-TÙ-”-Ls S˚P-ÿ˚\lT”j-Rl-TP Yi-”˘Uufl TÙol˙TÙm?

SÙm TVu-T-”j-’m L¶-≤-´p Places→

Connect to Server °∞d ˘Nn-RÙp. ˙RÙuflmConnect to Server NÙ[-Wj-ßp ∏rdLÙ‘mÿ˚\´p A˚Ud-L-‹m. (TPm 7.19).

Service type Gu-T’ SSH G] Select

˘NnV‹m.

Server p SÙm C˚QdL Æ⁄m-◊m L¶-≤ú

I.P. ÿL-Y-¨˚Vj Rh-Pf—f ˘Nn-V-‹m.

TPm 7.19


82

Folder G‡-™-Pj-ßp C˚QdL ˙Yi-•V

Folder-u Path A∞d-L-‹m. (G”j’d-LÙh-PÙL its

G‡m User˛u Desktop˛I C˚QdL /home/its/

Desktop G]d ˘LÙ”d-L ˙Yi”m).

User Name G‡m CPj-ßp SÙm C˚QdLÆ⁄m-◊m L¶-≤-ú User ˘TVo A∞j’Connect ˘Nn-V-‹m.

L¶-≤-´p ˙RÙu-\d-·-•V NÙ[-Wj-ßuA±-‹-˚W-L-fid˙Lt-T Option˛Ij ˙Rok-˘R-”d-LXÙm. AkR NÙ[-Wj-ßp Password (LP‹f-˘NÙp)Gu-‡m CPj-ßp SÙm C˚QdLÆ⁄m◊m L¶-≤-ú Password A∞j’C˚Qd-L-‹m.

Cl-˙TÙ’ Server˛p LÙoh-Âu ß˚Wl-TPj˚R Ee-L-fi-˚PV L¶-≤-´p Tßl-©dLÿ•°-\RÙ? C˚Ql◊ YØ ˙LÙl-◊-L-˚[l T¨-UÙ-flm- TÙ’ Pendrive TÙu\ L⁄-Æ-Ls TVu-T-”j-’-Y-˚R-ÆP Gu-˘]u] Su˚ULsSUdœd °˚Pd-°u-\]? AhP-Y-˚Q-˚Vl®Wl◊-L.

♦ J˙W NU-Vj-ßp Ju-±t-œd ˙Ut-ThPL¶-≤-L∞p TßdL ÿ•-°-\-’.

♦ ................................................................................

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C˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙLd L¶-≤-LsRUdœs Printer ˛I Gq-YÙfl T¨-UÙ±d˘LÙs°\’ G]d LÙi-˙TÙm.

©ü-Po T -UÙt-\m

I.T Uu-\j -ßp Efll-©-]o -L -˚[f˙NolTRtœ J⁄ Æi-Ql-Td L•-Rj-ßuUÙß¨ Jufl RVÙo-˘Nn-’ ©üh ˘Nn-V-‹m.©ü-Po Server L¶-≤-´p RÙu C˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. UÙß-¨˚V Gk-Rd L¶-≤-´pRVÙ¨j-RÙ-¤m C˚Ql◊ YØ-VÙL A˚R Print˘NnV CV-¤m GuT’ SUd-œj ˘R¨k-R-’-RÙ˙]? Cm-ÿ-˚\l-T• ©ü-P˚WlTÜÙflY’ GqYÙfl? Ee-Ls Nk- R-Le-L- [jæol-T-Rtœd ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙh•˚]f Nn’ TÙ⁄e-Ls.

˘NVp-TÙ” 8

♦ L¶-≤d · P j - ß p C ˚ Q l ˚ T f˘NVp ÿ˚\dLÙLj RVÙo-T-”j-’e-Ls.

♦ Server˛p Printer-I T -UÙt-\m Nn-Y-RtœS e r v e r L ¶ - ≤ - ´ p S y s t e m →

Administration → Printing G‡m Y¨˚NlT•Printing NÙ[-Wj˚Rj ß\dL‹m.

Server → Settings G‡m ÿ˚\-´p °∞d˘Nn-Ÿm˙TÙ’ ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[WjßpA˚]j’ Checkbox ˛ L˚[Ÿm •d ( � )˘Nn’ OK °∞d ˘NnV-‹m. (TPm 7.20).

øe-Ls TVu-T-”-j-’m L¶-≤- -¤m C˙R˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘Nn-’, øe-Ls RVÙ-¨jRÆiQl-Td L•-Rj-ßu UÙß-¨˚Vj ß\k’Print ˘Nn’ TÙ⁄e-Ls. Gu], Ee-Ls ÿVt£˘Yt±-V- Pk-RRÙ?

Cl-˙TÙ’ øe-Ls ◊¨k-’ -˘LÙiP˘ N n ß L s T s ∞ L ¶ - ≤ d · P j - ß pC˚Ql˚T ™Lf-£ -\l -TÙLd ˚LVÙ[EeL˚[j Rœ-ß-Ÿ-˚P-V-Yo-L-[Ùd°Æh-P’.Al-T-•- RÙ˙]? L¶≤ C˚Ql-TÙ] ˘Nn-ß-L˚[ C≤-Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-•-V’AY-£-Vm. AYt˚\l ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ YÙnl◊d°˚Pdœm-˙TÙ’ TÙod-L-XÙm.


1. C˚Ql-˙TÙ” ˘RÙPo -◊ -˚PV, SÙmAßLUÙLl TVu-T-”j-’m Yu-˘TÙ-⁄s(Hardware) L⁄-Æ-L -∞u TPe-L -˙[Ù”A˚UkR Directory RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m..

TPm 7.20


83

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2. Ts-∞-L-∞p L¶≤ C˚Ql◊l TVu-T”jß SÙm Nn-Vd-·-•V NVp-TÙ-”-L- [Y¨˚NlT-”j-’L. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L˚[EeLs Ts-∞-L-∞p Cl- TÙ’ Gm-ÿ- \- p˘NVp-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls G]l T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.

3. Lm-©-´pXÙ C˚Ql◊d °˚Pd-Ll-˘T-\d-·•V J⁄ U•d-L-¶-≤-´p ®˚X-VÙ] I.PÿL-Y¨ A˚Ud-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. CR-]ÙpHtT-Pd-·-•V £d-Lp-Ls VÙ˚Y?

4. TX ’˚\-L-∞-¤m L¶≤ C˚Ql◊ Gq-YÙ-˘\p-XÙm TVu-T-”j-’-°u-\’ Gu-T˚RC˚Q-V-R-[j-ßu ER-Æ-˙VÙ” AX£BWÙn-L. (E-RÙ. Ye-°-Ls, Tj-ß-¨˚L®flY]e-Ls)

5. Ee-L-[’ Ts-∞d L¶≤d ·Pj-ßp J⁄L¶-≤-ú Desktop˛p Nh-Pj-ßp (Panel)

C⁄k’ Network Monitor Applet˛u IdLuU˚\k’ Æh -P -’ . C˚R Gq -YÙfl¡hLXÙm? Li-P-±-L.

