web viewadd a word of your own to each group. ... vivian _____ a lap top. ... the students followed...

Basic Writing Development Professor Parks

Academic Development 68: Basic Writing Development

A

DOS of Grammar

Ms. Parks

spring 2011

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Table of contents

Introductory activities/info........page 4

Peer editing basics...........page 8

Vocabulary..........page 13

Sentence.........page 17

Subjects and Verbs.......page 22

Adjectives.........page 77

Sentence types........page 86

Punctuation.......page 100

Apostrophes.........page 112

Peer edit sheets......page 120

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Journal information

The particularsYour journal is due once a week, as noted on your assignment sheet. I will return it the next class day. Each week you will write six entries of at least seventy-five words each. Number and date each entry, for example “June 30 # 5.” Use a separate page for each entry. Entries must be kept together in order in a 100-sheet spiral-bound notebook used only for this class. I only accept journals on the assigned day.

The topicsFor four entries each week, you may write about anything: thoughts, feelings, opinions. Explore your dreams. Write about where you are going, where you have been, or where you’d like to go. Make it colorful. It is a treasury of your ideas.

Other possibilities include school, sports, religion, children, items in the local or national news, computers, exercise, art, sleep, moving, friends, food, animals career, business, music, fears, vacations, hobbies, pets, family, plants, environment, crime, love, work....The list is endless.

You can earn two points per entry if it is the right length and on time. You earn one point per entry if it is too short or one week late. I will not grade your feelings or opinions. I will make comments if you’d like.

For two entries per week, you will write on an assigned topic from Uno or Upfront. You must argue a point or give your opinion on the assigned topic. Back up your argument as well as you can. Provide support or evidence for your position.

You can earn three points per entry if you state an opinion and back it up. If it’s late, you earn 1 1/2 points. If you don’t back up your argument, you earn 2 points.

So weekly journals are worth a total of fourteen points.

I am the only one who will read your journal.

Let me know how you want me to respond.

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Student Questionnaire

name ____________________________

Please answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. When did you finish high school? What high school did you attend?

2. Why did you choose to attend B.C.?

3. What is your career goal?

4. How will writing help you achieve your goals?

5. What are your strengths as a writer?

6. What are your strengths as a student?

7. What newspapers or magazines do you read on a regular basis?

8. What do you write about in your spare time?

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Fill in your school (specific classes) and work schedule.

name ________________________

address __________________________________

phone __________________________

email ________________________________

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday _______________________________________________________8AM________________________________________________________9 AM__________________________________________________________10AM

_______________________________________________________11 AM_______________________________________________________12 Noon _______________________________________________________1 PM _______________________________________________________2 PM _______________________________________________________3 PM_______________________________________________________4 PM_______________________________________________________5 PM_______________________________________________________6 PM_______________________________________________________7 PM

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Fill in the blanks about students in the class

Classmates.....................

.......who have hobbies .....who play an instrument or sing

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

.......who have read a good book ...who were not born in Bakersfield

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

....who have pets ......who like sports1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

....who have favorite foods .... who have had embarrassing moments

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

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Quick Write - Write for 3 to 5 minutes on your impressions of this class (you can include your

thoughts on the instructor, coursework, books, and classmates).

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What to look for in peer editing a first draft: focus on content

Topic SentenceThe first sentence captures the main idea.The topic sentence is a complete sentence.It engages the reader and makes him/her want to read on.

CoherenceThere are no missing pieces in the paragraph.The reader is not left wondering or hanging or confused.It makes sense.

OrganizationThe paragraph is organized into points.The writer does not skip around.The writer uses transitions like first, also, next, second, then,

in addition, etc..

ConclusionThe last sentence sums up the paragraph.The last sentence does not just repeat the topic sentence.

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First draft for practice peer editing

The Best Things about Being an Only Child

By Paula Lynn Parks

The two best things about being an only child was the time I had by myself and the time I had with my mom. I enjoyed the quiet time to read books and write short stories. In the peace of my pink bedroom, I could read for hours on end. During elementary school, my favorite authors were Beverly Clearly and Judy Bloom; in junior high, I devoured books by James Herriot, Ray Bradbury, and Maya Angelou. My love of reading extended through college, where I thought earning a degree for reading and analyzing what I read was a dream come true. I also wrote short stories. In elementary school, I created small booklets that my friend illustrated. About that time, I started keeping a journal, a habit I’ve continued to this day. My interest in writing contributed to my career choice as a journalist and later, textbook author. The other good thing about life as a only child is the time I was able to spend with my mom. I appreciate our uninterrupted conversations, tea parties with my dolls, and Sunday drives along the beach. We communicated about everyday events as well as about personal adolescent issues. After I moved out, we spent hours on the phone each weekend talking about school, work, family, married life, and my children. Our close relationship continued until her death. Even though I have three children, I’ve tried to have with each of them the same close relationship I had with my mom. Not having to share her with a sibling gave me a feeling of being special. Being the focus of her attention gave me confidence. While there have been many times that I wish that I had grown up in a big family with siblings, the time I had by myself to read and write and the time I had with my mom has made me the person I am today.

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reader’s name ____________writer’s name_________

Peer edit first draft: writing assignment from “Best things about...”

Read the paragraph several times while answering the following questions. Share your impressions with your classmate.

1. Is the topic sentence a complete sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph?

2. Does the body of the paragraph cover specifics of what is best about being an only child?

3. If anything in the paragraph is confusing, write any questions in the margin of your classmate’s paper.

4. Does the last sentence sum up the paragraph?

5. What do you like best about the paragraph? Tell your classmate, and write your answers below.

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First draft for practice peer editing

The Best Things about Being Retired

By Paula Lynn Parks

Although I am still enjoying my career, I watch my friends and family who are retired and notice that retirement will have its benefits. Traveling seems to be a big advantage. For example, my aunt and her boyfriend have traveled to the last Olympic games in Greece and Australia, and they plan to go to the one in China. Another aunt has been to Africa and Brazil. Both bring back pictures and artwork to share. As retired educators, they are not wealthy, but they save their retirement checks and plan trips that allow them to live out their fantasies for adventure. My aunt's travels have also allowed her to participate in missionary work. Her trip to Africa involved teaching women about healthcare and conducting bible study sessions. She finds it satisfying to give back. A second benefit to retirement is being able to spend time with family and friends. My mom enjoyed being able to spend time with her grandchildren. When my family lived in L.A., she took them on short walks near our condo and took them to the playground, so I could have a break. After we moved to Bakersfield, she was able to attend every birthday party, school concert, and church event as well as to help me when I had my last baby. Similarly, my aunt has enjoyed her seven grandchildren, ages 27 to 3, and helped my cousin when she had her last two children. After my mom died, my aunt has come to Bakersfield to help me in time of illness and spend time with my children. My mom also went to the movies and museums with her friends. She played bridge weekly. Some people, like my dad, will never retire because they don't know what they will do. But, I have role models that show me just how fun it will be.

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reader’s name _______________writer’s name______

Peer edit first draft - writing assignment from “Best things about....”

Read the paragraph several times while answering the following questions. Share your impressions with your classmate.

1. Is the topic sentence a complete sentence that states the main i dea of the paragraph?

2. Does the body of the paragraph cover specifics of what is best about retirement?

3. If anything in the paragraph is confusing to you, write any questions in the margin of your classmate’s paper.



After the content is complete, peer editing a second

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draft involves looking for errors, such as spelling, verbs, punctuation, and vocabulary. Review these commonly confused words.

Vocabulary: confused words

1. there, their, they’rethere - location or introductory worde.g..

their- shows possessione.g..

they’re - contraction of they aree.g..

a. Let’s go ______________b. ______________ leaving in the morning.c. She sang at _____________wedding.

