writing seminar research project (mrp1014) · writing seminar research project (mrp1014) ... •use...

Speaker: DR. SITI NUR SAKINAH BINTI JAMALUDIN

Date:

25 November 2015

WRITING SEMINAR RESEARCH PROJECT (MRP1014)

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Your first impression about WRITING??

Essay

Technical report/ Journal

Thesis

Diploma (<50

references)

Degree

(>50 references)

MsC

(100-150 references)

Phd

(>200 references)

OUTLINES

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Literature Review

• Methodology

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusion

• References

• Appendices

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ABSTRACT

First impression of your report/ thesis!

What is an abstract?

Simple summary of a

report or thesis

Published in isolation

from the main text

Stand on its own

Understandable without reference

to the whole report/thesis

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What are the contents in an abstract?

Contents in an

excellent abstract

Motivation

Aim/ purpose

Methodology

Results Conclusion

Value/ innovation

Implication

Aims of the research

How are the aims achieved?

Include the main method used for

the research?

Findings from the research (Refer to the analysis and

discussion)

New achievements?

Original statement

Are the aims achieved or not?

Concluding remarks from the research

What are the limitation of the research?

Future recommendation?

Contribution?

Precise background lead to the research implementation

The composition of hydroxyapatite (HA) as the ceramic phase and titanium (Ti) as the metallic phase in HA/Ti functionally graded materials (FGMs) shows an excellent combination of high biocompatibility and high mechanical properties in a structure. Because the gradation of these properties is one of the factors that affects the response of the functionally graded (FG) plates, this paper is presented to show the domination of the grading parameter on the displacement and stress distribution of the plates. A three dimensional (3D) thermomechanical model of a 20-node brick quadratic element is used in the simulation of the thermo-elastic behaviours of HA/Ti FG plates subjected to constant and functional thermal, mechanical, and thermomechanical loadings. The convergence properties of the present results are examined thoroughly in order to assess the accuracy of the theory applied and to compare them with the established research results. Instead of the grading parameter, this study reveals that the loading field distribution can be another factor that reflects the thermo-elastic properties of the HA/Ti FG plates. The FG structure is found to be able to withstand the thermal stresses while preserving the high toughness properties and thus shows its ability to operate at high temperature.

Example of an abstract Motivation

Conclusion Value/implication

Aim

Methodology

Verification Result

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INTRODUCTION

Background of study

Problem statement

Objectives of research

Scopes

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Contents in background of

study

Review of the area being researched

Current information surrounding the

issue

Previous studies on the issue

Relevant history on the issue

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Three simple steps in writing background of study:

DATA GATHERING

Browsing applicable sources/input

Related books, encyclopaedias, journals, news papers and magazines

SELECTION OF INFORMATION

Employ most credible and accurate sources (Data filtration)

Delivers the most authentic, relevant and compelling information to support the report/ thesis

EVALUATION OF INFORMATION

The most persuasive statement from the filtered data

The most strong arguments and undeniable facts that can be a promising factor for the success of the research

Example of a background of study One of the most significant activities that any operator can do with his machine is to ensure it is properly lubricated. The understanding of lubrication definition is crucial before any further steps are done.

The word ‘lubricate’ means to put oil, etc. onto or into something so that it works smoothly. Moreover, the word ‘lubricant’ means a substance, for example oil, that makes the parts of machine work easily and smoothly (Steel, 2006).

In order for the operator to lubricate successfully, a basic understanding of a lubricant’s function is necessary. A lubricant whether it is oil or grease, can at any time perform up to six basic functions simultaneously. These functions are reducing friction, reduce wear, absorb shock, reduce temperature, minimize corrosion and seal out contaminants (Bannister, 1996).

These days, the lubrication process in industry has become dominant as most of the manufacturing company use machine to operate certain processes. Accurate lubrication process not only speeding up the machining process, but also provide many advantages to the manufacturing industry. In view of the fact that the purchase and disposal of spent lubricants is becoming increasingly expensive, lubrication reuse process is a viable option for minimizing cost.

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How to write problem statement?

State current problem

State desired/ future needs

Combine the current and future statements

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Answer DOES/ DOES NOT (Who, what, when, where, how?)

