wu - 2004 - comprehensive assesment method for environmental impact of railway based on geographic...
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Vol. 11 No. 3 J. CEN T. SOU TH UNIV . TE CH NO L. Sep. 2004
A~icle ID: 1005 - 9784(2004)03 - 0340 - 03
o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t m e t h o d f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t
o f r a i l w a y b a s e d o n g e o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m ®
WU Xiao-ping(z~:/Jx~)l 2, CHEN Xi u- fa ng( ]~9 ~ ) ~ MA Ch ao - qu n( -~ l ~)z
YANG Xiao-yu(J/~l~-~-) ~ RAN Mao-ping(i~l-~j~-) 1 MENG Xiang- ding (~[~ [~ ) 2
(1. School of Civil Engineering and Archi tecture, Central South Univers ity , Changsha 410075, China;
2. Mobile Postdoctoral Study and Research Station, School of Industry and Business Management,
Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)
A bst ract :
B y i n t e g r a t in g t h e m e r i t s o f t h e m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d a n d t h e g e o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t io n s y s t e m G I S ) , a
G I S b a s ed m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d t o a n a l y z e c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l v u l n e r a b i l i t y a ro u n d
r a i lw a y a n d i ts i m p a c t o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , w h i c h i s a d a p te d f o r t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f r a i l w a y e n v i r o n -
m e n t a l im p a c t an d t h e o p t i m i z a t io n o f r a i l w a y al i g n m e n t s . T h e a s s e s s m e n t p r o c e s s o f th e G I S b a s e d m a p o v e r l a y
m e t h o d w a s p r e s e n t e d , w h i c h i n c lu d e s d e ci d i n g t h e s y s t e m s t r u c t u r e a n d w e i g h t s o f a ss e s s m e n t f a c t o r s , m a k i n g e n -
v i r o n m e n t a l v u l n e r a b i li t y g r a d e m a p s , a n d e v a l u a t i n g t h e a l t e r n a t i v e a l ig n m e n t s c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y t o o b t a i n t h e b e s t
o n e . W i t h t h e G I S f u n c t i o n s o f s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s , s u c h a s o v e r l a y a n a l y s i s a n d b u f f e r a n a l y s i s , a n d f u n c t i o n s o f h a n -
d l i ng at t r i b u t e d a t a , t h e G I S b a s e d m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d o v e r c o m e s t h e s h o r t c o m i n g s o f t h e e x i s t i n g m a p o v e r l a y
m e t h o d a n d t h e c o n c l u s i o n i s m o r e r e a s o n a b l e . I n t h e e n d , a d e t a i l e d c a se s t u d y w a s i l l u s t r a t e d t o v e r i f y t h e e f f i c ie n -
c y o f t h e m e t h o d .
K e y w o r d s :
r a i lw a y p l a n n i n g ; e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t ; g e o g r a p h i c in f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m ; g r a p h o v e r l a y
m e t h o d
C L C n u m b e r : X 8 20 3 D o c u m e n t c o d e : A
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
With the development of Chinese economy,
the railway increases so rapidly but breaks the nat-
ural environment and ecology balance, and brought
about much pollution and harm to life. The sus-
tainable strategy put forward at the Environment
and Development Conference of the United Nations
in June, 1992 aimed at promot ing the mutual cor-
respondence of environment and development. En-
vironmental impact assessment must be carried out
on railway construction and operation to promote
the sustainable development of the economy and
environmentc1-s3 .
Among many methods of environmental im-
pact assessment, the map overlay method by
McHargE93is adapted for the comprehensive assess-
ment of railway environment impact. The map
overlay method essentially assesses the impact on
the issue of the surrounding of railway. In this pa-
per a geographic information system (GI S) based
map overlay method for comprehensive assessment
of railway environmental impact, which integrates
the merits of the map overlay method and GIS was
developed and used in railway planning and altera-
tive alignments selection, based on the assessment
results of each factorE1° 113.
Railway environmental impact assessment in-
volves many factors. There fore the application of
the GIS based map overlay method has to handle
lots of map data and attribute data, which GIS
software is good at C1z3.
