waterloss

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Project: 450MW combined

heat power plant ulaanbaatar

Job no. : PP0074

PT PLANT

CAPACITY CALCULATION

PT plant Calculation

A) Cooling Tower make-up Requirement

1

Cooling Tower Flow (CW +ACW

FLOW) m3/hr 57110

Refer Cooling tower

calculation

2

Evaporation [email protected]% of Cooling

tower flow (E) m3/hr 942.315 Assumption

3

Drift [email protected]% of cooling tower

flow(D) m3/hr 1.1422 Assumption

4 Cycles of Concentration (C') - 5 Assumption

5 Blowdown (B) m3/hr 234.43655

Formula used is

Blowdown =

(E-D(C-1))/(C-1)

6

Filtered water required for makeup to

cooling tower m3/hr 1177.8938 B + E +D

m3/hr 1178

B) Boiler blow down quenching water requirement

1 Total steam flow for three units tons/hr 1693.8 HBD (TMCR case)

2 Specific Gravity of FW @147.4deg C - 0.9193 Steam Table

3

Blowdown quantity for all three boiler @

3% blowdown for each boilerm3/h 55.27

Assumption

4

Flashing in Blowdown tank (10% of

Blow down assumed)m3/hr 5.53

Assumption

5 Blowdown quantity to waste water m3/hr 49.756 Temperature of Blowdown water Deg C 100.00 Assumption

7

Service water temperature (Quenching

Water)Deg C 26.00

Assumption

8 Maximum outlet temperature at outfall Deg C 60.00 Assumption

9 Service water makeup flow rate m3/hr 58.53

10 Service water makeup flow rate (SAY) m3/hr 60

C)

Make-up requirement for District

Heating System

1

Total water requirement for district

heating system kg/hr 7711200

Three times the HBD

CHP mode flow2 Make-up considered % 2 Assumed

3 Density at 70 deg C kg/m3 978.7008 Steam Table

4 Flow per pump m3/hr 157.58

m3/hr 160

D) Filtered Water requirement

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Project: 450MW combined

heat power plant ulaanbaatar

Job no. : PP0074

PT PLANT

CAPACITY CALCULATION

1 Make up to Cooling Tower m3/hr 1178 Refer Calculation above

2 HVAC Requirment m3/hr 10 Assumption

4

Input to DM Plant (Considering 85 % as

DM Plant Effciciency) (SAY) m3/hr 65.88

Refer Calculation fior DM

water requirement5 Service water requirements m3/hr 5 Assumption

6

Boiler blowdown quenching water

requirements(Service Water) m3/hr 60 Refer Calculation above

7 Total service water required m3/hr 65

8 Make up for District Heating Requiremen m3/hr 160 Refer Calculation above

9 Ash Handling requirement m3/hr 25 Assumption

10

Total Filtered Water Requirement

(SAY) m3/hr 1503.88

E) Total raw water requirement (PT plant capacity)

1 Total Raw Water Requirement m3/hr 1579.0765

1.05 times filtered water

requirement

PT Plant Capacity m3/hr 1580

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CT

Based on Nalco formular

1. Cooling tower

Qh= 7179 kW heat rejection capacityR= 344 m3/hr cooling water circulating flow rate

Ti= 50.0 cooling tower inlet temp.

To= 32 cooling tower outlet temp.

Tad= 27 ambient dry bulb temp. 15

T= 18.0 temp. defference between C.W supply and C.W return

Cn= 1 EA the number of cooling tower

Cp= 1 kcal/kgspecific heat

DM= 1 m3/hr water treatment capacity

Hr= 85 % relative humidity

Km= 0.0019 evaporation contant, please refer to table

A) Evaporation loss (E)

Ev(%)= T x[(Tad-1.6667)xKm + 0.1098]

= 2.84 %

E = R x Ev(%)/100

= 9.7696 m3/hr

Et= 9.7696 m3/hr total evaporation loss

B) Windage loss (W)

Dp= 0.1 % drop loss percent (0.05 - 0.2 %)

Normally, 0.1 % has been used for plant

Ds= 0.34 m3/hr

Dt= 0.344 m3/hr total windage loss

C) Blow down loss

Cm= 500 ppm TDS content in make-up water(mg/l)

Cr= 2500 ppm TDS content in recirculating water(mg/l)

N= Cr concentration factor

Cm

= 5

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CT

1. Cooling tower

Qh= 7179 kW heat rejection capacityR= 344 m3/hr cooling water circulating flow rate

Ti= 50.0 cooling tower inlet temp.

To= 32.0 cooling tower outlet temp.

Tw= 27 wet bulb temp.

T= 5 approach temp. range

Cn= 1 EA the number of cooling tower

Cp= 1 kcal/kgspecific heat

DM= 1 m3/hr water treatment capacity

A) Evaporation loss (E)

E= R x Cp x (Ti-To)

latent heat for water

= 10.9 m3/hr

Et= 10.9 m3/hr total evaporation loss

B) Windage loss (W)

Dp= 0.1 % drop loss percent (0.05 - 0.2 %)

Normally, 0.1 % has been used for plant

Ds= 0.34 m3/hr

Dt= 0.344 m3/hr total windage loss

C) Blow down loss " to be consider the water quality for following parameters"

*** TDS limit for economical chemical treatment

Cm= 600 ppm TDS content in make-up water(mg/l)

Cr= 3000 ppm TDS content in recirculating water(mg/l)


Cm

= 5 The recommended TDS limit for economical chemical treatment is about 2100 ppm, please reduce concentrat

