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AP equation sets are found in the free-response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write balanced net ionic equations for the reaction that would occur. The equations are of mixed types. You will also answer a short question about each reaction. The section is worth 15 points and is 15 % of the free response grade. Free response is 50% of the

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Page 1: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

WRITING AP EQUATIONSAP equation sets are found in the free-response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write balanced net ionic equations for the reaction that would occur. The equations are of mixed types. You will also answer a short question about each reaction. The section is worth 15 points and is 15 % of the free response grade. Free response is 50% of the total AP test grade.

Page 2: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

All AP equations "work". In each case, a reaction will occur. These equations need to be written in net ionic form. All spectator ions must be left out and all ions must be written in ionic form. All molecular substances and insoluble compounds must be written together (not

ionized!). Know your solubility rules!!!

Page 3: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 are moderately soluble and can be written together or as ions. Ba(OH)2 is soluble and Mg(OH)2 is insoluble. CaSO4 and SrSO4 are moderately soluble and can be written

together or as ions. BaSO4 is insoluble and MgSO4 is soluble.

Page 4: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Weak electrolytes, such as acetic acid, are not ionized. Solids and pure liquids are written together, also. A saturated solution is written in ionic form while a

suspension is written together.

Page 5: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Each reaction will usually be worth a total of 5 points.

General guidelines (may not always be true!): One point is given for the correct reactants and two points for all correct products. If a reaction has three products, one point is given for two correct products and two points for all correct products. One point will be given for correct balancing and the final point will be given for correctly and completely answering the question concerning the reaction.

Page 6: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

The best way to prepare for the equation section of the AP test is to practice lots of equations. The equation sets are similar and some equations show up year after year. Save the reactions that you write and practice them again before the AP test in May.

Page 7: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

When you are reading an equation, first try to classify it by type. If it says anything about acidic or basic solution, it is redox. If you are totally stuck, look up the compounds in the index of your book or other reference books and try to find information that will help you with the equation. All reactions do not fit neatly

into the five types of reactions that you

learned in Chemistry I.

Page 8: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Double Replacement (metathesis)

Page 9: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Two compounds react to form two new compounds. No changes in oxidation numbers occur. All double replacement reactions must have a "driving force" that removes a pair of ions from solution.

Page 10: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Formation of a precipitate: A precipitate is an insoluble substance formed by the reaction of two aqueous substances. Two ions bond together so strongly that water can not pull them apart. You must know your solubility rules to write these net ionic equations!

Page 11: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Solutions of silver nitrate and lithium bromide are mixed.

AgNO3(aq) + LiBr(aq) AgBr(s) + LiNO3(aq)

Ag+ + NO3- + Li+ + Br- AgBr + Li+ +NO3

-

Ag+ + NO3- + Li+ + Br- AgBr + Li+ +NO3

-

Ag+ + Br- AgBr

Page 12: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Formation of a gas: Gases may form directly in a double replacement reaction or can form from the decomposition of a product such as H2CO3 or H2SO3.

Page 13: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Excess hydrochloric acid solution is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.

2HCl(aq) + K2SO3(aq) H2SO3 H2O(l) + SO2(g) + 2KCl(aq)

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + SO32- H2O + SO2 + 2K+ +2Cl-

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + SO32- H2O + SO2 + 2K+ +2Cl-

2H+ + SO32- H2O + SO2

Page 14: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.

NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) NaCl(aq) + NH4OH NH3(g) + H2O(l)

Na+ + OH- + NH4+ + Cl-

Na+ + Cl- + NH3 + H2O

Na+ + OH- + NH4+ + Cl-

Na+ + Cl- + NH3 + H2O

OH- + NH4+ NH3 + H2O

Page 15: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Formation of a molecular substance:

When a molecular substance such as water or acetic acid is formed, ions are removed from solution and the reaction "works".

Page 16: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Dilute solutions of lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid are mixed.

LiOH(aq) + HBr(aq) LiBr(aq) +H2O(l)

Li+ + OH- + H+ + Br- Li+ +Br- + H2O

Li+ + OH- + H+ + Br- Li+ +Br- + H2O

OH- + H+ H2O

(HBr, HCl, and HI are strong acids)

Page 17: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Gaseous hydrofluoric acid reacts with solid silicon dioxide.

4HF(g) + SiO2(s) SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)

4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O

4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O

Page 18: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Single Replacement

Page 19: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Reaction where one element displaces another in a compound. One element is oxidized and another is reduced. A + BC B + AC

Page 20: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Active metals replace less active metals or hydrogen from their

compounds in aqueous solution. Use an activity series or a reduction potential table to determine activity. The more easily oxidized metal replaces the less easily oxidized metal. The metal with the most negative reduction potential will be the most active.

