wtw political parties & coalitions final
TRANSCRIPT
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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Comparative Report: POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
25/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS.................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other ......................................................................................................................................6
BERNAMA.........................................................................................................................................................6Figures 2/3/4: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................7PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN...................................................7Figures 5/6/7: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................8TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.................................................................8Figures 8/9/10: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................9EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................9Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other .........................................................................................................10ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 10
1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions.........................................................11Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .....................................11BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................11Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................12PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 12Figure 17/18/19: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................13TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 13Figure 20/21/22: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................14EAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN........................................................... 14Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions ..............................15
ONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA..................................................................................................151.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions..................................................................16
Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................17BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................17Figure 26/27/28: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................18PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 18Figure 29/30/31: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................19TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 19
Figure 32/33/34: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................20EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN..........................................20Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Oppositionvs. Independent/Other............................................................................................................................... 21ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 21
Section 2: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................22Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................24.................................................................................................................................................................................. 24Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Executive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES &COALITIONS
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information aboutnational politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, andthus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
This report utilises the data collected from the media groups outlined in the bar chart below. This barchart shows the relative size of their data samples (using the total number of data points identifiedand analysed per each publication/group). The data table for this bar chart can be found in Section4 of the report.
The key results summarised below pertain to the findings for coverage of political parties andcoalitions across the media groups outlined above:
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage of political parties and coalitions, we found the following trends:
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN werethe following:
Bernama.
3 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Bernama
Peninsular Print English
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia
Peninsular Print Mandarin
East Malaysia Print English
East Malaysia Print Bahasa MalaysiaEast Malaysia Print Mandarin
Television English
Television Bahasa Malaysia
Televisions Mandarin
Online English
Online Bahasa Malaysia
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 1200
16920
66788
49782
97088
52935
3225340129
7478
9862
8049
48783
20725
Data Points
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East Malaysia Newspapers English and Bahasa Malaysia.
Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were thefollowing: Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.
East Malaysia Newspapers Mandarin.
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR werethe following: Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.
However, this data, and the data in Section 1.2 must be contextualised with the data inSection 1.3 showing how tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PRfor each publication group.
Overall, the media groups with the least neutral material (over 20% non-neutral) material
are the following: Bernama.
Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.
Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
East Malaysia Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin.
Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are thefollowing:
Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.
Television Mandarin.
East Malaysia Newspapers English.Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
1.3 Tonal Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group
The media types (according to medium and language) suffering from the most tonalinequality (i.e. positive coverage of BN and negative coverage of and attacks on PR) overallare the following: Bernama.
Television News - all languages.
Peninsular Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
East Malaysia Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from theleast inequality overall are the following: Mandarin Newspapers - Peninsular and East Malaysia.
Online News.
4 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Summary (Figures 1-12):
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN werethe following (difference of over 20%):
Bernama
Television English, Bahasa Malaysia, and Mandarin
East Malaysia Print English, Bahasa Malaysia
Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were the
following (difference of under 20%): Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin
East Malaysia Print - Mandarin
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR werethe following (difference of over 20%):
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia
However, this data must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showing how
tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for each publicationgroup.
See Table 1 (series).
