wtc zadroga cancer study

8/6/2019 WTC ZADROGA CANCER STUDY

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First Periodic Review of

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Scientific and Medical EvidenceRelated to Cancer for the

World Trade Center Health Program



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World rade Center Health Program

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

Disclaimer

M NI O S H (NIOSH). I , W NIOSH NIOSH -z . F, NIOSH W .

Ordering Information

, NIOSH

: 1800CDCINFOY: 8885857E-: @.

NIOSH W ../.

F NIOSH, NIOSH eNews ..//N.

DHHS (NIOSH) P N 201117

J 2011

Safer Healthier PeopleTM


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Preface to First Periodic Review of Scientic

and Medical Evidence Related to Cancer for the


T J Z /11 H C A 2010, P L 111-7,

XXXIII P H S A, 12 S. 62 ( 2 U.S.C. .

0000-61), q A W C (WC)

H P

periodically conduct a review o all available scientifc and medical evidence, in-

cluding fndings and recommendations o Clinical Centers o Excellence, published

in peer-reviewed journals to determine i, based on such evidence, cancer or a cer-tain type o cancer should be added to the applicable list o WTC-related health

conditions. 2 U.S.C. . 00-22()(5)(A).

I WC H P.

T . F, -

- S-

11, 2001,

S 11, 2001, J 1, 2011. S, -

WC C C E-

D C, WC H R N Y C D H M H, N Y S D H. T,

Request or Inorma-

tion F R M 8, 2011, M 2, 2011.

O, - -

S

11, 2001, . I ,

q -

.

S, C I . C II z

S 11, 2001, . C III

- q

S 11, 2001, . I C IV,

. I C V,

WC C C E, WC H R, N
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+42USC300http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+42USC300http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+42USC300http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+42USC300


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Y S D H . C VI S 11, 2001, .

F, .

I -2012 S 11, 2001, .

J H, MDA, W C

H P


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Acknowledgments

T W C H P - WC H P C W G:

Kathleen D. Connick, MSLS, MAD L S SO S, E, L SC D C P

Paul Enright, MDC, NIOSH D R D SP, S M

U AzPaul J. Middendorf, PhD, CIHN I O S HC D C P

John Piacentino, MD, MPHN I O S HC D C P

Dori B. Reissman, MD, MPHN I O S HC D C P

Tamela Sawyer, MSN I O S HC D C P

Kerry Souza, ScD, MPHN I O S HC D C P

A - WC H P:

S B K C G DBJ D F H M K

K Mz R N P S

S M S-B C S

D K W D W

Ez W


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Contents

Preface to First Periodic Review of Scientific and Medical EvidenceRelated to Cancer for the World rade Center Health Program. . . .

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Bibliographic Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. S S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

B. E R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

C. C R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

D. F P R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

E. O S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. Review of Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

B. D A I WC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

C. E M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. C A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. P P C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. P A H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. V O C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6. C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

7. F G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

8. P M (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

. W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

D. B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1. P D R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

. P P C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

. P A H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5. V O C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

E. U P P EqR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

F. L C E A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17


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G. O E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

H. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

III. Review of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

A. C P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

B. P-R C P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. R M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2. C R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

. C S M M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

C. N-P-R C P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. L E A R A M M . . . . 21

2. O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

IV. Cancer Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

A. B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

B. O A C A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2. C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5. B G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6. P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

C. C E C A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

D. A C WC H P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1. P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2. W E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

V. Additional Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. P I O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. S M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Rq I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

B. Rq I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1. Oz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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C. I WC C C E WC H R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. F D C N Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. M S S M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

. W C H R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

D. N Y S D H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

VI. Discussion of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

A. E P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. C P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Appendix A. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Appendix B. Exposure Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

A. P-R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. E, A, N A (N P-R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Appendix C. Cancer-Related Publications and Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

A. P-R P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

B. E L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

C. A, A M C, S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Appendix D. Cancer Classification Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77A. IARC M E C R

H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

G 1. C H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

G 2A. P C H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G 2B. P C H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G . N C I C H . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G . P N C H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

B. U.S. N P R C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Appendix E. IARC and NP Designations forIdentified Chemical Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


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Abbreviations

ACS A C S

AED A q

ASDR A S D R

COPC C

EPA E P A

FDNY F D C N Y

IARC I A R C

IL I

MM M MRL M

NAAQ N A A Q

NIEHS N I E H S

NIOSH N I O S H

NP N P

NYC N Y C

NYCDOHMH N Y C D H M H

NYSDEC N Y S D E C

NYSDOH N Y S D H

OSHA O S H A

PAH P

PCB P

PCM P

PCDD P z

PCDF P z

PCDD/F P z z

PCM P PEL P

PM2.5 P 2.5

PM10 P 10

PM10-5 P 10 5

REL R


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RC N P 12 R C

SVF S

EM EQ q

NF- -

VOC V

WHO W H Oz

WC W C

WC MMP W C M M P


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Units of Measurement

/

/

C/L C

/

/

/


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World rade Center Health Program 1

I. Bibliographic Searches

P S 12()(5)(A) J Z /11 H C- A 2010, - j1 S 11, 2001, N Y C .

A. Search Strategies

, - , , .A , q ,

j , . T - I (PM ), C- D C P P H L & I C.T :

CISILO (OSH R C)

C L

E (OVID)

H S S A (CSA)

HSEL (OSH R C)NIOSHIC-2 (OSH R C)

OSHL (OSH R C)

PM

W S

PM, E, H S S A - z (.., ) . I

- . T - ( 1). T ; ,

1 j, U G S D. TD j (, , .) I , R. T : C-; E; G R; L E; M A; N I P.