2. too, to, twotoo - also, excessivelye.g..

to - toward (a preposition)e.g..

two- 2e.g..

a. We would like ________ install ________phones in the office.b. That man had _______much sand on his feet ______go into the restaurant.

3. whose, who’s

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whose - shows possessione.g..

who’s - contraction of who ise.g..

a. _____________ going on the picnic?

b. _______________jacket is this?

4. your, you’reyour - shows possessione.g..

you’re - contraction of you aree.g..

a. It is ___________turn.

b. _____________one of the most intelligent people I’ve known.

5. it’s, itsits- possessione.g.

it’s - contraction of it ise.g.

a. ________ getting late.b. The dog is wagging _______tail.c. ____________a nice day.

6. our, are

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our - shows possessione.g..

are- a verbe.g..

a. We _________ going to buy a newspaper.

b. We _______ on _________way to Los Angeles.

7. whether, weatherweather - climatee.g..

whether - compares ideas (subordinating conjunction)e.g..

a. It will be an enjoyable event, ____________ or not it rains.

b. Today’s ____________ is foggy.

8. threw, throughthrew - past tense of to throwe.g..

through - used to compare ideas (subordinating conjunction)e.g..

a. She ___________the ball over the fence.

b. ______________the years, my children have had many colds.

9. already, all readyalready - previouslye.g..

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all ready - everyone or everything is readye.g..

a. I ___________made dinner.

b. We are ________________to go.

10. advice, adviseadvice - a suggestion (noun)e.g..

advise - to suggest (verb)e.g..

a. I ___________you to do your best.

b. My _____________ to all students would be to come to class.

The sentenceis defined as having1.

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2.

and being 3.

examples:1. Jesse sat down.2. Rafael bought it.3. Sallie reads the newspaper.4. He calls me every day.5. Billy went to the play.

test to see if a group of words is a complete thought

examples:1. If you give me directions to your office.2. My favorite hobbies.3. The best things about living in Bakersfield.4. He plays the drums.5. When I heard the news.6. Devyn went to the tutoring center.

complete thought -

incomplete thought -

Exercise 1: complete thought: sentences and fragmentsPut an “s” for sentence next to the group of words that are a complete thought. Use the test: “I like the idea that...” Make those that are not sentences (fragments) complete. You may need to add a subject or verb or both to make it complete.

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1. Down the hall.

2. My sister and I jogged by the river.

3. Things I do in my spare time.

4. She looked into the box.

5. Especially in the summer.

6. The alarm rang at 6 A.M.

7. Looking forward to going.

8. She plays checkers in the cafeteria.

9. While sitting in my car.

10. I take pictures on vacation.

Identifying subjects and verbs

Prepositional phraseit starts with ait ends with a

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1. down the street2. in the park3. by the stream

What do prepositional phrases have to do with sentences?

PREPOSITIONS

about down regarding

above during since

across except through

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after for throughout

against from to

along in toward

amid inside under

among into underneath

around like until

at near up

atop of upon

before off with

behind on within

below onto without

beneath out

beside outside

between over

beyond past

but (meaning except)

by concerning

Exercise 2: Prepositional phrases

Cross out the prepositional phrase in the following sentences.

1. Suzanne read during recess.

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2. The caps to my pens always disappear within a day or two.

3. Lou froze six pounds of salmon steaks.

4. Mr. Smith leaned against the wall.

5. Some children raced up the hill and to the park.

6. Mary left without her books.

7. Mrs. Hernandez stepped onto the bus.

8. The picture hangs over the small window.

Subjects

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Compound subjects

Verbs

Compound verbs

Identifying the infinitive.

An infinitive starts with _____ and ends with a verb.

An infinitive does not function as the verb in the sentence.

examples:1. I like to sing.

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2. She wanted to walk around the block.3. The wind began to blow.4. I love to skate to my friend’s house.How does an infinitive differ from a prepositional phrase?

How are an infinitive and a prepositional phrase similar?

Cross out the prepositional phrase(s). Underline the subject once and the verb twice. Put the infinitive in parenthesis.

Exercise 3:

1. I want to be alone in my room.2. He refuses to diet and to exercise.3. Everyone wanted to go to the concert.4. Joyce ran down the road to see her friends.

Sentence patterns

sv pattern

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ssv pattern

svv pattern

create sentences using the following:

subjects - children, Carrie, people, students, birds, cats, John, Sam, Tim, I

verbs - yell, eat, fly, dance, study, laugh, fall, sing, cry, read, drive, run, shop,

Exercise 4: Identifying subjects and verbs

Cross out the prepositional phrase. Put the infinitive in parenthesis. Underline the subject(s) once and the verb(s) twice.

1. Rose removed the cat hair from her black pants with 24 | P a g e


masking tape.2. Connie and Sam like to keep their blue bucket under the sink.

3. The small child fell off the jungle gym and landed in the sand.

4. I found the jam in the cabinet beside the cereal.

5. During the blizzard, the children stayed in the house and played games to entertain themselves.

6. After dinner, my mom and sister went to a baby shower down the street.

7. My children always race each other to the bathroom in the morning to see who is faster.

8. On Wednesday, Lucy vacuums the carpet and changes the sheets.

9. Stacks of magazines sat on the table.

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Run-onsA run-on is two or more independent clauses. One

way to correct run-ons is to separate the sentences with a period. A comma is not strong enough.

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Exercise 5: Run-onsCorrect each run-on by putting a period at the end of

the first complete thought and a capital letter at the beginning of the second complete thought.

Some of the run-ons may be three complete thoughts.

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1. I got to the sale too late no sweatshirts were left.

2. He came home tired and hungry he ate and took a nap.

3. The beach was once beautiful, now soda cans and discarded

candy wrappers are everywhere.

4. The private school down the street just closed down it ran out of

money.

5. The car needed to be vacuumed the kids emptied the sand from

their shoes.

6. It rained a lot last winter, we turned the sprinklers off.

7. Our son misbehaved at school he went to the principal’s office.

8. Mindy uses the cartoon section of the newspaper as wrapping

paper it saves money and the environment all her friends like it.

9. Ted bought a cell phone the instructions were impossible to

understand he asked a friend for help.

Verbs: Helping Verbs

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Sentences:

we already know that1.

2.

3.

a way to test if a group of words is a sentence:

VERBSSometimes the verb is more than one word.

23 helping verbs

examples:1. He has been taken to the hospital.

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2. She must have gone around the block.

3. We will go down the path.

4. I might run down the street.

5. We were cooking dinner together at my friend’s house.

In questions, sometimes the helping verb and main verb are separated.

examples:1. Did Mario push the button?

2. Has John left?

3. Will you go to the market?

words sometimes mistaken for a helping verb

Exercise 6:

Cross out the prepositional phrase(s). Underline the

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subject one and verb phrase twice. Write the helping verb in the first column and the main verb in the second column.

helping main

verb verb

1. Christine has gone to the movies. __________ _________

2. The plate was broken in two places. _________ ________

3. The bus will not arrive soon. ____________ ________

4. This tour might require an hour. ____________ ________

5. The truck was stolen during the night. ________ ________

6. Bill had never seen Lake Pye. ___________ ________7. Did one of the boys swim

across the pool? ___________ __________

8. They will look for a new home. __________ _________

HV MV

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9. He should have studied longerfor the final exam. ___________ __________

10. Rosa has been soaking in the bathtub for an hour. _____________ ___________

11. He could have been killedby that falling rock. ______________ __________

12. The protesters have been picketing for four days. ___________ ___________

13. Their mother should haveworn sunscreen during the party. ______________ _________

14. My pizza might be delivered soon. __________ ________

15. Will you take me to school? ____________ _________

16. I could not read the bottom row of the eye chart. _____________ ________

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Finding the subject and verb in commands.