Publication Group BN PR Ratio (BN : PR)
Bernama 58.87 36.69 1 : 0.62
Peninsular Print English 45.95 50.47 1 : 1.10
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia 43.06 53.97 1 : 1.25
Peninsular Print Mandarin 48.32 49.53 1 : 1.02
Television English 51.31 33.47 1 : 0.65
Television Bahasa Malaysia 54.68 32.34 1 : 0.59
Television Mandarin 55.55 36.97 1 : 0.67
East Malaysia Print English 51.62 33.21 1 : 0.64
East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia 62.36 28.28 1 : 0.45
East Malaysia Print Mandarin 48.41 40.46 1 : 0.84
Online English 44.18 48.69 1 : 1.10
Online Bahasa Malaysia 46.33 50 1 : 1.08
5 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherBERNAMA
6 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
58.87
36.69
0.84
3.60
Bernama
Volume
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Figures 2/3/4: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
7 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
45.95
50.47
1.29
2.29
Peninsular Print English
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
43.06
53.97
0.79
2.16
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
48.32
49.53
0.80
1.35
Peninsular Print Mandarin
Volume
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Figures 5/6/7: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
8 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
51.31
33.47
1.11
14.05
TV English
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
54.68
32.34
0.64
12.35
TV Bahasa Malaysia
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
55.55
36.97
0.38
7.10
TV Mandarin
Volume
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Figures 8/9/10: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherEAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
9 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
51.62
33.21
2.74
12.44
East Malaysia Print English
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
62.36
28.28
1.37
7.99
East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
48.41
40.46
5.00
6.12
East Malaysia Print Mandarin
Volume
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Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA
10 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
44.19
48.69
2.33
4.79
Online English
Volume
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
46.33
50.00
1.65
2.02
Online Bahasa Malaysia
Volume
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1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Summary (Figures 13-24):
Overall, the media groups with the most tonal material (under 80% neutral) are the
following:
Bernama
Peninsular Print - Bahasa Malaysia
Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia
East Malaysia Print - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin
Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are thefollowing:
Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin
Television Mandarin
East Malaysia Print English
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia
However, this data distribution must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showinghow tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for eachpublication group.
Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsBERNAMA
11 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
9%
17%
39%
36%
Bernama
AttackedNegative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
12 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
3%2%
93%
2%Peninsular Print
English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
4%15%
68%
13%Peninsular PrintBahasa Malaysi
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
3%4%
88%
4% Peninsular PrintMandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 17/18/19: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
13 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
1%11%
72%
17%
TelevisionEnglish
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
8%
22%
31%
39%
TelevisionBahasa Malaysia
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
1%2%
94%
4% TelevisionMandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 20/21/22: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsEAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN
14 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
5%5%
82%
9%East MalaysiaPrint English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
5%8%
62%
24%
East MalaysiaPrint Bahasa
Malaysia
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
9%
9%
62%
20% East MalaysiaPrint Mandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA
15 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
5%6%
86%
3%Online English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
2%3%
91%
4%Online
Bahasa Malaysia
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
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1.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Summary (Figures 25-36):
The top 5 most unequal ratios in each category are highlighted in the table below (some
have more than 5 highlighted due to equal placings):
Publication GroupPositive Neutral Negative Attacked
Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR
Bernama 36 1 : 0.045 39 1 : 0.75 17 1 : 3.59 9 1 : 33.77
Peninsular Print English 2 1 : 0.026 93 1 : 1.06 2 1 : 14.39 3 1 : 10.77
Peninsular Print BahasaMalaysia
13 1 : 0.17 68 1 : 8.1 15 1 : 5.03 4 1 : 6.95
Peninsular PrintMandarin
4 1 : 0.53 86 1 : 1.03 4 1 : 0.98 3 1 : 2.40
Television English 17 1 : 0.19 72 1 : 0.65 11 1 : 1.79 1 1 : 1.25
Television BahasaMalaysia
39 1 : 0.15 31 1 : 0.62 22 1 : 3.68 8 1 : 2
Television Mandarin 4 1 : 0.31 94 1 : 0.65 2 1 : 0.77 1 1 : 12.99
East Malaysia PrintEnglish
9 1 : 0.17 82 1 : 0.65 5 1 : 1.42 5 1 : 2.04
East Malaysia PrintBahasa Malaysia
24 1 : 0.095 62 1 : 0.44 8 1 : 2.85 5 1 : 8.78
East Malaysia PrintMandarin
20 1 : 0.42 62 1 : 0.92 9 1 : 0.96 9 1 : 1.52
Online English 3 1 : 0.68 86 1 : 1.17 6 1 : 0.65 5 1 : 1.27
Online BahasaMalaysia
4 1 : 0.75 91 1 : 1.08 3 1 : 0.94 2 1 : 3.0
As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from themost inequality overall are the following:
Bernama.
Television News all languages.