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World rade Center Health Program2

(Continued)

Table 1. Bibliographic search strategy and results for exposure and cancer

Bibliographic database Search strategy for cancer Search strategy for exposure

CISILO

(OSH References

Collection)

World Trade Center OR

WTC

World Trade Center OR WTC

Cochrane Library World Trade Center OR

WTC


Embase

(Ovid)

#1 World Trade Center [text

word] OR WTC [text word]

#2 Cancer [text word] ORNeoplasm [subject heading]

#1 and #2

(Biological marker OR Air

Pollutant OR Air Pollution OR

Environmental Monitoring OR

Carcinogen OR OccupationalExposure OR Environmental

Exposure OR Dust Exposure

OR Toxic Inhalation).sh. AND

(World Trade Center OR

September 11).af. Human,

English, not Pub Med

Health and Safety

Science Abstracts

(CSA)

((World Trade Center) OR

WTC) AND DE=(Cancer OR

Carcinoma OR (Carcinogenic

Agents))

((World Trade Center) OR

WTC) AND DE = ((Occupation-

al Exposure) OR Bioindicators

OR (Hazardous Materials))

HSELine

(OSH References

Collection)


WTC) AND (Cancer OR Neo-

plasm* OR Carcinogenic OR

Carcinoma)

World Trade Center AND

Exposure*

NIOSHTIC-2

(OSH References

Collection)




Carcinoma)


WTC) AND Exposure*


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(Continued)


OSHLine

(OSH References

Collection)




Carcinoma)


WTC) AND Exposure*

PubMed World Trade Center[Text

Word] OR September 11

Terrorist Attacks[Mesh]

OR ((Disasters[MeSH

Major Topic] AND

Terrorism[MeSH Ma-jor Topic]) AND (World

Trade Center[All Fields]

OR WTC[All Fields])) AND

(Neoplasms[Mesh] OR

Carcinogens[Mesh]

OR Carcinogens,

Environmental[Mesh] OR

Cancer[Text Word])

(September 11 Terror-

ist Attacks[Mesh] OR

(Disasters[MeSH] AND

Terrorism[MeSH] AND

World Trade[All Fields])

OR (Disasters[MeSH]AND Terrorism[MeSH]

AND WTC[All Fields])) AND

(Biological Markers[Mesh]

OR Air Pollutants[Mesh]

OR Environmental

Monitoring[Mesh] OR Haz-

ardous Substances[Mesh]

OR Air Pollution[Mesh]

OR Explosions[Mesh] OR

Carcinogens[Mesh] OR

Maternal Exposure[Mesh]

OR EnvironmentalExposure[Mesh] OR Inhala-

tion Exposure[Mesh] OR Oc-

cupational Exposure[Mesh])

TOXLINE (World Trade Center OR


plasm* OR Carcinogen* OR

Carcinoma)


OR September 11 exclude

PubMed records

Table 1 (Continued). Bibliographic search strategy and results

for exposure and cancer


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Web of Science World Trade Center AND

(Cancer OR Carcinogen* OR

Neoplasm* OR Carcinoma)

TS=World Trade Center OR

TS=September 11 AND

Language=(English)

Rened by: Subject Areas=

(PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL &

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OR

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

OR ENVIRONMENTAL STUD-

IES OR TOXICOLOGY OR IM-

MUNOLOGY OR RESPIRATORYSYSTEM )

Table 1 (Continued). Bibliographic search strategy and results

for exposure and cancer


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- ; -- ;

; ; .

T - S 11, 2001,

. B WC ,

, q . : (1) -

S 11, 2001, ; (2)

S 11, 2001, (..,

WC). B J 22, 2011.

B. Exposure Results

A 2 - S 11, 2001,

. O 2 , 156 - 18 - ( C II A B).

C. Cancer Results

A 18 S 11, 2001,

.

S C 1. O 18 ,

S 11, 2001, ,

q . O 1 , -

- ( C III A C).

D. Future Periodic Reviews

PM W S -

. T - . T

. T

-

.

E. Other Searches

T - j

C C E q

. D , , , , .


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II. Review of Exposures

T W C (WC) N Y C S 11, 2001, , .

A. Introduction

T WC L M q ( ) . T S 11, 2001, -

. T , , .

T 1,000 j 100,000 , 0,000 , 80,000 , WC [P . 200]. T j , ,, , . I z , , , , , , , , , , [L 2002; MG . 200]. A , - L M, B, . T - WC .

U, WC -

z q , . A WC , D 2001.

I WC , , N Y C D H M H (NYCDOHMH),


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N Y S D H (NYSDOH), A S D R (ASDR), N I O S H(NIOSH), US E P A (EPA), N Y S D-

E C (NYSDEC), U S G S(USGS), O S H A (OSHA), - , z .

T , WC E C D (://..// ) - M S P H C U, , , , S 11, 2001, NYC N J.

E . P- z [B .2005; G . 2005; W S 2001], [E . 200; F . 200; H . 2010; L 2008; . 2008].

B. Designations for Agents Identied at the WTC

I 200, WC C P C (COPC) C W C

I A F W G W C IE A: S C P C SH-B B.2

T COPC C [200] - - . T :

EPA R 2 , 200,000 17 ;

2 ://..//WC/COPC%20-%20B%20R%20%20.. N USEPA z .

O . M , EQ . EQ Eq-, (2,,7,8-CDD). M , z. A PCB , (.., PCB, A).
http://www.wtcreadings.net/wtc/http://www.tera.org/peer/WTC/COPC%20-%20Benchmark%20Report%20with%20appendices.pdfhttp://www.tera.org/peer/WTC/COPC%20-%20Benchmark%20Report%20with%20appendices.pdfhttp://www.wtcreadings.net/wtc/


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N Y C D H M H (NYCDOHMH)/A S D R (ASDR) -, L M ,

5 , 2 z (PCM);

N Y C D E , S2001 J 2002 0,000 70 ;

C K [2001] q.