Commands tell someone to do something. They give instructions. An example of a command is “Sit down.” In commands there is no verb ending, such as “ing” or “ed” or “s.” Commands are also called imperative sentences. The subject of an imperative sentence is understood.

examples:1. Open this gift from Aunt Marty.2. Take this with you.3. Put the puppy inside the carrying case.

Cross out the prepositional phrase(s). Underline the

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verb twice and add the understood subject.

Exercise 7

1. Sit behind me to be safe.2. Brush your teeth before bedtime.3. Please read this newsletter concerning vitamins.4. Put the picture atop the china closet.5. Walk toward the back of the bus and sit by me.6. Send this to your uncle Bob in the morning.7. Follow that car and drive over the bridge to find the house.8. Please don’t jump over those fallen logs behind the shed.9. After dinner, put the dishes in the dishwasher.10. The cats follow me around the house.

Exercise 8: Cross out the prepositional phrase.

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Underline the subject once and the verb/verb phrase twice. Put parenthesis around any infinitives.

1. A bird is sitting on our sidewalk.2. Take this to the train station with you.3. Many large hotels have been built along the beach.4. The gardener and his helper have finished all their work.5. The children ate lunch, rested under the trees, and swam

in the pool.6. They didn’t want to drive so far.7. May I offer you another helping of dessert?8. Two classmates met to talk about their homework.9. Please finish this sewing project for me. 10. Each of the parents had been sent a note concerning flu shots.11. When do you plan to eat?12. Don’t expect to see the lions.13. We prefer to walk in the garden and to see the flowers.

name ____________________________

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Exercise 9: Cross out the prepositional phrase. Underline the subject once and the verb/verb phrase twice. Put parenthesis around any infinitives.

1. Please put the table and chairs in the closet.2. I have two extra tickets to the basketball game.3. She has never been to Canada.4. Maggie has always wanted to have a twin.5. Some Saturdays Josh’s family gathers at his uncle’s house, plays Scrabble, and eats pizza.6. My brother and his wife have traveled from L.A. to visit me.7. Snoopy and the Pink Panther are popular characters.8. My cat will go to the vet to get shots next summer.9. Give the turtle some lettuce. 10. People depend on their cell phones.

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TENSES

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what they mean and when to use them:

infinitive

future

present

past

examples:infinitive future present past

regular verb

irregular verb

Examples:1. We plant flowers in the yard.

2. She planted an idea in his head.

3. They will plant seeds in the garden.

4. She wants to run to the track.

5. She will run in the race.

6. She ran in the rain.

Exercise 10: Cross out the prepositional phrase. Underline the subject once and the verb/verb phrase

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twice. Write the correct tense (future, present, past) in the space provided.

1. Terry roller-skated to the park. _______________

2. Last night I drank almond milk with my meal. ______________

3. The truck driver eats lunch at the park every day. ________

4. Next week I will sing in church. _________________

5. I talk to my cousin every weekend. ______________

6. Yesterday I worked in my yard. _______________

7. This evening my daughter will go to a track meet.

____________

8. He told me a funny joke and laughed. _______________

9. I shall not be late this time. ___________________

10. I like summer fruit. _________________

Infinitive

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1. Write a sentence using the infinitive above as an infinitive.

2. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the future tense.

3. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the present tense.

4. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the past tense.

Infinitive

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1. Write a sentence using the infinitive above as an infinitive.

2. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the future tense.

3. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the present tense.

4. Write a sentence using the infinitive above in the past tense.

Verbs: Present Tense

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When to use the present tense.

Let’s look at when and why an “s” is at the end of words. Look at the following three groups of words.

1 2 3

this textbooks thinkscontagious cars discussesParis teachers does

Think about what the words in each group have in common with each other. Then add one word from

below to each of the groups.bushasrestaurants

Add a word of your own to each group.

Label each group.

What are the three reasons an “s” might be at the end of a word?

1.

2.

3.

You need to understand person and number as you decide whether to put an "s" is at the end of the verb.

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Let's review terms:1st person

2nd person

3rd person

singular

plural

Look at the following sentences and pay particular attention to the subject when the verb has an “s”

at the end. Underline each subject and mark it 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person and singular or plural.

1. She thinks about her cats during the day.

2. He writes in his journal every day.

3. John bosses her around.

4. The bat eats bugs.

An “s” is at the end of a verb when the subject is

_______________.

Notice what happens when the subject changes from singular to plural.

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1. The girl likes to play with her dog.

2. The girls like to play with their dogs.

3. That lawyer wins his cases.

4. Those lawyers wins their cases.

5. The rooms need furniture.

6. The room__________________.

7. The box contains a book.

8. The boxes __________________.

9. The programs appear on television.

10. The program ____________________.

Exercise 11Cross out the prepositional phrase. Underline the

subject once and verb twice.

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1. Guides (live, lives) in those mountains.

2. I (stay, stays) with my grandmother.

3. A rabbit (eat, eats) the fruit in their garden.

4. The wind (blow, blows) through the canyon.

5. Farmers (plant, plants) cotton in their fields.

6. Every six weeks, a hair stylist (cut, cuts) her hair.

7. The librarian (reads, read) to the children on Saturdays.

8. Reporters (write, writes) about the events in their towns.

9. I (find, finds) many pennies under the sofa.

10. One of the girls (drive, drives) without her parents.

Regular verbs in the present tense are formed this way.

SINGULAR PLURAL

infinitive I he/she/it we/they

___________________________________________to walk walk walks walk

to look

Three irregular verbs in the present tense: to have, to

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do, to be

SINGULAR PLURALinfinitive I he/she/it we/they____________________________________________

to have

Exercise 12Write in the correct form of the verb to have.

1. Vivian ______________ a lap top.

2. You _______________to stop driving so fast.

3. Mr. Mitchell _______________the only blue house on the block.

4. _______________he said anything to you about it?

5. I _______________ a computer and printer.

6. The tennis players _______________ to rest in the shade.

SINGULAR PLURAL

infinitive I he/she/it we/they

____________________________________________to do

Exercise 13Write in the correct form of the verb to do.

1. He _____________understand his math.

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2. ________________not speak so loudly, please. 3. Holly _______________ it with style every time.

4. I ___________feel well today.

5. __________________she know about the sale?

6. They ______________ not make the same mistake twice.

SINGULAR PLURAL

infinitive I he/she/it we/they____________________________________________to be

Exercise 14Write in the correct form of the verb to be.

1. Life today _____________different than it was in the past.

2. They ____________ working late.

3. We ___________going to the park.

4. Maggie _____________ a nurse.

5. Engineers __________needed for this project.

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Two subjects joined by “and” are considered plural. Compound subjects agree with verbs that don’t have

an “s” on the end.

example:1. Bill eats lunch at El Patio

2. John and Bill eat lunch together.

Exercise 15: select the correct verb

1. Jake and Allie (are, is) friends.

2. Leslie and Sam (sings, sing) in church.

3. Geri and Lisa (run, runs) in the park every Tuesday.

4. My mom and dad (enjoy, enjoys) their grandchildren.

5. Collecting stamps and designing quilts (is, are) two interesting hobbies.

6. Los Angeles and New York (attracts, attract) many tourists each year.

7. Soup and salad (go, goes) together.

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In sentences that start with here or there, it can be tricky to have the subject and verb agree. The

subject is not here or there. Find the subject and then make sure the verb agrees.

example:1. There are the pencils.

