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John Kenneth S. Victorino

BSA-4

Philosophy

- is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected

withreality,existence,knowledge,values,reason,mind,andlanguage.Philosophy is

distinguished farom other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic

approach and its reliance onrational argument.In more casual speech, by extension,

"philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or

group".

- The word "philosophy" comes from theAncient Greek (philosophia), which literally

means "love of wisdom". The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been

ascribed to the Greek thinkerPythagoras.

Philosophy and Science

- Its deciding how you look at something and give it meaning through your sense of thinking. None

have to follow or listen but it may seem interesting to see why ones thoughts are like that. I mean

everybody knows the half empty half full cup question. In any other science they would give you

numbers and some theory about why it is, but Philosophy goes into some deeper psyche, kind of

like psychology but really explores.

Various perspective of philosophy

Philosophical perspectives are worldviews that define the nature of the world, the individuals place in it,

and the possible relationships to that world and its parts. Learning and instructional theories are

developed with respect to a particular set of assumptions regarding what it means to know and learn. It is

our contention that when situational variables require some decision on the part of the educator (and we

believe this is always the case), an underlying set of assumptions(whether they be tacit or explicit) will,

and should, drivethe decision.

Who are philosophers?

- he word "philosopher" comes from theAncient Greek (philosophos), which literally

means "lover of wisdom". The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been

ascribed to the Greek thinkerPythagoras.

- A philosopher may have extensiveknowledge concerning one or more of the fields

ofaesthetics,ethics,epistemology,logic,metaphysics,social theory andpolitical philosophy.

They may relate this knowledge to the discussion ofphilosophical problems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality

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Importance of philosophy

- Philosophic thought is an inescapable part of human existence.Almost everyone has been

puzzled from time to time by such essentially philosophic questions as "What does life mean?"

"Did I have any existence before I was born?" and "Is there life after death?" Most people also

have some kind of philosophy in the sense of a personal outlook on life .Even a person who

claims that considering philosophic questions is a waste of time is expressing what is important,worthwhile, or valuable.A rejection of all philosophy is in itself philosophy.

- By studying philosophy, people can clarify what they believe, and they can be stimulated to think

about ultimate questions. A person can study philosophers of the past to discover why they

thought as they did and what value their thoughts may have in one's own life .There are people

who simply enjoy reading the great philosophers, especially those who were also great writers.

- Philosophy has had enormous influence on our everyday lives. The very language we speak uses

classifications derived from philosophy. For example, the classifications of noun and verb involve

the philosophic idea that there is a difference between things and actions. If we ask what the

difference is, we are starting a philosophic inquiry.

- Every institution of society is based on philosophic ideas, whether that institution is the law,

government, religion, the family, marriage, industry, business, or education. Philosophicdifferences have led to the overthrow of governments, drastic changes in laws, and the

transformation of entire economic systems. Such changes have occurred because the people

involved held certain beliefs about what is important, true, real, and significant and about how life

should be ordered.

- Systems of education follow a society's philosophic ideas about what children should be taught

and for what purposes. Democratic societies stress that people learn to think and make choices

for themselves. Nondemocratic societies discourage such activities and want their citizens to

surrender their own interests to those of the state.The values and skills taught by the educational

system of a society thus reflect the society's philosophic ideas of what is important.

Branched of Philosophy

Logicis the attempt to codify the rules of rational thought. Logicians explore the structure ofarguments that preserve truth or allow the optimal extraction of knowledge from evidence. Logic is one

of the primary tools philosophers use in their inquiries; the precision of logic helps them to cope with

the subtlety of philosophical problems and the often misleading nature of conversational language.

Epistemologyis the study of knowledge itself. Epistemologists ask, for instance, what criteria must besatisfied for something we believe to count as something we know, and even what it means for a

proposition to be true.

Metaphysicsis the study of the nature of things. Metaphysicians ask what kinds of things exist, andwhat they are like. They reason about such things as whether or not people have free will, in what sense

abstract objects can be said to exist, and how it is that brains are able to generate minds.

Axiology is an umbrella term for different studies that center upon the nature of different types ofvalue. These different studies include aesthetics, which investigates the nature of such things as beautyand art; social philosophyandpolitical philosophy; and, most prominently, ethics, which investigates the

nature of right and wrong, and of good and evil, both in theoretical considerations about the

foundations of morality, and in practical considerations about the fine details of moral conduct.

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