A 287 [COPC200], U N I A

R C (IARC) (1) IARC ,V 1100, (2) U S N P (NP) 12R C. T A D.

C. Environmental Monitoring

E [L . 2007; O . 200; P . 200; P . 2007; Sz .200]; [B . 200; L . 200; P . 2007; R2005; R . 2005]; [L . 2002; MG . 200; O200; P . 2007; Y . 200]; - [L . 200] - [C . 2001].

D , .I S O 2001 , : , , -, , , , , , , , [W S 2001]. O z - [B . 2005], , - [G . 2005].

I , , - . T WC [W . 200]; q[H-L 2008]; [L 200]; [L . 200]; , , [W . 2005].


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I , , - , , -

z : , , , , , , .A A, - S 11, 2001, .

1. Chrysotile Asbestos

C WC N , 0 [N 171]. M z, , z -

(EM), >0.5 , (PCM), >5 . F0.5 2 [L . 2007]. O 1,000 z PCM, OSHA - (PEL) 0.1 / [L . 2007]. H, z WC .

O 80 z NYC-DOHMH NIOSH z PCM, ( >5 ) 5% . E 25 >0.10 / z EM -


23/106


O A 2002 EM 0.01 . T j


24/106


WC S 16 N 2001. T 10 170 /, - 1.0 / [L

. 2007]. I ,


25/106


,

[L . 2007].

C , z,

1,-, , z, 1,-, , -, , . S 2- -

, VOC 1000

.

-- z

S 11, 2001, ASDR -

(MRL) , 1

, 0.7 5 , 0.5

NYC [L . 2007].

M 1 VOC 12 WC O 2001 A 2002 [G

. 2005]. Bz , O

A. T VOC

. S- z VOC. E

z, , 1 76 ,

[W S 2001].

6. Crystalline Silica

A 5 EPA 1 S-

27, 2001, J 20, 2002. C 15 , 1% 1800 -

. T

0.0 / [L . 2007].

O z

. O 18 NIOSH S 18

O , 2001,

[W S 2001].

7. Fibrous Glass

G , , - (MMVF), -

(SVF), 0%

S 16 17 - [L . 2002]. T SVF

, , WC

[R 200].

5 C qz, , .


26/106


T ASDR L M N 2001. G 0 8 2% 5% ; SVF

11 1 1% 72% [L 2007].

8. Particulate Matter (Dust)

T , - [H-L 2008]. T z , 5% >5 [L . 2002].

C , q (AED) 105 , (H .011.0). P , q 10 , - z , q 1 , H. W 2% 2.5 (PM2.5) [L . 200], PM2.5 11,000 [P . 200].

, NIOSH 18 6 S 18 O , 2001. N - OSHA PEL. A - 5 WC O2001 A 2002. D O 1700 / . T 6 / O. D A, 15 / 1 /, O [G . 2005].

9. Tritiated Water

WC B 6. L

WC , , . WC . I PAH , . T 0.17 C/L , B 6


27/106


.5 C/L 2.8 C/L. E EPA 20 C/L [P . 2002; S . 2002]

D. Biomonitoring

N - WC- . I , , z : ; , , , , . A .

1. Particles Deposited in the Respiratory Tract

S - S 11, 2001, . , - F D C N Y(FDNY) WC S11, 2001, A q WC . A , 2 FDNY A , FDNY, (.., , z, , , , -

) FDNY A , - . N [F . 200].

R . [2002] (BAL) S 11 S 2, 2001, - WC . M BAL 05 ( ) /106 , , q . A- . C WC - () , -

, , , z ( - ) [W . 2010].

2. Metals

C 18 FDNY O 2001


28/106


WC , 7 [E . 200]. T WC , , , ,

, .

A 1 2 WC WC . T [L . 2008].

3. Polychlorinated Polycyclic Compounds

Hz z

. T WC- FDNY . O z - S O C , [E . 200].

C PCDD, PCDF, PCB, - N Y S N G WC .I z ,

. T M DE M S E PCDF, z L D E L S E PCDD [H . 2010].

4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PAH O 2001 18 WC- FDNY 7 WC [E . 200]. M PAH 5 S OC .

I NYC S 11, 2001, PAH-DNA - [P .2005;]. O , PAH-DNA .


29/106


5. Volatile Organic Compounds

T FDNY

[E . 200]. C

58 N Y S N- G WC S 11. T -

U.S. [ . 2008].

E. Use of Personal Protective EquipmentRespirators

I , . H-

, ,

. I , ,, , , -

.T : - ; N5 ; - P-100 /

; /

NIOSH- - -.

A - WC 1% -

, 50% [F

. 200].

N- S 11 S- 15 q , 1 . A, -

, 17 6

[S . 200].

F. Limitations of Chemical Exposure Assessment

A

S 11, 2001, , . A ,

S 11, 2001, , .

A,

S 11, 2001, , ,

6 T .


30/106


z . D ,

. T

IARC NP . F, -

,

. T

. I-

C IV.

G. Other Exposures

I ,

-. S S 11, 2001, - - . M

. S

z .

N - (.., , ,

- , PSD) -

S 11, 2001, . M

[G . 200]. O

: ; j; -

; / ;

/ [C .; A . 2005]; ; ;

; ; j [DG .

2011]; [E . 200].

S, PSD

. I 200200, PSD

12.6% , , H , -

, [DG 2008]. A PSD

[N 2010].

