WWIWWI

•6k dead/day for 1500 6k dead/day for 1500 daysdays

•74m soldiers 74m soldiers mobilizedmobilized

•48m allied; 18m 48m allied; 18m casualtiescasualties

•25.5m central 25.5m central powers; 18m powers; 18m casualtiescasualties

•8.5m killed, 22m 8.5m killed, 22m wounded, 7m perm. wounded, 7m perm. disabled.disabled.

•Birthrates plunge Birthrates plunge postwarpostwar

•21m killed n Spanish 21m killed n Spanish Flu epidemic after war Flu epidemic after war – mostly young.– mostly young.

•Psychological damagePsychological damage

•Economic damageEconomic damage

Three Rival Ideologies

• V. I. Lenin’s Communal Society in Russia

• Wilson’s Democratic Utopia

• Hitler’s Purged Warrior Race

• “Both fascism and communism, which were described after their deaths as a form of mass hysteria or illusion, involved real attempts to deal with the problem’s that faced Europe at the time – mass politics, Industrialization and social order.” – Mark Mazower, Dark Continent

• Imperialism, the Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Highest Stage of Capitalism – 1916 Capitalism – 1916 critiquecritique

• Train to Finland Train to Finland Station – Out of Exile Station – Out of Exile Thanks to the GermansThanks to the Germans

• February and OctoberFebruary and October

• Civil War 1918-20 – Civil War 1918-20 – Reds vs. WhitesReds vs. Whites

• Communist Communist International and International and ChekaCheka

• After 1921- War communism changes to N.E.P.

• Lenin’s Last will and Testament: “Please find a way to get rid of Stalin.”

• Lenin dies 1924• Stalin, the same

year, organizes the cult of Lenin

• Organizes USSR• Gets rid of

Trotsky, and later others…

• All alone in power by 1928-9

Post WWI:

• From 3 Republics to 13

•Everyone gets a constitution – National determination

• “Where a state derived its sovereignty from the ‘people’ and the ‘people’ were defined as a specific nation, the presence of other ethnic groups could not but seem a reproach, threat or challenge to those who believed in the principle of national self-determination.” Mazower

•Versailles gave 60m people their own state but turned 25m into minorities…

Fascism: “Granted that the XIXth century was the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy, this does not mean that the XXth century must also be the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy. Political doctrines pass; nations remain. We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century. If the 19th century was the century of the individual (liberalism implies individualism) we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State.

Fascism is a religious conception in which man is seen in his immanent relationship with a superior law and with an objective Will that transcends the particular individual and raises him to conscious membership of a spiritual society.”

-Mussolini

The Rise of Hitler

• 1889 - Hitler is born

• 1914-18 – Serves in WWI

• 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch in Munich

• Founds Hitler Youth and beginnings of SS

• 1928 - Nazis still get very small election turnout

• 1930 – Great Depression hits Germany; Chancellor Bruning resorts to rule by emergency decrees

• 1932 – Hitler runs for President vs. Hindenburg and gets 35% of the vote

• 1933 – NSDAP becomes largest party – Hitler appointed Chancellor

The Reichstag building, seat of the German government, burns after being set on fire by Nazis, February 27, 1933.

““Nazi persecutions and exterminations were Nazi persecutions and exterminations were perpetrated by ordinary people who lived and acted perpetrated by ordinary people who lived and acted within a modern society not unlike our own, a within a modern society not unlike our own, a society that had produced them as well as the society that had produced them as well as the methods and instruments for the implementation of methods and instruments for the implementation of their actions; the goal of these actions, however, their actions; the goal of these actions, however, were formulated by a regime, an ideology, and a were formulated by a regime, an ideology, and a political culture that were anything but political culture that were anything but commonplace. It is the relationship between the commonplace. It is the relationship between the uncommon and the ordinary, the fusion of the widely uncommon and the ordinary, the fusion of the widely shared murderous potentialities of the world that is shared murderous potentialities of the world that is also ours and the peculiar frenzy of the Nazi also ours and the peculiar frenzy of the Nazi apocalyptic drive against the mortal enemy, the Jew, apocalyptic drive against the mortal enemy, the Jew, that gave both universal significance and historical that gave both universal significance and historical distinctiveness to the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish distinctiveness to the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question.’” Saul FriedlanderQuestion.’” Saul Friedlander Partial Nazi death toll:Partial Nazi death toll:

Jews - 6 million. Jews - 6 million. Soviet POWs – 3m. Soviet POWs – 3m. Disabled and mentally ill people – 150kDisabled and mentally ill people – 150kRoma and Sinti -130 to 285kRoma and Sinti -130 to 285kHomosexuals - 5-15kHomosexuals - 5-15k

Saul Friedländer: "Not one social group, not Saul Friedländer: "Not one social group, not one religious community, not one scholarly one religious community, not one scholarly institution or professional association in institution or professional association in Germany and throughout Europe declared its Germany and throughout Europe declared its solidarity with the Jews." solidarity with the Jews."

