x-ray polarimetry with gas proportional counters through rise-time k. hayashida, t. horikawa, y....
TRANSCRIPT
X-ray Polarimetry with gas proX-ray Polarimetry with gas proportional counters through riseportional counters through rise
-time-time
K. Hayashida, T. Horikawa, K. Hayashida, T. Horikawa, Y. Nakashima, H. Tsunemi Y. Nakashima, H. Tsunemi
(Osaka University, Japan)(Osaka University, Japan)
X-ray Polarimeters in AstronomX-ray Polarimeters in Astronomyy Bragg Crystal ReflectionBragg Crystal Reflection
OSO8,ArielV satellites (1970’s) OSO8,ArielV satellites (1970’s) Compton ScatteringCompton Scattering
Planned for Spectrum X-GammPlanned for Spectrum X-Gamma mission (1990’s)a mission (1990’s)
Tracking Photo-electron EmisTracking Photo-electron Emission Directionsion Direction X-ray CCD (Tsunemi et al., 199X-ray CCD (Tsunemi et al., 199
2)2) Micro electrodes Gas Chamber Micro electrodes Gas Chamber
(Costa et al., 2001; Tanimori et (Costa et al., 2001; Tanimori et al., 1999; Sakurai et al., 1996)al., 1999; Sakurai et al., 1996)
Observations have been stagnant since 1970’s for more than 20 years.
Rise Time PolarimeterRise Time Polarimeterusing Gas Proportional Counter using Gas Proportional Counter
Proposed by Riegler et al., Sanford et al., in 1970.Proposed by Riegler et al., Sanford et al., in 1970. We re-examined the method. (Hayashida et al., 1999, NIWe re-examined the method. (Hayashida et al., 1999, NI
MA, 421,p.241) MA, 421,p.241)
Anode
Electron Cloud
E��������������
Rise Time = Short Rise Time = Long
// E��������������
Anode Anode E��������������
X-ray Photon
Working principle
Experiment at Synchrotron Experiment at Synchrotron Facility (1992-1993)Facility (1992-1993)
Anode Direction
Electric Vector // Vertical Direction
Double Crystal Spectrometer
BL14CVacuum Air
Pb Shield
2mmHole
Vertical Wiggler
SOR
Xe Gas Proportional Counter
Ex=10-40keV (PEx=10-40keV (Pbeambeam~0.8; measured)~0.8; measured) Xe proportional counter Xe proportional counter
Xe:736mmHg + COXe:736mmHg + CO22:25mmHg:25mmHg Multi cell type; 5cm depth, 5cmx30cm for each cellMulti cell type; 5cm depth, 5cmx30cm for each cell Anode 50Anode 50m Be; HV=1950Vm Be; HV=1950V
Irradiate position =1.2cm from anode
(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)
Rise Time MeasurementRise Time Measurement
0
20
40
60
80
100
-2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Dig
itize
d V
olta
ge
(m
V)
Time(microsec)
E=40keV
PH
80% of PH
20% of PH
RT
Xe Gas Proportional Counter
Pre-AmplifierDigital Storage Oscilloscope
Shaping Amp Scaler
GPIB
Personal Computer
Sampling the output pulse from CSPA with Sampling the output pulse from CSPA with Digitized Oscilloscope.Digitized Oscilloscope.
RT and PH are determined from the waveform RT and PH are determined from the waveform data transferred to the computerdata transferred to the computer
Results (Ex=34keV)Results (Ex=34keV)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
34 keV =0deg.
Num
ber
of
events
risetime(microsec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
34keV Q=90deg.
Num
ber
of
events
risetime(microsec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
34keV Q=180deg.
Num
ber
of
events
risetime(microsec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
34keV Q=270deg
Num
ber
of
events
risetime(microsec)
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 90 180 270(deg)
34 keV
rise
tim
e (
mic
rose
c)
RT distribution RT vs
(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)
X-ray Energy X-ray Energy dependencedependence
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
time
(mic
rose
c)
(deg)
10keV
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
Q (deg)
20keV
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
Q (deg)
30keV
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
time
(mic
rose
c)
(deg)
34keV
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
Q (deg)
36keV
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
Q (deg)
40keV
Note: XeNote: Xe-K edge =34.6ke-K edge =34.6keV V
Events were seleEvents were selected using PH.cted using PH.
(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)
Modulation Factor MModulation Factor M
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Mo
du
lati
on
Co
ntr
ast
Inciden X-ray Energy (keV)
2 2
90 0
2
90 0 / 2
: STD of RT distribution
RT beam
RT RTRT
RT
RT RTM
P
min
Minimum Detectable Polariza
c
ti
f
on (MDP)
event
aP
M N
M
(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)
Figure of merit for polarimter, larger the better.
Extra Experiment for VerificationExtra Experiment for Verification
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90
(deg)
36keV Polarized
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90Q (deg)
Sn K a (25.2 keV)ri
seti
me(m
icro
sec)
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 30 60 90Q (deg)
Sn K b (28.5 keV)
rise
tim
e(m
icro
sec)
Thin Sn filter was placed at the beam exit, whicThin Sn filter was placed at the beam exit, which produced Sn Kh produced Sn K,K,K fluorescent X-rays in additi fluorescent X-rays in addition to polarized 36 keV X-rays. on to polarized 36 keV X-rays.