*** Alkalinity limit for economical chemical treatment

Cm= 300 ppm Alkalinity content in make-up water(mg/l)

Cr= 1500 ppm Alkalinity content in recirculating water(mg/l)


Cm

= 5 The recommended Alkalinity limit for economical chemical treatment is about 400 ppm, please reduce concen

*** Chrolide limit for economical chemical treatment

Cm= 132 ppm Chrolide content in make-up water(mg/l)

Cr= 660 ppm Chrolide content in recirculating water(mg/l)


Cm

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DM water

DM water consumption

A) blow-down 1) Chemical Dilution

(1-M-CA-021:Calc

Sc= 4.8 t/h total steam evaporation quantity 1:

Bf= 3 % boiler blow-down rateBd= 0.144 m3/hr boiler blow-down 2) Feed Water Make

3.456 m3/day ) HRSG C

,

B) Other water consumption for J.W cooler, LO cooler, etc.

Ms= 0.02 m3/hr Amount of water consumption

0.48 m3/day

C) Regeneration water waste(10 % of product)

Wt= #REF! m3/hr water treatment unit capacity

#REF! m3/day

Rs= #REF! m3/hr

#REF! m3/day Regeneration water waste

D) Condensate water return loss

Cs= 0.024 m3/hr (Water loss rate 0.5 %)

0.576 m3/day

Required sub-total make-up water #REF! m3/hr

3. FO/LO Purifier water consumption

A) FO purifier x 2 1012.8 /day B) LO purifier x 4 1113.6 /day

Required sub-total make-up water 2126.4 /day

0.09 m3/hr

4. Service water consumption for office

A) Sp= 0.10 m3/hr Amount of water consumption

based o 20 persons

B) Cw= 0.42 m3/hr Cleaning water

Required sub-total make-up water 0.52 m3/hr

*** Total water consump. (1+2+3+4) #REF! m3/hr

#REF! m3/day

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DM water

1. Evaporation loss is the water loss to the atmosphere in the cooling process.

The evaporation rate is dependent on the amount of water being cooled(R)

and temperature difference, humidity and cooling water inlet temp. etc.

2. Windage loss 1

Even though evaporating water is pure, some water driplets escape as

mist throughout the evaporation equipment. ) HRSG Bl

=

Where, the windage loss in the conventional cooling tower is in the range 1

of 0.05 to 0.2 % loss of the circulating cooling water flowrate (R).

) Deaerat

3. Blow-down loss Feed Wa

(

Since the water vapor is discharged by evaporation, the dissolved and =

suspended solids in the circulating water will be concentrated and 1

bring and cause the massive scale and corrosion.

4. Boiler blow-down rate is approximately 5%(design max.) ) Laborato

5. Regeneration water waste is the necessary water loss to regenerate 1

the resin. The water loss is approximately in the range of 8 to 10 % of

water treatment capacity. ) Samplin

(1)

6. Service water is bas 20 persons 2,500 /day (2)

- toilet bowl : 5 l/person x 1 frequency/day(8hr 5 /day person

- urine : 2l/person x 8 frequency/day(8hr 16 /day person

- washbowl : 3l/person x 3 frequency/day(8hr 9 /day person

- sink : 5l/person x 3 frequency/day(8h 15 /day person

- shower : 80l/person x 1 frequency/day(8 80 /day person

Total service water consumption per 1 person : 125 /day person

3)

7. cleaning water :

Width(m)Length( Water cleaning quantity(m)

39.5 50.8 0.005 10,033 /day 1) GT & HRSG Area

2)

3)

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DM water

based o 20 persons

B) Cw= 0.42 m3/hr Cleaning water

Required sub-total make-up water 0.42 m3/hr

*** Total water consump. (1+2+3+4) 14.0 m3/hr

337 m3/day

Remarks 1. Evaporation loss is the water loss to the atmosphere in the cooling process.

The evaporation rate is dependent on the amount of water being cooled(R)

and temperature difference, humidity and cooling water inlet temp. etc.

2. Windage loss

Even though evaporating water is pure, some water driplets escape as

mist throughout the evaporation equipment.

Where, the windage loss in the conventional cooling tower is in the range

of 0.05 to 0.2 % loss of the circulating cooling water flowrate (R).

3. Blow-down loss

Since the water vapor is discharged by evaporation, the dissolved and

suspended solids in the circulating water will be concentrated and

bring and cause the massive scale and corrosion.

4. Boiler blow-down rate is approximately 5%(design max.)

5. Regeneration water waste is the necessary water loss to regenerate

the resin. The water loss is approximately in the range of 8 to 10 % of

water treatment capacity.

6. Service water is bas 20 persons 2,500 /day

- toilet bowl : 5 l/person x 1 frequency/day(8hr 5 /day person

- urine : 2l/person x 8 frequency/day(8hr 16 /day person

- washbowl : 3l/person x 3 frequency/day(8hr 9 /day person

- sink : 5l/person x 3 frequency/day(8h 15 /day person

- shower : 80l/person x 1 frequency/day(8 80 /day person

Total service water consumption per 1 person : 125 /day person

7. cleaning water :

Width(m)Length( Water cleaning quantity(m)

39.5 50.8 0.005 10,033 /day

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DM water

ater()

lation for())

1.6 t/day

up

ntinuous Blow down Tank Spray Water()

low down MCR 2%.