GIS defines the relations between various da-
tabase information and geographical locations with-
in the location reference system. Most info rmation
about environmental management and environmen-
tal impact assessment are relative to geographical
locations and can be stored in the GIS database.
With its powerful function of handling maps and
attribute data, GIS can manage vector maps, grid
images, text attribute data and multimedia data,
®
Foundation item
Projec t 2002 F008 ; 2003F012) supported by the Science and Technology Research and Development Planning Projec ts of
the M inis try of Railway of China
Received date
200 3 - 08 - 07 ;
Accepted date
2003 - 12 - 24
C or r e s p ond e n c e W U Xiao-ping, P hD ; T el: +86-731-2655611 ; E-m ail :xpwu ~m ail . csu. edu. cn
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W U X i a t r p i n g , e t a l : C o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t m e t h o d f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t o I r a i l w a y b a s e d o n G I S • 3 4 1 •
such as sound and movie, to show and further ana-
lyze environmental informationc13 143.
2 G I S B A S E D M A P O V E R L A Y M E T H O D
2 1 B a s i c p r i n c i p le
Firstly, divide the railway-passed district into
several units and sets up the database with the en-
vironmental information reflecting the impact on
ecology, noi se, air and so on. Secondly, make the
environmental vulnerability grade maps for each
environmental assessment factor and overlay them
with the geographic map of the study area by using
buffer analysis and overlay analysis to obtain the
overlaid environmental vulnerability grade map
(usu ally called composite map ), then design sever-
al railway alignments on the map and carry out the
comprehensive environmental impact assessment.
Finally, according to the assessment result, the
optimal alignment whose impact on environment is
the least could be selected out[ 5 163.
2.2 Process of GIS based map
ove r lay me thod
2. 2. 1 Selecting assessment factors and estima-
ting weights of assessment factors
Assessment factors are determined by differ-
ent railways. It is essential that a certain factor
should be assessed in detail if it has longtime, ob-
vious, unrecoverable or accumulative impact on en-
vironment, or can be neglected if it has small or no
impact. In specific environmental impact assess-
ment, factors should be selected first and the sys-
tem structure of factors should be determined.
Since many factors are involved in a practical
railway environmental assessment, it is difficult to
define the weights of all factors simultaneously.
Analysis hierarchy process (A HP ) digitizes the de-
cision-maker s thoughts and makes some brief com-
parison, judgment and calculation among the fac-
tors to obtain their weights. In case of many as-
sessment factors, it is more accurate to estimate
the weights by this method.
2.2 .2 Making vulnerability grade map
For each assessment factor, the criterion vul-
nerability grade is determined by its own attribu-
tion. In this paper, the vulnerabili ty grade is divid-
ed into 5 levels, with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively
standing for lower, low, middle, upper and high.
According to its grade, the vulnerability grade map
for each assessment factor can be made and stored
in the GIS map database.
2. 2.3 Overlaying vulnerabil ity grade map of each
assessment factor to obtain composite one
The environmental vulnerability grade map for
each factor in the studied area is overlaid to obtain
the overlaid vulnerability grade map, in the over-
laid environmental vulnerability grade map, the it h
polygonal value of vulnerability grade Vi is ex-
pressed by
Vi ~ XZdli ia j
(1)
j=t
where m is the number of factors whose vulnerabil-
ity grade map is overlaid, ai is the weight of the
jt h assessment factor and l 0 is the vulnerability
grade of jt h factor in i th polygon, usual ly, l 0 ----1,
2, 3, 4, 5. The ith ~olygonal attr ibute of vulnera-
bility grade L~ is ex ,ressed as follows:
1 , V i E [ - 0 , 1 )
2, V,E El,2)
L i = 3 VIE[-2,3) (2)
4, v, E r3,4
5
V,E [4,5
V~ and L~ are stored in GIS at tribute databas e,
and the vulnerability grade of the composite map
can be visualized by various colors.
2. 2. 4 Determining optimal corridor of least envi-
ronmental vulnerability
The optimal corridor of least environmental
vulnerability is composed of polygons having small
grade attr ibute value. Railway alignment s have
least environmental impact while they pass the cor-
ridor.