6. L¶-≤d ·Pj-ßp Server L¶-≤-úDesktop˛p Ts-∞- u I.C.T L⁄-Æ-Ls Tt±VJ⁄ A±-ÿ-Lm (Presentation) RVÙo ˘Nn’˙N™j’ ˚Yd-L -‹m. Gtk VNC Viewer

(Application→Internet→Gtk VNC Viewer) G‡m˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jß C˚Ql-©pEs[ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ L¶-≤-ú Desktop - - -˛pCkR A±-ÿ-Lj˚R (Presentation) Etfl˙SÙd-L-‹m.

RL-Yp T¨-UÙt-\j ˘RÙØp÷hTm

84

School Wiki, Æd°¿•VÙ, ˙LW[ AW—Utflm LpÆj’˚\´u C˚QVR[eL˚[lTÙo˚Y´h•⁄l¿oLs. C˚Y RÆW ˙YflGu˘]u] C˚QVR[eLs Es[]? SmTs∞´u L¶≤ ˚UVjßp J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚Rj ß\dœm˙TÙ’ ˘Yœ ˘RÙ˚XÆpGe˙LÙ Es[ J⁄ L¶≤´≠⁄k’ TPeLs,ß˚WlTPeLs, TÙh”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y SmL¶≤˚V A˚PY’ GqYÙfl? Gl˙TÙ˙R‡m£kßjß⁄d-°-»o-L[Ù? C˚QVR[jßuLhP˚Ul◊ Utflm ˘NVpTÙ” CYt˚\ÿ›˚UVÙLl ◊¨k’ LÙs[ Yi”˘U≤p,SÙÿm A’ ˙TÙu\ J⁄ R[j˚R E⁄YÙd°lTÙodLXÙm. Sm Ts∞ L¶≤ UVjßp Es[L¶≤´p Uh”˙U °˚Pdœm J⁄C˚QVR[j˚R ÿR≠p E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm.

J⁄ C˚QVR[m Jufl ApX’ ARtœ˙UtThP C˚QVl TdLeL˚[d ˘LÙi•⁄dœm. HTML Tag Il TVuT”jß C˚QVlTdLeL˚[ E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\ øÆoHt˘L]˙Y A±kR˙R. SUdœj ˘R¨kR˙PœL˚[Ÿm AYt±u TVuTÙ”L˚[ŸmAhPY˚Ql T”j’˙YÙm. (AhPY˚Q 8.1)

ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls

SU’ Ts∞´p, SPdœm Tp˙Yfl NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˘TÙ’UdL∞u TÙo˚Ydœ˚YlTRt˙Lt\ J⁄ C˚QVR[j˚RE⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm. C’ J⁄ œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”SU’ Ts∞ C˚QVR[m GlT• C⁄dL˙Yi”m? CRtœj ßhP™Pp ˙Yi”˙U!£X œ±l◊Ls ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].

♦ C˚QVR[m GjR˚]l TdLeLs˘LÙiPRÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?

♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ TdLjß¤m CPm ˘T\˙Yi•V˚Y Gu-˘]u]?

♦ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Td-Lj -˚R-Ÿm Gk-Rdœ›RVÙ¨dL ˙Yi-”m?

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Tag C˚QVl TVuTÙ”

<html> Y˚XlTdLm RÙPeœYRtœ

<h1> ...................................................... G›j’L˚[d R•U]ÙdL

<marquee> ............................................................. ...........................................

Ah-P-Y˚] 8.1

8 SUd˘L] Ko C˚QVR[m

SUd-˘L] J⁄ Y˚X-R-[m

85

C˚QVl TdLm RVÙ¨lTRtLÙ]

˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul◊ ÿ˚\

C˚QVl TdLm RVÙ¨dœm ˙TÙ’

Aßp CPm˘Tflm Tp˙Yfl RLYpL˚[f

£\lTÙ] ÿ˚\´p ∫oT”jRp ˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m RVÙ-¨d-œm C˚QVl

TdLe-Ls Jufl Nok˙R Ts∞ C˚Q-V-R[m

E⁄-YÙ-°-\-’. G]˙Y GpXÙd œ›dLfim

˙R˚YVÙ] TPeLs, ≈•-˙VÙdLs, J≠d

˙LÙl◊Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ J⁄ ˘TÙ’-YÙ]

ÿ˚\-´p ˙NL¨jRp ˙Yi”m. CRtœ ∏˙Z

RWlTh”s[’ ˙TÙu\ J⁄ UÙß¨˚Vl

©uTtflRp Sufl. (TPm 8.1)

C˚QVR[m RVÙ-¨l-T-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] ßh-P-™-Pp ÿ•k-R-’. C≤ SÙm Sm

œ›Æ-‡-˚PV C˚QVl Td-Le-L -˚[j

RVÙ¨l˙TÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” 1

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm °˚PjR R˚Xl©u A•lT˚P´p C˚QVl TdLeL˚[jRVÙ¨j’ MyWebsite Gu\ LÙl◊j RÙœl©p˙N™dL-‹m ˙Yi”m. TPeL˚[ “images”

Gu\ ˙LÙl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙N™dLXÙm.TPeL˚[ C˚QVl TdLjßp EhT”jR<img src=“images/Imagename.extension”> Gu\˙P˚Ll TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. TPjßu C⁄l©Pj˚Rf NÙo◊l TÙ˚RVÙLd (relative path)

LÙh”R˙X Sufl.

Relative and Absolute Path

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TPm 8.1

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q UÙß¨˚Vl ©uTt±j ßhP™P˚X ˙UmT-”j-R‹m.

œ› CPm˘T\ ˙Yi•VRLYpLs

œ› RVÙ¨dœmTdLjßu ˘TVo

’˚Ql TdLeL∞u ˘TVo(˙R˚Y˘V≤p)

œ› 1 Ts∞ Æ˚[VÙh”ÆZÙ

* ˙TÙh•Ls* LXk-’-˘LÙi˙PÙo* ÿ•‹Ls

œ› 2

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AhPY˚Q 8.2


86

tive Path��!��Relative Path�T��(�� )�� ;�� (� �� 8�� +,�� +�,�� <��)��!� '� ��)�(��)��;�8��!� (Link)�� !�

C˚QVlTdLjßp ≈•-˙VÙ˚Y

EhT”jRXÙm

SÙm E⁄YÙd°V C˚QVl TdLjßpRLYpL˙[Ù”, J⁄ ≈•-˙VÙ˚YŸm EhT”jß]Ùp A⁄-˚UVÙL C⁄dœm. ≈-•-˙VÙ˚YEh-T-”j-’Y’ Gq-YÙfl? Video editing NnY’Gq-YÙfl Gu-T-˚R HtL]˙Y T•j’s˙[Ùm.Ts∞´p SPdœm H˙R‡m J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚P J¸ılTß‹ ˘NnV‹m. ˙R˚YVÙ]ß⁄jR¤dœl(R-¶d-˚L) ©\œ, Videos Gu\

˘RÙœl©p N™dL‹m. G.LÙ. L˚XÆZÙ˙YÙ”˘RÙPo◊˚PV dance.flv Gu\ ˙LÙl©˚]EhT”jR <embed. src =“videos/dance.flv”> Gu\˙P˚Ll TVu-T -”j -R -XÙm. embed Tag

J≠d˙LÙl◊L˚[ EhT”jR‹m CV-¤m.ÿVt£ ˘Nn-≈o-L[Ù?