F, z [O . 2008]. E

C S z

, C S z -.

T .

A z

j , j .


31/106


H. Toxicological Studies

N WC

. E [F . 2008; O . 2010; O . 200; Fz . 2008]. H-, WC , j, 6.6 P [S . 200]. A, , , WC- , [O 200].

A WC - -

. T WC , .

F 0.5 WC z- PM2.5 ( WC ). M - . L - . T WC . A WC 25 / . T

- WC PM2.5 [G . 200].

T z WC , II , - , .I , (.., [IL]-8, IL-6, - [NF-]) , . II NF-, IL-8 IL-6 . T WC

, [P . 200].F - - WC , [W . 2010].


32/106


33/106


III. Review of Cancer

A. Cancer PublicationsA 18 j S

11, 2001,

. S C 1. O 18 ,

S 11, 2001, -

, q -

. O 1 , -

-.

B. Peer-Reviewed Cancer Publications

T - 2 z :

1. Risk Models

L M-

. O

[R 2005]

[N . 2005].

2. Cancer Reviews

S 11, 2001,

[M . 2006; S . 2007]. N S 11, 2001,

, -

.

3. Case Series of Multiple Myeloma

O

S 11, 2001, [M . 200]. I

S 11 N Y C, -

5

(= ) .

C. Non-Peer-Reviewed Cancer Publications

1. Letter to the Editor and Authors Response About Multiple Myeloma

O M

. -

[M 200].


34/106


O - [M

. 200].

2. Other

T -- - .

Table 2. Publications and articles related to peer-reviewed

publications on cancer

Author/

year Study design

Cohort/geography

under study Study results Cancer nding

Moline et.

al. 2009a

Case series 8 Registered WTC

responders (law

enforcement)

Multiple myeloma el-

evated above expected

in WTC responders un-

der 45 years of age; no

epidemiologic analysis

conducted

Greater than

expected #

cases of mul-

tiple myeloma

Miller

2009

Letter to the

editor

Moline et. al. 2009 Response to Moline

2009 paper, noting

potential biases and

selection issues

N/A

Moline et.al. 2009

Response toletter to the

editor

Moline et. al. 2009 Response to Miller,2009, re: potential

bias and selection

issues

N/A

Moline et.

al. 2006

Review

article

WTC responders Review of short and

medium term health

effects and review

of WTC exposures;

author recommended

screening of cohort for

cancer

N/A

(Continued)


35/106


Author/year Study design

Cohort/geographyunder study Study results Cancer nding

Samet et.

al. 2007

Comment N/A Reviews types and

quantities of dust/par-

ticulates likely present

following 9/11/2001,

and evidence of expo-

sures. Discussion of

uncertainties involved

and need to follow

cohorts to monitor for

long-term cancer risk.

N/A

Rayne

2005

Environmen-

tal survey/

Risk assess-

ment

Lower Manhattan Based on window lm

sampling 6 weeks

following WTC attacks,

author estimates that

Lower Manhattan resi-

dents have a slightly

elevated cancer risk

due to exposures to

certain semi-volatile

organic compounds

Increased

cancer risk

predicted by

risk assess-

ment

Nolan et.

al. 2005

Risk assess-

ment

WTC environmental

sampling

Cancer risk associ-

ated with assumedasbestos exposures

for residents of Lower

Manhattan resulting

from the collapse of

the WTC is negligible.

Estimated

excess risk of1 case of can-

cer for Lower

Manhattan

residents

Table 2 (Continued). Publications and articles related to peer-reviewed

publications on cancer


36/106


37/106


IV. Cancer Epidemiology

A. Basic Concepts

T , , . T , , . U , , ; . S - [L 2005]. C, , - . A .

B. Observed Associations and Causal Associations

D S 11, 2001, - . I U S, [ACS 2010]. T S 11, 2001, . D, , S 11, 2001, .

O B H [H 165]. A- 6 , B H - [D 2002].

H , . T z - - [R 2002]. N BH ,

. T B H :

1. Strength

T . B H . I ,


38/106


, (1)

z , (2) , () - [L MM

2005].

2. Consistency

C -

. L , , ; - [L MM 2005].

3. Specicity

S [L- 200]. T ,

( ) - [L MM 2005].

4. Temporality

. T [R 2002].

5. Biological Gradient

B , -

. A , q - [R 18]. S - -

[NRC 200].

6. Plausibility

P . H, .

7. Coherence

C j - .


39/106


8. Experiment

E q: I (..,

), ? P z ,

. A

.

9. Analogy

R ,

. E

z

[L MM 2005].

C. Challenges in Establishing Causal Association

F ,

S 11, 2001, -

.

W , -

j . A , -

U S,

A ,

. O

WC .

M (.., , , )

q ( S 11, 2001,

),

j . T -

.

W

(.., ),

.

A q-

. T WC

C II q (.., z) -

, q z (.., , -

, ). T

.


40/106


41/106


N 60 WC H P- SAC, A (1) -; (2) A F R

. See 2 U.S.C. .00-22()(6)(C).

2. Weighing the Evidence

I , , L, A L .

S 00-22()(5)(B) A . S 00-22()(5)(A) - A , , C C E, - j. All , A only - j.

T A , , - A , , L. W , [W 2005]. S F A .7

7 I P G W V A (8 U.S.C. 1118), S V A . T . I , S N A S, - . I , , S q , , . A

q . S IOM 200 IOM 2010.


42/106


43/106


V. Additional Input

A. Public Input Opportunities

1. Stakeholder Meeting

O M , 2011, NIOSH N Y C J Z /11 H C A 2010. D , 0 , . O L WC-R H C.