2. The pencils are here.

Exercise 16

1. Here (is, are) a map of the mountains.

2. There (sits, sit) a lonely man.

3. Here (are, is) my sweater.

4. There (are, is) three towels hanging in the closet.

5. Where (are, is) the cats?

6. There (go, goes) Charles and Donna.

Directions: change the paragraph from past tense to present

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tense. The first sentences will read “Every Saturday, Wendell, a kindergartner enjoys a nearly perfect day. He is six years old.”

by Paula Lynn Parks

A Birthday

Last Saturday, Wendell, a kindergartner enjoyed a

nearly perfect day. First, he got to sleep late. When he finally

woke up at 8:30 A.M., he watched his favorite action hero

cartoon while he was still wearing his Spiderman pajamas. He ate

strawberry pancakes for breakfast. The pancakes had a smiling

face drawn in whipped cream. After he got dressed, Wendell

played outside in the sandbox with his older brother and sister. In

the sand, they made castles, hills, and volcanoes. He used some

sticks to make a bridge. Then they added water, and the bridge

collapsed. For lunch, Wendell ate a turkey sandwich with relish,

ketchup, and mustard and snacked on grapes. He was glad when

his favorite friends, Allan and Michael, arrived to play. Then

Wendell and his family and friends went to the arcade to play

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video games and miniature golf. Wendell drove a bumper boat,

and everyone in his boat got wet

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because he drove too close to the waterfall. Wendell chose

dinner at

his favorite pizza joint. While he ate cheese pizza, he told

three jokes

about farts. At home, Wendell had cake and ice cream.

After his

friends left, Wendell took a bath and got wrinkled while

playing in the

bath tub with his toys. Before bedtime, Wendell was read his

favorite

bear stories. He fell asleep during the third one. It has been

another

perfect Saturday.

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Verbs: Past tensesimple past tense

what it means

how to form it (regular verbs)

never uses a

Examples:1. Yesterday, I cooked dinner.

2. I fried the potatoes in the pan last night.

3. I pinned the tail on the donkey at the party.

Exercise 17: Practice

1. Last week I ___________ around the block to mail a letter. (walk)

2. I _____________ my error. (admit)53 | P a g e


3. I _____________ to Florida a few weeks ago. (travel)

4. As a college student, I ____________ from working with a tutor. (benefit)

5. When I heard my cousin was pregnant, I was so happy I ______________. (cry)

6. Lucy had two sandwiches, so she _____________ one with Billy. (share)

7. I _____________ the concert. (enjoy)

8. I was glad the cup didn’t break when I _______________it. (drop)Some irregular verbs in the simple past.

infinitive present past

to go

to be

to sit

to sing

to put

to cut

1.

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2.

3.

4.

Exercise 18: Practice

1. Eric ________________ to Texas on vacation. (fly)

2. After working in the yard, he ______________. (stink)

3. Yesterday, I ____________my cat. (pet)

4. Last week my children ____________ on the tire at the park. (swing)

5. When I was in graduate school, I _________________ to do my best. (strive)

6. He ____________ to tell his wife about his meeting, but he forgot. (mean)

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7. Victoria ________________ all her money at the arcade and had no money left to take the bus home. (spend)

8. Today it is cloudy, but yesterday the sun _____________ so brightly. (shine)

9. Last week I ______________ I saw you walking down Main Street. (think)

10. I shouldn’t have said that around Jacob because he __________ my idea. (steal)

List of irregular verbs

infinitive present past past participleto arise arise arose arisento awake awake awoke/ awoke/awaked to be is/am/are was/were beento bear bear bore borneto become become became becometo begin begin began begunto bend bend bent bentto bite bite bit bittento blow blow blew blownto break break broke brokento bring bring brought broughtto build build built builtto burst burst burst burstto buy buy bought boughtto catch catch caught caughtto choose choose chose chosento cling cling clung clungto come come came cometo cost cost cost costto cut cut cut cutto dive dive dove dived/ dove

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to do do(es) did doneto drag drag dragged draggedto draw draw drew drawnto drink drink drank drunkto drive drive drove drivento eat eat ate eatento fall fall fell fallento feed feed fed fedto feel feel felt feltto fight fight fought foughtto find find found found

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infinitive present past past participle

to fly fly flew flownto forgive forgive forgave forgivento freeze freeze froze frozento get get got gottento give give gave givento go go(es) went goneto grow grow grew grownto hang(clothes) hang hung hungto hang(execute) hang hanged hangedto have have(has) had hadto hear hear heard heardto hide hide hid hiddento hold hold held heldto hurt hurt hurt hurtto keep keep kept keptto know know knew knownto lead lead led ledto lay(to place) lay laid laidto lie(to recline) lie lay lainto leave leave left leftto lend lend lent lentto let let let letto light light lit lit

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to lose lose lost lostto make make made madeto mean mean meant meantto meet meet met metto pay pay paid paidto pet pet pet petto put put put putto raise(lift/increase) raised raised

to read read read readto ride ride rode ridden

infinitive present past past participle

to ring ring rang rungto rise(to get up) rise rose risento run run ran runto say say said saidto see see saw seento seek seek sought soughtto sell sell sold soldto send send sent sentto set(to place)set set setto shake shake shook shakento shine shine shone shoneto shrink shrink shrank shrunkto shut shut shut shutto sing sing sang sungto sink sink sank sunkto sit(to rest) sit sat satto sleep sleep slept sleptto speak speak spoke spokento spend spend spent spentto spin spin spun spunto spit spit spat spatto spring spring sprang sprungto stand stand stood stood

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to steal steal stole stolento stick stick stuck stuckto sting sting stung stungto stink stink stank stunkto strike strike struck struckto strive strive strove stroveto swear swear swore swornto swim swim swam swumto swing swing swung swungto take take took takento teach teach taught taughtto tear tear tore tornto tell tell told toldto think think thought thoughtto throw throw threw thrown

to understand understand understood understoodto wake wake woke/ waked woken/wakedto weave weave wove wovento wear wear wore wornto win win won wonto wring wring wrung wrungto write write wrote written

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Directions: change the paragraph to the past tense. The first sentence is done for you.

by Paula Lynn Parks

Lynze’s Concoction

turned When Mom or Dad turns her or his head, three-year-old

got

Lynze gets into trouble. She had it planned; she heads to

the upstairs bathroom. Since she knows right where Mom keeps

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her make up, she wastes no time in getting the liquid foundation.

She puts some on before pouring the rest around the sink. She

enjoys watching the light-beige-colored liquid roll down the drain.

Then Lynze opens the top of the powder. She pats some on her

face using the powder puff and then shakes some into the sink. It

sticks to the sides of the sink where the make up is. Next Lynze

reaches for Dad’s cologne. While splashing some on her neck the

way her dad does after he shaves, Lynze pretends she is Dad and

hums a measure or two to his favorite song. She sprinkles a bit of

that along the sides of the sink. Some of the powder cakes up

into pea-shaped globs. Then she gets the mint gel toothpaste.

Using her left hand, she squeezes the middle and watches a long

squirt land in the sink. It is a four-inch-long green and white strip.

With her right hand, she mixes the green and white and beige

colors together. They feel squishy in her hand. She adds more

toothpaste and mixes some more until it’s all one dark brown

green color. All of a sudden, Lynze doesn’t like the icky feel of the

concoction on her hand. She wipes her right hand on her bright 62 | P a g e


yellow dress and walks out of the bathroom. She hopes Mom and

Dad won’t find out what she did.