HRSG HP Drum

- Pressure : 101 kg/cm2.a

- Temperature : 310.3

- Steam Flow : 288.6 t/h

- Enthalpy : 335.4 kcal/kg

- Blow down rate : 5.77 t/h (2% B/D)

HRSG LP Drum

- Pressure : 6.3 kg/cm2.a

- Temperature : 159.7

- Steam Flow : 26.7 t/h

- Enthalpy : 161.0 kcal/kg

- Blow down rate : 0.53 t/h (2% B/D)

HP+LP Blow down Mixed Steam

- Enthalpy

( 5.77 x 335.4 + 0.53 x 161 ) / (

= kcal/kg

- Blow down rate : 6.3 t/h (0.53+5.77)

Continuous Blowdown Tank(Assumed)- Pressure : 2 kg/cm

2.a

- : 146.2 kcal/kg

- : 119.9 kcal/kg

Continuous Blow down Tank Blow down

- Steam

( 5.77 + 0.53 ) x ( 320.7 - 119.9 ) / (

= 2.403648109 t/h

- Water : 3.37 t/h

Blow down Tank

- Pressure : 1 kg/cm2.a

- Temperature : 100 (sat)

- : 638.2 kcal

- : 100.1 kcal

Blow down Tank Hot Water

- Steam

= 3.37 x ( 320.7 - 100.1 ) / ( 638.2

= 1.381568482 t/h

- Hot water : 1.99 t/h

320.7

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DM water

Spray Water

- Spray Water : 15

- B/D Water : 85

- Spray Water

= 1.99 x ( 100.1 - 85 ) / ( 85

= 0.429271429 t/h

: 0.43 t/h x 24 hr = 10.32 t/day

ow down()

1.99 t/h + 0.43 t/h = 2.42 t/h

: 58.1 t/day

r Vent Steam()

ter Flow(315.3 ton/h) 0.023%, Assumed

ES, Vendor data Update)

x = 0.072519 t/h

: 1.75 t/day

: 1 t/day 2

ry()

0.05 m3/h

: 1.2 t/day

Devices(#2)()

8 : 1,000cc/min x 60min/h x 8 = 0.48 t/h

1 : 11.52 t/day

: 12

B/D water 15 Spray 85

.

: 85

Cleaning() : 5

: 12

: 17

315.3 0.00023

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DM water

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DM water

5.77 + 0.53

646.2 - 119.9

- 100.1 )

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DM water

- 15 )

t/day

t/day

t/day

t/day

t/day

t/day

12

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NOTE)

- Office: 120 liter/day/person(Based on 40 persons)

- The blow-down loss of cooling tower is based on concentration factor 5 and

TDS 313 ppm of water quality at cooling tower inlet and discharge limit 1565 ppm.

WATER MASS BALANCE OF THE PROPO

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMCAPA. : 0.5 M3/HR

ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMEVAPORATION & LOSS: 0.02 M3/H

STEAM TRACING2.0 T/HR

HFO, SLUDGE TANK &

HFO,LO PURIFIEROPEATING WATER

0.04 M3/HR

OFFICE &CLEANING

W.H.R.B

BLOW DOWN:0.1 M3/H

WASTE WATER :0.05 M3/HR

RAW WATER:20.69 M3/HR

0.70 M3/HR

MAKE-UP WATER0.02 M3/HR

COOLING TOWER

RETURN WATER : 1.99

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water quality for CT

Company Name Based on Han Su LTD. Based on Han Su LTD. Based on Nalco Korea Based on Han Su

UNITRecommended CoolingTower make-up water

quality

Recommended Cooling

Tower circulating water

quality(economical

treatment)

Recommended Cooling

Tower circulating water

quality(economical

treatment)

Max. circulating watequality for chemical

treatment

PH 6.5-7.5 - 7.0-8.5 8.0-9.0

Suspended Solid(SS) ppm < 1 < 7 < 100 < 25

Turbidity NTU < 2

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water quality for CT

Based on HEC

Circulating waterquality requirement for

CT

7.5-8.5

< 100

< 500

-

< 2500

< 400

< 750(960*) *:max.

design valvue

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Purifier data(samgong)

Description SJ10FH SJ15FH SJ30FH SJ40FH SJ50FH SJ80FH REMARKS

Actual capacity l/h BASED ON HFO OF

Regulating water l/time 1 1 1.1 2 3.4 3.9 380 cSt

Replacement water l/time 0.4 0.4 1 1.6 2.5 3.5

Drained high press. water l/time 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 3.5

water Low press. water l/day 24 24 24 24 24 24from

operating Total l/day 42 42 42 54 54 54

water l/day 84 84 84 108 108 108drain side

Discharged Discharged sludg l/day 3.1 3.1 3.9 7.1 12.6 16.6

water& sludge

from l/day 79.2 79.2 88.8 139.2 205.2 253.2

sludge Total l/day 158.4 158.4 177.6 278.4 410.4 506.4

outlet side

l/day 58.8 58.8 67.2 97.2 124.8 142.8

Water consumption l/day 117.6 117.6 134.4 197.4 249.6 285.6

1. The values mentioned in the above indicate the quantity(presumed value) per one(1) set of Oil Purifie

2. Number of times of sludge discharge

1) Marine diesel oil and lubricating oil for cross head engine : Normal 12 times/day

2) Heavy fuel oil and lubricating oil for trunk piston engine : Normal 24 times/day

3. In the case of SJ-FH, we assumed no sludge discharge caused by the working of Water Detector.

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Purifier data(samgong)

r

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WATER EXPANSION

Water expansion 10 20 30 40

1000 liter x liters 1000 1002 1004 1008

Expansion % - 0.2 0.4 0.8

Evaporation pressure mWG - - - -(10mWG = 1bar)

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WATER EXPANSION

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

1012 1017 1023 1029 1036 1043 1052 1060 1069

1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.2 6 6.9

- - - - - 0.4 4.7 10.3 17.5

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water treatment summary

1) Objective of boiler water treatment

The need or objective for boiler water treatment can be explained with respect to following problems on water

- corrosion

- Scale & deposit

- Carryover

The dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide which converts into carbonic acid in condensate line, high dissolved

solids, Low PH are the main reasons behind corrosion in boiler system.

