writing your research paper. using sources direct quotations direct quotations –do not just string...

Writing Your Writing Your Research PaperResearch Paper

Using SourcesUsing Sources

Direct QuotationsDirect Quotations– Do not just string quotes togetherDo not just string quotes together– Integrate your notes into your own Integrate your notes into your own

statementsstatements How many?How many?

– Safe rule of thumb – unless the Safe rule of thumb – unless the subject of your paper is an author’s subject of your paper is an author’s style, quote no more than 10 percentstyle, quote no more than 10 percent

Documenting in the Documenting in the Social Sciences: APA Social Sciences: APA StyleStyle Similar to MLA – uses Similar to MLA – uses

Parenthetical CitationsParenthetical Citations

Works Cited (MLA)Works Cited (MLA)

==Reference Sheet (APA) Reference Sheet (APA)


Author’s Name (comma)Author’s Name (comma)+ +

Date of Publication (comma)Date of Publication (comma)+ +

Page Number(s)Page Number(s)++

Parentheses Parentheses = =

Parenthetical Documentation (APA)Parenthetical Documentation (APA)

Parenthetical Citations Parenthetical Citations

When including the author’s name in the When including the author’s name in the sentencesentence– The date goes after the author’s nameThe date goes after the author’s name– The page number goes after the quoteThe page number goes after the quote

According to Jones (1998), "Students According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). (p. 199).

Parenthetical Citations Parenthetical Citations

When placing the author’s name When placing the author’s name after the quote use this basic formatafter the quote use this basic format– (author’s name, date, page numbers) (author’s name, date, page numbers)

She stated, "Students often had She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.an explanation as to why.


When citing multiple authorsWhen citing multiple authors– Replace and with an ampersand (&) Replace and with an ampersand (&)

in a parenthetical citation in a parenthetical citation (Gardner & Smith, 1991)(Gardner & Smith, 1991)

– Do not replace and if it is not a Do not replace and if it is not a parenthetical citationparenthetical citation Gardner and Smith (1991) believe… Gardner and Smith (1991) believe…


When citing works by three or When citing works by three or more authorsmore authors– use all authors’ names (followed by use all authors’ names (followed by

the date) for the 1the date) for the 1stst reference reference– but in the 2but in the 2ndnd and subsequent and subsequent

references use the abbreviation references use the abbreviation et et al.al. after the author’s name after the author’s name

Source APA Citation

No Author (Short Title, 2000) (“Short Article,” 2000)

1 Author (Smith, 2000) (Smith, 2000, p.123)

2 Author (Adams & Baca, 2000, pp. 123-145)

3-5 Authors

(Adams, Baca, & Car, 2000) Next Cite: (Adams et al., 2000)

6+ Authors

(Jones et al., 2001)

No Date (Smith, n.d.)

Chapter (Smith 2000, chap. 3)

Message (A.B. Smith, personal communication, January 23, 2001)

Multiple (Able, 2000; Baca, 1950; Car 1975)

List of ReferencesList of References

Create your list of references on its Create your list of references on its own page after the last page of your own page after the last page of your texttext

Center the title “References” one Center the title “References” one inch from the top of the page inch from the top of the page

Double spaceDouble space Alphabetize the list of references by Alphabetize the list of references by

the last name of the authorsthe last name of the authors– If the work has no author or editor, If the work has no author or editor,

alphabetize the work by the first word of alphabetize the work by the first word of the title (excluding A, An, or The). the title (excluding A, An, or The).


Book with one authorBook with one author

– Carter. J (2005). Carter. J (2005). Our Our endangered valuesendangered values. New . New York: Simon & Schuster. York: Simon & Schuster.


Book with two or Book with two or more authorsmore authors

– Hick, S. P., & Donahue, J. G. Hick, S. P., & Donahue, J. G.

List of References List of References

Anonymous or unknown Anonymous or unknown author (common in author (common in newspapers): newspapers):

– Caffeine linked to mental Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, July 13). illness. (1991, July 13). New New York Times,York Times, pp. B13, B15. pp. B13, B15.


Web pageWeb page

– Dewey, R. A. (2002). Dewey, R. A. (2002). Psych Web Psych Web by Russ Dewey.by Russ Dewey. Retrieved Retrieved January 25, 2003 from January 25, 2003 from http://www .psywww.com/ http://www .psywww.com/


Newsletter/Newsletter/newspaper articlesnewspaper articles

– Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). My Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). My research with oranges. research with oranges. The The Psychology Department Psychology Department Newsletter, 3,Newsletter, 3, 2. 2.


Magazine articleMagazine article

– Gardner, H. (1991, Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do babies sing a December). Do babies sing a universal song? universal song? Psychology Psychology Today,Today, 70-76. 70-76.

Footnotes Footnotes

Do not use footnotes to cite your Do not use footnotes to cite your references, use Parenthetical references, use Parenthetical Citations Citations

Only use footnotes for Only use footnotes for explanatory (content) notes explanatory (content) notes – Would be distracting or inappropriate Would be distracting or inappropriate

to include in the body of the paperto include in the body of the paper

The footnote should only express The footnote should only express one idea.one idea.

Title Page Title Page

IncludesIncludes– In the upper right-hand corner of In the upper right-hand corner of

each page, include a 1-2 word each page, include a 1-2 word version of your title (running head). version of your title (running head). Follow with five spaces and then Follow with five spaces and then the page number.the page number.

– title, byline, and affiliation vertically title, byline, and affiliation vertically and horizontally centeredand horizontally centered

PlagiarismPlagiarism

“… “… use of facts, opinions, and use of facts, opinions, and language taken from another language taken from another writer without acknowledgment.” writer without acknowledgment.”

Changing a few words or phrases Changing a few words or phrases is not enough to make it your ownis not enough to make it your own

Quotation marks are necessary if Quotation marks are necessary if using another writer’s language using another writer’s language

Helpful Website Helpful Website

The Owl at Purdue The Owl at Purdue – http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ohttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/o

wl/resource/560/01/wl/resource/560/01/

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