C˚QVR[m RVÙ¨dL ER‹m KompoZer

HTML Tags TVuT”jß, C˚QVl TdLmE⁄YÙd°V˙TÙ’ øeLs HWÙ -[UÙ]C˚PÎflL˚[f Nkßjß⁄l¿oLs. TXC˚QVl TdLeLs APe°V C˚QVR[eLs E⁄YÙdL Gq-Y-[‹ TagLs TVu-T”jR ˙Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm? HTML Tag L˚[lTVu-T-”j-RÙ-Up C˚Q-Vl-Td-Le-Ls RVÙ- dL˘Uu-˘TÙ -⁄h-Ls Es-[-]. A˚Y html

ß⁄jßLs (HTML editor) G] A±VlT”°u\].

KompoZer TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] £X œ±l◊Ls.

TPeLs EhT”jR

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87

TPm 8.2

KompoZer, Quantaplus ˙TÙu-\˚Y HTML

editor Ls. HTML TagLs TVuT”jß GpXÙ

˙Um-TÙ”L˚[Ÿm CYt±u ERÆ ŸPu ™L

G∞RÙLf ˘NnVXÙm. TagLs TVuT”jßd

·”-R-XÙ-Lf Nod-L-‹m CkR-G•h-Po-L-∞p YN-

ß-Ÿm Es-[-’.

KompoZer ÍXm C˚QVl TdLjßp

Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnV CV¤m?

Th•V-≠-”-L.

♦ G›j’L∞u ®\m, A[‹ CYt˚\

UÙt\XÙm.

♦ TdLeLfidœl ©u]¶ ®\m

˘LÙ”dLXÙm.

♦ TPeL∞u A[˚Y Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTUÙt\XÙm.

♦ ................................................................................

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TdLeL˚[d LYof£LWUÙdL

KompoZer TVuT”jß Sm C˚QVlTdLjß˚] AßLd LYof£ E˚PVRÙLUÙt\XÙm. Internet ˘U‡Æ≠⁄k’ KompoZer

Ij ˘R¨k˘R”j’ NÙ[Wj˚Rj ß\dL‹m©u]o File → Open Gu\ Y¨˚N´p EeLsC˚QVl Td-Lj˚R ß\dL‹m. (TPm 8.2)

G›j’Ls, TPeLs CYt-±u A[‹,©u]¶ ®\m, CPm ˙TÙu\Yt±p ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\j˚Rf ˘Nn’, Ck-Rd ˙LÙl-˚Tf˙N™j’, ˘Yl©W-‹-N-¨p ß\k’ TÙo-dL-‹m.Cl˙TÙ’ SU’ C˚QVl Td-Lm ·”-Rp LYof-£-Ÿ-˚P-V-RÙL C⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ?

Sm-ÿ-˚PV C˚QVR[j-ßtœA⁄- U-VÙ] J⁄ ÿLl-◊l Td-Lm

Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m RVÙ-¨jR C˚QVlTd-Le-L˚[f ˙Noj’ SU’ C˚QV R[j˚RE⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm. TX C˚QV R[eL∞u

ÿLl◊l TdLj˚Rl TÙojß⁄l-¿o-Ls. (G.-LÙ

TPm 8.3) AYt-±p Es-[’˙TÙp, Smÿ˚PV

I T C l u b


88

R[jßtœm J⁄ ÿLl◊l TdLm ˙Yi-”m.

£X C˚QV R[e-L-∞u ÿLl-◊l Td-Le-

L˚[l TÙo-˚Y´P‹m. ÿLl-◊l Td-Lj-ßp

C⁄dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y? Jq-˘YÙ⁄

œ›‹m CYt˚\l Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.

ÿLl-◊l TdLj-ßtœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-

Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•j-æo-L[Ù? C≤ SU’ ÿLl-

◊l Td-Lj˚Rj RVÙ-¨l-˙TÙm. CRt-LÙ] J⁄

UÙß¨ TdL A˚Ul-◊ (Th-•-Vp 8.3) RWl-Th-

”s-[’. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm, ˙XÙ˙LÙ-

˚Y-Ÿm ˙Noj’ EeLs Ts-∞-ú ÿLl-◊l

Td-Lj˚Rj RVÙo ˘Nn-L. Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œ›-‹m

RVÙ-¨jR ÿLl-◊l Td-Le-L-∞p £\kR˚Rj

˙Rok-˘R-”dL-‹m. AR˚] SU’ C˚QV

R[j-ßu ÿLl◊l TdL-UÙ-L A˚Ud-L-‹m. ∏˙Z

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♦ AhPY˚Q Id-LÙ˚]d °∞d ˘Nn’Íufl ®WpLfim Íufl ®˚WLfim Es[J⁄ AhPY˚Q˚V E⁄YÙdL‹m.

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♦ AhPY˚Qú ˙LÙ”Ls ˘R¨VÙU-≠-⁄dL Yi”m. CRtœ AhPY˚Q˚Vj˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ©u]o, Table → Table

PropertiesI G”d-L -‹m. Al-˙TÙ’˙RÙuflm NÙ[Wjßp AhPY˚Q´p(Tab) Es[ Boarder, Spacing, Padding

˙TÙu\ Ti◊L˚[ ÈwVm Bd°V ©uOK ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jR‹m.

♦ ˘Np-≠p °∞d ˘Nn’ TPm, G›j-’-Ls(function) ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.

TPm 8.3


89

♦ œ›d-Ls RVÙ- jR C˚QVl Td-Le-L˚[ÿLl-◊l Td-Lj- RÙ” C˚QdL YQ-”m.

A˚]j’d œ›dLfim RVÙ¨jRR[eL˚[ Jl©h” £\kR˚Rj Rok˘R”j’Ts∞ú R[m E⁄YÙdœm ˘TÙfll©˚]

SSITC Pm JlT˚PdL‹m.

SÙm RVÙ¨jR C˚QV

R[j˚Rd LÙi-T-Rtœ

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Gu\ ÿLY¨˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’j ˙R•]ÙpR[jßu ÿLl◊l TdLm ˙RÙuflm. CRtœSU’ L¶≤´p ARtLÙ] ˘Yl No-Yo(web

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♦ ÿd-°Vf NÙ[Wjßu CP’ TdLjßtœ—h˘P≠˚V SLojßd ˘LÙi” ˘Nu\ÙpL⁄ÆlTh˚P RÙuflm.

♦ —h-˘P-≠d œ±-˚Vd ∏rl Tœßdœd˘LÙi” ˘Nu\Ùp, Status Bar ˙RÙuflm.

♦ C˚Y CWi”m C˚QŸm CPjßpLÙQlT”m ÿd˙LÙQeL∞p °∞d˘Nn’, CYt˚\ AkRkR CPjß˙X˙V®˚X®fljRXÙm.

♦ Page Up, Page down ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[ApX’ —h˘P≠´u —⁄s TÙjRÙ˚]lTVuT”jß Zoom In, Zoom Out NnVXÙm.

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9 EXLm Es-[e- L´p


98

♦ Am◊œ±l ˘TÙjRÙuL˚[l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl ß˚NL∞¤m LÙh£L˚[d LÙQXÙm.

♦ —h˘P≠˚V C›j’ Field of View

(FOV)˛Æp UÙt\m HtT”jRXÙm.