(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)(Hayashida et al., 1999, NIMA, 421,p.241)
Polarized X-ray Beam Line at OsakaPolarized X-ray Beam Line at Osaka
Measurement Chamber
Double Crystal Spectrometer
X-ray Generator
Monochromatic beam with linear polarization degree of 40-50% is obtained. (Koike et al., 2000, SPIE4012, p.414)
Experiment at Osaka Beam Line Experiment at Osaka Beam Line (2001-2002)(2001-2002)
Gas PCsGas PCs Ar gas flow type PCAr gas flow type PC
Wire 50Wire 50mm Quenching gas (CH4) of Quenching gas (CH4) of
various contents were exvarious contents were examined.amined.
Xe gas shield type PC (tXe gas shield type PC (the same one used in Syhe same one used in Synchrotron Facility)nchrotron Facility)
Data taking system waData taking system was upgraded. s upgraded.
X-ray
X-ray
E90,270
0,180
angle
RT vs angle
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
- 90 0 90 180 270 360 450[degree]
RT[
usec
]
0.2700.2650.260
0.2500.255
0.245
However, Results are …However, Results are …M vs E
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
25 30 35 40 45 50E[keV]
M
Gas Content Xe96.7%+CO23.3% Ar 90% +CH410% Ar99.3%+CH40.7%
Contents of Quenching Gas is very sensitive to RT. Contents of Quenching Gas is very sensitive to RT. Ar 99.3% +CHAr 99.3% +CH44 0.7% provided M of 0.05-0.1. 0.7% provided M of 0.05-0.1. Small!Small! More seriously, the same Xe counter used in 1992-1993 yielMore seriously, the same Xe counter used in 1992-1993 yiel
ded M of less than 0.05. ded M of less than 0.05. CONTRADICTION!CONTRADICTION!
Incident position
12mm from anode for Xe PC
10mm from anode for Ar PC
Preliminary Simulation using Preliminary Simulation using EGS4EGS4
Ar-Gas P=1atm Ex=20keV Ar-Gas P=1atm Ex=50keV
EGS4 (Electron Gamma Shower Simulator ver4) + KEK low EGS4 (Electron Gamma Shower Simulator ver4) + KEK low energy extensionsenergy extensions
Energy deposit and path of photoelectrons are simulated.Energy deposit and path of photoelectrons are simulated. Large effect of multiple scattering is observed. Large effect of multiple scattering is observed.
10mm1mm
E
M expected from EGS4 SimulationM expected from EGS4 Simulation
0
0.1
0.2
20 30 40 50
M (Ne) M (Ar) M (Xe)
Ex(keV)
0.01
0.1
1
20 30 40 50
Ne _|_(cm)
Ne //(cm)
Ar _|_(cm)
Ar //(cm)
Xe _|_ (cm)
Xe // (cm)
Ex(keV)
Dispersion of the distance to anode () cm M
2
for each photo-absorption event
/
( ) /
i i i
i i i
d E d E
E d d E
•Small energy dependence
•M=0.03-0.06 for Ar, <0.03 for Xe
•NOTE: gas processes (diffusion, avalanche etc) is not considered.
*) If multiple scattering does not exist, M would be 0.78.
M
Siz
e
(cm
)
Solution of the Contradiction ?Solution of the Contradiction ? Strong dependence of X-ray Strong dependence of X-ray
incident position on RT was incident position on RT was observed.observed.
Misalignment of rotation axis Misalignment of rotation axis could have made an artifact could have made an artifact modulation.modulation.
But,But, the modulation should h the modulation should have 1 peak / 360deg, not likave 1 peak / 360deg, not like observed 2 peaks / 360dee observed 2 peaks / 360deg.g.
Sn-filter result was not explaSn-filter result was not explained with the misalignment, ined with the misalignment, either.either.
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0 90 180 270(deg)
34 keV
rise
tim
e (m
icro
sec)
Anode
12mmExperiment at Synchrotron Facility is planed in this Autumn.
Feasibility Study PC polarimeter Feasibility Study PC polarimeter
Merit of PC polarimeterMerit of PC polarimeter Large effective area is easily realized without mirrors.Large effective area is easily realized without mirrors. Suitable for balloon experiment.Suitable for balloon experiment.
T=100ks
0.1
1
10
100
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
XePC(4000cm2,20-40keV)ArPC(4000cm2,20-40keV)
flux(Crab)
Pm
in %
(99
% c
onfid
ence
)
Crab Nebula
P=19% @2.6keV,5.2keV
SummarySummary
Gas proportional counter polarimeter with rise tiGas proportional counter polarimeter with rise time measurement is introduced. me measurement is introduced.
Previous experiment at Synchrotron facility proviPrevious experiment at Synchrotron facility provided M of 0.1-0.3 with Xe PC, while recent experided M of 0.1-0.3 with Xe PC, while recent experiment (Xe PC, Ar PC) provides much smaller M.ment (Xe PC, Ar PC) provides much smaller M.
Preliminary simulation also suggests M <0.1. Preliminary simulation also suggests M <0.1. No firm solution has not yet been obtained for thNo firm solution has not yet been obtained for th
e contradiction. e contradiction. Sorry for inconclusive, confusinSorry for inconclusive, confusing results.g results.
Feasibility Study PC polarimter Feasibility Study PC polarimter
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
CCD(6micron/50micron/100cm2)
CCD(12micron/50micron/100cm2)
XePC(4000cm2,20-40keV)
ArPC(4000cm2,20-40keV)
SXRP(Li)
Thomson(Li,628cm2,M=0.5,10-20keV)
MPGC+SODART(present,2-10keV)
flux(Crab)
Merit of PC polarimterMerit of PC polarimter Large effective area is easily realized without mirrors.Large effective area is easily realized without mirrors. Suitable for balloon experimentSuitable for balloon experiment
T=100ks
Pm
in %
(99
% c
onfid
ence
)