Verbs: Perfect tense

What it means and how to form the tenses:1.simple past:formed:

2.perfect:formed: helping verb ( ) + past participle

form

a. present perfectwhat it means

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helping verb ( ) +

b. past perfectwhat it means

helping verb ( ) +

How to form regular verbs: infinitive: to walkpresent:

simple past:

present perfect:

past perfect:

Irregular verbs break the rules:to ride

Name ______________________

infinitive - to sing present past past participle

______________ ______________ H.V.+______________

1. Every day I sing to the radio.2. Yesterday I sang to the radio.3. My children have sung in several concerts. OR The

children had sung before intermission.

infinitive - to choosepresent past past

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participle

____________ ____________ H.V. +_____________

1. He chooses to stay in shape.

2. I __________ to get up early last Saturday to run.

3. I have _____________________ to make exercise a part of my lifestyle.

infinitive - to beginpresent past past

participle

____________ _____________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to tearpresent past past

participle

_____________ ___________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

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infinitive - to becomepresent past past

participle

____________ _____________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

infinitive - to bepresent past past

participle

_____________ __________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to breakpresent past past

participle

___________ __________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to bringpresent past past participle

___________ _____________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to catchpresent past past

participle

___________ ____________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to paypresent past past participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. ________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to buypresent past past

participle

___________ _____________ H.V.+____________

1. ________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to winpresent past past

participle

___________ ____________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to shrinkpresent past past

participle

___________ ____________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

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2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to havepresent past past

participle

_________ ___________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to divepresent past past

participle

_________ ___________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to feelpresent past past

participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

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2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to takepresent past past

participle

___________ ____________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to dopresent past past

participle

___________ ____________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to eatpresent past past

participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+____________

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1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

infinitive - to flypresent past past

participle

_________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to holdpresent past past

participle

____________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to teachpresent past past

participle

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___________ __________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to tellpresent past past

participle

__________ __________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to gopresent past past

participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to know

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present past past participle

___________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to standpresent past past

participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to drinkpresent past past

participle

____________ ___________ H.V.+___________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

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infinitive - to getpresent past past

participle

___________ ___________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to putpresent past past

participle

__________ ____________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to swimpresent past past

participle

_________ ____________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to writepresent past past

participle

_________ _____________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to runpresent past past

participle

__________ __________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to saypresent past past

participle

__________ ___________ H.V.+______________

1. _________________________________________________

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2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to seepresent past past

participle

___________ ___________ H.V.+____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - to stealpresent past past

participle

_________ _____________ H.V.+_____________

1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

infinitive - stingpresent past past

participle

__________ _____________ H.V.+____________

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1. _________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

Exercise 19: identifying verb tenses: future, present, past, present perfect, and past perfect . Cross out prepositional phrases, put infinitives in parenthesis, and underline subjects and verbs.

1. I find my children's clothes all over the house every day.

2. I had found my son's cell phone before he got home.

3. I found a penny on the ground last week.

4. I have found money or keys in the washer for years.

5. I had driven to L.A. when I realized I had left my luggage.

6. I drove my mom crazy when I was a teenager.

7. I have driven to Fresno many times to go shopping .

8. I drive to B.C. every morning.

9. I cut my finger last week.

10. I cut my finger every time I make baked apples.

11. I will drive to Berkeley for Homecoming Weekend.

12. He had fixed the wall before the guests arrived.

13. He wore his favorite suit to church.

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14. Please bring your laundry downstairs.

15. I forgot your birthday.

Exercise 20: focus on lie/lay, rise/raise, and sit/setlie - to rest or reclinelay - to put something down (needs an object)rise- to get up or move upraise - to lift up or increase in amount (needs an

object)sit - to take a seat or to restset- to put or to place (needs an object)

Cross out the prepositional phrase(s). Put any infinitives in parenthesis. Underline the subject once

and the verb/verb phrase twice.

1. They have (raised, rose) their daughter to be self-sufficient.

2. The reporter (raised, rose) as the president entered the room.

3. The boss (raised, risen) his salary.

4. Has the exhausted traveler (raised, risen)?

5. Harry (sat, set) the bowl of strawberries on the table.

6. The insurance agent (sat, set) down his briefcase by the door.

7. You can’t (sit, set) on the couch in your wet swimsuit.

8. The sun is (sitting, setting).

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9. (Laying/lying) in the sun can result in premature wrinkling.

10. I (laid/lay) my coat on the sofa when I came in.

11. (Lay, Lie) here on the floor to watch television.

12. Many people like (to lie, to lay) down after lunch.

13. The architect has (laid, lain) the blueprint on the table.

14. I forgot where I had (laid, lay) my pen.

15. Yesterday I (laid, lay) in the hammock all day.

16. My cousin (laid, lay) the baby down for a nap.

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Adjectives

adjectives describe

why use them?

Adjectives tell

what kind?

how many?

which one?

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whose?

placementbefore noun e.g.. The silly girl left.after noun e.g.. The girl is silly. as a phrase e.g. The book on the floor is mine. e.g. A man tried milking the cow with icy fingers.

add adjectives

Exercise 21: Identifying adjectives

Circle the adjectives in the following sentences. Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. The articles (a, an, and the) do not need to be marked.

1. We found four books on the bottom shelf.2. She likes apple pie and cold milk.3. I always read the daily newspaper.4. The blue sky was filled with puffy white clouds.5. The fierce wind blew down the wooden fence.6. The students followed the winding road to a small cabin.7. A wide road was constructed through the green mountains.8. Large ripe peaches dropped off the tree.9. The old boat was found at the bottom of the murky lake.

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10. Her multi-colored jacket matches my purple dress.

Articles: a, an, the

Exercise 22: Articles

Write a or an in the blanks of the following sentences.

1. Jewel is catching __________ airplane this afternoon.2. One requirement of the private school my niece attends is that she must wear ________ uniform.3. After working overtime for weeks, Morris couldn’t wait to take _______ vacation.4. _________ usher will show you where to sit.5. Her husband’s comments put Sarah in _________ awkward position.6. Preston was known for having _______ keen sense of humor.7. Before you go, grab _______ umbrella, _______ apple, and

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_________ jacket.8. They won _________ trip to ___________ island and ________ undisclosed amount of spending money.

Name ___________________________

Exercise 23: Circle all the adjectives except the articles.

1. Ten new houses were built around the small lake.2. The first child in the second row has blue eyes.3. The scared robbers hid in the abandoned mine.4. Many visitors come each year to see this panda.5. The winter storm blew down many large trees.6. Several men were talking in hushed voices.7. We drove slowly through the heavy fog and muddy roads.8. This narrow road leads to a broad avenue lined with

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stately trees and blooming flowers.

Put a or an in the blank of the following sentences.

1. She was tired after _____ intense tennis game.2. Leon planned ________wonderful surprise party for his wife.3. Rocha always said she was going to ______ university after high school.4. Morrie found ______ uncle sleeping under ______ underpass.5. ________ union representative met with ______ administrator of the company about working conditions.

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Exercise 24: study sheet for verb test

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Section A

Cross out the prepositional phrase. Underline the subject once and verb/verb phrase twice. Put any infinitives in parenthesis.

1. His sister and his brother like to swing on the monkey bar.2. Maria will make dinner tonight.3. Keep this dollar in your wallet.4. Pat hit the ball into left field and ran for first base.5. Sheila does not study with Carrie or Lucille.

Section B


1. Larry and I go to the park every day to play basketball.2. Did the electrician lean this fixture against the wall?3. Please finish your homework within the next hour.4. In the morning, Becky combs her hair and brushes her teeth.5. The riders have ridden toward the mountains to see the sunset.

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Section C


1. Forests and lakes are located throughout that region.2. The tourist would not look over the edge of the canyon.3. After the game, put the chairs into the trunk of the car.4. To save money, Mr. Reynolds takes his lunch and eats under a tree.5. Lenny could have moved the hose into the garage.

Section D


1. After the baby shower, cake, ice cream, and punch were served to the guests.2. The artist can not finish his painting until next week.3. Drill a hole in the coconut and drain the milk into a bowl.4. The rings and bracelets were cleaned and placed in a special case.5. The teacher could not have come to class without her glasses or grade book.

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Section E

Cross out the prepositional phrase. Put parenthesis around any infinitives. Underline the subject once and the verb/verb phrase twice.

