wp3 ccs roadmaps and projects v3 - energy initiative roadmaps and project… · 2 1.1 australia...

Overview of CCS Roadmaps and Projects

ContactProfessor Chris Greig Director UQ Energy Initiative

The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 | Australia

Office: +61 (0) 7 3346 0656Email: [email protected]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Report Authors > Professor Chris Greig

The University of Queensland

> Dr Geoffrey Bongers Gamma Energy Technology

> Ms Caroline Stott The University of Queensland

> Ms Stephanie Byrom Gamma Energy Technology

Who should read this report This working paper was developed as a companion document to the Energy Security and Prosperity in Australia: A Roadmap for CCS report. The roadmap provides a framework to assure Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as an option for achieving emissions reductions in a timely manner in Australia.

This working paper provides an overview of published CCS roadmaps; Australian CCS projects; and international CCS projects.

Greig, C., Bongers, G., Stott, C. and Byrom, S. (2016) Overview of CCS Roadmaps and Projects, The University of Queensland, Brisbane. ISBN 978-1-74272-178-1

Steering Committee

The authors would like to thank the Steering Committee, Funders and Feedback Contributors who supported, contributed to, and provided feedback on this report. The robust review, challenge, diverse opinions and honest engagement we have received has strengthened this report.

We would particularly like to acknowledge and thank CO2CRC, CSIRO, ANLEC R&D, ACALET, Coal Innovation NSW and the Federal Department of Industry, Innovation and Science for their considerable enabling support of this project.

We would also like to acknowledge the advice and feedback from various industry leaders and subject matter experts from Government, Oil & Gas, Coal and Power industries.

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Contents

1 ReviewofPublishedCCSRoadmaps..................................................................................1 Australia........................................................................................................................................21.1 Canada..........................................................................................................................................31.2 ThePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)...........................................................................................51.3 Netherlands..................................................................................................................................61.4 Norway.........................................................................................................................................71.5 UnitedKingdom(UK)....................................................................................................................81.6 UnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)....................................................................................................91.7 InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)..............................................................................................111.8

2 SnapshotoftheAustralianProjects................................................................................12 LearningsfromkeyCCSprojectstodate:statusandbarriers....................................................122.1 Gorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia.................................................................................132.2 SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia..............................................................................142.3 ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland.................................................................................................152.4 Callide,Biloela,Queensland.......................................................................................................162.5 CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland.................................................................................................172.6 Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria.................................................................................................182.7 CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria.........................................................................................192.8 NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram.....................................................................................202.9

3 SnapshotofInternationalProjects.................................................................................21 Powersector...............................................................................................................................223.13.1.1 BoundaryDam,Estevan,Saskatchewan..............................................................................223.1.2 PetraNova,Thompsons,Texas............................................................................................233.1.3 KemperCountyIGCC,KemperCounty,Mississippi...............................................................243.1.4 SinopecShengli,Dongying,Shandong.................................................................................253.1.5 GreenGenIGCC,TianjinCity,BohaiRim...............................................................................263.1.6 ROAD,Rotterdam,Netherlands...........................................................................................273.1.7 HaifengPower,Shanwei,Guangdong..................................................................................28 Gasandoilsector.......................................................................................................................293.23.2.1 ValVerdeGasPlants,ValVerdeBasin,Texas......................................................................293.2.2 Sleipner,NorthSea,Norway................................................................................................303.2.3 Snøhvit,BarentsSea,Norway..............................................................................................313.2.4 CenturyPlant,PecosCounty,Texas.....................................................................................323.2.5 LulaOilField,AtlanticOcean,Brazil.....................................................................................333.2.6 Uthmaniyah,EasternProvince,KingdomofSaudiArabia...................................................34 Ironandsteelsector...................................................................................................................353.33.3.1 AbuDhabiCC(U)SProject,AbuDhabi,UAE.........................................................................35 Industrialsector..........................................................................................................................363.43.4.1 IllinoisIndustrialCCSProject,Decatur,Illinois.....................................................................363.4.2 Quest,FortSaskatchewan,Alberta......................................................................................373.4.3 GreatPlainsSynfuel,NorthDakota&Weyburn,Saskatchewan.........................................383.4.4 CoffeyvilleGasification,Kansas/Oklahoma........................................................................393.4.5 AirProducts,PortArthur,Texas...........................................................................................403.4.6 TexasCleanEnergyProject,Penwell,Texas.........................................................................413.4.7 TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,SouthernHokkaido,Japan...................................42

4 LowEmissionFossilFuelResearchandDevelopment.............................................43 Technologyandcommercialreadiness......................................................................................434.1 Australianlowemissionsfossilfuelstocktake............................................................................434.2

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ListofFigures

Figure1:Addressingthebarrierstolarge-scaleimplementationofCCSinAustralia............................2Figure2:CanadiancaptureandstorageR&Dneeds..............................................................................4Figure3:ProposedCCSRoadmapforthePeople’sRepublicofChina...................................................5Figure4:NetherlandsCCSroadmap......................................................................................................6Figure5:NordicCCSRoadmapfortheimplementationofCCStowards2050......................................7Figure6:ThefivekeyinterventionstheUKGovernmentisundertakingintheCCSRoadmap.............8Figure7:USACCSandPowerSystemsSubprogramsRoadmap..........................................................10Figure8:CCSinthepowerandindustrialsectors(inthe2°Cscenario)..............................................11Figure9:Actualandexpectedoperationdatesforlarge-scaleCCSprojectsintheOperate,Execute

andDefinestages.........................................................................................................................21Figure10:Technicalandcommercialreadinesslevelindicationscale...............................................43

ListofTablesTable1:CCSroadmapsummary............................................................................................................1Table2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia.................................................................................................12Table3:Fossilfuellowemissionstechnologystocktake.....................................................................44

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1 ReviewofPublishedCCSRoadmapsACarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)roadmapgenerallyfocusesonavision,goalsandactionsrequiredtoencouragethedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCS.Thefocusistypicallybothshorterterm(5to10years)andlongerterm(10to30years)withaviewtodevelopcommercialandcompetitiveemissionsreductionabatementtechnology.Giveneachdistinctnationalorjurisdictionalcontext,differenttechnologyandpolicyapproaches,eachroadmapisunique.Table1summarisesthefocusofkeyCCSroadmapscoveredinthispaper.