Hardness compounds like Calcium, Magnesium form scale in boiler.

Phosphate based chemicals form sludge in boiler. Due to corrosion several leakages, tube failure occur,

whereas scale and deposits decrease heat transfer, damage tubes, turbine blades, etc.

Carryover problems also lead to improper functioning of whole boiler network.

To take care & provide preventive measures, not only external treatment, but also right and compatible interna

treatment is required, which will inhibit the problems mentioned above.

Dissolved oxygen is the main culprit behind corrosion(pitting corrosion) in boiler system.

This dissolved oxygen if not scavenged quickly, shall attack the base metal and oxidise it, Localised attackof oxygen result into puncturing, pin-holes, tube failures, and so on.

Hence, oxygen scavenging forms heart of boiler water management.

2) Objective of water treatment for cooling tower cooling water

Corrosion, scale deposition, fouling and microbiological growths have for long posed challenges for proper

management of cooling water treatments, the heart of any cooling medium. It is this water if not treated

properly, which can damage equipment, impair product quality and threaten productivity, So main objective

of any cooling water chemical treatment is to control

- Corrosion

- Scale & Deposition- Fouling

- Microbiological growth

Corrosion

The physical factors contribting to corrosion are high temperature, low or high velocity and metallurgy.

The high temperature always increase the corrosion by oxygen depolarization

The high velocity promotes erosion corrosion, whereas low velocity permits sedimentation and hence

under deposit corrosion by developing diffential aeration cell.

Surface flows, grain boundaries, stress on metal, difference in type of adjacent metal can also cause

galvanic and stress corrosion.

The chemical factors, that affect corrosion are mainly pH, dissolved solids, dissolved gases, suspended

solids and micro-organisms either present in the make up water source or from contamination.

Generally ferrous metals are observed to be more susceptible to acidic PH whereas noble metals havent's an

effect f pH on them.

The hardness and bicarbonates can form barrier of deposits and may decrease corrosion or may also pose

under doposits and may decreas corrosion or may also pose under deposit corrosion.

The aggresive ions like chlorides, sulfattes promote local attack I.e pitting due to their antagonistic properties.

Carbon dioxide dissolved oxygen oxygen, hydrogen sulfide may promote acid or local corrosive to copper bas

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metals, the suspended solids and micro organisms may promote localized attack, under deposits corrosion, et

Scale deposition

Deposition is nothing but the conglomerates that accumulate on water wetted surface.

The formation of insoluble particles in the bulk water and the subsequent adherence of these particles to meta

is termed as scale. Anything dissolved in cooling water has potential to develop scale due to it's primary

characteristic of having inverse solubility at and with increased temperature or elevated pH.

Problems which are caused by scale and deposits include loss of heat transfer efficiency, reduction of

water flow, increased under deposit corrosion and in most cases, higher usage of water due to

increased blow down.

Calcium and bicarbonates are almost present in water. The addition of heat or sharp rise in pH cause

bicarbonate ions to decompose to carbon dioxide and carbonates.

The calcium carbonates is reported to be having low solubility due to which it forms scale by precipitation.

Another most common scale found in cooling water system is calcium sulfate, which is 50 times more

soluble than calcium carbonate.

This phenomenon provides that basis for sulfuric acid addition to avoid calcium carbonate formation.But excess sulphate may cause scale deposition problems.

Due to phosphate deposits are found tobe very common in cooling water system.

The salts of silicious matters, magnesium, metal oxides, iron and corrosive products are other reported scales

and deposit in cooling water system.

The low velocity, bulk water, heat transfer surface temperature, cooling water temperature, high heat flux,

bio fouling have a serious impact on scale and deposits formation.

Fouling

Water borne deposits, commonly known as foulants are loose,porous, insoluble materials suspended in

water. They include particulate matter scrubbed from air, migrated corrosion products, silt, clay and

suspended in make-up water, organic matter, biological matter and floc carry over from clarifiers, etc.

Fouling can reduce heat transfer, interference with flow of cooling water by plugging the exchanger tubes.

High flow velocity( 1 to 3 m/sce) can sweep away ordinary fouling deposits, but low flow velocity

less than(0.8 m/sec) cause the suspended foulants to drop out and deposit over metal surface.

These low velocity conditions exists in shell side cooling compressor jackets, water boxes and cooling

tower basins.

Microbiological growth

Recirculating cooling water systems are ideal incubator for promoting the growth and proliferation of

micro-organism. Water saturated with oxygen, exposed to sunlight with a temperature between 30 deg.C to

60 deg.C and having a pH between 6 to 9 ensure abundant nutrients and appropriate for life sustaining

growth of micro-organisms.

The build up of biofilm is initiated with the absorption or organic material on metal surface and grows

through assimilation of nutrients. Eventually some of the biofilm is sheared away and re-entrained

in the water stream to repeat the biofilm development process elsewhere.

Biofilm can cause losses in heat transfer of its insulating property. The soft elastic rippled surface of

biofilm absorbs the kinetic energy from the flowing water.

Increased pumping energy is required to overcome the frictional resistance of the biofilm.