Bn-‹d L[m R¨‹

˘NnŸm ÿ˚\

°WLQeL˚[l È™´p GpXÙl Tœ-ß-L∞≠⁄k’m LÙQ ÿ•VÙ’. Hu? Jq˘YÙ⁄Tœß´≠⁄k’m °˚Pdœm BLÙ-VdLÙh£Ls Yfl-Th-P- Y. SÙm Ge-°-⁄k’ BLÙ-Vj -˚Rl TÙodL ˙Yi-”m? Al˙TÙ’v˙PhPv TÙ¨p LÙhPlT”Y’ GkRl TœßG]d Li”©•dL‹m.

v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p J⁄œ±l-©hP CPj˚R J›e-L- Ul-T’ Gl-T•G]d LÙi-˙TÙm. L⁄-Æl-Th-˚P-´u ˙UpTœ-ß-´p LÙQlT”m Location Tool˛p (F6)

(TPm9.1) °∞d ˘Nn’ Location NÙ[Wj˚Rj

TPm 9.1

Status Bar

Too

l Bar

ß\dL‹m. NÙ[-Wj-ßp Es[ ◊Æl-T-Pj-ßp(TPm 9.2) J⁄ œ±l-©hP Tœ-ß-˚Vd °∞d˘Nn’ Ae-œs[ BLÙ-Vd LÙh-£˚V A˚Ud-L-XÙm.

Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p C⁄k’ ß⁄m-Tj-ß⁄mT Bn‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”˘U≤p, AkRCPeL˚[ SÙm CfNÙ[Wjßp EhT”jR˙Yi”m. AhN˙W˚L, æodL˙W˚L A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” KStar˛p CPe-L-˚[d œ±j-˙RÙm. v˘Pp-˙X-¨-Vj-ß-¤m CPe-˚[dœ±dL C˚Y ˙R˚Y. CPeL-∞u Ah-Nd-˙LÙ” æod-Ld-˙LÙ -” -L˚[ Marble ˘Uu-˘TÙ⁄∞u ERÆ-Ÿ-Pu LÙQ-XÙ-˘U] SÙmA±˙YÙm. Marble ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u ERÆŸPu EeLs Tœß´u AhfN, æodLd˙LÙ”L˚[d Li”©•j’f NÙ[-Wj -ßpœ±dL‹m. TPm 9.2˛p CPeL-∞u AhN,æodLd ˙LÙ”L∞u A[‹ CPjßu ˘TVo,SÙh•u ˘TVo C˚Y œ±l©PlTh”s[].(Altitude Th•´p UÙt\m R˚Y´p˚X) Add

to List TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d Nn-L. EeLs CPm

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

99

˘XÙd˙L-`u NÙ[Wjßp ˙NodLl ThPRÙ?©u]o ∏˙Z LÙQlT”m Use as Default

˘Th•´p N¨ Gu\ A˚P-VÙ-[d-œ±˚VCP‹m. Smÿ˚PV Fo, Default TœßVÙLA ˚ U d L l T h ” Æ h P ’ . C ≤ ˘ U u˘ T Ù ⁄ ˚ [ j ß \ d œ m ˙ T Ù ’ , C k R

CPjß¤s[ LÙh£˚V SÙm LÙi˙TÙm.

˙Rß-˚VŸm ˙SWj˚RŸm

J›e-L-˚Ud-L-XÙm

J⁄ œ±l©hP SÙ∞p œ±l©hP˙SWjßp BLÙVm GlT• C⁄dœm

GuT˚Rd LÙiTRtœ AkR ˙SWj˚R SÙm˘Uu˘TÙ⁄fidœ A∞jßPp ˙Yi”m.ARtœd L⁄Æl ˘Th•´p Es[ (F5) Date/

Time window˛˚Yl TVuT”jRXÙm. (TPm 9.3)

Æi-˘Y-∞-´p A˚]j’d ˙LÙ[e-Lfim Rj-Rm TÙ˚R-L-∞p —Zp-°u-\-].B]Ùp A˚Y È™-´-≠-⁄k’ ˘Yœ-˘RÙ-˚X-Æp C⁄l-T-RÙp, øiP SWm LY-]-UÙL Etfl-˙SÙd-°-]Ùp Uh-”˙U AYt-±u A˚N˚YEQWÿ•Ÿm. LÙX-®-Wd˚L Yfl-T-”jß Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-∞p AYt-±u A˚N˚Y EQ-W-ÿ-•-Ÿm.LÙX-®Wd°p UÙfl-Rp ˘Nn-Y’ Gl-T•?

TPm 9.2

TPm 9.3

TPm 9.4


100

v˙PhPv TÙ¨p LÙQl-T-”m Time

Toolbox p Es[ LÙX-®-Wd-˚Ld ·h-”mL⁄Æ˚Vl (Time Speed Tool) (TPm 9.4)TVuT”jß ˙SW Æ°Rj˚R AßL¨j’d˙LÙsLs Utflm ShNjßWeL∞u A˚N‹˙YLj˚Rd ·hPXÙm. Pm Â≠u Jq- YÙ⁄°∞d-°-¤m LÙX-®Wdœ Æ°-Rl-T•d ·”m. Set

Time to Now ˛ L⁄Æ´p °∞d ˘NnRÙpL¶≤- u CVpTÙ] SWjßtœj ß⁄mTXÙm.

BLÙVjßp ˙LÙ”Ls

ShNjßWeL˚[ JuflPu JuflC˚Qdœm LtT˚]d ˙LÙ”Ls AYt±tœAt◊RUÙ] Y•YeL˚[j R⁄°u\].C˚Y SU’ ÿu˙]ÙoLs ˘RÙPok’ ™LEu≤lTÙL BLÙ-Vj˚R Et-fl -˙SÙd°Bnk’ E⁄YÙd°V˚Y˙V.

U˚XVÙ[ UÙReL∞u ˘TV⁄dœmÆi¡u ·h-Pj-ßu Y•Yjßtœm ˘RÙPo◊C⁄d-°-\RÙ?. £eLjßu Y•Yjß¤s[ (Leo)

Æi¡u ·hPj˚Rl TÙojß⁄l¿oLs. C’£m-Um G] A˚Zd-LlT”-° -\ -’. ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p CkR Æi-¡u ·h-Pj-˚RdLÙiT’ GqYÙfl G]l TÙol˙TÙm.

♦ L⁄ÆlTh˚P´p Search NÙ[Wjßp˘Nufl Leo G]j RhPf—f ˘Nn’Search˛Id °∞d ˘Nn-V-‹m.

♦ A’ TÙo˚Y Gp˚Xdœ Al-TÙp C⁄l-©u,AR- ]l TÙo˚Y Gp˚Xdœs ˘LÙi”YW, ˙SWj˚R UÙt± A˚UdL ˙Yi”m

♦ vPÙhPv L⁄Æl Th˚P´p Es[ 3 con-

stellation L⁄ÆL˚[l (Constellation Line,

Label, Art) TVuT”jß, J⁄ œ±l ©hPÆi¡u ·hPjß¤s[ Æi¡uL˚[C˚Qdœm ˙LÙ”Ls, Æi¡uL∞u˘TVoLs, Æi¡u ·hPjßu LtT˚]Y•Ym TÙu-\-Yt- \Ÿm LÙQXÙm. (T-Pm 9.5)

♦ TLp ˙Y˚[´p BLÙVjßp Æi¡uL˚[d LÙiTRtœ Status Bar˛p Es[N i g h t M o d e , A t m o s p h e r e ˙ T Ù u - \L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. (T-Pm 9.5)

„¨V˚]f —t±

„¨V˚] È™ —t±Y⁄m TÙ˚R˚VfÈ™-´u —tfll TÙ˚R Gu°u˙\Ùm. CR˚]SÙm ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄-˚[l TVu-T-”jß A˚PVÙ[lT”j’Y’ GlT• G]l TÙol- TÙm.