• Focus on one problem • State in one or two sentences • Does not suggest a solution

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Example of a problem statement

Currently, the company has to spend approximately

RM1,596.00 to purchase one drum of Yushiro Cut Abas KZ352 which

is equivalent to 200 litres. The CNC machine needs approximately 200

litres of lubricant each month. Consequently, the company is required

to spend at least RM1569.00 per month only for that lubricant.

Annually, the company is required to spend RM18,828.00 to ensure

efficient supply of lubricant. In order to save the lubricant cost, the

company maintain to adding up the lubricants 200 litres which is the

minimum level for the CNC machine. Therefore, this study of lubricant

reuse is initiated to benefit the company on cost spend to the lubricants.

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What is an objective?

Aim

Target

Focus

How many objectives are preferred? For Diploma level, two objectives are sufficient

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Example of objectives

The main objective of this study is to propose separation concept of chips

and lubricants at CNC machine.

or

The aim of this study is to propose filtering concept of chips from

lubricant for CNC machine. The objectives are:

i. To design a magnetic filter to filter lubricants for the purpose of

reuse

ii. To test the functionality of the magnetic filter

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Scopes How the objectives are going to be achieved?

Concise and clear

Boundary/ limitation of the research

work

Give a view of the

project

Specific in the scope statement

S Specific

M Measurable

A Agreed upon

R Realistic

T Time bound

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Example of scopes The scopes of this study are stated as below:

i. Concept of Autonomous Maintenance – Only cover Step 3 of

Autonomous Maintenance focusing on initiative to improve the

lubrication management.

ii. Lubrication Management – This study is done on CNC machine at

Deep Hole Drilling Machine located at the crankshaft line.

iii. Design and prototype – Cover the basic conceptualization and

prototyping of isolating lubricants and chips.

This project interfere to focus on separation concept which able to isolate

lubricants and chips.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

What is literature review? A description of the literature relevant to a particular field/ topic

Not in itself primary research, but reports on other findings

Gives an overview

of

who the key writers are

what are the hypotheses

what methods

are appropriate

what questions are being

asked

what has been said

theoretical, proven experimental simulation result

key issues

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How to develop a literature review?

Identify problem area

Survey source of information

Formulate research question

Construct research design

Specify sources of data

Specify data collection & data analysis

Execute LR plan

Collect data based on the research title

Evaluate results and draw conclusions A Member Of

How to structure your literature review?

One thought

about the research

Find gap/ differences of the broad ideas

Literature on general information of the topic

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In-text citation rules • Use the Past Tense or Present Perfect when using signal phrases

to describe earlier research

• Example

• Jones (1998) found …

• Jones (1998) has found ...

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In-text citation rules • Follow the author-date method

• A complete reference should appear in the reference list

• Include the name of the author/s (cited papers) in the text

• Example:

• Janes, 1998

• Janes and Ruddy, 1998

• Janes et al., 1998

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In-text citation rules • Style of citation:

• Copy whole of sentence then cite the author’s name or

• Cite author’s name at the first place

• Example: • As refer to Melton(2004)..

• Melton (2004) describes..

• According to Harlina et. al (2014)..

• Nazrul and Safiza had believed (2014)..

• et. al in Latin means “and others”

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In-text citation rules • Use a direct quotation

• Include the Author, and Year as part of the citation

• The quotation marks incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence

• A quotation must be less than 40 words

• Example

Patients receiving prayers had “less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently incubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988).

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In-text citation rules • For the more than 40 words quotation

• Include in text without quotation marks • apart from the surrounding text, in “block” format • Use (…) to indicate where you have omitted the author’s irrelevant words

• Example

Referring to communicative competence, Savignon (1997) says: communicative competence is the expression, interpretation, and negotiation of meaning; and communicative competence is always context specific, requiring the simultaneous, integrated use of grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence”(p.225)

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Characteristics of good LR

relevant to your research

aims

clear, interesting, progressive

provides evidence of

in-depth critical

evaluation

highlights emerging

issues

cites a variety of relevant

sources properly

to build coherent/ logical picture

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Sources of LR

Proceedings

Articles (newspaper,

research)

Journals Books and manuals

Relevance 10 years for journals Updated edition for books

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Common issue in LR- PLAGIARISM! Copy and paste data from the original sources

Use proper paraphrasing

Keep the bibliographical

information

acknowledge the source

careful notes of your source

Use quotation marks

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Reference style

Use APA Standard

Journals

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Vol

(no), pages.

Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the internal dynamics of

leadership teams. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research,

55, 179-188.

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Examples

1. Hoogwijk M., “On the global and regional potential of renewable

energy sources”, Utrecht: Department for Science, Technology and

Society, Copernicus Institute, University Utrecht; 2004.

2. EEA Report No. 7/2006, “How much bio energy can produce

Europe without harming the environment?”, European Environment

Agency, Copenhagen, 2006, pp 67.

3. National Green Technology Policy. Ministry of Energy, Green

Technology and Water. http://www.ktak.gov.my.

4. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia – PTM (Malaysia Energy Centre).

www.ptm.org.my.

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Books

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (Edition). Location: Publisher.

Taylor, S. E. (2003). Health psychology (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

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Electronic sources

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from

source.

American Psychological Association. (2003). Electronic references.

Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

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http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html









METHODOLOGY

A guideline system for solving a problem, with

specific components

tasks

phases

methods

techniques

tools

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How to write methodology?

METHODOLOGY support each

step in sentences

Interpret the framework of the project in term of

flow chart

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Example of Flow Chart START

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

DECISION

IMPROVEMENT IDENTIFICATION

IMPROVEMENT EXECUTION

Acceptable

Unacceptable

END

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How to collect data?

Archives

Observation

Questionnaires

Interviews

Documentary evidence

Experiments

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What you need to identify? Flow of the project execution (product, survey and etc.)

Equipment, machine, material

Cost, budget calculation

Design, measurement, technical parts

Project verification method, technique

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RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Types of data

Qualitative

Quantitative

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Methods to present

quantitative data

Pie chart

Bar chart

Line graph

XY scatter

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PIE CHART Show % or proportional share

Ref. source from Dr. Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah (UTHM)

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BAR CHART Comparisons

Categorical data

Ref. source from Dr. Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah (UTHM) A Member Of

LINE GRAPH Show trends in data at equal intervals


XY SCATTER Illustrate relationship between two point of data


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POOR VS EXCELLENT RESULTS INTERPRETATION

POOR

EXCELLENT


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POOR

EXCELLENT

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Methods to present

qualitative data

Table

Graph

Diagram Schematic diagram

Image

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TABLE


Caption at the top side

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TABLE Find the ERRORS for format table below?

Species Feeding Moving Climbing Jumping Sleeping

1 56 38 14 39 17

2 57 47* 62 48 18

3 87 37 75** 37 23***

4 83 27 26 94 21

5 25 23 75 26 26

6 64 85 30 85 20

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TABLE

Species Feeding Moving Climbing Jumping Sleeping

1 56 38 14 39 17

2 57 47* 62 48 18

3 87 37 75** 37 23***

4 83 27 26 94 21

5 25 23 75 26 26

6 64 85 30 85 20

Non-standard format of text (some centred)

No footnote to explain the

symbols */**/***

Text is too small

No explanation of the coloured

rows

??No title

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GRAPH


DIAGRAM


SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM


IMAGE


IMAGE

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What to consider for Results & Discussion?

What do you have?

What does it means?

Why is it happen?

How many data that you have?

Results are complete or not?

How to explain the results?

How to analyze the results? (Quantitative/Qualitative)

Involve your opinion

Relationship with established findings

Discuss new finding

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CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

What is a CONCLUSION?

Summary of the work done

A virtual duplicate of the abstract

Your findings and conclusions need to be derived from analysis

Show a major components that relevance to your overall project

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Element to be

considered

current research literature

limitations of the study

Implications

significance

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Recommendation

Recommendation is to reflect on any

implications for future research

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REFERENCES

Guide to write References

Use APA style

Arrange the references by alphabet

Software to facilitate references writing:

Mendeley

Endnote

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APPENDICES

What to be included in Appendices?

Reference Table

Technical Drawing

Numerical data

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THANK YOU EVERYONE!

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