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System problems

1) High pH(>1.8) of circulating water further increases its scaling/fouling tendency in cooling system.

Concentrated hardness salt come out of solution and adhere to heat transfer surfaces thus giving

rise to scale. Scaling, fouling, and deposits formed above pH 8.5 are normally hard in nature and are

extremely difficult to remove.

2) Open recirculating cooling tower acts as a natural scrubber for air and hence all the ari-borne impurities

like dust etc. find their way in to cooling water thereby contributing to fouling and deposition on heat transfer

surfaces. Fouling and deposition add to the problems caused by scaling.

3) Micro Biological Problem

The cooling towers may suffer from severe algal growth/presence in the cooling system. These algae

if not take care of lead to severe problems of nozzle choking in the tower deck. They also damage/block the

fills and in heat exchangers they accumulate and flourish on heat transfer, efficiency and capacity of the syste

4) TDS in make up water gets further concentrated in cooling water thus making your cooling water an

excellent. Electrolyte which creates a corrosive enviroment in the cooling system by accelerating the

following Electro Chemical reaction.

Fe ----> Fe ++ + 2e- Anode

Cu----> Cu++ + 2e-

O2 + H2O + 4e- ----> 40H- Cathode

The above dissolution of iron continues, leading to thining of metal etc.

5) Under deposit corrosion: This form of corrosion is considered to be the most dangerous form as it

results into pin holes, punctures & tube failures. It normally occurs at places where scaling & fouling have

formed. The driving force behind this form of corrosion is the creation of differential concentration oxygen cells

in regions between the scale layer and metal surface.

Leakages of MS pipelines occur because of under deposit corrosion due to high pH of recirculating water etc.

Scale/Corrosion/Fouling control

The calcium carbonates has very low solubility even at 20 deg.C in water than any other dissolved salt in it.

whereas calcium carbonate scale formation. But only acid addition alone cannot effectively contol salt.

Again as you are adding acid, it required some additives to take care against disadvantages of acid.

The organophosphonate is reported to be having best calcium carbonate scale inhibition ability. It also

can be used to protest metal from corrosion, It provides corrosion protection to metal by forming iron oxide

and iron phosphate film over metal surface. The precipitation of this orgono phosphonate with calcium cannot

be denied t at high temperature which can be avoided by the use of unique co-polymer TRC-233 of

sulphonic acid/Acrylic acid manometer. The co-polymer not only inhibits calcium phosphate scale but also

control carbonate, sulfate and other scale effectively. It also disperses precipitaed matter, silt, clay, suspendeparticles inhibition and dissolved solids in water. The high hardness support for corrosion inhibition due to

its natural corrosion inhibition tendency.

The Ortho/Poly/Organophospate combination increases rate of corrosion inhibition by dual corrosion

protection methodology like anodic & cathodic inhibition

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Bio Control

The high solid content, hardness and sulfate level as well as phosphate added as corrosion inhibitor may pos

the problem of bio-growth with micro organisms like algae, fungus, sulfate reducing bacteria, iron oxidising sli

forming bacteria in cooling water where cooling water temperature and pH is very ideal for their growth.

This can get carried over to the system and may accelarate the biological problems. It may also decrease

the pH of circulating water drastically and causes heavy corrosion. As volume of water used for coolingpurpose is very high, the cheapest biocide available is Chlorine, but chlorine has its own limitations like handli

compatibility with pH corrosive nature, inability to withstand and control all types of micro-organism.

The performance of chlorine is also affected by contamination. The additionally used biodispersant works

as dispersant, surfactant, penetrant and chlorine enhancer.

This bio-dispersant enhance the performance of biocide by keeping cooling system very much clean.

The use of biodispersant permits the TCV count within the set norms 5 x 10^5 with no adverse effect on

cooling system.

Precleaning and passivation

Before starting any cooling water chemical treatment program, it is very much necessary to have clean

cooling water system for better performance of selected program. So precleaning becomes first improtant

step in any cooling water chemical treatment program.It is always better to have a frequent cleaning at least once in a year or two for better cooling water mangeme

However for new systems precleaning is not necessary.

The corrosion process must be polarised completely to avoid further corrosion or to inhibit the same.

Such polarization can be achieved by passivation. The complete and proper passivation ensures the

successful performance of the treatment at least against corrosion. thus passivation plays very improtant key

role in any cooling water chemical treatment programme and it must before starting regular treatment.

The passive film by corrosion inhibitor has always to be on metal surface to protect it from corrosion.

Any damage to this film allows acceleration of corrosion.

This damage to passive film over metal surface is expected due to frequent shutdown, load fluctuations,

cleaning of cooling system etc. This has to be taken care by passivating the cooling system again properly.

if any damage to passive film occurs.

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R/O & IE(ion exchanger)/

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ide

l

d

25

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c

l

26

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.

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e

g

t

28

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water quality summary

Physical water-quality parameters

Physical parameters define those characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste,

or smell. Suspended solids, turbidity, color, taste and odor, and temperature fall into this category.

1) Suspended solid

Solids can be dispersed in water in both suspended and dissolved forms. Although some dissolved solidsmay be perceived by the physical senses, they fall more appropriately under the category of chemical

parameters and will be discussed more fully in a later section.

Sources

Solids suspended in water may consist of inorganic or organic particles of of immiscible(not mixed) liquids.

Inorganic solids such as clay, silt and other soil constituents are common in surface water.

Organic material such as plant fibers and biological solids(algal cells, bateria,etc) are also common constituents

of surface waters.

These material is seldom a constituent of groundwater.