1. Wasps (build, builds) mud hives.2. Her son (serve, serves) in the U.S. Navy.3. Children (need, needs) to be told about their history.4. (Has, Have) you seen the exhibit at the museum on quilts?5. There (is, are) no bugs in the house anymore. 6. Victor may have (flew, flown) to his aunt’s house.7. Joyce (wrote, written) a note to Mom.8. Every time I have (brought, brung) a jacket.9. Those rugs have been (shaken, shook) for five minutes.10. They (chose, chosen) to ride on the float during the parade.11. The lock to the gate had been (sprung, sprang).12. The balloon suddenly (burst, busted) into many tiny pieces.13. The bell has (rung, rang) for the beginning of class.

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SENTENCE TYPES

A simple sentence has a single independent clause. The sentence may be long or short.

examples:Sally studies with a tutor.

Sally and Bob study with a tutor.

Sally and Bob study with a tutor and form study groups.

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A compound sentence has two or more simple sentences joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction (FAN BOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so); with a semi-colon and conjunctive adverb (consequently, accordingly, therefore, nevertheless, however, then, moreover); or with just a semi-colon. A compound sentence has no subordinate clause.

1. I, cc i

, F A N B O Y S

for-

and-

nor-

but-

or-

yet-

so-

Exercise 25: Choose the correct punctuation and conjunction (FANBOYS). Put them in the space

provided.

1. I turned off my sprinklers ________________it was raining.

2. Every Friday night, I order Chinese food __________I order

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a pizza.

3. I love my car __________it rattles and squeaks a lot.

4. She couldn’t play the piano ______________could she sing.

5. I fed the cats ____________I went to school.

6. I put gas in my car _________the tank was almost empty.

7. I was hungry _________I stopped to get some food.

8. I stayed up late ______________I woke up on time feeling rested.

2. I; ca, i

common conjunctive adverbs:

consequently also as a resultindeed obviously afterwardtherefore for example besidesunfortunately accordingly frequentlythen moreover in factnevertheless however for this reasonfurthermore in addition stilllikewise on the other hand thushence

Exercise 26: Choose the correction punctuation and conjunctive adverb. Put them in the space provided.

1. Yesterday my car battery went dead ________________ I am taking the bus today.2. Maggie loves her dog ________________ she wishes it didn’t shed

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so much.3. My nephew does well in college __________________ the whole family is proud.

4. My aunt is an excellent cook ________________________ she makes an incredible spinach quiche. 5. The saleswoman didn’t know which price codes to use _____________ she was rude.6. First he got out all his tools _________________ he changed the oil in his truck.

3. I; iThe two independent clauses must be related ideas.

examples:

1. Saturday the vet’s office is closed; I take my cat during the week.

2. I wash my car each Tuesday; it is my day off.

3. It was windy; the power went out.

Exercise 27: Finish the following compound sentences with a related idea, and add the punctuation.

1. My cat sleeps all day ______________________________.

2. Lorenzo likes to dance ______________________________.

3. Marlon has big feet ________________________________. 93 | P a g e


4. Many families watch too much T.V. ___________________

Exercise 28: Practice all three kinds of compound sentences.example:two simple sentences: He made some muffins. He squeezed some fresh orange juice.compound sentences:He made some muffins, and he squeezed some fresh orange juice .He made some muffins; then, he squeezed some fresh orange juice.He made some muffins; he squeezed some fresh orange juice.

1. two simple sentences: Delores felt sick. She went to the health center. compound sentences:

2. two simple sentences: Debra had car problems. She called a friend who lived near her for a ride to school. compound sentences:

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3. two simple sentences: She formed a study group, saw a tutor, visited her counselor, and asked her professor for help. She had a successful semester. compound sentences:

4. two simple sentences: My friend left early for the play. She arrived late.compound sentences:

5. two simple sentences: The children went to bed. The house 95 | P a g e


was quiet.compound sentences:

The complex sentence is an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. example: After I finished eating, I washed the dishes.or I washed the dishes after I finished eating.independent clause: I washed the dishesdependent clause: After I finished eatingDependent clauses start with subordinating conjunctions:

after although untilas because whetherbeforeeven though ifsince so that whileunless when wheneverwhere wherever

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In a complex sentence one idea is emphasized over the other. The more important idea is in the independent clause; the lesser idea is in the dependent clause.1. I d or I sc i2. D, i or Sc i, i

example: I drank a cup of tea. I went to bed1. I drank a cup of tea when I went to bed.

2. After I went to bed, I drank a cup of tea.

Exercise 29: Create complex sentences from simple sentences. Be sure to use correct punctuation.1. My dad grew forgetful. He stopped working.

2. You have been gone. I have not been the same.

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3. Aaron had a test. He spent hours in the library.

4. The janitors cleaned up. The program was over.

5. I don’t believe it will rain. I will take my jacket.

6. You will be hired. You do well on the tests.

7. You may go to the party. Your homework is done.

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Exercise 30: Add the independent clause to create a complex sentence.

1. ___________________________________________ before you forget.

2. _____________________________________________even if it rains.

3. _____________________________________________since you are here.

4. ____________________________________________after I drove away.

5. ______________________________________if you ask nicely.

6. __________________________________________ although I just cleaned the kitchen.

7. ____________________________________________because your car

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broke down.

Exercise 31: Sentence combiningdirections: Combine the following groups of short sentences into one or two longer sentences. Create compound and complex sentences. You may add, delete, or alter words in the interest of clarity.

1. My dog is black and white. Her name is Sammie. She is ten years old. She hates the letter carrier. He must have startled her one time.

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________2. Every Tuesday my parents play bridge. I have the house to myself. I make popcorn. I also rent videos.

__________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

3. Our cabin is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It is near Lake Tahoe. It is small. It needs a new roof. We want to sell it.__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4. Helen has her learner’s permit. She took her first driving lesson yesterday. It lasted half an hour on a deserted highway. Her mother was a nervous wreck afterwards.

__________________________________________________

________________________________________________

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Exercise 32: sentence type review1. Write a compound sentence using “and.”

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

2. Write a complex sentence with “because” as the subordinating conjunction in the middle of the sentence.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. Write a simple sentence with compound verbs.

_______________________________________________

_________________________________________________

4. Write a complex sentence with “when” as the subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the sentence.

___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

5. Write a compound sentence with the conjunctive adverb “however.”

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_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

6. Write a simple sentence with compound subjects.

______________________________________________

_____________________________________________

7. Write a complex sentence with “although” as the subordinating conjunction in the middle of the sentence.

_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

8. Write a compound sentence using a semi-colon.

________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

9. Write a complex sentence with “whenever” as the subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the sentence.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

10. Write a simple sentence with compound subjects and compound verbs.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

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Commas: Three rules for use

1. Use a comma in front of a coordinating conjunction (FAN BOYS) that connects two independent clauses.

example:

1. I drive by the bakery everyday but I don’t stop.

Exercise 33: commasAdd a comma before a coordinating conjunction in

the compound sentences. Note: not all sentences are compound and need commas.

1. He did the laundry and folded the clothes.

2. He does not watch sports on television nor does he like to attend sporting events.

3. Mom bakes breads and she juices vegetables.

4. Alisa played the piano then did her homework.

5. I went to Kentucky in the winter yet I did not see any snow.

6. My husband will go to his meeting or he will return phone calls.

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7. I will make dinner or order pizza in.

8. I planted new plants for the others died.

9. I called my aunt but she wasn’t home.

10. The machine hadn’t been turned on yet.

2. Use commas to separate three or more items (words or phrases) in a series.

example:

1. A toothbrush toothpaste and mouthwash had been packed.

2. Before the party, I need to pick up the food hose off the patio set up the tables and chairs and find the dominoes.

Exercise 34: commas in a series

1. After the basketball team won the game, everyone wore team shirts attached team banners to their cars and attended the parade.