L⁄ÆlTh˚P´p View Options (F4)

Tab˛Id °∞d Nn-RÙp View NÙ[Wm ß\dœm.Aßp Markings Tab˛p Celestial Sphere

Th•V≠≠⁄k’ Ecliptical line Ij Rok˘R”jRÙp È™´u —tfllTÙ˚R LÙh£V∞dœm.

(TPm 9.6)

TPm 9.5

Sh-Nj-ß-Wd ·h-Pd L⁄-Æ-Ls

YÙ≤-®- Xd L⁄Æ

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

101

Date/Time L⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jßUÙReL˚[ UÙt\‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjß¤m—tfll TÙ˚R´p „¨V≤u ©u]-¶´pLÙh£ A∞dœm Æi¡u ·h-Pe-L-˚[dLY≤d-L-‹m. (TPm 9.7)

£mUj-˚Rj RÆW „¨-V-≤u ©u-]-¶-´p È™-´u —t-fll-TÙ-˚R-´p LÙQd-·-•VÆi-¡u ·h-Pe-L-s G˚Y G]d Li-P-±-V-‹m. Jq-˘YÙ⁄ UÙRj-ß-¤m ˙SWj˚R UÙt±A˚Uj’f —t-fll-TÙ- R- p LÙQl-T-”m Æi-

¡u ·h-Pe-L-˚[ (-„-¨-V-≤u ©u-]-¶-´pLÙQl-T-”m) AhPY˚QlT”j-R-‹m. (TPm 9.7).

Æi¡uLs ˙RÙuflm ÿ˚\

Æi¡u ·hPeL∞p Y•YjRÙpSm˚Ud LYoY’ K¨˙VÙu Æi¡u·hP˙U. ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u ’˚QŸPuCR˚]d Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

♦ Search NÙ[Wjß-Ú˙P CR˚]j ˙RP‹m.

♦ Constellation L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jßK¨˙VÙ≤u Y•Yj˚Rd LiP-±V‹m.

TPm 9.6

„¨Vd L⁄m-◊s-∞-Ls

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TPm 9.7


102

♦ ˙Yh˚PdLÙW≤u Y•-Yj-˚Rd Li”©•dL ÿ•k-RRÙ?.

♦ ˙Yh˚PdLÙW≤u Ljß˙TÙXd LÙQl-T-”mÍufl Æi¡uL∞p S”Æp Es[˚RdLY]UÙLl ˘T¨RÙd°l TÙodL‹m.

♦ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j Ro‹ NnVf —h˘P≠´pCPl˘TÙjRÙ˚]Ÿm(°∞d), ˙RoÆ˚]ÆXdL(Deselect) YX’ ˘TÙjRÙ˚]Ÿm(YX’°∞d) A›jR ˙Yi”m.

♦ Auto Zoom ˘NnV J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[j ˙Ro‹˘NnR ©\œ Forward Slash (/) ˘TÙj-RÙ˚]A›j-R‹m.

♦ Zoom out ˘NnV Back Slash (/) TÙj-RÙ˚]A›j-R‹m.

♦ Close Zooming tœ —h˘P≠´u E⁄s˘TÙjRÙ˚]l TVuT”jRXÙm. (Ctrl+ Up

Arrow).

♦ Zoom ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄˚[(Focus) ˘NnV vPÙhPv TÙ¨p Es[Center on selected object L⁄Æ˚Vl TVuT”jRXÙm.

©\ Æi-¡u-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ C’ GqYÙflUÙflTh”d LÙQlT”°u\’?

�G�'��

Q�<��K�� !

G��!5?%� ��E� �"�

�0�� 8��!

�I1�� ?�(A�6

Q�<�� 7(��$��I1��

��0��$;54��#.��L��$!%

��0��/��8��5�6��

i��I1� (Eagle Nebula)

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/� a$/��I1��(Trifid Nebula)

YØLÙh•VÙLj ’⁄Y ShNjßWm

’⁄-Y-Sh-Nj-ß-WeLs, TZeLÙXm ÿR˙XLlTp UÙ¤-™-L -fidœ YØLÙh•VÙLÆ[e°]. Hu? C’ GkR ShNjßWd·hPj˚Rf ˙NokR’? (TPm 9.8)

Ao^Ù ˚U]o (Ursa minor) ShNjßWd·hPj˚Rj R•l©•ŸeLs. L⁄-Æl-Th-˚P-´p Search Window (F3) CRt-œd L⁄-Æ˚Vl-TVu-T-”j-R -XÙm. CRu Y•Ym Gu]?Cd·hPjß ˙X˙V ™L-‹m ©W-LÙ-N-UÙ] Sh-Nj-ß-W˙U ’⁄Y ShNjßWm (Polaris). LÙX-®-Wd˚L Aß-L-¨j’ ShNjßWeL∞u NX]˙YLj˚R AßL¨j’l TÙ⁄eLs. ©\ Sh-Nj-ß-We-L -˚[l˙TÙp ApXÙUp, C’ J˙WCPjßp ®˚Xj’ ®tT˚Rd LÙQXÙm. GpXÙSÙh-L-∞-¤m C’ J˙W CPjßp LÙQlT”Y’Hu?

TLp Aß-L-¨d-°-\’

’⁄Y ShNjßWm, YP ’⁄Yjßtœ

˙U˙X ®˚X˘LÙs°\’. Location L⁄-Æ-˚Vl

TPm 9.8

��.1��(Black holes)

�4�Q�<��)��M8�"5?%��P?,�1!�-�� A,�1*%��D�3�?��RA6� i��Q�3��"! �0��"�P�� +�� G �RA4��$;�� ;!� �1� ?��#.%�� E0�� #��#.!� �%Q�-� I"4� I��15�6�� a�}a��h�� -.�$�56�� )��$�� E0��

’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm’⁄Y Sh -Nj -ß - Wm

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

103

TVu-T-”jß Bn-ÆPj˚R È™-ú YP-’-⁄-Y-UÙd-L-‹m. L⁄Æl Th˚P´p Location

NÙ[Wjßp È™lTPjßp YP’⁄Yj˚Rd

°∞d ˘NnV‹m. ˙SW Æ°Rj˚R AßL¨j’

HtT”m UÙt\j˚Rd LY≤dL‹m. Cl-˙TÙ’

YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßp CW-YÙ? TLXÙ? C’ Gj-R˚]

SÙh-Ls øi” ®tœm? ∏˙Z LÙQl-T-”m

vPÙh-Pv TÙ¨p SÙh-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L UÙfl-

Y˚Rl TÙoj-æo-L[Ù? „ -Vu Gj-ß- N- p SLo-

° -\Ùu? CP YX Am◊dœ-±l ˘TÙj -

RÙuL˚[l TVuT”jß, „¨V˚]l ©u

˘RÙPok’ ˘NpX‹m. øeLs LY≤jR

£\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y? œ±l©P‹m. TLp

Utflm CWÆu A[˚Yd Li”©•dL‹m.