Other suspended material may result from human use of the water, Domestic waste water usually contains

large quantities of suspended solids that are mostly organic in nature. Industrial use of water may result in

a wide variety of suspended impurities of either organic or inorganic nature. Immiscible liquids such as

oils and greases are often constituents of waste water.

Impacts

Suspended material may be objectionable in water of several reasons. It is aesthetically displeasing and

provides adsorption sites for chemical and biological agents. Suspended organic solids may be degraded

biologically, resulting in objectionable by-products. Biologically active (live) suspended solids may include

disease-causing organisms as well as organisms such as toxin-producting strains of algae.

Measurement

There are several tests available for measuring solids. Most are gravimetric tests involving the mass of residues.

The total solids test quantifies all the solids in the water, suspened and dissoloved, organic and inorganic.

This parameter is measured by evaporating a sample to drynesss and weighting the residue. The total quantity

of residue is expressed as milligrams per liter(mg/L) on a dry-mass-of-solids basis.

A drying temperature slightly above boiling temperature(104 deg. C) is sufficient to drive off the liquid and thewater absorbed to the surface of the particles, while a temperature of about 180 deg. C is necessary to evaporate

the occluded water.

Most suspended solids can be removed from water by filtration. Thus, the suspended fraction of the solids in

a water sample can be approximated by filtering the water, drying the residue and filter to a constant weight

at 104 deg. C (+/- 1) and determining the mass of the residue retained on the filter. The results of this

suspened solids test are also expressed as dry mass per volume(milligram per liter).

The amount of dissolved solids passing through the filters, also expressed as milligrams per liter, is the differenc

between the total-solid and suspened soild content of a water sample.

It should be emphasized that filtration of a water sample does not exactly divide the solids into suspended

and dissolved solids fractions according to the definitions presented eariler.

Some colloids may pass through the filter and be measured along with the dissolved solids absorb to the filter

materials. The extent to which this occurs depends on the size and nature of the solids and on the pore size

and surface characteristics of the filter material. For this reason, the terms filterable residues and nonfilterableresidues are often used.

Filterable residues pass through the filter along with the water and relate more closely to dissolved solids.

While nonfilterable residues are retained on the filter and relate more closely to suspened solids.

"Filterable residues" and "non-filterable residues" are terms more frequently used in laboratory analysis while the

dissolved solids and suspened soilids are terms more frequently used in water-quality-management practice.

For most practical applications, the distinction between the two is not necessary.

Once samples have been dried and mesaured, the organic content of both total and suspened solids can be

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determined by firing the residues at 600 deg. C for 1 hour.

The toral organic fraction of the residues will be converted to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gased

and will escape.

The remaining material will represent the inorganic, or fixed, residue.

When organic suspened solids are being measured, a filter made of glass fiber or some other material that

will not decompose at the elevated temperature must be used.

The following example illustrates the calculations involved in suspened solids analysis.

ex1) Determining the concentration of suspended solids

A fiterable residue analysis is run on a sample of water as follows. Prior to filtering , the crucible and fitler pad

are kept overnight in the drying oven, cooled, and the dry mass(tare mass) of the pair determined to be

54.352 g . Two hundred and fifty milliliter of the sample is drawn through a filter pad contained in the porous-

bottom crucible. The crucible and fiter pad are then placed in a drying oven at 104 deg. C and dried until a consta

mass of 54.389 g is reached. Determine the suspened solids concentration of the sample.

Solution)

1. Determine the mass of solids removed.

Tare mass + solids = 54.389

- Tare mass = 54.352

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mass of solids = 0.037 g

= 37 mg

2. Determine the concentration of the solids

mg solids x 1000 ml/l

-------------------------------------------------= conc in mg/l

ml of sample

37 x 1000

-------------------------------------------------= 148.00 mg/l

250

Suspended solids, where such material is likely to be organic and/or biological in nature, are an improtantparameter of waset water. The suspended solids parameters is used to measure the quality of the wastewater

influent, to monitor several treatment processes, and to measure the quality of the effuent.

EPA has set a maximum suspended-solids standard of 30 mg/l for most treated wastewater discharges.

2) Turbidity

A direct measurement of suspended solids is not usually preformed on samples from natural bodies of water or

on potable water supplies. The nature of the solids in these waters and the secondary effects they produce

are more important than the actual quantity. For such waters a test for turbidity is commmly used.

Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in

water. Because absorption and scattering are influenced by size and surface characteristics of the suspended

materials, turbidity is not a direct quantitive measurement of suspended solids. For example, one small pebble

in a galss of water would produce virtually no turbidity. If this pebble were crushed into thousands of particlesof collodal size, a measurable turbidity would result, even though the mass of solids had not changed.

Sources

Most turbidity in surface water results from the erosion of collodial material such as clay, silt,rock fragments,

and metal oxides from the soil. Vegetable fibers and microorganisms may also contribute to turbidity.

Household and industrial wastewaters may contain a wide variety of turbidity-producing material. Soaps,

detergents, and emulsifying agents produce stable colloids that result in turbidity. Although turbidity

measurements are not commonly run on wastewater, discharges of wastewater may increase the turbidity of

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natural bodies of water.

Impacts

When turbid water in a small, transparent container, such as a drinking glass, is held up to the light, an

aesthetically displeasing opaqueness or milky coloration is apparent. The colloidal material associated with

turbidity provides absorbtion sites for chemicals that may be harmful or cause undesirable tastes and odors

and for biological organisms that may be harmful .