Page 21: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

3Mg(s) + 2FeCl3(aq) 2Fe(s)+3MgCl2(aq)3Mg + 2Fe3+ + 6Cl- 2Fe + 3Mg2+ + 6Cl-

3Mg + 2Fe3+ + 6Cl- 2Fe + 3Mg2+ + 6Cl-

3Mg + 2Fe3+ 2Fe + 3Mg2+

Always make sure that charge is balanced, as well as mass (atoms)!

Page 22: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Sodium is added to water.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

2Na + 2H2O 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2

2Na + 2H2O 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2

Alkali metal demo

http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/worldaroundus/akalimetals.html
Page 23: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Active nonmetals replace less active nonmetals from their compounds in aqueous solution. Each halogen will displace less electronegative (heavier)

halogens from their binary salts.

Page 24: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide.

Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)

Cl2 + 2K+ + 2I- 2K+ + 2Cl- + I2

Cl2 + 2K+ + 2I- 2K+ + 2Cl- + I2

Cl2 + 2I- I2 + 2Cl-

Page 25: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Anhydrides

Page 26: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Anhydride means "without water".Water is a reactant in each of these equations.

Page 27: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Nonmetallic oxides (acidic anhydrides) plus water yield acids.

Page 28: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Carbon dioxide is bubbled into water.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Page 29: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Metallic oxides (basic anhydrides) plus water yield bases.

Page 30: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Solid sodium oxide is added to water.

Na2O + H2O 2Na+ + 2OH-

Page 31: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Metallic hydrides (ionic hydrides) plus water yield metallic hydroxides and hydrogen gas.

Page 32: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Solid sodium hydride is added to water.

NaH + H2O

Na+ + OH- + H2

Page 33: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Phosphorus halides react with water to produce an acid of phosphorus (phosphorous acid or phosphoric acid) and a hydrohalic acid. The oxidation number of the phosphorus remains the same in both compounds. Phosphorus oxytrichloride reacts with water to make the same products.

Page 34: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Phosphorus tribromide is added to water.

PBr3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3H++ 3Br-

Page 35: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Group I&II nitrides react with water to produce the metallic hydroxide and ammonia.

Page 36: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Amines react with water to produce alkylammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Page 37: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Methylamine gas is bubbled into distilled water.

CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3

+ + OH-

Page 38: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

Page 39: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons. The oxidation numbers of at least two elements must change. Single replacement, some combination and some decomposition reactions are redox reactions.

Page 40: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

To predict the products of a redox reaction, look at the reagents given to see if there is both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. When a problem mentions an acidic or basic solution, it is probably redox.

Page 41: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Common oxidizing agents Products formed

MnO4- in acidic solution Mn2+

MnO2 in acidic solution Mn2+

MnO4- in neutral or basic solution MnO2(s)

Cr2O72- in acidic solution Cr3+

HNO3, concentrated NO2

HNO3, dilute NO H2SO4, hot, concentrated SO2

Page 42: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Common oxidizing agents Products formed

metal-ic ions metal-ous ions

free halogens halide ions Na2O2 NaOH HClO4 Cl-

H2O2 H2O

Page 43: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Common Products reducing agents formed

halide ions free halogen

free metals metal ions sulfite ions or SO2 sulfate ions nitrite ions nitrate ions

free halogens, dilute basic solution hypohalite ions

free halogens, conc. basic solution halate ions

metal-ous ions metal-ic ions

H2O2 O2

C2O42 - CO2

Page 44: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.

5Sn2+ + 16H+ + 2MnO4-

5Sn4+ + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

Page 45: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

6I- + 14H+ + Cr2O72-

2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O

Page 46: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to a solution of iron(II) sulfate.

H2O2 + 2Fe2+ +2H+

2Fe3+ + 2H2O

Page 47: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A piece of iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Fe + 2Fe3 + 3Fe2+

Page 48: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Tricky redox reactions that appear to be ordinary single replacement reactions:Hydrogen reacts with a hot metallic oxide to produce the elemental metal and

water.

Page 49: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide. H2(g) + CuO(s) Cu(s)+ H2O(l)

Page 50: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A metal sulfide reacts with oxygen to produce the metallic oxide and sulfur dioxide.

Page 51: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Chlorine gas reacts with dilute sodium hydroxide to produce sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride and water.(disproportionation reaction)

Page 52: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Copper reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce copper(II) sulfate, sulfur dioxide, and water.

(Cu doesn’t react with dilute sulfuric acid!)

Page 53: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Copper reacts with dilute nitric acid to produce copper(II) nitrate, nitrogen monoxide and water.

Page 54: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce copper(II) nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water.