2. Participants included accountants bookkeepers and the IRS.

3. Pass the salt and pepper.

4. Before her trip to Amsterdam, Natalie applied for a 105 | P a g e


passport brushed up on her Dutch and bought her Eurorail tickets.

5. Ron Tyrone and Ernest are leaving for Australia today.

6. College sweatshirts are available in the cafeteria in the bookstore and in the student union.

7. Eat drink and be merry.

8. The librarian purchased two encyclopedias and dictionaries.

9. My mother didn’t allow me to throw a ball in the house eat cookies in bed or answer the door when she wasn’t home.

10. Can you bend the rules and accept my application after the deadline?

3. Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause.

example:

1. Yes they can use the camper.

2. As far as I am concerned everyone is welcome.

3. While he waited for the bus he read the newspaper.

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Exercise 35: commas after introductory material.

1. By the way you are going to be late.

2. If you need additional information please don’t hesitate to call.

3. Bill please tell me what time it is.

4. During the storm snow drifted through the cracks in the roof of the cabin.

5. Since she had burned dinner she ordered Chinese food.

6. From behind the curtain he could see the audience was getting restless for the show to start.

7. Though feeling awkward Robyn continued her speech.

8. When you study the history of the post World War II period you can understand the women’s movement better.

9. Yes my second draft is much better than my first.

10. First of all none of us knows the future.

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The semi-colon: two rules for use

1. Use a semi-colon between two independent clauses when the ideas are related.

example:

1. The skates were too small; my feet hurt after skating.2. The fence blew down my dog is running around the neighborhood.3. The car show is in town this weekend my son has math homework and can't go.

2. Use a semi-colon between two independent clauses when a conjunctive adverb is used to separate them.

Common conjunctive adverbs:

Also, use a comma after conjunctive adverbs that are more than one word. Examples are

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example:

1. My aunt’s house is cluttered; moreover it is dirty.2. My cousins spend every Christmas with their mom consequently they spend Thanksgiving with their dad.3. Pat enjoys exercising for instance she can’t wait to get to her kickboxing class three nights a week.

Exercise 37: the semi-colon

Put a semi-colon and/or comma where needed.

1. Mary is tall and thin likewise her brother is tall and lanky2. The movie is starting please don't talk to me.3. It’s tax time so my accountant is busy.4. It’s almost final exam time consequently the library is full of students.5. The former president called a press conference however no one showed up.6. The instructor was sick unfortunately class had to be canceled.7. The laundry was in one big pile and Mom asked the kids to sort it.

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8. The car was badly damaged thus the tow truck was called.9. Sandy plays soccer her mom is the coach.10. The yard sale fund-raiser was a huge success hence they voted not to have the bake sale. 11. Jay Jay’s brother plays the piano very well.

The colon: one rule for use

1. Use a colon before a list of items.

example:

1. We visited four states last year Nevada, Idaho, Montano, and Colorado.2. Mix the following eggs milk flour and vanilla.3. Three items came in the mail a bill a package and a letter.note: Do not use a colon after a preposition or a verb.example:1. At the zoo, I saw tigers lions bears and zebras.2. At the zoo, I saw the following tigers lions bears and zebras.3. My favorite newspapers are the Los Angeles Times, the

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Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times.

Exercise 38: the colon

Insert a colon and commas where needed.1. Vanessa’s favorite flowers are daisies roses and marigolds.2. Please purchase five things from the market butter broccoli apples tofu and lettuce.3. The bank teller loan officer and receptionist seemed uneasy.4. Those who passed the test are Ruby Jessica and Luisa.

Exercise 39: comma review

Add commas, semi-colons, and colons where needed.

Advice

Advice can come from unusual places. Jon was a high school track star but he was still nervous about the upcoming meet. Although he regularly ran in and won the 220 meter at the last minute his coach had entered him in the 100 meter. In the quarter finals Jon had placed fourth

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this was just enough to qualify him for the semi-finals. As he walked home he pondered many things getting a good start running his fastest making his coach proud and bringing home a trophy. He was so deep in thought that he didn’t notice the neighborhood bum sitting in the middle of the sidewalk. Startled Jon almost walked into him. The bum pulled Jon close and whispered in his ear. His voice was raspy his breath smelled like whiskey and his clothes reeked of urine. “Hey boy. I saw you run the 100 today. Tomorrow, put your starting blocks in the opposite position,” the bum said. Jon was caught off guard but nodded. By the next day Jon had disregarded the drunken man’s advice. He put his blocks in their usual position and looked at his competition. The other runners looked fast prepared and intimidating. Then the old man’s words came to his mind. Since Jon figured he had nothing to lose he decided to change his blocks at the last minute. At the sound of the gun shot he exploded out of his blocks although it felt awkward to start on his left foot. During the race he felt no one on either side of him. Exhilarated Jon crossed the finish line .5 seconds ahead of the rest and set a meet record. After he caught his breath he looked up to see the bum sitting on the sidelines.

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Name __________________________________

Exercise 40: sentence imitation

Write a sentence that imitates the sentence type of the given sentence.

1. Before I go to bed, I let the cat out in the backyard, where he

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chases the mice and lizards._____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

2. In the right corner of my closet, I found the red shoes that I had been missing for six months.______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________3. The gophers who live under our back yard are impossible to get rid of although my husband has tried to poison them and flood their tunnels.________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

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The apostrophe: Two rules for use

1. Apostrophes are used to show ownership or possession. They are only added to nouns.

A. Add ’s.

example:

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1. the child’s toy2. The cat’s food

example:

1. the children’s toy2. the men’s uniforms

exception: When the noun is plural ends in “s” add ’.

example:

1. the cows’ pasture

2. the captains’ table

Singular and ends in s. It depends.

example:

Ms. Parks office

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Alexis room

Apostrophes are not needed on possessive pronouns.

Exercise 41: apostrophes

Add the ’ or the ’s where needed. Some of the nouns are singular; others are plural.

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2. John Smith lawn3. the bus driver hat4. the boys bathroom5. three cats food 6. the rabbit hole7. Bess doll8. Mrs. Smith desk9. the two guests complaints10. one player bats 2. Apostrophes are used to indicate a contraction. They indicate a letter has been left out.

example:

1. can not = can’t2. will not = won’t3. would have = would’ve4. he is = he’s5.who is = who’s6. let us = let’s 7. it is = it’s8. have not = haven’t9. they are = they’re

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Exercise 42: apostrophes

Add the ’ or ’s as needed. Not all sentences will need an apostrophe.

1. Mothers worry about their children.2. Juan uncle is an unselfish man.3. The company morale was low because people were being laid off.4. You couldve helped the lady with her suitcase.5. Lucy umbrella wasnt left at the park.6. His father tools were put away in the garage.7. It doesnt matter to me.8. Shes late.9. They arent going to Melanie party.10. James backyard has a garden.11. Lets go.12. The dog wagged its tail.13. That shirt has colorful buttons.14. Jenny boyfriend hasnt arrived.15. The books I checked out are overdue.

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Exercise 43: sentence combining

On a separate sheet of paper, combine these sentences into a single paragraph. You may add, delete, or change words to make the paragraph clearer.

1. The kitchen was full of quiet activity.

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2. Little Vera poured the milk into the mixing bowl.3. Sammie added an egg.4. Some of the liquid fell on the floor.5. The cat licked it up.6. Timothy put flour and spices in the bowl.7. Louise stirred the batter.8. Hailey poured some into the griddle.9. They made eight pancakes.10. Janice scrambled the eggs.11. Sammie wanted to add cheese to the eggs.12. Timothy wanted to add some spinach.13. Sammie didn’t want to add anything green.14. They made two omelets.15. Louise sliced fresh oranges and apples for a fruit salad.16. They tried to be quiet.17. Mom was sleeping.18. Today was her birthday. 19. Breakfast was her present.