Table1:CCSroadmapsummary

Jurisdiction ReleaseDate RoadmapFocus ResponsibleOrganisationAustralia1 2008 ImmediateR&D

requirementsandcommercialdeployment

CO2CRC

Canada 2006 Accelerateddeployment CANMETEnergyTechnologyCentre

China 2015 Eliminatethetechnical,legal,policyandfinancialissuesrestrictingfullscaleimplementation

DepartmentofClimateChangeoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission

EuropeanUnion N/A Netherlands 2014 Accelerateddeploymentvia

focusedR&Dandfacilitatingprojects

CATOtheDutchnationalR&DprogrammeforCO2capture,transportandstorage

Norway 2015 AccelerateddeploymenttocombineCCSwithexisting,economicallyviableprojectsandpolicymeasures

NORDICCSNordicCCSCompetenceCentre

UnitedKingdom 2012 DemonstrationsupportedbyR&Dandinternationalcollaborations

DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange

UnitedStatesofAmerica 2014 R&Dfollowedbydemonstrationswithaviewtocommercialdeployment

DOEfortheroadmap/NETLfortheR&Dreporting

International(IEA) 2013 Deployment,basedontechnologydemonstrations

InternationalEnergyAgency

1AnupdatedroadmapforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCSinAustraliawaspreparedbytheNationalCCSCouncilin2013–howeverithasnotbeenofficiallyreleasednorhasitbeenadoptedbyAustralianstakeholders.ARoadmapfortheDevelopmentandDeploymentofCarbonCaptureandStorageinAustralia–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.

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Australia1.1Releasedin2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap2coveredcaptureandstoragetechnologiesinaninternationalcontext.Theroadmapfocusedonworktodevelopskillsandknowledge,researchanddevelopment,demonstrationandapplicationandadvancedsystemswithaviewtoremoveorreducethecommercialbarriers(refertoFigure1)toCCSdeployment.

Figure1:Addressingthebarrierstolarge-scaleimplementationofCCSinAustralia

Source:PresentationbyPeterJCookandDennisRVanPuyvelde2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap

AnupdatedroadmapforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCSinAustraliawaspreparedbytheNationalCCSCouncilin2013–howeverithasnotbeenofficiallyreleasednorhasitbeenadoptedbyAustralianstakeholders.Thisunpublishedroadmaprecommendedpriorityactionsforinvestmentandpolicytosupport:3

• Explorationandappraisalofgreenhousegasstorageresourcesinadvanceofintegratedprojects;

• Anumberofearlymover,integratedindustrialCCSprojectsinvolvingprivatesectorinvestment,suchthatactivityisvisibleoverthenextten-yearperiod;

• Sufficientplanningforstrategic,large-scalegreenhousegasstorageandpipelineinfrastructurehubsandnetworks;

• Targetedresearchanddevelopment,especiallyinrelationtogreenhousegasstorageandaligningbroaderprogramswithinternationalprograms;and

• DevelopmentandimplementationofanationalstrategyforCCScommunicationsandengagementtobuildongovernmentandindustryinitiativesandimprovepublicunderstandingoftheroleofCCSinAustralia’senergyfuture.

InparallelwiththisroadmaptheNationalCCSCouncilcommissionedanalsounpublishedreportonMobilisingPrivateSectorInvestmenttoAccelerateEarlyMoverCCSProjects.4

2PresentationbyPeterJCookandDennisRVanPuyvelde,2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap3ARoadmapfortheDevelopmentandDeploymentofCarbonCaptureandStorageinAustralia–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.4MobilisingPrivateSectorInvestmenttoAccelerateEarlyMoverCCSProjects–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.

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Canada1.2TheCanadaCO2Capture&StorageTechnologyRoadMap5releasedin20066providedasnapshotofkeyinformationstakeholdersneededtoknowregardingCanadianopportunitiesfordevelopingCCSinfrastructureandsystems.ThisincludedtheroleofCCSintheemerginglocalandglobalenergycontext,nationalandglobalopportunitiesforCCStechnologies,currentstateofCCStechnologyintheCanadiancontext,specifictechnologyneedsandpathwaysfordevelopingthesetechnologies,andthecriticalnextstepsandchampionstofacilitatethesuccessofCCS.

InanattempttoleverageitsinherentopportunitiestodevelopCCSsixareaswhereidentifiedinthe“wayforward”componentoftheroadmap:

1. Policyandregulatoryframework2. Publicoutreachandeducation3. Technologywatchandinternationalcollaboration4. Scienceandtechnologyresearchanddevelopment5. Demonstration6. Nationalcoordination.

Threetimehorizons–short,mediumandlong-term–wereusedtosummarisethecaptureandstorageneedsidentifiedascriticalforresearchanddevelopment(refertoFigure2).

5GovernmentofCanada2008,CCTRM–Canada’sCleanCoalTechnologyRoadmap,Quebec,April6Theroadmaphassincebeenarchived.

4

Figure2:CanadiancaptureandstorageR&Dneeds

Source:GovernmentofCanada2008,CCTRM–Canada’sCleanCoalTechnologyRoadmap,Quebec,April

5

ThePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)1.3TheChinaroadmap7releasedin2015bytheAsianDevelopmentBankaimstoprovideclearlinksbetweenearlystageCCSdemonstrations,phasedscale-up,andtheGovernment’semissionreductionobjectives.ItprovidesanoverviewofthecontributionCCScouldmaketomitigationefforts,currentdeploymentactivitiesandhighlightsplanstomaintainmomentum.8

Theroadmapprovidesalong-termvisionandchartsoutspecificdemonstrationanddeploymentgoalsoverashorttolong-termhorizon(refertoFigure3).Therecommendednextstepsfocusonpublicationoftheroadmapandengagingwitharangeofstakeholderstoencouragediscussionandmobilizesupportforimplementation,including:

• InitiatediscussionswithpolicymakerstosecureendorsementofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsandincludetheminthePRCclimatechangepolicyframework;

• Setappropriatetargetsforimmediateearlystagedemonstrationprojectsandlaterup-scalingwithinthepolicyframeworkrecommendedinthisRoadmap;

• Initiateaprocessfortheshort-listingandselectionofearlystagedemonstrationprojectsreadyforFEEDstudies;

• DevelopapolicyandregulatoryframeworkusinginformationfromthisRoadmapasinputandconsideringtheactualpolicyenvironmentatthetime;

• TheframeworkneedstoincludearrangementsforfacilitatingCO2-enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)andtodeterminewhetherpowerplantsbeingbuiltfromthestartofthe13thplanshouldberequiredtobeCCS-ready;and

• Learnfrominternationalexperience.