S ://..////226. . A .

2. Request for Information

NIOSH Rq I F R M 8, 2011 (V. 76, N. 5, 12,70), Rq M 2,2011 (V. 76, N. 60, 17,21). NIOSH q q WC H P:

1. R , , , z, - S 11, 2001, - , , - ;

2. C C C E WC , , S 11, 2001, ;

. I

.

NIOSH , NIOSHD ( D 227 ://..////227. ).

NIOSH WC H P. T :(1) z (2) .
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/docket226.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/docket227.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/docket227.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/docket226.html


44/106


B. Request for Information Input

1. Organizations

U F A (UFA) - -H W C H P. A - WC .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-02811-R_.

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-02811-R_

.NYS L H S F q NIOSH

. T () WC -

; () ; () - WC .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-0111-M_.

I M F (IMF) , ;

q .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-0211-D_.

T P B A C N Y, I. (PBA) -q , [M 200]. T WC P A

q -

.://../////NIOSH-227/0227-0211-

_.

NYC D H M H 2010 A R- N Y C W C M W G, WC
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Royce_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Royce_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-032811-Romaka_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-032811-Romaka_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-033111-Melius_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-033111-Melius_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Durie_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Durie_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Tramontano_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Tramontano_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Tramontano_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Tramontano_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Durie_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Durie_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-033111-Melius_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-033111-Melius_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-032811-Romaka_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-032811-Romaka_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Royce_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Royce_sub.pdf


45/106


WC .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-02811-F_.

2. Individuals

A NIOSH F Rq WC , , , , .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-01011-P_.

A A O G W S j . A j j .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-0211-M_.

A R D N.NIOSH 227 JP JP2 S 11, 2001, N Y C .

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-0111-P_.

://../////NIOSH-227/0227-01511-P_.

C. Input from WTC Clinical Centers of Excellence and the

WTC Health Registry

T WC P A J , 2011, WC D C-, WC C C E, WC H R q .

I J , 2011, , A (1) , , , ; (2) ; () , () .
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Farley_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Farley_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031011-Polett_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031011-Polett_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Moore_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Moore_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031411-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031411-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031511-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031511-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031511-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031511-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031411-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031411-Prager_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Moore_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042911-Moore_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031011-Polett_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-031011-Polett_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Farley_sub.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-227/0227-042811-Farley_sub.pdf


46/106


T A F D C N

Y, M S S M, N Y C D H

M H W C H R.

1. Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY)8

FDNY , FDNY WC C C E-

FDNY WC D C, q -

, , - -/11

WC ,

WC WC- . W

WC- WC

. F,

(F EMS) - q , .

I FDNY B H S (BHS) -

,

-

.

FDNY -

: 1) q; 2) FDNY

; ) . T

- -/11 . I ,

- 16 N Y S CR (>7%).

W j -

-/11/2001 10,000 .

A /11 -

. A ,

. F, FDNY -

q WC

q -

. O FDNY EMS

.

8 E J H J 21, 2011, D Pz, M.D., C M O S A N Y C F C H P, P I, WC DC, C-D FDNY WC M M P, K K, M.D., CM O, B H S, FDNY, P I, WC C C E, C-D WC M M P.


47/106


, NIOSH - ( -) , EMS .

T , , - , , EMS -. C - FDNY j.

T WC . I , - . I ,

(F EMS) - (.., -), -, z - , , .

2. Mount Sinai School of Medicine9

. A , , , ?

I 200, W C M M P

(WC MMP) M M W C R. T - W C 5. A , . N, - .

C, z 60 , , .P D. P B-, , .

. A ?I J 2010, F D N Y C, N Y C D H R,

E J 22, 2011, J H P J. L, M.D., M.S., E H. WP C, D P M, P P, D, EH C, P I WC M M P WC DC, M S S M, N Y, N Y.


48/106


z , - z z WC .

C, WC MMP N Y S R ( S R- ) N Y S R. A S R WC ( , , ).

F, WC MMP C S

- . W , - - . S .

A, z ( - R). O WC /11. A, WC . I , -

, /1112, .

. A -, () ?

A , D H H S 2011-Q-10 , .

3. World Trade Center Health Registry10

T W C (WC) H R z

WC 71,000 .B ( ) ( ) 20 , R .

10 I J H J 20, 2011, M F, S.D., D WCH R N Y C D H M H.


49/106


50/106


W, J 2010. T 2010 WC M- W G A R.11 I , WC H R -

, .

D. New York State Department of Health12

T WC R F I (RFI) - WC , - . T S 12, 2001 J 0, 200. B , WC .

A WC H R. T 86 ; 81 . C- 5% . B- , PMR . F SMR , .

B , WC - . E

.

11 2010 WC M W G A R ://..////-///2010___..

12 S J H J 20, 2011, K H. G, P.D., M.P.H., C, E S S, B O H, N Y S D H, , N Y.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/news/2010_mwg_annual_report.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/news/2010_mwg_annual_report.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/news/2010_mwg_annual_report.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/news/2010_mwg_annual_report.pdf


51/106


VI. Discussion of Findings

A. Exposure Publications

F S 11, 2001, , WC N Y C 287 .C , , - , , , . S - . T IARC / NP , ; ; ;

; ; ; .A S 11, 2001, . T -, IARC NP , .

A , S 11 - . T

, , q . F, , S 11, 2001, , .

B. Cancer Publications

V S 11, 2001, . O - ( ) [M 200]. L M, [R 2005]

[N . 2005]. T - , . H, S 11, 2001, , - .


52/106


53/106


Appendix A. References

ACS (A C S) [2010]. C 2010. [://..////@///--02628.]. D : J 1, 2011.