™u]‘f —tflLs E⁄YÙdLXÙm

™u-]-‘f —tflL∞u ERÆú±˙V,

AYt±u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l Tt± A±k’

˘LÙs[‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙflRp-Ls ˘Nn’

™u—t-fld-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m C’-˙TÙu\

˘Uu- TÙ-⁄h-Ls TVu-T-”-°u-\-].

EU’ A±-Æ-Vp Hh-•p Es[ £X

™u—t-flL˚[, Ktech lab TVu-T -”j -ßj

RVÙ¨jR, TPm � �� p RWl-Th-”s-[-’.

CYt˚\ SÙÿm RVÙ-¨d-L-XÙm.

� ��+��-0+�

Q�<��)��`�� -.54� 9:U�� -�� (0.Q!%� mU�� 6�-�$%

wwI�>��!��xx��1�%�Q�M��/�04��G#�%�7#�5?�-��E�

��4�Q�<��L�� 0��7("�P�� H� (Aldeberan),

?(��?� (Betelgeuse), F��?

�� L��

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�!�� 5?5� �6;��

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-0��7("�P��4�TPm 9.9

™u —tflLs E⁄YÙdL‹m, ˘NVp

T”j’YRtœm ER-‹m @˘Th No-°h Luvh-

Wd-bu °h (PhET Circuit Construction kit)

Gu‡m £ÿ-˙X-ù ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄˚[ SÙm

Ju-T-RÙm Yœl-©p T•j-˙RÙm. A’ ˙TÙu\

J⁄ ˘Uu ˘TÙ⁄˙[ Ktech lab. Ei-˚UVÙ]TPm 9.10

˚P˙VÙ”

™u-Æ-[dœ

TÙh-P¨


104

RWlTh”s[]. CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß C⁄™u—tflL-∞u £\l-◊-L-˚[ Jl-©P-‹m.

♦ C⁄ ™u—tflL∞p, Tp◊ G¨Ÿm ™u—tflG’?

♦ Settings → Configure Ktechlab → Animate

wires to show current or power flow Gu\J›e°˚]l TVu-T-”jß GkR ™u-—tflYØVÙL ™u˙]ÙhPm HtT”°\’GuT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.

♦ ™u˙]ÙhPm Es[ —t±p ™uLX‡m˚P˙VÙ”m GqYÙfl C˚QdLlTh”s[]? CYt±u R≤j-Ru˚ULsGu˘]u]? C’ Gq-Y˚L NÙo◊(bias)?CYt˚\d Li”©•dL‹m.

♦ C⁄ ™u—tflL∞u £\l-◊-L˚[ Jl©h”,J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.

Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[

A˚PVÙ[lT”jRXÙm.

SÙm E⁄YÙd°V ™u—t±p C˚QdLlTh”s[ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hLs Jq˘YÙu±u

Education ˘U‡Æ≠⁄k’ K-Tech lab NÙ[Wj˚Rj ß\dL-‹m. ©u]o, File → New → Circuit

˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnL. OK ˘TÙjRÙ≤p °∞d ˘NnRÙp, ™u—tfl E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ÿd°-V-f

NÙ[Wj˚Rd LÙQXÙm. (TPm 9.11)

♦ Components Tab-≠⁄k’ TÙh-P¨, £d-]pÆ[dœ(Tp-◊) , ˚P˙VÙ” CYt˚\lT¶lTWl©tœ C›j’ YW‹m.

♦ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ (Component)

C˚QdL ER-‹m ƒ”-L˚[f —h˘P≠VÙpJu±≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ùufldœ C›j’ÆP‹m. Cq-YÙfl TPm 9.10p LÙi-T-’-˙TÙu\ C⁄ ™u-—t-fl-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL‹m.

♦ H˙R‡m Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ™u—t±≠⁄k’ ødL, AR˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’Delete ˘TÙj-RÙ˚] A›jR‹m

♦ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ußl◊L˚[UÙtflRtœ Item Editor˛p °∞d ˘Nn’,©\œ Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄∞u Es˙[ °∞d˘NnV‹m.

♦ ™u—t˚\ E⁄-YÙd° N™j’ YdL‹m.

£\l©Vp◊L˚[ A±VXÙm.

™u-—t-flL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°-…o-L[Ù? CkR™u —t-fl-L-∞u £\l-©Vp-◊-L- [l Tœl-TÙn‹˘Nn-Vj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] £X œ±l-◊-Ls ∏˙Z

TPm 9.11

ComponentTab

•WÙ L⁄Æ

Ih-Pm G•h-Po

B≥- XÙv- LÙl

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

105

˘TV˚WŸm AYt±u A⁄˙L œ±l-©PXÙm.CRtLÙL Draw L⁄Æ´≠⁄k’ TextIj Ro‹˘Nn’ œ±l-©P ˙Yi•V CPjßp °∞d˘NnV Yi”m. Al˙TÙ’ Text G]j RÙuflmCPjßp P©s °∞d ˘Nn’ ˘TV˚Wj Rh-Pf—f ˘NnVXÙm. (TPm 9.12)

™u-—tfl Y˚W-T-Pe-L- [l

TPd- LÙl-◊-L-[Ù-Lf ˙N™d-L-XÙm

KTech lab p RVÙo ˘Nn-R ™u—tfllTPeL˚[, Smÿ˚PV C˚QVR[jß˙XÙ◊˙[Ù-°˙XÙ (blog) EhT”jR ˙Yi-”- U-≤p,CYt˚\l TPd˙LÙl◊L[ÙLf ˙N™jR ©\˙L,AqYÙfl NnV ÿ•Ÿm. HtL]˙Y E⁄YÙd°˚Yj’s[ ™u—tfld ˙LÙl◊L˚[ KTech lab

NÙ[Wjßp ß\dL‹m. ©u]o File - Export as

image Gu\ ÿ˚\-´p °∞d ˘Nn’˙LÙl©tœl ˘TVo ˘LÙ”j-’f ˙N™dL-‹m.Cl˘TÙ›’ SÙm E⁄-YÙd-°V ™u—tfl J⁄TPd˙LÙlTÙL UÙ±´⁄dœm. C˚R SUdœ logo

Ut-flm C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßp Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” 1

TPm 9.13˛p LÙhPlTh”s[’ ˙TÙp,Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ C˚Qj’ J⁄ ™u-]‘f—t˚\ E⁄YÙdL‹m. Oscilloscope˛p°∞d ˘Nn’, Aßp ˙RÙuflm A˚XL˚[dLY≤dL‹m.

E⁄-YÙd-°V ™u—t˚\l TP-UÙ-Lf˙N™dL‹m. CkRf —t±p ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th”s[ UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jß øe-Ls

LiP-±k-R-Yt-˚\d œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.

♦ CkR ™u-—t-±p ˚P˙VÙ” Gufl œ±l-©h”s-[- T-œ-ß-´p J⁄ ˚P˙VÙ˚P

TPm 9.12

TPm 9.14

TPm 9.13

C˚Qd-L-‹m. Cl- TÙ’ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T”mA˚X-L∞p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\eL˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m.

♦ CkR ˚P˙VÙ•u ÿ˚]L˚[ Gßo-ß-˚N-´p UÙt±V˚Ud-L-‹m. Cl˙TÙ’ A˚XL∞p HtT”m UÙt\j˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.