Figure3:ProposedCCSRoadmapforthePeople’sRepublicofChinaSource:AsianDevelopmentBank2015,RoadmapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeploymentinthe

People’sRepublicofChina,MandaluyongCity,Philippines,AsianDevelopmentBank7AsianDevelopmentBank2015,RoadmapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeploymentinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MandaluyongCity,Philippines,AsianDevelopmentBank8AnEnergyTechnologyRevolutionKeyInnovationActionRoadmaphasbeenrecentlypublished.IntheRoadmapunderActionItem4:CarbonCapture,utilizationandstoragetechnologyinnovation.Item4.2Innovationobjectives• By2020,builda1milliontonnewholechainCCUSdemonstrationproject• By2030,buildCCUShubscoveringoil,chemical,electricity,coalandbio-engineering;CommercialCCSisappliedin

coal-firedpowerstations.• By2050,CO2emissionreductioncostreducedby60%comparedwith2015.WholechainCCUSisappliedtoelectricity,

coal,chemical,mineralprocessing.

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Netherlands1.4The2014NetherlandsCATO9CCSImplementationPlan10describesactionsneededtoaccelerateCCSdevelopmentanddeploymenttolevelsthatwouldallowCCStofulfilitsCO2reductionpotential.Theroadmap11identifiesthemajorresponsibilitiesforgovernmentandindustrystakeholders.WhileitseekstoenableCCSdevelopmenttowards2050thefocusisonactionsintheshorttomediumterm.EachactionorfocusareaseekstoaddressoneormoremainissuesthatneedtoberesolvedtosuccessfullydeployCCS.

Currenthurdleshavebeenidentifiedandsubdividedintofiveclassesorissues.EachissueneedstobeaddressedsufficientlytoremovethebarrierstowardsdeploymentandcreateasituationwherebyCCScanbeacompetitivetechnologytoabateCO2emissions.Toaddresstheseissuesseparateactionsforeachissuehavebeenformulated,includingthemaininitiator(individualresponsibility)andtherequiredtimeframeforimplementationofeachaction(refertoFigure4).Insummarytheseare:

1. RoleofCCSinabatingCO2emissions2. ResearchanddevelopmenttoimproveperformanceofCCSandimprovestakeholder

capacitybuilding3. ImprovementofeconomicconditionstoacceleratethedeploymentofCCS4. Establishshort,effectiveandtransparentprocedurestodevelopandimplementCCS

projects5. CCSprojectdevelopersneedsufficientcertaintyaboutlong-termspatialplanning,long-term

politicalcommitmentandeconomicviability.

Figure4:NetherlandsCCSroadmap

Source:CATO,2014,CarbonCaptureandStorageRoadmapfortheNetherlands,http://ccs-roadmap.ecofys.com/index.php/CCS_Roadmap

9CATOistheDutchnationalR&DprogrammeforCO2capture,transportandstorage.10CATO,2014,CarbonCaptureandStorageRoadmapfortheNetherlands,http://ccs-roadmap.ecofys.com/index.php/CCS_Roadmap11UnlikeotherCCSroadmapstheDutchuseaweb-basedreportingoptionandintheroadmapitself,ametrolinerepresentseachissue,withthestationsrepresentingactions.

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Norway1.5The2013NordicCCSRoadmap12clearlystatesthatNordicclimatetargetscannotbemetwithoutCCS.NotingtherationaleforCCSandoutliningNorway’suniquepositionofhavinglarge-scalestorageresourcesanddecadesofindustryexperience,theroadmapprovidesanoverviewofthepotentialtoachieveeconomiesofscaleandcombineCCSwithexisting,economicallyviableprojects,includingEOR,todrivedeployment.

Theroadmapconsiderstechnicalanalysisandbenefitsofeconomicallyviableoptions,identifyingnaturalgassweeteningasthefavouredoptiontodriveCCSdeployment,followedbyindustryclustersandnaturalgasplantswithCCStosupplyoffshoreoilfieldsandfurtherabroad.Itconsidersfourscenariostobeimplementedby2050(refertoFigure5):

1. Scenario1:Statusquo2. Scenario2:TheNorwegianGovernment’scommitmenttoimplementaCCSprojectby2020,

(abating~1MtofCO2/year)3. Scenario3:Newgassweeteningprojectsonlinetowards2020,withtwotothreeprojects

assumedby2050(capturingatotalof~4MtofCO2/year)4. Scenario4:IndustrialCCSprojects,focusingoncementandsteel.

Italsoconsiderstheessentialpoliciestodrivedemonstrationanddeployment,recommending:

• Governmentsupportviacapitalgrants;• Mechanismstosupportoperationofplants;• CCScertificatesforfossilfuelsuppliers;• InclusionofbiogenicCO2sourcesundertheETS;• Feed-in-Tariffs;and• MeasurementreportingguidelinesforCO2transport(byship)undertheETS.

Figure5:NordicCCSRoadmapfortheimplementationofCCStowards2050

Source:NordicCCSCompetenceCentre,2013,NordicCCSRoadmap:AvisionforCarbonCaptureandStoragetowards2050,http://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/nordiccs/nordiccs-bok---small_2013-11-1.pdf

The2015roadmapupdatecallsforurgentactiontocreatepublicinvestmentinthefirstjointCO2

hubandstoragesiteandlinkwithEOR,prioritisepurchaseofgreenmaterialsproducedwithCCS,strengthenEUETSasthelong-termdriverforCCSandcapitalgrantstosupportlargeprojects.