B PN, W DL, H JB, S JM, C SN, R J, HS, R K, W M, G A [2005]. A W C . J O E H 2:0005.

B CM, D ML, J, I MG, H PA, S GA [200]. S- M S11 W C . E S 38:5152.

C ME, A EM, S EJ, B LJ [2006]. T /11 - 20 G Z. J A H 39(1):5765.

C R, G R, Sz G, Sz GA, M G, S S, H M, L KE,P G, P B, S C, W S, H P, L P, V JS, B J,B I, G C, M LC, J, T PM, A M [2001]. E- W C S 11, 2001 .U.S. G S O-F R 01-02. [://..//2001/-01-02/]. D : J 1, 2011.

COPC C (C P C) [200]. W C : - - . [://./WC//__-__.]. D : J 1, 2011.

DG L, P MA, T LE, Tj L, M J, W D, F M, B RM[2008]. P , PSD, L M- 2 S 11, 2001 . J S 21():2627.

DG L, N Y, B RM, P P, G S [2011]. L- -

,271 S 11, 2001, W C. A J E 173():271281.

D R [2002]. P : . P- B M 45:515.

D , N DI, S K, L J, C-B M, F M [2005].T . A J I M 48(6):11.
http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdfhttp://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdfhttp://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/http://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_concern_benchmark_study.pdfhttp://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_concern_benchmark_study.pdfhttp://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_concern_benchmark_study.pdfhttp://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_concern_benchmark_study.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdfhttp://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdfhttp://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdf


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E DL, K CD [1]. P . I K CD, W IIIJB, . C D : . 5 . N Y:MG-H C, I.

E P, O J, P J, C SP, G J, J R, B B, C A, W, F D, B S, B B, L BD, K K, Pz D [200]. B- N Y C W C . E H P 111:106111.

E SM, R MAK, S CJ, C AMS, M CA, S C [200]. D ? E S 11, 2001. BMC P- H 9:252.

F DM, B SL, B BP, L BD, B G, A N, KKJ, Pz DJ [200]. S, , N Y C W C . C125():1256126.

F EM, L Y, G E, G J, F-S S, L PJ, B GI, W- M, K KJ, Pz DJ [200]. I N Y C - W C . E H P 112:156156.

Fz SD, R WK, E B W, D AB, O CM [2008].P -- S- 11, 2001, : - . J V D I

20():778.

F PR, P B, E JG [2008]. A j, - , - N Y P D - S 11, 2001, W C . J AV M A 233(1):85.

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B PN, W DA, H S, R K, H J, S JM, W M,G A [2002]. A W C . E13():28.

B A [2010]. L /11. E H P 118(6):A25.

C A, C SS, P KD, B GS, L R [200]. V WC : A ? A P A C S 226:108ENVR.

C A, C SS, S JF, K PB, B G, P KD [2002]. A W C . A P A C S 224:161PHYS.

C L, C M, Mjz P, C B, H M, K M, L M,C M, T G [2002]. Cz W C - . E13():2.

C SN, G A, R J, W S, R S, S JD, B P, K PL[2002]. C W C (WC) NYC . E13():20.


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C SN, G AS, L DK, C EM, C DA [200]. W C

E C D: A q

N Y C . A P A C S 226:17ENVR.

C RN [2002]. USGS E S W C A, N

Y C, S 11, 2001. D 06/25/2011.

C RN, G RO [2001]. E W C

S 11, 2001 . D 06/25/2011.

C L [200]. F . E H P 111(16):A86.

C BS, H MSA, Hz Y [200]. F W

C . A P A C S 226:11ENVR.

C EA, G LC [2007]. C P /11 : J D,

M C, H , O P [C 6/8 (2007) 120

125]. C 6(8):1012; 116.

D J, C M, H, P O [2007]. R E

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C : R J D, M-

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Hz RE [2010]. O W

C . C A A R 10():2872.

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. C O A C I 11(2):7102.

Hz RE, S MR, C JM [2010]. O -

: . C A A R 10(2):778.

D JG [200]. C : W C. E H P 117(1):A1; A115.

E A, F J, G R, C N, M P, R C, O D, E S,

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W C. [://..///WC__7.

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.///____.]. D

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EPA [2005]. W C R D C P. [://.

.///____.]. D

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F DM, E P, B S, M C, B B, L BD, K KJ, P-

z DJ [2002]. H , N

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F N, N A, R WN, C AL, Pz DJ, W MD [2010]. S

W C (WC) :

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M 181(1):A1252.

G SH, H-C N, C L, C MD, C DL [200]. R -

. S 72:287.

G PG [200]. P

WC . S 72:285.

G A, XG, G R, M J, A L, Z P, H D, L A, B

P [200]. H

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G AS, C S, W D, H J, S J, W M, B P [200].E W C- . S 72:286.

G AS, C S, W DA, H J, S JM, W M, B P[2002]. E W C D S. E13():2.

G L, F , A K, C LC, G KH, K EJ, Kz S, L- PJ, L RR, Pz D, Rj R, R J, S MS, T L [200]. 200 /11 . 200 A R /11 H:12.

G L, F , A K, C M, D J, G KH, G C, K EJ,L PJ, L RR, Pz D, Rj R, R J, S P, S MS [2010].2010 /11 . 2010 A R /11 H:11.

G L, F R, A K, C LC, G KH, K EJ, Kz S,L PJ, L RR, M RD, Pz D, Rj R, R J, R D, SMS, T L [2008]. 2008 /11 . 2008 A R /11H:125.

G LD, P JP, Gz A [200]. A /. S 72:288.