Newspapers Peninsular English and Bahasa Malaysia, and East Malaysia English andBahasa Malaysia.
As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from theleast inequality overall are the following:
Mandarin Newspapers, both Peninsular and East Malaysia.
Online News.
This can also be seen in the following graphs, where the left-to-right arrow-head shapeindicating more positive and neutral material allocated to BN and more negative materialand attacks allocated to PR is least pronounced in the Mandarin Print and Online groupings.
See Table 2 (series).
16 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherBERNAMA
17 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2.75
21.01
52.40
94.98
92.86
75.49
39.11
4.24
4.40
3.50
8.490.78
Bernama
Coverage Volume
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Figure 26/27/28: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
18 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 1208.38
6.38
46.73
96.77
90.29
91.79
49.55
2.48
1.33
1.82
3.72
0.74Peninsular Print English
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
PositiveAttacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
12.55
16.24
6.62
84.7687.25
81.70
53.65
14.48
0.20
2.06
3.73
0.76
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
AttackedNegative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
29.14
49.72
48.20
64.19
69.78
48.58
49.58
34.08
1.081.71
2.22
1.74
Peninsular Print Mandarin
Coverage Volume
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Figure 29/30/31: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
19 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9044.44
28.07
52.20
77.57
55.56
50.29
34.14
14.71
0.00
21.64
13.66
7.72Television English
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
PositiveAttacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
23.70
15.82
53.86
83.8747.40
58.21
33.29
12.76
28.90
25.96
12.86
3.36
Television Bahasa Malaysia
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
AttackedNegative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6.90
53.66
55.84
75.00
89.66
41.46
36.30
22.92
3.454.88
7.86
2.08
Television Mandarin
Coverage Volume
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Figure 32/33/34: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherEAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
20 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9025.00
34.26
51.27
80.57
51.05
48.82
33.17
13.74
23.95
16.92
15.55
5.69East Malaysia Print English
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
PositiveAttacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
9.15
21.19
61.83
89.0580.37
60.30
27.27
8.48
10.48
18.51
10.90
2.47
East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
AttackedNegative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
35.70
46.98
45.00
66.92
54.12
45.10
41.60
28.28
10.177.92
13.40
4.79
East Malaysia Print Mandarin
Coverage Volume
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Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA
21 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7043.67
59.27
42.41