12NordicCCSCompetenceCentre,2013,NordicCCSRoadmapUpdate2015:AvisionforCarbonCaptureandStoragetowards2050,https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/nordiccs/nordiccs-roadmap-updated-2015-12-033.pdf

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UnitedKingdom(UK)1.6TheUKCCSRoadmap13releasedin2012setsoutthestrategiccontextfortheGovernment’sinterventionstosupportthedevelopmentanddeploymentofcost-competitiveCCSandthestepsbeingtakentoachievethisoutcome.Toaddresstheidentifiedchallengestheprogramofinterventionsincludes(referalsotoFigure6):

• ACCScommercialisationprogram;• A4-year,coordinatedresearchanddevelopment,andinnovationprogram;• DevelopmentofamarketforlowcarbonelectricitythroughElectricityMarketReform

includingavailabilityofFeed-in-TariffsandContractsforDifferenceforlowcarbonelectricitytailoredtotheneedsofCCSequippedfossilfuelpowerstations;

• InterventiontoaddresskeybarrierstothedeploymentofCCSincludingworktosupporttheCCSsupplychain,developtransportandstoragenetworks,prepareforthedeploymentofCCSonindustrialapplicationsandensuretherightregulatoryframeworkisinplace;and

• Internationalengagementfocusedonsharingknowledgetohelpacceleratecostreduction.

Figure6:ThefivekeyinterventionstheUKGovernmentisundertakingintheCCSRoadmapSource:GovernmentofUnitedKingdom,2012,CCSRoadmap,DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange

13GovernmentofUnitedKingdom,2012,CCSRoadmap,DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange

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UnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)1.7ThefirstCCSroadmapintheUSAwaspublishedbytheDepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)in2002.14Ithasbeenupdatedin2010forcarboncaptureandstorage,andthestorageroadmapupdatedagainin2014(refertoFigure7).

Thegoalofthe2014carbonstoragetechnologyplanwastosetoutaplanfortheUSAtosolvekeytechnologychallengesandensureadvancedtechnologiesfordeploymentofCCSareavailableby2030,including:

• SupportthefindingsoftheCCSTaskForce15todevelopcost-effectivetechnologiestoensuresafe,publicallyacceptableCO2storagewhilemeetingregulatoryrequirements;

• Ensureadvancedtechnologiesareavailableby2020forfirstmoverprojects.Firstmoverprojectsincludeearlycommercial-scaleprojectsindepletedoilreservoirsandsalineformations,deployedwitheconomicbenefitsthatoffsetthecostofcapture;and

• Ensureadvancedtechnologiesareavailableby2030tosupportbroaddeploymentprojects.Broaddeploymentprojectsincludenext-generationcommercial-scaleprojectsinallstoragetypeswithanemphasisonsalineformations.

TheoverallobjectiveoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)CarbonStorageprogramistodevelopandadvanceCCStechnologiesbothonshoreandoffshorethatwillsignificantlyimprovetheeffectivenessofthetechnology,reducethecostofimplementation,andbereadyforwidespreadcommercialdeploymentinthe2025–2035timeframe.

Toaccomplishwidespreaddeployment,technicalandeconomicbarriersmustbeaddressedanddataandinformationgeneratedandcommunicatedtoinformregulatorsandindustryonthesafetyandpermanenceofCCS.Fourprogramgoalshavebeenestablishedthatsupportthescale-upanddevelopmentofCCSleadingtowidespreaddeployment.

1. Developandvalidatetechnologiestoensure99percentstoragepermanence2. Developtechnologiestoimprovereservoirstorageefficiencywhileensuringcontainment

effectiveness3. Supportindustry’sabilitytopredictCO2storagecapacityingeologicformationstowithin

±30percent4. DevelopBestPracticeManualsformonitoring,verification,accounting,andassessment;site

screening,selection,andinitialcharacterization;publicoutreach;wellmanagementactivities;andriskanalysisandsimulation.

14USDepartmentofEnergy,2014,CarbonStorageTechnologyProgramPlan,DepartmentofEnergy:OfficeofFossilEnergy15Earlyin2010anumberofUSAExecutivedepartmentsandFederalagenciesestablishedanInteragencyTaskForceonCCS.Inlate2010theTaskForcedeliveredaseriesofrecommendationsonovercomingthebarrierstothewidespread,cost-effectivedeploymentofCCSwithin10years.ThereportconcludedthatCCScanplayanimportantroleindomesticGHGemissionsreductionswhilepreservingtheoptionofusingabundantdomesticenergyresources.

10

Figure7:USACCSandPowerSystemsSubprogramsRoadmapSource:USDepartmentofEnergy,2014,CarbonStorageTechnologyProgramPlan,DepartmentofEnergy:OfficeofFossil

Energy

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InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)1.8Unlikespecificcountryorregionalroadmaps,theIEAsetsavisionandactionitemsforCCSdeploymentwithoutanyspecificdeliverymechanisms(refertoFigure8).The2013IEATechnologyRoadmap:CarbonCaptureandStorage16summarisesthechallengeintofourmainareas:

• Lackofeconomicdrivers;• Lackofpolicysupport;• Technicaldifficulties;and• Limitedpublicunderstanding.

Theroadmapidentifiestheshortterm(2013–2020)ascriticaltotheaccelerateddevelopmentofCCS.Sevenkeyactionsintheleadupto2020weredeemednecessarytolaythefoundationforscaled-upCCSdeployment.Theserequireseriousdedicationbygovernmentsandindustry,butarerealisticandcoverallthreeelementsoftheCCSprocess.Theseinclude:

1. IntroducefinancialsupportmechanismsfordemonstrationandearlydeploymentofCCStodriveprivatefinancingofprojects

2. Implementpoliciesthatencouragestorageexploration,characterisationanddevelopmentforCCSprojects

3. Developnationallawsandregulationsaswellasprovisionsformultilateralfinancethateffectivelyrequirenew-build,baseloadfossilfuelpowergenerationcapacitytobeCCS-ready

4. ProvecapturesystemsatpilotscaleinindustrialapplicationswhereCO2capturehasnotyetbeendemonstrated

5. SignificantlyincreaseeffortstoimproveunderstandingamongthepublicandstakeholdersofCCStechnologyandtheimportanceofitsdeployment

6. Reducethecostofelectricityfrompowerplantsequippedwithcapturethroughcontinuedtechnologydevelopmentanduseofhighestpossibleefficiencypowergenerationcycles

7. EncourageefficientdevelopmentofCO2transportinfrastructurebyanticipatinglocationsoffuturedemandcentresandfuturevolumesofCO2.