2.2 .5 Designing railway alignments
In the optimal corridor of the least environ-
mental vulnerability, several alignments can be de-
signed, all of which are not only economical, but
also feasible in technology. The optimal corridor is
useful in the design of railway alignments.
2.2 .6 Selecting optimal railway alignments
Assessment value E~ of each railway alignment
can be calculated by the following formula:
Ek = ~_ a Akj Vk i (3)
j = l
where E, is the environmental assessment value of
the kth alignment, n is the number of polygons
within the environmental impact extension of the
kth alignment in the overlaid map, Aki is the area
of the jt h polygon within the environmental impact
extension of the kth alignment in the overlaid map,
Vk~ is the grade attribute value of the jth polygon
within the environmental impact extension of the
kth alignment in the overlaid map.
3 CASE STUDY
In this section, a part of the railway alignment
from Yichang to Wanzhou was used to make envi-
ronmental impact assessment and the optimal
alignment was selected out according to the re-
sults. All of these were completed with a GIS soft-
ware: MapInfo. The topographic and alignment s
map is shown in Fig. 1.
The assessment factors and their weights are
listed in Table 1. The assess ment results are listed
in Tables 2 and 3. The overlaid map of railway
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• 342 •
Journal CSUT
V o l .11 No. 3 2004
a l i g n m e n t s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l v u l n e r a b i l i ty g r ad e
i s s h o w n i n F i g . 2 .
F i g. 1 T o p o g r a p h i c an d r a i l w a y a l i g n m e n t s m a p
:2
F i g . 2 O v e r l a i d m a p o f r a i l w a y a l i g n m e n t s a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t a l v u l n e r a b i l i ty g r a d e
T a b l e 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l a t t r i b u t e d a t a o f
g e o g r a p h i c m a p
F a c to r A i r N o i s e E c ol og y L a n d s c a p e
Weight 0.22 0. 28 0.20 0. 30
T a b l e 2 R e s u l t s of a t t r i b u t e d a t a o f a l i g n m e n t 1
Name of polygons Vi Area/m z
School 4.28 3 927.16
•
: :
Orchard 2.28 517.23
T a b l e 3 R e s u l t s o f a t t r i b u t e d a t a o f a l i g n m e n t 2
Name of polygons
Vi
A r e a / mz
Kale yard 1.80 3 251.15
Orchard 1.80 527.23
A c c o r d i n g to T a b l e s 2 a nd 3 , t h e a s s e s s m e n t
v a l u e w a s c a l c u l a te d . T h e a s s e s s m e n t v a l u e s of
e a c h a l i g n m e n t s 1 a n d 2 a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y 3 85 4 2 4 . 1 8
m z , 4 9 3 6 2 1 . 1 7 m z , h e n c e , a l i g n m e n t 1 is a b e t t e r
o n e w h o s e i m p a c t o n e n v i r o n m e n t i s t h e l e ss .
4 C O N C L U S I O N S
1 ) W i t h t h e G I S f u n c t i o n s o f s p a t ia l a n a l y s i s ,
s u c h a s o v e r l a y a n a l y s i s a n d b u f f e r a n a l y s i s , a n d
f u n c t i o n s o f h a n d l i n g a t t r i b u t e d a t a , t h e G I S b a s e d
m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d o v e r c o m e s t h e s h o r t c o m i n g s
o f t h e e x i s t i n g m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d .
2 ) A m o n g s o m a n y r a i l w a y e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m -
p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m e t h o d s , t h e G I S b a s e d m a p o v e r-
l a y m e t h o d i s o n e o f t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e m e t h o d s . I t
c a n e f f i c i e n t ly s e l e c t o u t t h e b e s t a l i g n m e n t w h i c h
h a s t h e l e a s t i m p a c t o n e n v i r o n m e n t .
3 ) A s a r e as o n a b l e c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t
m e t h o d , t h e G I S b a s e d m a p o v e r l a y m e t h o d p r o -
v i d e s a n e w w a y t o a s s e s s th e r a i l w a y e n v i r o n m e n t
i m p a c t a n d p r o m o t e s t h e m u t u a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f
r a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t io n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t p r o t e c t i o n .
R E F E R E N C E S
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