Page 55: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

COMPLEX ION REACTIONS

Page 56: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Complex ion- the combination of a central metal ion and its ligands

Ligand- group bonded to a metal ion

Page 57: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Coordination compound- a neutral compound containing complex ions

[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (NH3 is the ligand, [Co(NH3)6]3+is the complex ion)

Page 58: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Common complex ions formed in AP equations:

Page 59: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Complex ion Name Formed from:[Al(OH)4]- tetrahydroxoaluminate ion (Al or Al(OH)3 or Al3++ OH-) [Ag(NH3)2]+ diamminesilver(I) ion (Ag+ + NH3)

[Zn(OH)4] 2- tetrahydroxozincate ion (Zn(OH)2 + OH-)

[Zn(NH3)4] 2+ tetramminezinc ion (Zn2+ + NH3)

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ tetramminecopper(II) ion (Cu2+ + NH3)

[Cd(NH3)4] 2+ tetramminecadmium(II) ion (Cd2++ NH3)

[FeSCN] 2+ thiocyanoiron(III) ion (Fe3+ + SCN-)

[Ag(CN)2]- dicyanoargentate(I) ion (Ag+ and CN-)

[Ag(Cl)2]- dichloroargentate(I) ion (AgCl and Cl-)

Page 60: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Adding an acid to a complex ion will break it up. If HCl is added to a silver complex, AgCl(s) is formed. If an acid is added to an ammonia complex, NH4

+ is formed.

Page 61: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Excess ammonia is added to a solution of zinc nitrate.

4NH3 + Zn2+ [Zn(NH3)4]2+

(Other coordination numbers are acceptable, as long as correct charge is given.)

Page 62: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A solution of diamminesilver(I) chloride is treated with dilute nitric acid.

[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H+

AgCl + 2NH4+

Page 63: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

Page 64: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds. Heat, electrolysis, or a catalyst is usually necessary.

Page 65: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A compound may break down to produce two elements.

Ex. Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed.

2NaCl(l) 2Na + Cl2

Page 66: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A compound may break down to produce an element and a compound.

Ex. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed catalytically.2H2O2 2H2O + O2

Page 67: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A compound may break down to produce two compounds.

Ex. Solid magnesium carbonate is heated.

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

Page 68: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Metallic carbonates break down to yield metallic oxides

and carbon dioxide.

Page 69: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Metallic chlorates break down to yield metallic chlorides and oxygen.

Page 70: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen.

Page 71: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ammonium carbonate decomposes into ammonia, water and carbon dioxide.

Page 72: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Sulfurous acid decomposes into water and sulfur dioxide.

Page 73: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Carbonic acid decomposes into water and carbon dioxide.

Page 74: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

ADDITION REACTIONS

Page 75: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single product.

Page 76: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A Group IA or IIA metal may combine with a nonmetal to make a salt.

Page 77: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A piece of lithium metal is dropped into a container of nitrogen gas.

6Li + N2 2Li3N

Page 78: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Two nonmetals may combine to form a molecular compound. The oxidation number of the less electronegative element is often variable depending upon conditions. Generally, a higher oxidation state of one nonmetal is obtained when reacting with an excess of the other nonmetal.

Page 79: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

P4 + 6Cl2 4PCl3 limited ClP4 + 10Cl2 4PCl5 excess Cl

Page 80: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

When an element combines with a compound, you can usually sum up all of the

elements on the product side.

Ex. PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5

Page 81: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Two compounds combine to form a single product.

Ex. Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.

SO2 + CaO CaSO3

Page 82: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed. Lewis Acid-Base Reaction

BF3 + NH3 H3NBF3

F H H F F-B + :N-H H-N-B-F F H H F

Page 83: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A metallic oxide plus carbon dioxide yields a metallic carbonate. (Carbon keeps the same oxidation state)

Page 84: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A metallic oxide plus sulfur dioxide yields a metallic sulfite. (Sulfur keeps the same oxidation state)

Page 85: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

A metallic oxide plus water yields a metallic hydroxide.

A nonmetallic oxide plus water yields an acid.

Page 86: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION

REACTIONS

Page 87: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Acids react with bases to produce salts and water. One mole of hydrogen ions react with one mole of hydroxide ions to produce one mole of water.

Page 88: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Watch out for information about quantities of each reactant! Remember which acids are strong (ionize completely) and which are weak (write as molecule).

Page 89: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Sulfuric acid (strong acid) can be written as H+ and SO4

2- or as H+ and HSO4

-.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is left together because there is not enough water present for it to ionize.

Page 90: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same number of moles of each compound has been added.

H+ + HSO42 - + Ba2+ + 2OH-

BaSO4 + 2H2O

Page 91: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.

H2S + OH- H2O + HS-

(S2- does not exist in water)

Page 92: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Watch out for substances that react with water before reacting with an acid or a base. These are two step reactions.