Figure8:CCSinthepowerandindustrialsectors(inthe2°Cscenario)

Source:IEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)2013,TechnologyRoadmap:Carboncaptureandstorage,IEA/OECD,Paris

16IEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)2013,TechnologyRoadmap:Carboncaptureandstorage,IEA/OECD,Paris

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2 SnapshotoftheAustralianProjects

LearningsfromkeyCCSprojectstodate:statusandbarriers2.1ThereareeightkeyCCSprojectsthatdemonstratelearningsforCCSinanAustraliancontext,asoutlinedinTable2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia.

TheseprojectsarelocatedinWesternAustralia(twoprojects),Queensland(threeprojects),Victoria(twoprojects)andNewSouthWales(oneproject)andincludefullrangesystemoperationtrials,pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration,prototypedemonstrationandcommercialtrial.

Table2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia

Project ConsiderationsGorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia

IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithdedicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.OperationwilldemonstratelargestcarboncaptureandstorageinAustralia.

Callide,Biloela,Queensland

Successfuldemonstrationofretrofittedoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergenerationtechnology.Providespathwaytolarge-scaleoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergeneration.Communicationofsuccessofprojecttowidercommunityhasbeeninadequate.

CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria

ProvidespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationinVictoria.KeepsCCSasanoptioninVictoria(andforNSW).

CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland

ProvidespathwayforafullchainCCSdemonstrationinQueensland.PathwaytopermittingofonshoresalinereservoirCO2storageinQueenslandusingconventionalandMATtrapping.

Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria

Successfuldemonstrationofend-to-endCO2capture,injectionandstorageinbothdepletedafieldandsalineformation.withsuccessfulcommunityengagementforaprojectofinternationalsignificance.ProvidespathwaytopermittingofsalinereservoirCO2storageinAustraliaandinternationallyusingunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.

SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia

Provideswell-suitedsiteforR&DforunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.ProvidespotentialtechnicaladvancementtodoublethequantityofgeologysuitableforstoringCO2inAustraliaandinternationally.

ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland

Thelackofasuitablestoragelocation,theveryhighcapitalcost,andintricategovernmentandindustryfundingresultedinthisprojectnotprogressing.DemonstratedverysuccessfullocalcommunityengagementinQueensland.Providedgoodunderstandingofprojectcostescalation.

NSWCO2StorageAssessment

ProvidesapathwaytobetterunderstandingAustralia’sstorageresources.Prospectivecommercial-scalestoragesitehasbeenidentifiedintheDarlingBasinwithexplorationongoing.HasindicatedthattheSydneyBasinisnotprospective.

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Gorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia2.2ProjecttocompressandinjectreservoirCO2extractedfromrawgasasaroutinepartofgasprocessingoperationsintoadeepundergroundreservoir.

TheGorgonCarbonDioxideInjectionProjectisanintegralcomponentofthegasprocessingplantonBarrowIsland,andonceoperational,willrepresentthelargestinvestmentingreenhouseemissionsmitigationundertakenbyindustryglobally.

Projecttype CO2storage17

Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Undergroundinjection,monitoringandreservoirmanagementProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation

2017(operations)

TechnicalDetails ReservoirCO2streamcompressedviasix,fourstagecompressortrainsandinjectedvianineinjectionwells.Projectincludesactivepressuremanagementandmonitoringactivities.

Storage/Utilisation DupuyFormationreservoirover2kmbelowsurface.Scale,CO2tpa 3,400,000–4,000,000(over100,000,000overthelifeofproject)Cost(2013) USD$2BPartners Chevron,Shell,ExxonMobil,OsakaGas,TokyoGas,ChubuElectric,

AustralianGovernment

CO2Capture CO2Storage18

• GorgonisanonshorenaturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingLNGfromanoffshoreconventionalnaturalgasfield

• Gorgonisusingcommerciallyavailableamine(industrial)capturetechnology

• CO2isseparatedfromrawnaturalgasasaroutinepartofgasprocessingoperationstobeundertakenattheGorgonProject.

• Specificallynaturalgasprocessingtechnology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedforstorageis3-4milliontonnesperyear

• 3.4–4milliontpaofreservoirCO2sourcedfromthegasprocessingfacility,compressedinandtransportedtonineinjectionwellsina7kmpipeline

• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage

underBarrowIsland,aClass1naturereserve

• Activepressuremanagementviawaterextractionfromthereservoir

• Programofsurfaceandsubsurfacemonitoringandreservoirmanagement

• Brineextractionwithreinjectioninshalloweraquifer

17ZeroCO22016,GorgonCO2InjectionProject,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/gorgon18Chevron2016,GorgonProject,https://www.chevronaustralia.com/our-businesses/gorgon

March2016:Aerialviewofthegasprocessingplantsitelookingsoutheast.Thethreecarbondioxidecompressormodulescanbeseeninthelowerleftofthephoto.

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SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia2.3IntendedsiteforR&DonunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.19

ProvidespotentialtechnicaladvancementtodoublethequantityofgeologysuitableforstoringCO2inAustraliaandinternationally.

Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration20

Industry ResearchProjectfocus StorageProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation

2025

TechnicalDetails Researchandgeo-sequestrationdemonstrationprojectStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2 65,000Tonnes(overall)Cost(2012) AUD$48MtodatePartners WesternAustralianDepartmentofMinesandPetroleum,SouthWest

HubJointVenture,AustralianGovernment

CO2Capture CO2Storage

• Noconfirmedcapture(CO2source)associatedwiththecurrentstageoftheproject

• TheinitialdrillingprogrammeconfirmedinOctober2012theexistenceoftheLesueurreservoir2.5kilometresunderground

• Theprojectpartnersarecurrentlyworkingonafour-yearresearchprojecttodeterminethelong-termstoragepotentialoftheLesueurSandstoneFormation

• Researchwillcontinueonunconventionalmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)andverticalmigrationassistedtrapping(VMAT)forCO2intheLesueurSandstoneFormation

19DepartmentofMinesandPetroleumWA2016,GeologicalSurveyofWesternAustralia(GSWA),http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Geological-Survey/Geological-Survey-262.aspx20GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2015,SouthWestHub,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/south-west-hub

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ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland2.4Thelackofasuitablestoragelocation,theveryhighcapitalcost,andintricategovernmentandindustryfundingresultedinthisprojectnotprogressing.

