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ACADEMIC WRITINGGood English / grammar

Appropriate style

Development of an argument

Literature to support argument

CITING & REFERENCING



GOOD ENGLISH / STYLENumerous books on this in libraryShelfmark 810

AVOID (personal)³I read an article by David Thomson and didn¶t agree

with it . . .´ ADOPT (academic)³It has been suggested that . . . Thomson (1998).However, this opinion has been challenged by Holt (2001)´.



DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT

DOGive a balance of opinion

On the one hand . . . However, on the other hand . . .Range of sources - not just those which backup your own opinion

DON¶T³I think that . . . . .´ or statement of fact (withno back up)

Opinion must be backed up with evidence



USEFUL STYLE/PHRASES³Although I agree with Williams (1966) that . . . Ialso consider the argument put forward by Davidson(1994) to have considerable merit´

³There has been some very useful work done on thissubject . . . (Eysenck, 1992)´.

³It has been argued that . . . . (Johnson, 2002).However, more recent research has shown. . (Smith,2003)´

BALANCE OF OPINIONSTATEMENTS BACKED UP WITH EVIDENCE



SUPPORTING YOUR ARGUMENTWell used sources

Balance of opinions / wider reading

Add authority to your work

SOURCES MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED



CITING & REFERENCING - WHATCITING

MENTIONING WORK OF OTHERS IN YOUROWN WORK

Depressed mood has been shown to interfere withattentional strategies of efficient task solution(Hertel, 1997, 1998; Hertel & Rude, 1991)



CITING & REFERENCING - WHATREFERENCING

DETAILING SOURCES CITED / MENTIONED IN TEXT= BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

in REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hertel, P. T. (1997). On the contributions of deficientcognitive control to memory impairments in depression.Cognition and Emotion, 11, 569±583.



CITING & REFERENCING- WHY

Shows what sources used / how you have usedthem

Provides evidence in support of argument

Adds authority to your work



CITING & REFERENCING

Helps to display a balance of opinions / wider reading

Lends appropriate style

ESSENTIAL TO GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING

Guards against plagiarism

ALLOWS YOU TO ACKNOWLEDGE YOURSOURCES



CITING ± HOW?In-text citations

Acknowledge your sources in your text to support

points / statements made / quotes eg

³It is worthwhile noting that the link between depression and risksensitive behavioral strategies is not a theoretical novelty. Indeed,Nesse (2000), Leahy (1997) and Klinger (1975) have all proposedthat depressed states represent a risk-management strategy thathas evolved to alter an individual¶s behaviour in contexts of highrisk environments´

1. Statement/opinion 2. What sources read to back this up?

3.Evidence ± sources used



REFERENCING ± HOW?Link your in-text citations to full bibliographicdetails of sources in your BIBLIOGRAPHY

B IBLIOGRAPHY

Klinger, T. (1975). Depressed states and risk-management strategies.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12, 23-35.Leahy, M. (1997). Alterations in individuals¶ behaviour in contexts of high-risk environments. Journal of Personality, 22, 339-406.Nesse, J. (2000) Link between depression and risk-sensitive behavior.Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 228-301.



REFERENCESGive full bibliographic details

Who, what, where, when (description of item)

Books Author/s or editor/s, title, edition, year/place of publication, publisher

Journals Author/s, article title, journal name, volumenumber, issue number, page numbers, year of publication.



WHY CITE & REFERENCE?To ±

compile a bibliography for your assignment

acknowledge all sources usedGuards against plagiarism

enable another researcher to find the textsyou based your work onsupport points made in your argumentadd authority to your work

Essential for good academic writing



STYLESNumerous styles in which you can formatreferences

ChicagoVancouver

American Psychological Association (APA)

Style must be consistent



APA STYLE

. . . Berm (1973) has shown that sex-biased advertising contributes

to sex discrimination. . . .

In-text citations Author surname(s) followed by date of publication

in brackets



BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (APA style)

Berm,S.L. (1973) Does sex-biased advertising aid and abet sexdiscrimination? J ournal of Applied Social Psychology , 3 (1), 6-18.

pages

JOURNAL ARTICLE

partvolume

year of publicationauthor title of article

name of journal

Festinger,L.A. (1975). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Stanford,C.A.: Stanford University Press .

BOOK (authored)

place of publication publisher



Banks, I. (n.d.). The NHS healthcare guide . Retrieved August 29, 2001, from http://www.healthcareguide.nhsdirect.nhs.uk

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (APA style)

ELECTRONIC SOURCE / WEBSITE



TIPS FOR REFERENCINGMUST BE COMPLETE AND CORRECT

Keep full notes of all sources used!

If you take a photocopy, make sure that youkeep a note of the periodical title, volumenumber, page numbers etc.

It can be very difficult to check back later



SUMMARYCITING & REFERENCING

WHAT

WHY

HOW



MORE INFORMATION

How to Find Out Guide for Life Sciences>InfoSkills

http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/lsinf oskills.htm



CONTACT DETAILSMarion KennedySubject Librarian (Chemistry & Life Sciences)t: 3583e:[email protected]

Enquiry desk: Tuesdays 1-5pm

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