58.99
55.36
38.45
49.49
40.13
0.97
2.28
8.10
0.88Online English
Coverage Volume
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
PositiveAttacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
24.62
50.25
46.33
55.9273.85
47.21
49.84
41.71
1.54
2.54
3.83
2.37
Online Bahasa Malaysia
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Publication Grouping PublicationNumber of data points
identified and analysed:nd
Average numberof articles/day:
na/d
BernamaBernama English 8959 9.29
Bernama Bahasa Malaysia 7961 8.94
Peninsular Print English
The New Straits Times 4022 30.98
The Star 17427 17.55
The Sun 8939 10.52
Peninsular Print BahasaMalaysia
Utusan 22790 35.35
Sinar Harian 8036 11.81
Harian Metro 18956 26.52
Peninsular Print Mandarin
The Oriental Daily 34231 34.55
Sin Chew Jit Poh 36319 39.52
The China Press 26538 35.58
East Malaysia Print EnglishThe Borneo Post 25395 38.77
The Daily Express Sabah 27540 29.19
East Malaysia Print Bahasa
Malaysia
Utusan Borneo Sabah 18646 26.81
Utusan Borneo Sarawak 13607 27.16
East Malaysia PrintMandarin
See Hua Daily Sabah 25754 31.24
See Hua Daily Sarawak 14375 29.29
Television EnglishNTV7 English News 4194 8.84
TV2 English 3284 8.03
Television Bahasa MalaysiaTV1 Berita Nasional 5751 13.26
TV3 Buletin Utama 4111 13.42
Television Mandarin8TV Mandarin 3424 8.9
TV2 Berita Mandarin 4625 9.39
Online EnglishMalaysiakini English 36291 22.52
The Malaysian Insider English 12492 9.81
Online Bahasa MalaysiaMalaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia 11926 17.16
The Malaysian Insider Bahasa Malaysia 8799 13.13
22 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
23 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
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Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables
24 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 1 Bernama
Party Percentage
BN 44.842
DAP 7.151
Gerakan 0.93373
MCA 3.9171
MIC 1.2981
PAS 9.4967
PBB 0.25051
PBS 0.59212
PKR 8.1758
PR 11.865
PRS 0.29606
PRM 0.022774
PSM 0.40993
SAPP 0.40993
SPDP 0.25051
SUPP 0.47825
UMNO 5.7618
UPKO 0.25051
Other 3.5983
Party PercentageBN 32.237
DAP 13.254
Gerakan 1.283
MCA 4.4686
MIC 1.3373
PAS 11.949
PBB 0.15222
PBS 0.30987
PKR 10.584
PR 14.683
PRS 0.24463
PRM 0.010873
PSM 0.97853
SAPP 0.29899
SPDP 0.08698
SUPP 0.3153
UMNO 5.2623
UPKO 0.2555
Other 2.2887
TABLE 1 Peninsular PrintEnglish
TABLE 1 Peninsular Print BM
Party Percentage
BN 32.275DAP 11.186
Gerakan 0.63798
MCA 1.9139
MIC 0.65925
PAS 16.651
PBB 0.092153
PBS 0.092153
PKR 10.541
PR 15.588
PRS 0.077975
PRM 0.028355
PSM 0.73013
SAPP 0.035443
SPDP 0.092153
SUPP 0.11342
UMNO 6.9965
UPKO 0.10633
Other 2.162
Party Percentage
BN 26.074
DAP 17.492
Gerakan 2.4934
MCA 11.358
MIC 1.217
PAS 7.9557
PBB 0.090922
PBS0.14338
PKR 7.3192
PR 16.761
PRS 0.048958
PRM 0.010491
PSM 0.55602
SAPP 0.2343
SPDP 0.03497
SUPP 0.45111
UMNO 6.3261
UPKO 0.080431
Other 1.3498
TABLE 1 Peninsular PrintMandarin
TABLE 1 TV English
Party Percentage
BN 39.767
DAP 6.9971
Gerakan 0.87464
MCA 3.9067
MIC 0.93294
PAS 10.496
PBB 0.058309
PBS 0.34985
PKR 10.845
PR 5.1312
PRS 0.11662
PRM 0
PSM 0.52478