"60,000 RM is what this person with genetic defects costs the community during his lifetime. Fellow German, that's your money too …"

““Our starting point is not Our starting point is not the individual:the individual: We do not We do not subscribe to the view that subscribe to the view that one should feed the one should feed the hungry, give drink to the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, or clothe the thirsty, or clothe the naked … Our objectives naked … Our objectives are different: We must are different: We must have a healthy people in have a healthy people in order to prevail in the order to prevail in the world.world.””——Joseph Goebbels, 1938.Joseph Goebbels, 1938.

"Don't buy from Jews; Shop in German businesses!"

• April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith.“

• June 30, 1934 – Night of the Long Knives– "If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not resort to the

regular courts of justice, then all I can say is this: In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people." Hitler

• On August 19, 1934 about 95 percent of registered voters in Germany went to the poles and gave Hitler 38 million votes of approval (90 percent of the vote). Thus Adolf Hitler could claim he was Führer of the German nation by direct will of the people. The next day, August 20, mandatory loyalty oaths were introduced throughout the Reich...– 'I swear: I shall be loyal and obedient to Adolf Hitler, the Führer

of the German Reich and people, respect the laws, and fulfill my official duties conscientiously, so help me God.‘

• The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich.

• Evian Conference of July, 1938 - the U.S. convenes a League of Nations conference with delegates from 32 countries to consider helping Jews fleeing Hitler, but results in inaction as no country will accept them.

November 9, November 9, 19381938

KRISTALLNACKRISTALLNACHTHT

SS reports: SS reports: 7500 7500 businesses destroyed, businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues 267 synagogues burned (with 177 burned (with 177 totally destroyed) and totally destroyed) and 91 Jews killed.91 Jews killed.

"I shall close the "I shall close the meeting with these meeting with these words," said Göring, words," said Göring, "German Jewry shall, "German Jewry shall, as punishment for their as punishment for their abominable crimes, et abominable crimes, et cetera, have to make a cetera, have to make a contribution for one contribution for one billion marks. That will billion marks. That will work. The swine won't work. The swine won't commit another commit another murder. Incidentally, I murder. Incidentally, I would like to say that I would like to say that I would not like to be a would not like to be a Jew in Germany." Jew in Germany."

May, 1939 - The St. Louis, a ship May, 1939 - The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries and States and other countries and returns to Europe. returns to Europe.

October 1939 - Aktion T-4

• In Jan, 1940 - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer, published by Julius Streicher - "...The time is near when a machine will go into motion which is going to prepare a grave for the world's criminal - Judah - from which there will be no resurrection."

• Nov 15, 1940 - The Warsaw Ghetto, containing over 400,000 Jews, is sealed off.

