www.monash.edu.au institute of transport studies peak oil, petrol prices and climate change:...
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www.monash.edu.au Institute of Transport Studies
Peak Oil, Petrol Prices and Climate Change: Preparing Victoria for the Future27th July 2007
‘Forced’ Car Ownership – Links to Transit and AccessibilityZed Senbergs and Graham CurrieInstitute of Transport Studies, Monash University
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Agenda
1. Background
2. Approach
3. FCO and Travel
4. Links to Transit and Accessibility
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This project examines ‘forced’ car ownership in Outer Melbourne
• Aims to understand if ‘forced’ car ownership is occurring in Melbourne
• Examined travel behaviour and links to public transport/accessibility
Full Findings Being Presented at:– Currie, G. and Z. Senbergs (2007). Exploring Forced Car Ownership in
Metropolitan Melbourne. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Melbourne Australia.
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Australian research has identified ‘transport poverty’ as a critical issue
“Transport poverty occurs when a household is forced to consume more travel costs than it can reasonably afford, especially costs relating to motor car ownership and usage”
(Gleeson and Randolph 2002)
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UK Research calls this ‘forced’ car ownership and identifies critical features
“’Voluntary’ car ownership means that there are adequate substitutes for gaining access to facilities, and that the car is not a necessity. Conversely, ‘forced’ car ownership means that there are no alternatives. In rural areas, there is clear evidence of ‘forced’ car ownership, since cars are owned at lower-income levels and are seen to be one of the items of household expenditure that cannot be foregone”
(Banister 1994)Key Features:
• low income, high car ownership, lack of alternative transport options, need to travel
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Agenda
1. Background
2. Approach
3. FCO and Travel
4. Links to Transit and Accessibility
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‘New’ cars cost over $130/week each to run
• The NRMA (2006) define the following average weekly running costs for a new car:– Light car average: $133.52– Small car average: $164.43– Medium car average: $209.86– Large car average: $258.04.
• Less than this for cars without depreciation/ renewal included
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FCO Households definition – income <$500/week and running 2+ cars in Outer Melbourne
• Rationale for Criteria:– Low Income <$500/week
– Running 2+ cars - transport costs can represent as high as 50% of income
– Outer Melbourne – Low/Zero public transport, long distances to activity centres/ work
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Over 20,000 FCO HH were identified, 27% more than Zero car HH’s
Source: Currie, G. and Z. Senbergs (2007). Exploring Forced Car Ownership in Metropolitan Melbourne. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Melbourne Australia.
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FCO represents 23% of all Outer Melbourne low income households
Percentage of Low Income HH with 2+ Cars
Sections of Melbourne
Per
cent
age
of L
ow In
com
e H
H W
ith 2
+ C
ars
7.3%
16.4%
22.6%
17.7%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
Inner Middle Outer AllMelbourne
Source: ABS 2001 Census
Number of Low Income HH with 2+ Cars
Sections of Melbourne
Num
ber
of L
ow In
com
e H
H W
ith 2
+ C
ars
1,701
26,793
20,831
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Inner Middle Outer
Source: Currie, G. and Z. Senbergs (2007). Exploring Forced Car Ownership in Metropolitan Melbourne. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Melbourne Australia.
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Agenda
1. Background
2. Approach
3. FCO and Travel
4. Links to Transit and Accessibility
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FCO households are dominated by car and travel 45% more than Middle/Inner low income groups
Key Findings - FCOKey Findings - FCO
Trips• 80% trips by car• PT share V. small• Ratio Car pax to driver trips
is 63% - much less for higher income groups
• Walking a significant share (14%)
Vkms• Ratio of car driver to car
pax Vkms is 0.54 for low income
• Its 0.44 for high income
Implication• FCO HH make 45% more
travel by car than Middle Melbourne low income households
Trips• 80% trips by car• PT share V. small• Ratio Car pax to driver trips
is 63% - much less for higher income groups
• Walking a significant share (14%)
Vkms• Ratio of car driver to car
pax Vkms is 0.54 for low income
• Its 0.44 for high income
Implication• FCO HH make 45% more
travel by car than Middle Melbourne low income households
Average Trips per Day
5.97
7.87.3
3.82 4.2 4.0
0.20 0.3 0.2
1.74 2.1 2.0
0.44 0.6 0.5
12.22
14.914.0
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Low Middle and High All
Income Group
Avg
Nyu
mb
er T
rip
s/D
ay 1Car Driver
2Car Pass
3Other
4Walk
5PT
Total
TravelMode
Source: Currie, G. and Z. Senbergs (2007). Exploring Forced Car Ownership in Metropolitan Melbourne. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Melbourne Australia.
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Agenda
1. Background
2. Approach
3. FCO and Travel
4. Links to Transit and Accessibility
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Share of FCO HH are much higher in Fringe locations
Source: Currie, G. and Z. Senbergs (2007). Exploring Forced Car Ownership in Metropolitan Melbourne. Australasian Transport Research Forum. Melbourne Australia.
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FCO Distribution
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FCO Distribution – and Rail/PT Supply
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Modelling showed a viable link between transit service level and share of FCO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
- 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
PT Supply
Sh
are
of
Lo
w I
nco
me
FC
O H
H
Outer
Middle
Inner
Zero
VeryLow Low
BelowAverage
AboveAverage
High VeryHigh
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FCO Distribution – and Activity Centres
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FCO Distribution
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Walk accessibility to activity centres also acts to reduce FCO…
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance to Business Activity Centre
Sh
are
of
Lo
w In
co
me
FC
O H
H
Outer
Middle
Inner