Page 93: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into an excess of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

H2SO3 + Ca2+ +2OH-2H2O + CaSO3

H2SO3 and 1 H2O cancel.

SO2 + Ca2++ 2OH- CaSO3 + H2O

2-step reaction!

Add steps together!

Page 94: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

COMBUSTION REACTIONS

Page 95: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

-Elements or compounds combine with oxygen to produce oxides of each element.

Page 96: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Hydrocarbons or alcohols combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

Page 97: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Nonmetallic hydrides combine with oxygen to form oxides and water.

Page 98: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Nonmetallic sulfides combine with oxygen to form oxides and sulfur dioxide.

Page 99: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen.

CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2

Page 100: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ex. Ethanol is burned completely in air.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Page 101: WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Ammonia combines with limited oxygen to produce NO and water and with excess oxygen to produce NO2 and water.


Kinetics How fast does a reaction (event) occur? Reaction rates are controlled by: Nature of reactants Ability of reactants to meet Concentration of reactants

Drill: Draw & Name Reactants & Products of:

Chemical Reactions reactants products

Quantities of Reactants and Products

11.3 Limiting Reactants

AP Notes Chapter 4 Stoichiometry. Atoms are Letters Compounds are Words Chemical Equations are the Sentences of Chemistry Reactants Products

AP Ssc Maths Sets Notes

Multiple Choice Sets: AP Calculus AB iLearnMath · Multiple Choice Sets: AP Calculus AB iLearnMath.net Multiple Choice Set #7 Find the following WITHOUT the use of a calculator. 1

Concept Presentation Limiting Reactants

AP Sets 2014-2015

Digraph Self-Similar Sets and Ap erio dic Mark McCluremcclure/professional/DigraphFractiles.pdf · Digraph Self-Similar Sets and Ap erio dic Tilings Mark McClure July 16, 2001 1 In

Reactants, products, catalysts

Chemical Reactions. All chemical reactions involve changes in substances Reactants – starting substances Products – new substances formed Reactants

KEY CONCEPT The masses of reactants and products are … · chemical equation KEY CONCEPT The masses of reactants ... Why is it important to measure the masses of reactants and products?

Writing AP Equations - germainium.netgermainium.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Writing-AP-Equations.pdfWriting AP Equations AP equation sets are found in the free-response section

REACTION PREDICTION Pre-AP CHEMISTRY. Reactants Products The arrow means yields or produces

AP Chemistry Spring 2020 Mr. Cameron€¦ · reaction o =n p ΔG f ∑o(products)−n r ΔG f ∑o(reactants) AP Chemistry Spring 2020 Mr. Cameron Title: Chapter 16.pptx Author: Kevin

Marker Sets & Kits - craftonline.net.aucraftonline.net.au/craftonline-files/COPIC-Kits_Sets_Guide_2012.pdfSets & Kits AP ® Conforms to ASTM D 4236 ... COPIC Marker Sets at a Glance

Limiting Reactants WS Answers.notebook · Limiting Reactants WS Answers.notebook 2 April 06, 2018 Apr 58:51 AM. Limiting Reactants WS Answers.notebook 3 April 06, 2018 Apr 53:18 PM

Research Article Effect of Synthesis Temperature, Nucleation ...explanations can be that if nucleation sets in too quickly, too many crystals will grow and reduce the local reactants

Limiting Reactants

1 Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 13 AP CHEMISTRY. 2 Chemical Equilibrium The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant

15 Limiting Reactants

WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free- response section of the AP test. You are given three sets of reactants and you must write

Topic 4. Reactants chemically change into products must be balanced use symbols to indicate states on AP exam, all equations are written as net

Chapter 14. Physical state of reactants: Reactants must come in contact with one another in order for a reaction to occur. Concentration of reactants:

AP Physics Problem Sets 51-55 - Athens High School

Photosynthesis Chloroplast Structure & Reactants Products

EQUILIBRIUM. Many chemical reactions are reversible: Reactants → Products or Reactants ← Products Reactants form Products Products form Reactants For

AP Bio Summer Assignment - …mylwa.lawrencewoodmere.academy/wp-content/uploads/... · from reactants or reactants from products? 3. Write an equation that uses the products of photosynthesis

AP Chemistry Day 15 - Ms. Flemingflemingapchem.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/6/5/24658308/ap... · 2020. 2. 1. · of elements in the reactants, as well as the efficiency of the transformaMon

Stoichiometry Calculating Reactants and Products

Limiting Reactants and ICE Charts

Reactants, Products, and Leftovers Activity 2: Limiting Reactants in Chemical reactions by Trish Loeblein (assuming complete reactions)

Dynamic Equilibrium Unit Multiple Choice Provincial …msbeaucage.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/7/5/12751975/mc...reactants reactants Makitñùai : Entmfrý products reactants products reactants