-Dina Pronicheva-Dina Pronicheva"It was dark already...They lined us up on a ledge which was so small "It was dark already...They lined us up on a ledge which was so small that we couldn't get much of a footing on it. They began shooting us. that we couldn't get much of a footing on it. They began shooting us. I shut my eyes, clenched my fists, tensed all my muscles and took a I shut my eyes, clenched my fists, tensed all my muscles and took a plunge down before the bullets hit me. It seemed I was flying forever. plunge down before the bullets hit me. It seemed I was flying forever. But I landed safely on the bodies. After a while, when the shooting But I landed safely on the bodies. After a while, when the shooting stopped, I heard the Germans climbing into the ravine. They started stopped, I heard the Germans climbing into the ravine. They started finishing off all those who were not dead yet, those who were finishing off all those who were not dead yet, those who were moaning, hiccupping, tossing, writhing in agony. They ran their moaning, hiccupping, tossing, writhing in agony. They ran their flashlights over the bodies and finished off all who moved. I was lying flashlights over the bodies and finished off all who moved. I was lying so still without stirring, terrified of giving myself away. I felt I was so still without stirring, terrified of giving myself away. I felt I was done for. I decided to keep quiet. They started covering the corpses done for. I decided to keep quiet. They started covering the corpses over with earth. They must have put quite a lot over me because I felt over with earth. They must have put quite a lot over me because I felt I was beginning to suffocate. But I was afraid to move. I was gasping I was beginning to suffocate. But I was afraid to move. I was gasping for breath. I knew I would suffocate. Then I decided it was better to for breath. I knew I would suffocate. Then I decided it was better to be shot than buried alive. I stirred but I didn't know that it was quite be shot than buried alive. I stirred but I didn't know that it was quite dark already. Using my left arm I managed to move a little way up. dark already. Using my left arm I managed to move a little way up. Then I took a deep breath, summoned up my waning strength and Then I took a deep breath, summoned up my waning strength and crawled out from under the cover of earth. It was dark. But all the crawled out from under the cover of earth. It was dark. But all the same it was dangerous to crawl because of the searching beams of same it was dangerous to crawl because of the searching beams of flashlight and they continued shooting at those who moaned. They flashlight and they continued shooting at those who moaned. They might hit me. So I had to be careful. I was lucky enough to crawl up might hit me. So I had to be careful. I was lucky enough to crawl up one of the high walls of the ravine, and straining every nerve and one of the high walls of the ravine, and straining every nerve and muscle, got out of it."muscle, got out of it."

Paragraph 6: "The 'Final Solution' of the Paragraph 6: "The 'Final Solution' of the Jewish question meant the complete Jewish question meant the complete extermination of all Jews in Europe. I was extermination of all Jews in Europe. I was ordered to establish extermination ordered to establish extermination facilities at Auschwitz in 6/1941. At that facilities at Auschwitz in 6/1941. At that time, there were already in the General time, there were already in the General Government three other extermination Government three other extermination camps: Belzek, Treblinka and Wolzek. camps: Belzek, Treblinka and Wolzek. These camps were under the These camps were under the Einsatzkommando of the Security Police Einsatzkommando of the Security Police and SD. I visited Treblinka to find out how and SD. I visited Treblinka to find out how they carried out their exterminations. The they carried out their exterminations. The camp commandant at Treblinka told me camp commandant at Treblinka told me that he had liquidated 80,000 in the course that he had liquidated 80,000 in the course of one-half year. He was principally of one-half year. He was principally concerned with liquidating all the Jews concerned with liquidating all the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. He used from the Warsaw Ghetto. He used monoxide gas, and I did not think that his monoxide gas, and I did not think that his methods were very efficient. So when I set methods were very efficient. So when I set up the extermination building at up the extermination building at Auschwitz, I used Zyklon B, which was a Auschwitz, I used Zyklon B, which was a crystallized prussic acid which we dropped crystallized prussic acid which we dropped into the death chamber from a small into the death chamber from a small opening. It took from 3-15 minutes to kill opening. It took from 3-15 minutes to kill the people in the death chamber, the people in the death chamber, depending upon climatic conditions. We depending upon climatic conditions. We knew when the people were dead because knew when the people were dead because their screaming stopped. We usually waited their screaming stopped. We usually waited about one-half hour before we opened the about one-half hour before we opened the doors and removed the bodies. After the doors and removed the bodies. After the bodies were removed our special bodies were removed our special Kommandos took off the rings and Kommandos took off the rings and extracted the gold from the teeth of the extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses." corpses."

“It is untrue that I or anyone else in Germany wanted the war in 1939. It was desired and instigated exclusively by those

international statesmen who were either of Jewish descent or worked for Jewish interests. I have made too many offers for the

control and limitation of armaments, which posterity will not for all time be able to disregard for the responsibility for the outbreak of

this war to be laid on me. I have further never wished that after the first fatal world war a second against England, or even against

America, should break out. Centuries will pass away, but out of the ruins of our towns and monuments the hatred against those finally responsible whom we have to thank for everything, International

Jewry and its helpers, will grow.”

From Hitler’s last political statement before his suicide

War Preparation

• Japan

•1931 - Used faked sabotage of a Railroad to invade Manchuria

•1937 – Further expansion into China and the “Rape of Nanjing”

•Nazi Germany

•1935 – Hitler openly rearms

•1936 – Hitler sends troops into Rhineland (DMZ)

•1938 - Hitler arguing for Aryan “Lebensraum” annexes Austria (the Anschluss) and Czechoslovakia

•1939 – Germany invades Poland

World War II Casualties

• Total Dead: ~ 72m

•47m civilians

•25m military

•100m soldiers mobilized