SAPP 0.58309
SPDP 0.058309
SUPP 0.52478
UMNO 4.6647
UPKO 0.058309
Other 14.052
TABLE 1 TV BM
Party Percentage
BN 47.928
DAP 9.3977
Gerakan 0.42717
MCA 1.2815
MIC 0.5126
PAS 11.448
PBB 0.042717
PBS 0.085434
PKR 10.765
PR 0.72619
PRS 0.042717
PRM 0
PSM 0.42717
SAPP 0.21358
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.17087
UMNO 4.1862
UPKO 0
Other12.345
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25 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 1 TV Mandarin
Party Percentage
BN 30.205
DAP 17.211
Gerakan 4.7112
MCA 15.198
MIC 1.2158
PAS 4.7492
PBB 0
PBS 0.075988
PKR 4.2933
PR 10.714
PRS 0
PRM 0
PSM 0.075988
SAPP 0.30395
SPDP0
SUPP 0.26596
UMNO 3.8754
UPKO 0
Other 7.1049
TABLE 1 EM Print English
Party Percentage
BN 36.274
DAP 9.5732
Gerakan 0.50129
MCA 1.7267
MIC 0.50129
PAS 6.1477
PBB 1.1975
PBS 1.114
PKR 9.4548
PR 8.0345
PRS 0.93992
PRM 0.020887
PSM 0.10444
SAPP 2.6109
SPDP 1.6292SUPP 2.6805
UMNO 4.1078
UPKO 0.94688
Other 12.435
TABLE 1 Print EM BM
Party Percentage
BN 50.336
DAP 5.6917
Gerakan 0.2451
MCA 0.59913
MIC 0.30864
PAS 5.2741
PBB 1.1892
PBS 1.0621
PKR 7.2622
PR 10.049
PRS 0.41757
PRM 0.027233
PSM 0.045389
SAPP 1.2981
SPDP 0.99855
SUPP 2.5781
UMNO 3.8671
UPKO 0.76253
Other 7.9884
TABLE 1 Print EM Mandarin
Party Percentage
BN 34.3
DAP 14.963
Gerakan 0.82381
MCA 2.2415
MIC 0
PAS 4.317
PBB 0.26183
PBS 1.3283
PKR 5.4601
PR 15.723
PRS 0.25544
PRM 0.012772PSM 0.057475
SAPP 4.9301
SPDP 0.076633
SUPP 5.7986
UMNO 2.6375
UPKO 0.68331
Other 6.1243
TABLE 1 Online English
Party Percentage
BN 28.702
DAP 12.602
Gerakan 0.82506
MCA 4.8846
MIC 1.139
PAS 9.4188
PBB 0.065713
PBS 0.40888
PKR 10.806
PR 15.866
PRS 0.036507
PRM 0.0073014PSM 1.4092
SAPP 0.91268
SPDP 0.058411
SUPP 0.30666
UMNO 7.5716
UPKO 0.18984
Other 4.7897
TABLE 1 Online BM
Party Percentage
BN 31.866
DAP 10.837
Gerakan 0.57909
MCA 4.0702
MIC 0.8769
PAS 14.61
PBB 0.033091
PBS 0.033091
PKR 11.3
PR 13.253
PRS 0
PRM0.033091
PSM 1.4394
SAPP 0.182
SPDP 0.066181
SUPP 0.066181
UMNO 8.6863
UPKO 0.049636
Other 2.0185
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26 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 Bernama
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 0.54945 10.924 32.868 83.312 127.65345
DAP 12.088 12.185 9.7029 1.1734 35.1493
Gerakan 0.27473 1.1204 1.2735 0.71708 3.38571
MCA 0 3.7815 5.4579 3.1943 12.4337
MIC 0 0.42017 2.2438 0.97784 3.64181
PAS 17.308 17.787 12.553 0.84746 48.49546
PBB 0 0.14006 0.4245 0.13038 0.69494
PBS 0.27473 0 0.90964 0.45632 1.64069
PKR 12.088 12.045 12.674 1.3038 38.1108
PR 51.374 33.473 4.1844 0.91265 89.94405
PRS 0.27473 0 0.54579 0.19557 1.01609
PRM 0 0 0.060643 0 0.060643
PSM 0.27473 0.42017 0.849 0 1.5439
SAPP 0 0.14006 1.0309 0 1.17096SPDP 0 0.28011 0.30321 0.13038 0.7137
SUPP 0 0 0.90964 0.32595 1.23559
UMNO 1.3736 4.3417 6.9739 5.3455 18.0347
UPKO 0 0 0.48514 0.19557 0.68071
Other 4.1209 2.9412 6.5494 0.78227 14.39377
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular English
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 6.0952 4.8632 32.259 89.826 133.0434
DAP 10.476 13.982 13.593 0.74442 38.79542
Gerakan 0 0 1.3517 1.2407 2.5924