Disinfection of turbid waters is difficult because of the absorptive characteristics of some colloids and becausethe solids may partially shield organism from the disinfectant.

In natural water bodies, turbidity may impart a brown or other color to water,depending on the light-absorbing

properties of the solids, and may interfere with light penetration and photosynthetic reactions in streams and

lakes. Accumulation of turbidity-causing particles in porous streambeds results in sediment deposits that can

adversely affect the flora and fauna of the stream.

Measurement

Turbidity is measured photometrically by determining the percentage of light of a given intensity that is either

absorbed or scattered. The original measuring apparatus, called a jacson turbidimeter, was based on light absorp

and employed a long tube and standardized candle. the candle was placed beneath the glass tube that was then

housed in a black metal sheath so that the light from the candle could only be seen from above the apparatus.

The water sample was then pours slowly into the tube until the lighted candle was no longer visible, I.e., complete

absorption has occured. The glass tube calibrated with readings for turbidity produced by suspensions of silica di

(SiO2) with one jackson turbidity unit(JTU) being equal to the turbidity produced by 1 mg SiO2 in l L of distilled wIn recent years this awkward apparatus has been replaced by a turbidity meter in which a standardized electric b

produces a light that is then directed through a small sample vial.

In absorption mode, a photometer measure the light intensity on the side of the vial opposite from the light sourc

while in the scattering mode, a photometer measures the light intensity at a 90 angle form the light source.

Although most turbidity meters in use today work on scattering principle, turbidity caused by dark substances that

absorb rather than reflect light should be measured by the absorption technique. Formazin, a chemical compoun

provides more reproducible standards than SiO2 and has replaced it as a reference. Turbidity meter readings are

now expressed as formain turbidity units, or FTUs, The nephelometry turbidity units(NTU) is often used to

indicate that the test was run according to the scattering principle.

Use

Turbidity measurements are normally made on "clean" waters as opposed to wastewaters. Natural waters may h

turbidities ranging from a few FTUs to several hundred. EPA drinking-water standards specify a maximum of 1 F

while the American water Works Association has set 0.1 FTU as its goal for drinking water.

3) Color

Pure water is colorless but water in nature is often colored by foregin substances.

Water whose color is partly due to suspended matter is said to have apparent color. Color contributed by

dissolved solids that remain after removal of suspended matter is known as true color.

Sources

After contact with organic debris such as levels, conifer needless, weeds, or wood, water picks up tannins

humic acid, and humates and takes on yellowish-brown hues, Iron oxides cause reddish water, and manganese

oxides cause brown or paper production, food processing, chemical production, and mining, refining and

slaughterhouse operations may add substaintial coloration to water in receiving streams.

Impacts

Colored water is not aesthetically acceptable to the general public. In fact, given a choice, consumers tend to

choose clear, noncolored water of otherwise poorer quality over treated potable water supplies with an

objectable color. Highly colored water is unsuitable or laundering, dyeing, papermaking, beverage

manufacturing, dairy produection and other food processing and textile and plastic production. Thus, the color

of water affects its marketability for both domestic and industrial use.

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While true color is not usually considered unsanitary or unsafe, the organic compounds causing true color

may exert a chlorine demand and thereby seriously reduce the effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant.

Perhaps more important are the products formed by the combination of chlorine with some color-producing

organics. Phenolic compounds, common constituents of vegetative decay products, produce very objectable

taste and odor compounds with chroline. Additionally, some compounds of naturally occuring organic acids

and chlorine are either known to be, or are suspected of being, carcinogens(cancer-causing agents).

Measurement

Althrough several methods of color measurement are avialable, methods involving comparison with standardized

colored materials are most often used. Color- comparison tubes containing a series of standards may be used

for direct comparison of water samples that have been filtered to remove apparent color. Results are

expressed in true color units(TCUs) where one unit is equivalent to the color produced by 1 mg/L of platinum

in the form of chlorplatinate ions. For colors other than yellowish-brown hues, especially for colored waters

originating from industrial waste effluents, special spectrophotometric techniques are usually employed.

In fieldwork, instruments employing colored glass disks that are calibrated to the color standards are often used.

Because biological and physical changes occurring storage may effect color. samples should be tested within

72 h of collection.

UseColor is not a parameter usually included in wastewater analysis. In potable water analysis, the common practice

is measure only the true color produced by organic acid resulting from decaying vegetation in the water.

The resulting value can be taken as an indirect measurement of humic substances in the water.

4) Taste and Odor

The terms and odor are themselves definitive of this parameter. Because the sensations of taste and smell are

closely related and often confused, a wide variety of tastes and odors may be attributed to water by consumers.

Substances that produce an odor in water will almost invariably impart a taste as well. The converse is not ture,

as there are many mineral substances that produced taste but no odor.

Sources

Many substances with which water comes into contact in nature or during human use may impart perceptibletaste and odor. These include minerals, metals , and salts from the soil, end products from biological reactions, a

constituents of wastewater. Inorganic substances are more likely to produce tastes unaccompanied by odor.

Alkaline material imparts a bitter taste to water, while metallic salts may give a salty or bitter taste.

Organic material, on the other hand, is likely to produce both taste and odor. A multitude of organic chemicals

may cause taste and odor problems in water, with petroleum-based products being prime offenders. Biological

decomposition of organics may also result in taste-and odor-products liquids and gases in water.

Principle among these are the reduced products of sulfur that impart a " rotten egg" taste and odor. Also,

certain species of algae secrete an oily substance that may result in both taste and odor. The combination of two

or more substances, neither of which would produce taste or odor by itselt, may sometimes result in taste and

odor problems. This synergistic effect was noted earlier in the case of organics and chlorine.