Preposition usage listaccuse someone of (be) good at think about

(be) accustomed to (be) grateful to someone for

adjust to (be) guilty of (be) tired of

(be) afraid of (be) happy about

agree with hear about (be) upset about

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(be) amazed at/by hear of (be) upset with

(be) angry about hope for (be) used to

(be) angry at/with (be) incapable of wait for

apologize for insist on/upon (be) worried about

approve of (be) interested in worry about

argue about (be) involved in

argue with (be) jealous of

(be) ashamed of (be) known for

(be) aware of (be) lazy about

believe in listen to

blame someone for look at

(be) bored with/ by look for

(be) capable of look forward to

care about/ for (be) mad about

compare to/with (be) mad at

complain about (be) made from/of

(be) concerned about (be) married to

concentrate on object to

consist of (be) opposed to

count on participate in

deal with plan on

decide on pray to

depend on/upon pray for

(be) different from (be) prepared for

disapprove of prevent someone from

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(be) divorced from protect someone from

(be) engaged to (be) proud of

(be) excited about recover from

(be) familiar with (be) related to

(be) famous for rely on/upon

feel like (be) responsible for

(be) fond of (be) sad about

forget about (be) satisfied with

forgive someone for (be) scared of

(be) glad about (be) sick of

(be) sorry about/for speak about

speak to/with succeed in

(be) sure of/about (be) surprised at

take care of talk about

talk to/with thank someone for

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reader’s name ________writer’s name ____________

peer edit sheet for first draft

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3. If anything in the paragraph is confusing, write your questions in the margin of your classmate’s paper.






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2. Does the body of the paragraph include enough specific support, description, examples, and details? If not, note in the margin where you’d like to see more specifics.







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reader’s name________writer’s name__________________

peer edit sheet for second draft

Read the paragraph several times while answering the following questions. Share your impressions with your classmate.1. Does the topic sentence state the main idea of the paragraph?

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2. Does the body of the paragraph include enough specific examples, description, and details? Note in the margin where you’d like to see more.

3. Does the last sentence sum up the paragraph?4. Mark (not correct) only those errors that your instructor directs you to mark.

sp - a word that is spelled wrongww - wrong word, such as “their” instead of “there” awk - an awkwardly worded sentence? - not sure what this meansr-o - sentences that are run togetherfrag - an incomplete thoughtverb - error in tense or numberp - (punctuation) an extra or missing comma, semi-colon, or colona - a missing or extra apostrophecap - an error in capitalization




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Readings

Regrets

By Darius Key

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I made one mistake in tenth grade that I regret. Everything was going well for me. I was the captain of the junior varsity football team, and I was one of the star players. Plus, I had an opportunity to move up to play varsity in a playoff game. My grades were up. Then I began to associate with older guys who smoked weed. One night before the high school dance, they sat in the car getting high. I only hit the weed once. As soon as we got to the front door, the lady at the door remarked on our weed smell but let us in anyway. Before I knew it, campus security were looking for us. They took us outside and questioned us about the smell on our clothes. I lost everything good I had going for myself. In fact, I was supposed to start on the varsity team my junior year, but I didn’t because I lost sixteen weeks of eligibility for being under the influence. If I could do it over, I wouldn’t have gotten high that night. I lost too much over going to that dance smelling like marijuana.

Questions About the Reading

What do you think about his punishment?

(answer on a separate piece of paper)

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What Helped Me Make It Through College

by Paula Lynn Parks

When I researched colleges, I considered the support services they offered, but I never anticipated how big a difference they would make in my life. Since I was raised in a single parent

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household, I knew I couldn't afford to attend college without help from the financial aid office. As a biology major with a poor math background, I also knew I would need a tutor. I expected to visit the health center since I was prone to frequent cold. And I quickly became thankful for the Career Center since I had to re-think my major as well as earn spending money. But I didn't anticipate what a pivotal role my other involvements would play. To connect with others, I spend time at the Cross Central Center (CCC), which was the hangout of many African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, and gays. Through the CCC's study groups and club activities, I developed friendships that sustained me throughout my college years as well as affected my career choices. I became involved in a program to teach low income minority high school students writing and to encourage them to attend college. I realized how much I enjoyed teaching writing. One guy I met at the CCC who was an editor/writer for the school paper encouraged me to submit articles, and I became hooked on journalism. When he became sick, he tapped me to take his place as Third World Affairs editor. Not only did both of those experiences lead me to my two careers, but all the services I utilized made a positive impact on my college experience.

What Helped Me Make It Through College

Questions about the Reading1. In the first part of the paragraph the author discusses what

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services she expected to need. What is the second part of the paragraph?

2. What positive things came from the time the author spent in the CCC?

Writing Assignment1. What a present tense example paragraph discussing two or three of the services your college offers that you expect to utilize. Include why you expect to use those services.

Tutoring Center

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

3. How can I sign up for a tutor? ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

4. How much does it cost? _____________________

5. How often can I see a tutor? ____________________________________

6. Do you have drop in tutoring? What subjects?

______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Do you have ESL tutors? If yes, where?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

8.________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Attach a brochure or handout

Health and Wellness Center

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

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3. What services do you offer? _______________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4. Do I need an appointment or can I drop in?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4. What is the cost?

_________________________________________________________________

5. When is the doctor in? _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

6. What additional services does he provide? _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________

7. When is the counselor in? How do I make an appointment?


Student Government office

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

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3. What clubs are on campus? _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. How can I find out more about a club? _______________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. How does student government work? _________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

6. How can I get involved? ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

7.

_________________________________________________________________


Child Care Center

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

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3. What age kids do you accept? ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. How do I apply? ____________________________________________

5. How long does it take to be accepted? __________________________

6. What is the cost? ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

7. What do kids do? What equipment is there? _____________________

_____________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Attach brochure or handout

Financial Aid Office

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

3. What type of government aid is available? What are the deadlines?

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______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. Do you have emergency loans or grants ?

_____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

5. How can I find out about other scholarships? __________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________


Library

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

3. What do I need to check out a book? _________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________

4. How can I get a free email account? _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. Are there places to study? _________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

6. What workshops or classes do you offer?

_________________________________________________________________

7. Are there computers for doing homework, doing research, or typing papers? ____

What floor?_________________________________________________________


Counseling Center

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

3. How can I make an appointment to see a counselor or advisor?

_________________________________________________________________

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4. How long would I have to wait for the appointment? ____________________

5. Is there drop in counseling? _____________What days and times?

_________________________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

7. What classes do you offer?_________________________________________

8. What if I need a job? _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________


Accommodations

1. Where is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. When are you open? _____________________________________________

3. When is the next date for testing? ___________________________________

4. How do I know if I need to get tested? ______________________________

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_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. What services can you provide? _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________


Life Changing Event

by Nestor Ceballos

My life changed forever when I was in a car accident about three years ago. My parents always used to tell me to drive carefully, but every time I drove, I felt like I could go fast, and there was nothing that could stop me. One Friday night after a

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football game, I was driving back home. I was tired, and I couldn't wait to get home to sleep. Since I was in a hurry, I was driving pretty fast on a curve on White Lane. All of a sudden, I hit a bump and lost control of the car. I ran into a tree in the center divider, so I wouldn't hit the car in front of me. My car was destroyed. The next morning I realized that I was very lucky because although I was struggling with not having a car anymore and I was sore, I was still alive. This experience made me mature; as a result, I drive slower and safer.

Life Changing Event

Questions about the reading

1. Why didn't he drive safely based on his parents' instructions?

2. What did he learn from his own experiences?

3. Why did he have to learn the hard way?

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Writing Assignment

1. Write a first person, past tense narrative paragraph about an event that changed your life.

2. Write a first person, past tense narrative paragraph about something that happened while you were driving.

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web viewadd a word of your own to each group. ... vivian _____ a lap top. ... the students followed...

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