MCA 0.57143 0 4.7279 1.4888 6.78813
MIC 0.19048 0 1.4277 0.24814 1.86632
PAS 16.381 13.982 12.06 0 42.423
PBB 0 0 0.16384 0 0.16384
PBS 0 0 0.33353 0 0.33353
PKR 14.095 10.638 10.69 1.4888 36.9118
PR 49.333 53.191 13.207 0.24814 115.97914
PRS 0 0.6079 0.25161 0 0.85951
PRM 0 0 0.011703 0 0.011703
PSM 0 0.6079 1.0181 0.24814 1.87414
SAPP 0.19048 0.30395 0.30427 0 0.7987
SPDP 0 0 0.093622 0 0.093622
SUPP 0 0.30395 0.32768 0.24814 0.87977
UMNO 1.5238 0.6079 5.5295 3.2258 10.887
UPKO 0 0 0.26331 0.49628 0.75959
Other 1.1429 0.91185 2.3874 0.49628 4.93843
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27 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular BM
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 5.8704 10.482 29.971 76.919 123.2424
DAP 18.421 14.647 11.753 2.2863 47.1073
Gerakan 0.60729 0.46795 0.75994 0.21775 2.05293
MCA 0.20243 0.98269 2.2798 1.5242 4.98912
MIC 0 0.18718 0.8224 0.54437 1.55395
PAS 23.077 20.262 17.687 5.2803 66.3063
PBB 0 0 0.1041 0.16331 0.26741
PBS 0 0.046795 0.12492 0 0.171715
PKR 13.563 12.728 11.482 2.3408 40.1138
PR 32.186 34.066 12.732 4.5727 83.5567
PRS 0 0.046795 0.093691 0.054437 0.194923
PRM 0 0.14038 0.01041 0 0.15079
PSM 0.20243 1.1231 0.79117 0.10887 2.22557
SAPP 0 0 0.052051 0 0.052051SPDP 0 0.093589 0.1041 0.054437 0.252126
SUPP 0 0.046795 0.14574 0.054437 0.246972
UMNO 5.8704 3.7904 8.0991 5.2259 22.9858
UPKO 0 0.093589 0.11451 0 0.208099
Other 0 0.79551 2.8732 0.65324 4.32195
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular Mandarin
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 19.032 24.939 25.244 49.959 119.174
DAP 18.71 15.435 17.986 8.6849 60.8159
Gerakan 0 3.4931 2.5638 1.9851 8.042
MCA 4.8387 13.16 11.674 7.9404 37.6131
MIC 0 1.8684 1.2441 0.74442 3.85692
PAS 7.2043 6.0926 8.2876 3.6394 25.2239
PBB 0 0 0.10335 0 0.10335
PBS 0 0.32494 0.13912 0.16543 0.62949
PKR 1.9355 3.818 7.9299 2.4814 16.1648
PR 41.935 23.233 15.379 19.272 99.819
PRS 0 0 0.055648 0 0.055648PRM 0 0 0.0079498 0.082713 0.0906628
PSM 0 0.32494 0.59623 0.33085 1.25202
SAPP 0.21505 0.16247 0.23054 0.16543 0.77349
SPDP 0 0 0.035774 0.082713 0.118487
SUPP 0 0.2437 0.49686 0.082713 0.823273
UMNO 5.1613 5.4427 6.5665 3.2258 20.3963
UPKO 0.10753 0.2437 0.075523 0 0.426753
Other 0.86022 1.2185 1.3833 1.158 4.62002
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28 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 TV English
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 44.444 14.035 40.19 65.809 164.478
DAP 0 10.526 7.433 2.5735 20.5325
Gerakan 0 1.1696 1.0372 0.36765 2.57445
MCA 0 4.6784 3.7165 5.5147 13.9096
MIC 0 0.5848 0.95073 1.4706 3.00613
PAS 44.444 14.62 11.063 4.0441 74.1711
PBB 0 0 0.08643 0 0.08643
PBS 0 0 0.51858 0 0.51858
PKR 0 20.468 10.631 5.8824 36.9814
PR 11.111 4.6784 5.013 2.2059 23.0083
PRS 0 0 0.17286 0 0.17286
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0.5848 0.69144 0 1.27624
SAPP 0 0.5848 0.69144 0 1.27624SPDP 0 0 0.08643 0 0.08643
SUPP 0 0.5848 0.51858 0.73529 1.83867
UMNO 0 7.0175 4.9265 3.6765 15.6205
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 0 20.468 12.273 7.7206 40.4616