ImpactsConsumers find taste and odor aesthetically displeasing for obvious reasons. Because water is thought of as

tasteless and odorless, the consumer associates taste and odor with contamination and may prefer to use a

tasteless, odorless water that might actually pose more of a health threat. And odors produced by organic

substances may pose more than a problem of simple aesthetics, since some of those substances may be

carcinogenic.

Measurement

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Direct measurement of materials that produce taste and odors can be made if the causative agents are known.

Several types of analysis are available for measuring taste-producing inorganics. Measurement of taste- and

odor-causing organics can be made using gas or liquid chromatography. Because chromatorgraphic

analysis is time-consuming and required expensive equipment. it is not routinely performed on water samples,

but should be done if problem organics are suspected. However, because of the synergism noted earlier, qnantif

the sources does not necessarily quantify the nature or intensity of taste and odor.

Quantitive tests that employ the human senses of taste and smell can be used for this purpose. An example istest for the threshold odor number(TON). varying amounts of odorous water are poured into containers and dilute

with enough odor-free distilled water to make a 200-ml mixture. An assembled panel of five to ten noses is used t

determine the mixture in which the odor is just barely detectable to the sense of smell. The TON of that sample

is then calculated using the formula.

A + B

TON = --------------- (2-1)

A

Where A is the volume of odorous water (mL) and B is the volume of odor-free water required to produce a 200 -

mixture. Threshold odor numbers corresponding to various sample volumes are shown in Table 2-2. A similar tes

can be used to quantify taste, or the panel can simply rate the water qualitatively on an " acceptability" scale.

Table 2-2 Threshold odor numbers corresponding to sample volume diluted to 200 mL

Sample volume(A) TON

mL

200 1

175 1.1

150 1.3

125 1.6

100 2

75 2.7

67 3

50 4

40 5

25 8

10 202 100

1 200

Use

Although odors can be a problem with wastewater, the taste and odor parameter is only associated with potable

EPA does not have a maximum standard for TON. A maximum TON of 3 has been recommended by the Public

Service and serves as a guideline rather than a legal standard.[2-18]

2-6. Temperature

Temperature is not used to evaluate directly either potable water or wastewater. It is, however, one of the most i

paramters in natural surface-water systems. The temperature of surface waters governs to a large extent the biol

species present and their rates of activity. Temperature has an effect on most chemical reactions that occur in na

water systems. Temperature also has a pronounced effect on the solubilities of gases in water.

Sources

The temperature of natural water system responds to many factors. the ambient temperature(temperature of the

being the most universal. Generally, shallow bodies of water are more affected by ambient temperature than

are deeper bodies. The use of water for dissipation of waste heat in industry and the subsequent dischage of the

may result in dramatic, though perhaps localized, temperature changes in receiving streams, Removal of forest c

irrigation return flows can also result in increased stream temperature.

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Impacts

Cooler waters ususally have a wider diversity of biological species. At lower temperatures, the rate of biological a

utilization of food supplies, growth, reproduction, etc., is slower. If the temperature is increased, biological activity

increase of 10 deg. C is usually sufficient to double the biological activity,if essential nutrients are present. At ele

increased metabolic rates, organisms that are more efficient at food utilization and reproduction flourish, while ot

and are perhaps eliminated altogether.Accelerated growth of algae often occurs in warm water and can become a problem when cells cluster into algae

Natural secretion of oils by algae in the mats and the decay products of dead algae cells can result in taste and o

Higher-order species, such as fish, are a function of temperature. Game fish generally require cooler temperature

dissolved-oxygen levels.

Temperature changes affect the reaction rates and solubility. levels of chemicals, a subject more fully explored in

Most chemical reactions involving dissolution of solids are accerated by increased temperatures.

The solubility of gases, on the other hand, decreases at elevated temperature. Because biological oxidation of or

and impoundments is dependant on an aduquate supply of dissolved oxygen. decrease in oxygen solubility is un

The relationship between temperature and dissolved oxygen levels is shown in Table C-3 of the appendix.

Chemical water-quality Parameters

Water has been called the universal solvent, and chemical parameters are related to the solvent capabilities of w

Total dissloved solid, Alkalinity, hardness, fluorides, metals, organics, and nutrients are chemical parameters of cin water quality management. The following review of some basic chemistry related to solutions should be helpful

in understanding subsequent discussion of chemical parameters.

2-7 chemistry of solutions

An atom is the smallest unit of each of the elements. Atom are building blocks from which molecules of elements

are constructed. For instance, two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.

H+H = H2

Adding one atom of oxygen to the hydrogen molecule results in one molecule of the compound water.

A relative mass has been assigned to a single atom of each element based on a mass of 12 for carbon. The sum

atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and the atomic mass of oxygen is 16. Thus the molecular mass of the hydrogen is

the molecular mass of water is 18. A mole of an element or compound is its molecular mass expressed in comm

mass units, usually grams. A mole of hydrogen is 2 g, while a mole of water is 18 g. One mole of a substance dis

sufficient water to make one lilter of solution is called a one molar solution.Bonding of elements into compounds is sometimes accomplished by electrical forces resulting from transferred e

When these compounds dissociate in water, they produce species with opposite charges. An example is sodium

NaCl = Na+ + Cl-

The charged species are called ions, Positively charged ions are called cations, and negatively charged ions are

anions. The number of positive charges must equal the number of negative charges to preserve electrical neutra

in a chemical compound. The number of charges on an ion is refered to as the valence of that ion.

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