♦ °˚PjR A˚XL∞u Ru-˚U-´uA•lT˚P´p, ˚P˙VÙ•˚]f —t±pC˚QjR ˙TÙ’ HtThP UÙt\m, A˚WA˚Xß⁄jRXÙ? G] ÆYÙ-ßd-L-‹m.

♦ CkRf —t±˚] Export ˘Nn’ TPd˙LÙlTÙLf ˙N™dL‹m.

˘NVpTÙ” 2

TPjßp (9.14) LÙhPlTh”s[’ ˙TÙX

J⁄ ™u—t˚\ E⁄YÙdL‹m. Oscilloscope Id

LY≤j’ A’ LÙh-”m A˚X Y˚W TPjßu

(Graph) A•lT˚P´p, ÿ›A˚X ß⁄j’Rp

œ±jR J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL‹m. CkR ™u-—t˚\ Export ˘Nn’ TPd- LÙl-TÙLf ˙N™d-L‹m.


106

TPm 9.15

SÙm Y˚WkR A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp J⁄◊s∞˚V A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. CR˚]A˚W-Yh-Pm Y˚W-Vl -T-Vu-T-”j-ßV C⁄Gp˚Xl ◊s∞LfiPu C˚Qj’l TÙod-L-‹m. °˚Pdœm ˙LÙQjßu A[‹ Gu]?

A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp ˙U¤m J⁄ ◊s∞˚VA˚PVÙ[lT”jß ÿu˙TÙX˙Y NnV‹m.°˚Pdœm ˙LÙQjßu A[‹ Gu]?¡i”m ˙Yfl J⁄ ◊s-∞-´p ˙NÙßj-’l-TÙodL‹m.

øeLs ◊¨k-’˘LÙiP’ Gu]?

..........................................................................................

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SÙm LY≤jR Cf£\l◊l Ti◊, A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp Es[ GpXÙl ◊s∞Lfidœm˘TÙ⁄k’UÙ? CR˚] Gq-YÙfl NÙßd-L-XÙm?A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßp Es[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ◊s∞´u˙LÙQj˚RŸm R≤j-R -≤-VÙL Y˚Wk’TÙodL Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm. Cl-˙TÙ-’, Geogebra

NÙ[Wjßp ÿRp Tool Set˛≠⁄k’ Move

L⁄Æ´˚] G”j’ ˙LÙQm A˚PVÙ[lT”jRlThP ◊s∞´˚]f Ntfl SLojßlTÙ⁄eLs. Gp-XÙl ◊s-∞-L-∞-¤m LÙQj˚RjR≤j-R-≤˙V Y˚W-VÙ-U-˙X˙V CkR Y•-Y-L¶R £\l-©-Vp˚T A±V CV-¤m.

˘NVpTÙ” 3

˙Ut-LiP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p, A˚W-Yh-Pj-ßtœl Tß-XÙL J⁄ Æp Y•-Æp Gu-\Ùp..?J⁄ TPm Y˚Wk’ ˙NÙßj’l TÙod-L-‹m.

˘NVpTÙ” 4

Circle with Center and radius L⁄Æ˚VG”j’ J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV‹m. Aßp Íufl◊s∞L˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. ÿu]o˘NnR’ ˙TÙXl ◊s∞L˚[ C˚QjRÙp°˚Pdœm Eh˙LÙQeL˚[ A[k’TÙodL‹m. (TPm 9.16)

A”j’, YhPjßtœ Es˙[ J⁄◊s∞˚V A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹m. LÙQjßuC⁄ Gp˚Xl ◊s∞L˚[Ÿm CkRl ◊s∞ŸPu C˚Qj’d °-˚Pd-œm ˙LÙQ

™u]‘f —t-fl-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m,

AYt-˚\l TPd˙LÙl--TÙL UÙt-\-‹m SÙm Lt-

˙\Ùm. C’˙TÙp SÙm Ht-L-]˙Y Lt-\ ™u

—tflL˚[ E⁄YÙd°, AYt±u ˘NVp

TÙh˚Pl Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-V-‹m. Ei- U-VÙ]

™u-—tfl Ap-X’ ™u-]‘f —t˚\

E⁄YÙdœm ÿu]o A’ N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p

CVe-œ-UÙ Gu-T˚R KTech labp Nod-°h˚P

E⁄-YÙd°, ˙NÙßj’l TÙodL-XÙm. Nod-°h•-

¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL-∞u

Ußl◊L∞p UÙt\m HtT”j’m ˙TÙ’m,

™u—t±u ˘NVpTÙh•p HtT”m UÙt\e

L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m K-Tech lab Il

TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

YhPeLfim Y•Y˚Ul◊Lfim

J⁄ C˚Q-V-R-[j˚R Gq-YÙfl E⁄-YÙd-LXÙm GuT˚R -ÿk˚RV Aj-ß-VÙ-Vj-ßpLt˙\Ùm. Ts∞ C˚QVR[jßp L¶RY•Y˚Ul◊L˚[Ÿm EhT”jß]Ùp £\lTÙLC⁄dœm. ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVu-T”jßd L¶R Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL SÙmHt-L -]˙Y T•j’s˙[Ùm. CqYÙflE⁄YÙdœm Y•Y˚Ul◊L˚[ C˚QV

R[jßp EhT”j’Y’ Gl-T• GuT-˚R-Ÿm -

TÙol- TÙm.

C˚QVl Td-Lj-ßp Eh-T-”jR, J⁄

L¶R Y•-Yj˚R E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm. ÿR-≠p J⁄

A˚W Yh-Pm Y˚W-V-‹m. Yh-Pm Y˚W-Y-Rt-

LÙ] Tool set ≠⁄-k’ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄-Æ˚Vj

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

107

A[˚Yd LÙQ‹m. SÙm Y˚WkR CkR C⁄˙LÙQ A[‹Lfid°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Gu]?

YhPjßu Es˙[ Es[ ◊s∞˚VSLojß, YhPjßu UVj’Pu C˚QjRÙp˙LÙQ A[‹Lfidœ HtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?

E⁄-YÙd-°V Y•Y A˚Ul˚T ˙N™dL

U\dL Yi-PÙm. N™jR LÙl-©u Formate G’?

L¶R Y•Y˚Ul◊Lfim ¥˙VÙ

¥lWÙ‹m

L¶R Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jßY•Y˚Ul◊Ls (Pattern) E⁄YÙd°V’iPÙ?¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ TVuT”jß At◊RUÙ]Y•Y˚Ul◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm. ∏˙Z˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ G”j-’d-LÙh-˚Pd.LY≤dL‹m.

♦ J⁄ ˙LÙ” Y˚Wk’ Aßp J⁄ ◊s∞˚YdL‹m.

♦ 0 ÿRp 5 Y˚W A[‹ Ußl◊s[ J⁄slider E⁄YÙdL‹m

♦ ˙LÙh•p œ±dLlThP ◊s∞˚V UVUÙL‹m slider ÍXm Lh-”l-T-”jR CV-Xd-·•V BWÿm Es[ J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV‹m.

♦ CkR YhPÿm ˙LÙ”m Nkßdœm◊s∞L˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. CRtœET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi•V Tool : Intersect two

objects Bœm.