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 TV BM
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 23.121 11.765 42.857 77.726 155.469
DAP 14.451 16.227 11.286 3.2483 45.2123
Gerakan 0 0 0.57143 0.34803 0.91946
MCA 0 1.0142 2.4286 0.92807 4.37087
MIC 0 0.60852 0.57143 0.34803 1.52798
PAS 9.8266 21.501 12 5.5684 48.896
PBB 0 0 0 0.11601 0.11601
PBS 0 0 0.14286 0.11601 0.25887
PKR 19.075 19.878 10 3.4803 52.4333
PR 4.0462 0.60852 0 0.46404 5.11876
PRS 0 0 0.14286 0 0.14286PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0.40568 0.85714 0 1.26282
SAPP 0 0 0.28571 0.34803 0.63374
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0.57143 0 0.57143
UMNO 0.57803 2.4341 6.5714 4.2923 13.87583
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 28.902 25.558 11.714 3.0162 69.1902
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29 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 TV Mandarin
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 6.8966 21.951 30.021 51.042 109.9106
DAP 48.276 19.512 16.549 18.75 103.087
Gerakan 0 7.3171 4.9064 3.125 15.3485
MCA 0 19.512 15.509 10.417 45.438
MIC 0 0 1.0811 5.2083 6.2894
PAS 10.345 2.439 4.8649 0 17.6489
PBB 0 0 0 0 0
PBS 0 0 0.08316 0 0.08316
PKR 3.4483 4.878 4.4491 1.0417 13.8171
PR 27.586 14.634 10.437 3.125 55.782
PRS 0 0 0 0 0
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0.08316 0 0.08316
SAPP 0 0 0.33264 0 0.33264SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0.29106 0 0.29106
UMNO 0 4.878 3.9501 5.2083 14.0364
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 3.4483 4.878 7.4428 2.0833 17.8524
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 Print EM English
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 19.428 21.914 34.569 70.976 146.887
DAP 12.801 13.731 9.7594 3.3333 39.6247
Gerakan 0.1506 0.27739 0.5479 0.4065 1.38239
MCA 0.1506 0.69348 1.969 0.97561 3.78869
MIC 0 0.55479 0.53934 0.4065 1.50063
PAS 6.6265 10.68 6.2323 1.7886 25.3274
PBB 0.1506 0 1.3526 1.0569 2.5601
PBS 0 1.5257 1.2413 0.3252 3.0922
PKR 4.5181 10.125 10.402 3.0894 28.1345
PR 27.108 14.286 6.7802 5.5285 53.7027
PRS 0 0.69348 1.0359 0.73171 2.46109PRM 0 0 0.017122 0.081301 0.098423
PSM 0 0.27739 0.11129 0 0.38868
SAPP 1.2048 1.2483 2.9535 0.97561 6.38221
SPDP 0.60241 2.7739 1.7036 0.89431 5.97422
SUPP 1.2048 2.2191 2.7823 2.2764 8.4826
UMNO 3.3133 3.19 4.4602 1.8699 12.8334
UPKO 0 0.41609 1.0701 0.65041 2.1366
Other 22.741 15.395 12.473 4.6341 55.2431
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30 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 Print EM BM
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 6.3228 14.086 46.635 81.322 148.3658
DAP 8.985 9.546 6.1416 2.316 26.9886
Gerakan 0 0.11641 0.30855 0.18678 0.61174
MCA 0.16639 0.69849 0.71995 0.37355 1.95838
MIC 0 0.11641 0.38202 0.26149 0.75992
PAS 8.3195 11.758 5.7155 1.3074 27.1004
PBB 0.16639 0 1.4546 1.0833 2.70429
PBS 0.16639 0.46566 1.484 0.37355 2.4896
PKR 6.1564 10.128 8.9333 2.3907 27.6084
PR 56.905 28.871 6.4796 2.4654 94.721
PRS 0 0.11641 0.57302 0.18678 0.87621
PRM 0 0 0.044079 0 0.044079
PSM 0 0 0.073465 0 0.073465