H RM, D, E GS, M C, N A [2002]. H z

: HEA-2002-008-2870, 26 F Pz, N Y, N Y. [://../////2002-008-2870.]. D 06/25/2011.

H BL, Sz B, L JH, Pz D, W M, K KJ [200]. C . N E J M 348(1):7677.

H NH, C P, K A, F IM [2005]. A P-210 z WC . H P 89(1):S0S0.

H E, X X, B P [2010]. D : A . O G S65(11):71728.

Hz Y, C SN, Mjz P [200]. M z - W C . A PA C S 226:11ENVR.

H MSA, H SI, L R, P PA, C BS, C LC, T G [200].A WC . A P A C S226:12ENVR.


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H R, S G, Mz K, L PJ, M J, S D, A, L SM,B S, U I [2007]. WC - : H . . EH P 115(2):A72A7.

H J, F R, S M, S J, B P, G A [2002]. P - W C D S.E13():27.

H J, S M, S J, B P, G A [2002]. R - W C : D. E13():26.

H J [2008]. T /11 W C : . M S J M75(2):6566.

H M, M C, Pz G, F S [2008]. D M -. A J E 167(11):S105S105.

K HD, S D [2010]. C : S - W C -. J E S E E 20():.

K G, Lz G, B R, Q ZM, B L, Y M, R A [200].P N Y C 18 W C . E15():S12S12.

K M, B D, C LC [2002]. SEM z WC :I . E13():21.

K B [2006]. W O L R? E (NY) 2(5):.

K K, A CH, C RW, H A [2006]. F z M . E (NY) 2(5):0007.

L JH [200]. C W C . N E J M 348(1):7677; 7677.

L JH [2001]. H W C ? I B E 10(6):6.

L JH [200]. H W C: H ? J O E M 45(5):6566.

L JH [2002]. H : ? I H 18(2):107108.


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L R, B G, C [200]. Cz M-

WC . A P A C S 226:25ENVR.

L WJ, B R, H MA, H PC [200]. C - N Y C W C (WC)

. C 124():215S215S.

L SM, H R, M J [2006]. H W C -. L C 54:6.

L S [2008]. M C S A R H

A R L N F W C. E19(6):S8S8.

L S, R J, B J, H SA, Gz M, Fz E [200]. U -

S 11 . E15():S127S127.

L S, R J, J RR, H SA, H A, Gz MI, Fz EF [2005].L . A S 11. A J

E 162(6):511512.

L PJ, C NE [200]. O T W C. A P A C

S 226:106ENVR.

L PJ, G M [2002]. L , , - W C. A J I M 42(6):560565.

L HA, M GP, B IK [2005]. A B R

D W C S C U S E M- X- M. [://..//2005/107/]. D

06/25/2011.

L N [2008]. WC .

E S 42():12.

M M, Kz A, z ML, P SS, C S CE, W D, L M, R

L, M M, R J [2010]. P z W C . AJ R C C M 181(1):A61.

Mjz P, Z R, H JS, T GD, C LC [200]. Cz

z- W C . A P A C S 226:10ENVR.


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M MA [200]. I : S

- . S72:28.

M JL, G D, M J [200]. I- : -

. NIOSH F G R. PB2005-10520

M C J, C I, V S, C S CE, Kz A, P SS, z M,L M, W D, M M, R J [2010]. P

, . A J R C C M181(1):A688.

M JS [2001]. NIEHS W C . E H P-

109(11):A526527.

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Y, SO, 2001. MMWR M M W R 51(21):556.

M G, P G, S S, L P, Z , Sz G, H , C R,B I, G C, L H [200]. M z

W C . A P A C S 226:1

ENVR.

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S W C D U S E M PC q. [://..//2005/101/]. D 06/25/2011.

M GP, L PJ, L M, L HA [2010]. R H K D S

W C . J EA E E 20(6):12.

M A [200]. A 2001 W C . JAMA

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M A [2008]. I W C .E H P 116(7):A286.

M A [2007]. L WC - . E H P

115(2):A7172; A727.

M A [2007]. S, , S-L . C 132(6):205205.


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M A [200]. W C M M: P R O? J O- E M 51(12):157157.

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M JM, H R, C L, K, H E, S G, U I, L B,W S, L P, Sz DA [200]. W C M M:P R O? R. J O E M 51(12):157158.

N B [200]. R W C . A J R C CM 168(1):2.

N B [200]. W C . A J R C CM 169(7):885885.

NIOSH [2002]. P W C . R N I O S H. [://..//02-1.]. D 06/25/2011.

P P, S , H L, H D, Wz G [2006]. W C S 11, 2001 A: I P S F.[://--..//200.]. D 06/25/2011.

P P, S M, H L, Wz GJ [2002]. W C- D: I . A P A C S 223:026NUCL.

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P MA [2008]. M. P . A J P165(2):262.

P JP, G LD, H AH, V AF [200]. E - (PM) W C . A P A C S226:16ENVR.

P J [2002]. I W C . A OE H 17(2):885.

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Pz D, K K, J B, P D, F D, B S, M CA, BB, L B, S L, BA R, H B [2002]. U W C N Y C, S 2001.

MMWR M M W R 51(SP):68.

Pz DJ, B GI [200]. W C . A JR C C M 169(7):8888.

Q ZM, R G, B L, E P, K G, Y M, R A, PR [200]. A S 11: A 6 N Y - . E15():S121S122.

S PD [2002]. W C A . N E J M 347(11):8082.

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S M, H RS, P PP, Wz GJ, H DK, H L, R RL,W PG [2002]. E W C. [://..///q88667]. D 06/25/2011.

S RF [200]. W C. C /11 . S 301(560):16.