TPm 9.17

TPm 9.16


108

♦ CkR CWi” Nkßl◊l ◊s∞Ls˚UVÙUÙL‹m LÙh-•u YØVÙLd LPk’˘NpY’m B°V C⁄ ◊ßV YhPeLsY˚WV‹m. (TPm 9.17)

♦ CkR YhPeL∞u ˙Up —h˘P≠A˚PVÙ[j˚R ®fljß YXlTdLm °∞d˘Nn’ °˚Pdœm Th˚P´≠⁄k’ Trace

ON I ˘NVpT”jßl TÙodL‹m.

©\œ Slider˛I SLojßl TÙodL‹m. Gu]®Lr°u\’? Slider˛u A˚NÓhPj˚R- CVd-°-]Ùp Gu] ®L›m? R˚Y Gu\Ùp ÿRpYhPj˚Rd LÙh£´≠⁄k’ U˚\j’m˚YdLXÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” 5

T P m 9 . 1 8 ˛ p L Ù h P l T h ” s [Y•Y˚Ul◊l TÙp A˚Ul◊Ls E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] œ±l◊Ls ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].

♦ T¶lTWl©p A, B Gu\ C⁄ ◊s∞L˚[A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m.

♦ A Gu\ ◊s∞´p Slider˛Il TVu-T-”jßCVdL CV¤m J⁄ ˙LÙQm Y˚WV‹m.Scroll Increment 50 BL C⁄dLh”m.

♦ ˙LÙQm Y˚WŸm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pdœm◊s∞˚V ˚UVUÙd° A YØVÙLd LPk’˘Np¤m ÿ˚\-´p J⁄ YhPm Y˚WV˙Yi”m. Slider˛I ød -œm ˙TÙ’°˚Pdœm YhPjßu Trace˛Id œ±j’˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

Slider˛I ˘U’YÙL SLojßl TÙodL‹m.◊s∞ Adœl Tß-XÙ-Ll ◊s∞ BYØVÙLf˘NpY’ ˙TÙp J⁄ YhPm Y˚Wk’TÙodL‹m. °˚PlT’ J⁄ UÙflThPY•Y˚UlTÙL C⁄dœm. CRu ˘TV˚WdLi”©•dL ÿVX‹m.

TPm 9.18

N�!�N� ��Drupol CWMS

Jave�G�85�6��M��3?��0�� !��5?�!�Geogehgra� �3!%��4��Jave�G�85��6��0��!��5?�7(��/��AppelletteU��0G6M�-��Drupal� ��CMS� �"��(�)%� �� f�mm�%� ��$5�6��;� jar��K��Appellette �K��(��"��/��!D%�1��6#-��?1��;� �)��Program Code U��0� "/��"� I�%� �3R6�%��4��6#-�� ]�� 5�?%��8��`>��!��!��5�6��

(File: html ��6#-�� ?1��Clipboard: html �� "�#.E�ClipboardX%��(A4 Drupol X��-I�%��3R!1��)

TPm 9.19

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

109

Geogehra Appellettes

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄˚[l TVu

T”jß E⁄YÙdœm Y•YeLs .ggb G]lT”m

˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul◊L∞p N™dLlT”-°-\’ G]

S Ù m A ± - ˙ Y Ù m . B ] Ù p C R ˚ ]

C˚QVR[jßp ˘Y∞-´P CkR Y•-Ye-

L˚[ J⁄ C˚QVl Td-Lj-ßp C˚QdL

.html ˙LÙl◊ A˚Ul©tœ UÙt\˙Yi”m.

TPm 9.20

TPm 9.21

CqYÙfl UÙtflm˙TÙ’ ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙÆp

LiP A˚]j’ YNßLfim Cß¤m Sx-Pm

A˚P-VÙ-Up CPm˘T\ ˙Yi”m. J⁄

˙LÙl˚T AR-‡-˚PV Formate •tœ UÙt-fl-

Y˚R SÙm Export ˘Nn-Rp Gu-°˙\Ùm.

ARÙY’ .ggb ˙LÙl©˚] .html ˙LÙlTÙL Ex-

port ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m. TPm 9.20 IdLY≤dL‹m.


110

(File → Export → Dynamic worksheet as webpage).

˙ U t ˘ L Ù i ” ¥ ˙ V Ù ¥ l W Ù Æ uGu˘]u] YNßLs C˚QV TdLjßpYW˙Yi”m GuT˚R ®oQVm ˘NnRp˙Yi”m.

♦ C˚QV TdLjßp Es[ Y•Y˚Ul©u˙U¤m ∏›m A˚Rl Tt±V Æ[dLeLsG›R ˙Yi”˘U≤p, General Tab pG›ß ˙NodL ÿ•Ÿm. (TPm 9.21)

♦ Advanced Tab˛p SU’ Y•Y˚Ul©tœl˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ø[ÿm ALXÿm Ut-flm©\ YNßL˚[Ÿm A˚UjßPp Yi”m.

C≤ ˙LÙl˚T Export ˘NnVXÙm

CqYÙfl ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ERÆŸPu

E⁄YÙd° A˚R C˚QV TdLjßtœ

Export ˘Nn’ °˚Pd-œm J⁄ Y•Y˚Ul

TPm 9.22

©˚]˙V Geogebra Appellette G] A˚Zd

°˙\Ùm. ¥˙VÙ ¥l-WÙ-Æp E⁄-YÙd-°V £X

˙LÙl-◊-Lfim CYt˚\ Export ˘NnR ©\œ

°˚PjR Appellette ˙TÙu\ C˚QV Td-Le-L-

fim, ER-Æ--◊- -Ÿm Jar LÙl-◊-L-fim J⁄ LÙl-

◊j ˘RÙœl-©p J›e-œl-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

(T-Pm 9.22) EU’ C˚QVR[-jßu Home

Page˛p C⁄k’ Ck-Rl Td-Le-L-fidœ Hyperlink

˘LÙ”d-L-‹m. CjR˚LV Appellette Lfim AYt-

±tœj ’˚QVÙL Es[ Jar ˙LÙl◊Lfim

APe°V C˚QVl TdLm TPm 9.22p

LÙhPlTh”s[’.


♦ Æi¡uLs A˚]j’m J˙W ®\jßXÙLÙQlT”°u\]? ß⁄YÙß˚W´u ®\mGu]? ˙WÙ°¶ (Aldebaran), √Lp (rigel),

v¿LÙ (Spica), —YÙß (areturus) ß⁄-YÙ-ß˚W(Betelgeuse) ˙TÙu\ Æi¡uL˚[d

EX-Lm Es-[e-˚L´p

111

��

Li”©•j’ AYt˚\ ®\eL∞uA•lT˚P´p Ah-P-Y-˚Ql T”jR‹m.

♦ 8/11/2189 Aufl 16.45.54 U¶-˙S-Wj-ßœ˙LÙh-Pj -ßp ˙RÙu-flm J⁄ „¨V°WLQj˚R BWÙn- YÙm Gufl Yj’d-˘LÙs-˙YÙm. „¨V˚] zoom ˘NnV‹m.

˙ S W Æ ° R j ˚ R U Ù t ± V ˚ U j ’°WLQjßu UÙflThP ®˚XL˚[dLY≤dL‹m. A”jRT•VÙL CPj˚RLu≤VÙœU¨VÙL UÙt± „¨V˚] zoom

˘Nn’ A˙R °WLQj˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.CWi•tœm Es[ ˙YflTÙ”L˚[dLi”©•dL‹m.

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