SAPP 0.33278 0.46566 1.8954 0.29884 2.99268SPDP 0 1.0477 1.2636 0.56033 2.87163
SUPP 0 2.0955 3.2618 1.5689 6.9262
UMNO 2.3295 2.3283 4.6283 2.8764 12.1625
UPKO 0 0.11641 1.1167 0.26149 1.4946
Other 10.15 18.044 8.8892 2.1666 39.2498
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 Print EM Mandarin
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 30.228 32.036 28.173 57.507 147.944
DAP 22.546 18.694 14.594 10.188 66.022
Gerakan 0.071124 0.55594 1.0152 0.63673 2.278994
MCA 0.85349 3.3356 2.6227 1.2399 8.05169
MIC 0 0 0 0 0
PAS 6.8279 4.934 4.8329 1.374 17.9688
PBB 0 0 0.42301 0.033512 0.456522
PBS 0.64011 1.1814 1.7766 0.40214 4.00025
PKR 3.2006 3.0577 7.2652 2.3794 15.9029
PR 21.55 18.416 14.911 14.343 69.22
PRS 0.14225 0 0.33841 0.13405 0.61471PRM 0 0 0.021151 0 0.021151
PSM 0 0 0.095178 0 0.095178
SAPP 2.9161 2.7797 5.7424 3.1166 14.5548
SPDP 0 0.13899 0.095178 0.033512 0.26768
SUPP 2.3471 7.8527 6.1019 5.496 21.7977
UMNO 1.4225 1.5288 3.5639 0.90483 7.42003
UPKO 0 0.34746 0.88832 0.53619 1.77197
Other 7.2546 5.1425 7.5402 1.6756 21.6129
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31 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
TABLE 2 Online English
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 30.682 39.249 26.818 52.851 149.6
DAP 12.825 7.6223 13.28 5.0439 38.7712
Gerakan 0.48701 1.479 0.81552 0 2.78153
MCA 3.4091 6.9397 4.8845 2.4123 17.6456
MIC 0.64935 1.2514 1.1847 0.65789 3.74334
PAS 8.9286 7.6223 9.7347 6.1404 32.426
PBB 0 0 0.07726 0 0.07726
PBS 0 0.11377 0.47214 0 0.58591
PKR 4.8701 7.281 11.778 2.4123 26.3414
PR 28.734 15.927 14.697 26.535 85.893
PRS 0.16234 0.11377 0.025753 0 0.301863
PRM 0 0 0.0085844 0 0.0085844
PSM 0 0.3413 1.6053 0.65789 2.60449
SAPP 0.16234 0.56883 1.0044 0.2193 1.95487SPDP 0 0 0.068675 0 0.068675
SUPP 0.16234 0.56883 0.2747 0 1.00587
UMNO 8.1169 9.5563 7.5715 3.0702 28.3149
UPKO 0 0 0.21461 0 0.21461
Other 0.81169 1.3652 5.4854 0 7.66229
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 2 Online BM
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 20 38.071 31.332 48.815 138.218
DAP 13.846 13.198 10.73 7.5829 45.3569
Gerakan 0 0 0.60219 0.94787 1.55006
MCA 0.76923 3.0457 4.2153 1.4218 9.45203
MIC 0 0.50761 0.94891 0 1.45652
PAS 23.077 9.6447 14.891 6.6351 54.2478
PBB 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496
PBS 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496
PKR 1.5385 4.0609 11.989 6.6351 24.2235
PR 35.385 20.305 12.226 20.853 88.769
PRS 0 0 0 0 0PRM 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496
PSM 0 0.50761 1.5511 0.47393 2.53264
SAPP 0 0 0.20073 0 0.20073
SPDP 0 0 0.072993 0 0.072993
SUPP 0 0.50761 0.054745 0 0.562355
UMNO 3.8462 8.1218 8.9781 4.7393 25.6854
UPKO 0 0 0.054745 0 0.054745
Other 1.5385 2.0305 2.0438 1.8957 7.5085
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Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)
3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's MovementParty)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)
16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun
Murut Organisation)19. Others