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S J [2002]. R q W C . JAMA 288(10):1211221.

Sz E, S L, V D [2002]. M S 11, 2001. E13():2.

Sz AM, K M, M PF, PA, N MS, P H, M F, AY, L DH, C H [200]. C S 11, 2001, - R. J A C I- 114():80.


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X, M J, A L, D K, S M, G A [2006]. T

: R -

20 . E

17(6):S512S51.

L, W K, M C, B S [2005]. H z :

HEA-2002-005-255, M A N Y C, N Y

C, N Y. [://../////2002-005-255.]. D

06/25/2011.

T PA, B R, Tj L, C S, DG L, T L, S SD,

H K [200]. W C D A : T . R-

. E H P 117(2):A57A57.

T G, Mjz P, L R, H JS, C LC [200]. I -z W C

S 11. E14(5):S87S88.

T GD, Mjz P, L R, H JS, H SI, C LC [200]. N

W C

L M S 11. A P A C S 226:1ENVR.

DB [200]. H W C: H

? R. J O E M 45(5):6666.

, B S, Pz DJ, B GI, N B [200]. W C . A J R C C M 169(7):8888;

88885.

V A, L M, Sz E, W R, LP D, Kz M, F J, W L,

E , V D [2002]. C PM z

M WC. E13():25.

V D, G S [2005]. I : C

L M

S 11, 2001. A J E 162(6):508510.

W C [2008]. A WC : -. E H P 116(10):A0.

W MD, F N, N A, R WN, C A, G J, Z S, G

R, B K, Cz K, B A, G L, L R, Z O R, W M, Pz

DJ [200]. W C j . A J

R C C M 179(1):A5852.


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W CP, L PJ, M J, E S, V D, O J, B B, B,Z M, C MD, P C, Y I, S R, C G, J W, A S,W C, C LC [2002]. Cz /

W C (WC) . E13():2.

W MS, SL, L PJ, S RM, G P, L W, Bz GS[200]. E W C /11.E15()S120S120.

Z G [200]. W C . E H P117(2):A5657.


87/106


Appendix C. Cancer-Related Publications

and Articles

A. Peer-Reviewed Publications

M J, H R, N N [2006]. H q S 11 W C : . C I 24():201.

M JM, H R, C L, K, H E, S G, U I, L B,W S, L P, Sz DA [200]. M W C: . J O E M 51(8):8602.

N RP, R M, N GL, A CW, O JP, D SG, P B, W R[2005]. R - /11 W

C. J O E M 47(8):817825.

R S [2005]. U PCDD/F N Y C, USA, W C -. J Hz M 127(1):.

S JM, G AS, U MJ [2007]. T W C . N E JM 356(22):22226.

B. Editorial Letters

M A [200]. W C : ? J O- E M 51(12):157; 157158.

M JM, H R, C L, K, H E, S G, U I, L B,W S, L P, Sz DA [200]. W C : ? R. J O E M 51(12):157158.

C. Abstracts, Articles Mentioning Cancer, and Student Thesis

Hz RE, S MR, C JM [2010]. O - : . C A A R 10(2):778.

H E [2001]. T W C : . LO2(11):652652.

P F, R V, W R, L S, M R, J W, K P, CD, A H, Oj M, D [2006]. I , , . E17(6):S12S12.

S BD [2010]. A W C .


88/106


89/106


Appendix D. Cancer Classication Systems

A. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks

to Humans13

T I A R C (IARC) W HOz UN z-, . IARC , . T A , , , . O IARC M . T M , IARC .

A : () () . EM - - . M . I M-, , , .

T j . I z, M- .

S M . T W G -. I S . R - , .O IARC . T IARC S

IARC . T .

A W G, M (://..) IARC .

1D ://../ENG/P/CP..
http://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/index.htmlhttp://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/index.htmlhttp://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/CurrentPreamble.pdfhttp://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/CurrentPreamble.pdfhttp://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/index.htmlhttp://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/index.html


90/106


R IARC z

,

PM. M

IARC

. T W G IARC z

. IARC W G

, .

S -

: , , ( ) ,

. R, z . C

.

T

: (1) S ; (2) L

; () Iq ; () E -

.

T

: (1) S ; (2) L -

; () Iq ; () E -

.

M j -

M. T - , , -

, , ,

, .

F, , -

. T

, . T

z j

.

Group 1. Carcinogenic to Humans

T .

E,

, -

.


91/106


Group 2A. Probably Carcinogenic to Humans

T

. I , q -

. E,

. A -

, ,

G A G 2A.

Group 2B. Possibly Carcinogenic in Humans

T . I

q

. I , q -

. A

.

Group 3. Not Classiable as to Its Carcinogenicity to Humans

T -

q q .

E, q

. A

. A G -

. I , -

.

Group 4. Probably Not Carcinogenic to Humans

T -

. I ,

q ,

,

, .


92/106


B. U.S. National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens14

T N P (NP) R C (RC) -

, -, , z . T RC - :

1. C, ,

/ ;

2. P ;

. F .

T RC S 01()() P H S A, -

, S D H H S- :

1. A () [ ] [] ; () U S ;

2. I ;

. A () -, , F ; () , , F

, , , , , , , ;

. A () q

, , () S , , q.

N RC ,: q F R , NP

U , ; - NP E C; NP; NP R, IARCM E C R C H,

C E P A C L,

1 T NP : ://.../?j=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E22B18C250 NP 12 R C.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540


93/106


. T RC q

U S ; ,

.

M

-

. T - -

RC. M

z, IARC L, F, E P-

A S C, U.S. F .

B

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wtc zadroga cancer study

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