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GESTALT THERAPY
Gestalt???Its meaning cannot be described in English.It could be
- pattern- configuration- form- whole
“A figure in relation to background”
GESTALT THERAPY
SENSATION Fore-contact
WITHDRAWAL or organism at rest
SATISFACTION or post-contact & Gestalt completion
AWARENESS of emerging social /
biological need: fore-contact phase
Choice of & implementation of appropriate ACTION phase of contact
Full & vibrant FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION & excitement
phase of contact The cycle of Gestalt
formation & destruction
GESTALT THERAPY
A Gestalt Cycle
Key ConceptsGESTALT THERAPY
Field theoryPhenomenology
Contact & resistance to contact
Unfinished businessAvoidance
Layers of neurosis
Key ConceptsField Theory: Individual cannot be separated from envt.
Phenomenology: Seeking an understanding based on what is given, obvious, comprehensible to senses, not on interpretations & meanings by observer
Contact & Resistance to Contact: Resistance to healthy interaction between self & envt. through defense mechanisms
Unfinished Business: Unexpressed feelings
Avoidance: Evasion of the unfinished & expressing undesirable feelings
Layers of neurosis: Creating layers to prevent contact
GESTALT THERAPY
Contact & Resistance to ContactGESTALT THERAPY
DesensitizationDeflection
IntrojectionProjection
RetroflectionEgotism
Confluence
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
GESTALT THERAPY
Boundary Disturbances or Interruptions
• Desensitization: Avoiding /experiencing / minimising sensations
• Deflection: Avoiding sensation from making meaningful impact
• Introjection: Being ruled by internalised shoulds• Projection: Seeing in others what one
acknowledges in oneself
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
• Retroflection: (to turn sharply back) Doing to oneself instead of doing to others; doing to oneself what one wanted to have done to oneself by others
• Egotism: Blocking spontaneity by control; spectatoring; conscious of mirror image
• Confluence: Dysfunctional closeness; two persons behaving as one.
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
(Minimising Sensation)Avoids experiencing himself or the
environment. Sensations & feelings of self are diluted, disregarded, neglected.
E.g. Thirsty person swallowing water & watching TV desensitising against kinaesthetic relief.
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Desensitization
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
A. (Avoiding Sensations / Meaningful Impact)Turn aside from direct contact, reducing
one’s awareness of environmental contact making it vague generalised and bland, avoiding eye contact.
E.g. “Do you love me?” “What do you think I do?”
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Deflection
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
(Being ruled by Internalised “shoulds”) Justifing alien ideas / feelings as part of self ignoring own needs; lacking self-directedness
E.g. “You must always work hard.” Maxims, parental statements
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Introjection
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
(Seeing in Others what I Don’t Acknowledge in Myself ) Parts of our own personality, not experienced as such, but attributed to objects / persons in the envt.
E.g. “He hates me!”Prejudice, shadow qualities
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Projection
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
(Doing to Self Instead to the Other)
Wanted to have done for you by others.Self-castigation with inward directed hostility. E.g. A person may give to himself the attention, love and care which was not given by the parents.
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Retroflection
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
(Blocking Spontaneity by Control)Stepping outside of self and becoming a spectator or a commentator on himself and his relationship with the envt.E.g. Instead of mobilising on hearing her baby’s crying a mother may spend time congratulating herself on her sharp hearing.
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Egotism
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
( Dysfunctional Closeness)Organism and envt. are not differentiated from each other. Merging with another individual without boundaries. Some confluence in relationships can be beneficial.E.g. Empathetic understanding of a partner’s bereavement.
GESTALT THERAPY
Disturbances inGestalt Cycle:
Confluence
SENSATION
WITHDRAWAL
SATISFACTION
AWARENESS
ACTION
FINAL CONTACT
MOBILIZATION
SELF
PROJECTION
EGOTISM
DESENSITISATION
CONFLUENCE DEFLECTION
RETROFLECTION
INTROJECTION
The Commerce of Resistance• Projection: Abdicates responsibility in directing energy to self.
Disowns aspects of self, ascribes to envt.,
• Introjection: Invests energy passively, accepts what envt. provides him.
• Deflection: Invests energy randomly with no focus; hit & miss with envt.
• Retroflection: Invests energy intrapersonally; abandons efforts to separate self from envt.
• Confluence: Invests little energy; permits envt. to take along self without choice; “Others decide, I abide”.
Goals of Therapy
Restoration of awareness Integration of conflicting dimensions
within the personality
GESTALT THERAPY
Dr VINOD CHEBBI, Bangalore
How?Reliving the past in the “now” and
while describing it in
dialogical form.
GESTALT THERAPY
Expression of a
Conflict
Therapeutic Process
Emergence of the problem Working with external polarities Working with internal polarities Integration Homework
GESTALT THERAPY
External dialogue to dramatize inner conflict & its associated feelings to awareness.
Therapeutic Process2. Working with External Polarities
Self Vs Other
Create dialogue between the two internal aspects and dramatize with tension.
Therapeutic Process3. Working with Internal Polarities
Me Vs Me
Therapeutic Process4. Integration
• Reorganization &re-perception of prob.
• Expression of authentic emotions
• Encourage client to describe, not explain.• Attend to moment-to-moment awareness of elements of the field. • Emphasize on the subjective, not objective.• Attempt to be fully present.• Convey that you comprehend & accept client’s experience;• Vigilantly attend to the impact of each intervention made.•Avoid asking, ‘Why?’
Conducting TherapyGESTALT THERAPY
Asking Questions
What does your dizziness seem to tell you? Can you give a shape, form and colour to your
headache? If a conversation can go on between your right
leg and left leg, what would they say to each other?
If you were to address your dead father what would you talk to him?
Supposing you were free from problem, how would you have talked to yourself?
.........
GESTALT THERAPY
Pay attention to client’s…
• Gait, posture• Words, language pattern, nuances• Feelings, thoughts, attitude• Voice, pitch, tone, feelings• Facial expression, eye movements• Gesture, body language• Non-verbal expression
GESTALT THERAPY
Techniques of Gestalt Therapy• Dialogue exercises• Making the round• Owning up responsibility• Playing the projection• Role reversal• Role rehearsal• Exaggerating exercise• Staying with the feeling• Integration of dreams• Psycho-drama
GESTALT THERAPY
Healing Completion of Gestalt cycle
Development of authentic feelings
Resolution of problem
GESTALT THERAPY
Liberation of energy
Homework Assignment
Books1. Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of Theory and Practice; Erving & Miriam Polster (Vintage)
2. Psychotherapies in Counselling: D. John Anthony; Anugraha Publ)
(Asian Trading Corporation, Ph: 080 25487444, 25490444)
3. Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and practice (Ed) Ansel Woldt & Sara Toman (Sage publ.)
4. Gestalt Counselling in Action: Petruska Clarkson (Sage)
5. Creative Process in Gestalt Therapy: Joseph Zinker (Vintage)