DemonstratedverysuccessfullocalcommunityengagementinQueensland.

ProvidedfirstunderstandingofrealisticcostsforCCSprojects.

Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial21

Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus Cancelled2011TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncombustionMHIair-blowngasifierStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 2,000,000Scale,MWenet 390Cost(2010) AUD$6.93BPartners AustralianFederal&QueenslandGovernment,ACALET,Stanwell


• ZeroGenwouldhaveusedanMHIair-blowngasifier

• 530MWegrossIGCCpowerplantinasinglegasifier&gasturbineconfiguration

• 390MWeNet(at65%capture)• 140MWe(26%)auxiliaryload• 31.3%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%plantavailability• ProposedCO2capturelevel65%initially-

and90%duringthedemonstrationphase• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedisgreater

than2milliontonnesperyear(65%capture)

• 2-3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby400+kmpipeline

• Storagelocation–notresolved:• Basecasewastheclosesttothe

project(NorthernDenisonTrough)andwhichwasfoundtobenotsuitable

• Alternativeswereunderinvestigationbutprogresswaslimitedduetolackoftenementsandtheeventualcancellationoftheproject

21UniversityofQueensland2012,ZeroGenIGCCwithCCS:ACaseHistory,http://www.uq.edu.au/energy/zerogen-igcc-with-ccs-a-case-history

16

Callide,Biloela,Queensland2.5Successfuldemonstrationofretrofittedoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergenerationtechnology22.

Indicatespathwaytolarge-scaleoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergeneration.Communicationofsuccessofprojecttowidercommunityhasbeeninadequate.

Projecttype Prototypedemonstration23

Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture(nostorage)Projectstatus Completed2015TechnicalDetails Oxy-combustionretrofitofexistingcoal-firedpowerplantStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 75Scale,MWenet 30Cost(2008) AUD$245MTotalFullyLoadedCapitalPartners CSEnergy,ACALET,Glencore,Schlumberger,J-POWER,Mitsui,IHI,

AustralianandQueensland,Governments,JCoal,METI

CO2Capture24 CO2Storage

• TheCallideProjectwasanoxyfuelretrofitofaidledfacilityoriginallycommissionedin1972

• 30MWegrossoxy-combustionpulverisedcoalpowerplant

• CO2capturelevelupto15%(partialcapture)

• 75TPDdesignCO2capturecapacity• Communicationofsuccessofprojectto

widercommunityhasbeeninadequate

• Potentialstoragesites(8)examinedaspartofproject

• Identifiedsiteswereultimatelyfoundnottobesuitableforvariousreasons,including:

• Geological• Distancetosite• Availabilitywithinoperatingperiod

• Usefulinformationwasgeneratedandhasbeenreported

• LackofGHGlegislationwasachallenge

22IHIEngineeringAustraliaPtyLtd2016,AdvancedTechnology–OxyfuelforCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS),http://www.ihi.com.au/technology/advanced-tech-in-australia/23CallideOxyfuelProject2016,CallideOxyfuelProject,http://www.callideoxyfuel.com/What/CallideOxyfuelProject.aspx24MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology2016,Callide-AOxyfuelFactSheet:CarbonDioxideCaptureandStorageProject,http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/callide_a_oxyfuel.html

17

CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland2.6ProposinganintegratedCCSdemonstrationinQueensland.25

IntendeddemonstrationofpermittinganonshorereservoirCO2storageinQueenslandusingmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)whichincludespermittingan‘IndustriallyScalablemodule’PCCplant.

GlenhavenSitenearWandoan

Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration

Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Storage,includingPCCplantattachedtoanexistingSuratBasinpowerProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation

2021

TechnicalDetails PCCcaptureandgeo-sequestrationdemonstrationprojectStorage/Utilisation OnshoreReservoirinSuratBasinScale,CO2 60,000Tonnesperannumforthreeyears,for180,000Tonnes(overall)Cost(2014) AUD$43MtodatePartners CTSCo,Glencore,ACALET,AustralianGovernment


• TheprojectproposesademonstrationscalecaptureofCO2fromanexistingsupercriticalcoal-firedpowerplantusingpost-combustioncapturetechnology

• PCCplantproposalbasedonHuaneng’sexistingprovenShanghaiPCCplantdesign

• 120,000tpaCO2capturecapacityascurrentlyoperatedbyHuanengasan‘industriallyscalablemodule’

• Theinitialdrillingprogrammeconfirmed• PrecipiceSandstoneinjectionsitegeologyas

verysuitableforCO2storage• The3Dseismicsurveyconfirmedthe

continuityofthereservoirandsealacrossthedemonstrationarea

• Theprojectaimstoestablishabasisfor• permittingoflong-termcaptureandCO2

storageinQueensland• Theprojectwillcontributetosecuringthe• optionofalarge-scaleSuratBasinCarbon

CaptureandStorage(CCS)project• Analysisofthetargetreservoirconfirmsa

veryhighlevelofconfidence(P95)thatthegeologyisviableandsafeforCO2storage

25CTSCo2016,CTSCo,http://www.ctsco.com.au

18

Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria2.7SuccessfulendtoenddemonstrationofCO2capture,injectionandstorageinadeepgeologicalformationswithsuccessfulcommunityengagementforaprojectofinternationalsignificance.26

IndicatespathwaytopermittingofonshoresalinereservoirCO2storageinAustraliaandinternationallyusingunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.

Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration

Industry ResearchProjectfocus CaptureandStorageProjectstatus OngoingPlanneddateforoperation

2008(injectioncommenced)

TechnicalDetails CCSend-to-enddemonstrationandin-fieldresearchanddevelopmentStorage/Utilisation SalineReservoiranddepletedgasfieldsScale,CO2 80,000Tonnes(todate)Cost(2016) AU$100MPartners CO2CRCand32Industry,Government,andScientificpartners


• Scalable,experimental,captureskidforoffshorehighCO2concentrationgasextractionpurposestocommenceoperationin2016

• 15,000tonnesofCO2-richgas(80mol%CO2)fromtheButtressproductionwellwasinjectedandmonitoredinasalineformation

• Successfullyinjectedandcloselymonitored65,000tonnesofCO2-richgasinadepletedgasfield

• TheprojectssuccessfullycompletedresearchfocusedonCO2storageinsalineformations

• Theprojectfeaturesamajormonitoringandverificationprogramdetectingaslittleas5,000tonnes,anddemonstratingthatCO2canbestoredfor1,000yearsormore

• ResearchandmonitoringwillcontinuewithstudiestodevelopinnovativeseismictechniquestomonitorCO2

• Researchwillcontinueonunconventionalmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)andverticalmigrationassistedtrapping(VMAT)forCO2

26CO2CRC2016,CO2CRC,http://www.co2crc.com.au/

19

CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria2.8InvestigatingthefeasibilityofcommercialscaleCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)inGippsland.27

ProvidingapathwaytofullchainCCSinVictoria.

Projecttype Commercial

Industry CoaltoProducts,PowerGeneration,IndustryProjectfocus Storage(currentstage),FullChain(nextstage)Projectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation

2020s

TechnicalDetails Investigatingthefeasibilityofestablishingacommercialscale,multi-usercarboncaptureandstoragenetworkinGippsland

Storage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000–5,000,000Cost(2015) AU$150MfundingawardedtodatePartners AustralianandVictorianGovernments(VictorianDepartmentof

economicDevelopment,Jobs,TransportandResources,CommonwealthDepartmentofIndustry,InnovationandScience,GlobalCCSInstitute,CSIRO,CO2CRC,MelbourneUniversityPeterCookCentreandANLECR&D


• AimtoprovideacommerciallyviableCCShubnetworktosupportmultipleCO2sources

• Completedjointworkprogramsoncaptureoptionswithindustry,feasibilitydesignsforaCCSnetworkandfinancialmodellingofthetransportandstoragenetworkonafeeforservicebasis

• Theprojecthas“undertakenasignificantamountofworktoidentifyandevaluateitsthreeshort-listedpotentialstoragesites”

• SecuredfiveGreenhouseGasAssessmentPermitsintheoffshoreGippslandBasin

• PreparedadeclarationofidentifiedStorageFormationforaprioritisedstoragesite

• Intendtoundertakefurtherinfieldappraisalactivitiestoenableanapplicationforaninjectionlicencetobesubmittedtoregulators

27DepartmentofEnergyandResourcesVictoria,2016,TheCarbonNetProject,http://earthresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources/victorias-earth-resources/carbon-storage/about-carbon-capture-and-storage/the-carbonnet-project

20

NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram2.9ProvidesapathwaytobetterunderstandingAustralia’sstorageresources.28Prospectivecommercial-scalestoragesitehasbeenidentifiedintheDarlingBasinwithexplorationongoing.HasindicatedthattheSydneyBasinisnotprospective.

Projecttype Technologydevelopmentinrelevantenvironment

Industry ResearchProjectfocus StorageProjectstatus ExplorationPlanneddateforoperation

Unknown

TechnicalDetails SeismicacquisitionandexplorationdrillingofprospectiveNSWsedimentarybasins

Storage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirCost(2015) AUD$22Mtodate;FuturebudgetofAUD$20+MPartners NSWandAustralianGovernments,ACALET


• Nocaptureassociatedwiththisproject • Stage1AintheSydneyBasinwascompletedin2012,withtheresultsindicatinglimitedCO2storageprospectivityinthefoursitesinvestigated

• Stage1Bdrillingactivitiesinearly2014intheDarlingBasinidentifiedaprospectivestoragesitewithatheoreticalstoragecapacityof550milliontonnesofCO2

29• AStage2explorationprogramisnowbeing

plannedaimedatverifyingandbuildingupontheseearlyresults

28NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram.FinalReportonStage1B-DarlingBasinDrillingProgram.DivisionofResources&Energy,NSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServices.December2014.29Watson,M,Bunch,M,Haese,R,Michael,K,Tenthorey,E,Daniel,R,Black,JandKnight,J,2015.GeologicalInterpretationandDynamicModellingofWellDatafromtheNSWDarlingBasinDrillingProgram–Revision2.CooperativeResearchCentreforGreenhouseGasTechnologies,Canberra,Australia,CO2CRCPublicationNumberRPT15-5384.150pp

21

3 SnapshotofInternationalProjectsThefollowingsnapshotofaninvestigativestudyintothesuiteoflargeandsmallscaleCarbonCaptureUtilisationandStorage(CC(U)S)andHighEfficiency-LowEmissions(HELE)-relatedprojectsinternationally,particularlythoseapplicabletolarge-scalepowergenerationwithCC(U)S.Thesnapshothasconsideredprojectsintermsofthetechnicalmeritsandthemoneyspent/committed,particularlyrecentsignificantfunding.

TheCC(U)Sprojectsnotdirectlyrelatedtopowergeneration,butinvolvingdecarbonisation,havealsobeenincluded,asthetechnicalandprojectlearningscouldbetransferabletothepowersector30.

Inadditiontothe15large-scaleprojectsinoperation(Operatestage)andsevenduetobecomeoperationalin2016and2017(presentlyintheExecutestage),thereareafurther11projectsinadvancedplanning(Definestage).These11projectshaveacombinedCO2capturecapacityofaround15Mtpa31.

Figure9:Actualandexpectedoperationdatesforlarge-scaleCCSprojectsintheOperate,ExecuteandDefinestages

Source:GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2016,GlobalStatusofCCS2015,http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/196843/global-status-ccs-2015-summary.pdf

30Oettinger,M.2016,SummaryofImportantNationalandInternationalHELEandCC(U)SDemonstration-ScaleandLarge-ScaleProjectActivitiesLastRevised–February2016Version5.231GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2016,GlobalStatusofCCS2015,http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/196843/global-status-ccs-2015-summary.pdf

22

Powersector3.1

3.1.1 BoundaryDam,Estevan,SaskatchewanDemonstrationofpostcombustioncarboncaptureretrofitonrefurbishedcoal-firedpowergenerationwithfullchainCCSatlarge-scale.

IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromrefurbishedcoal-firedplantproducinglowemissionbaseloadelectricity.32,33

Projecttype Systemqualificationtrial

Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

2014(operations)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingShellCansolvaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Scale,MWe 110Cost(2015) CN$1.3B(CN$800MforCCSunclear)Partners CanadianFederal&SaskatchewanGovernment,Shell,Cenovus

CO2Capture34 CO2Storage

• BoundaryDamisusingShellCansolvpost-combustioncapturetechnology(SO2capturethenCO2captureusingamines)

• 139MWegrossconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant

• 110MWeNet(at90%capture)• 29MWe(21%)auxiliaryload• ~26%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%designplantavailability(~45%first

year)• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1

milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)

• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby66kmpipeline

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWeyburn

OilField• SomeCO2istobeusedatthe

Aquistoreproject2kmawayfrompowerplant

32GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2015,BoundaryDam,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/www.globalccsinstitute.com/files/content/in_focus/122958/images/Boundary%20Dam_infocus.jpg33Saskpower,2016,BoundaryDamCarbonCaptureProject,http://www.saskpowerccs.com/ccs-projects/boundary-dam-carbon-capture-project/34MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,2016,CCSProjectDatabase,https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index.html

23

3.1.2 PetraNova,Thompsons,TexasIntendedlarge-scalepost-combustioncapturedemonstrationonaslipstreamfromacoal-firedpowerplant.

IndicatesintegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectappliedtoconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplantsforlowemissionbaseloadelectricity.35,36

Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial

Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation

2016(operations)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingMHIKS-1aminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,400,000Scale,MWe 250(equivalentasslipstream)Cost(2013) US$1BTotalFullyLoadCapitalCostPartners USDoE,NRG,JXNippon,MHI


• PetraNovaisusingMHIKS-1post-combustioncapturetechnology

• 610MWegrossconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant

• 240MWe(90%capturefromslipstream)• Anexternalsupplyofheatandpowerfor

CCS(noheat/powerfromhostplant)• Captureunithasownutilitiessupplyfacility• 85%designplantavailability• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis

1.4milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)

• 1.4milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby132kmpipeline

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWest

RanchOilField,JacksonsCounty

35EENews,2014,PetraNova,http://www.eenews.net/image_assets/2014/09/image_asset_789.jpg36NRG,2016,PetraNova,http://www.nrg.com/generation/projects/petra-nova/

24

3.1.3 KemperCountyIGCC,KemperCounty,MississippiLargestfullchainfacilityintegratingpowergenerationwithCO2captureandenhancedoilrecovery37.

IndicatesCarbonCaptureandSequestrationappliedtoIGCCcoal-firedpowerplanttoproducelowemissionbaseloadelectricity38.


Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus ExecutePlanneddateforoperation

2016(operations)

TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncaptureusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 3,500,000Scale,MWe 524Cost(2013) US$2.8B,now$6.4B(Oct2015)Partners MississippiPower,SouthernEnergy,KBR,USDoE


• KemperCountyIGCCisusingUOPSELEXOLTMpre-combustioncapturetechnology

• 582MWegrossIGCCcoal-fuelledpowerplant• 524MWenet(at65%capture)• 58MWe(10%)auxiliaryload• ~30%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%designplantavailability• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis

3.5milliontonnesperyear(65%capturerate)

• Significantconstructioncostover-runshaveoccurred

• 3.5milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(98km)pipeline

• Storagelocation:• Enhancedoilrecovery

37MississippiPower,2016,KemperCountyEnergyFacility,http://www.mississippipower.com/about-energy/plants/kemper-county-energy-facility/home.cshtml38WikiCommons2016,KemperCounty,http://archive.freeenterprise.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/media/WikiCommons_Kemper_659px.jpg?itok=A8c2szLd

25

3.1.4 SinopecShengli,Dongying,ShandongLarge-scaleCCSprojectfromconventionalcoal-firedpowergenerationlocatedinChina39.

IndicatespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationfrompowergenerationonlandinChina.


Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation

2017(operational)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000

Scale,MWe660MW(250MWequivslipstream)

Cost(2015) notyetfinalisedPartners Sinopec


• Sinopecisproposingtouseaminepost-combustioncapturetechnology

• 660MWeNetnewbuildconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(Unit5atShengli)retrofittedwithcapturetechnology(250MWequivalentslipstream)

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)

• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyapproximately80kmpipelineoverland

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheShengli

oilfield,YellowRiverdelta,Dongying

39SinopecWeekly,2016,SinopecShengli,http://www.sinopecweekly.com/images/attachement/jpg/site41/20121209/90fba61bb07d122e740337.jpg

26

3.1.5 GreenGenIGCC,TianjinCity,BohaiRimLarge-scaleCCSprojectfromIGCCcoal-firedpowergenerationlocatedinChina.

IndicatespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationfrompowergenerationonlandinChina40.


Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation

2020(operational)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 2,000,000

Scale,MWe400(approximately)

Cost(2015) notyetfinalised

PartnersCapture:ChinaHuanengGroup(52%),sevenChineseenergyenterprises(each6%)andPeabodyEnergy(6%)


• GreenGenIGCCisproposingtouseaminepre-combustioncapturetechnology

• 400MWegrossIGCCcoal-fuelledpowerplant• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis2

milliontonnesperyear

• 2milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbymedium-longlength(50-100km)pipeline

• Storagelocation:• Allstorageoptiontypesareunder

evaluation,withenhancedoilrecovery(EOR)opportunitiesattheTianjinDagangoilfieldimportant

40CleanBiz,2016,SinopecShengli,http://www.cleanbiz.asia/sites/default/files/huaneng_greengen_plant.jpg

27

3.1.6 ROAD,Rotterdam,NetherlandsProposedfirstlarge-scaleCCSprojectfrompowergenerationlocatedincontinentalEurope.

Multiplevendorstodeliveramine-basedpost-combustioncaptureforcoal-firedpowerplants.41,42


Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation

2017(operational)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureretrofitusingFluorEconamineTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation DepletedGasReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,100,000

Scale,MWe250(asslipstream)

Cost(2012) €1.2BPartners E.ON.BeneluxN.V.,GDF-SuezandTAQAEnergyB.V.


• ROADisproposingtouseFluorEconamineTMpost-combustioncapturetechnology

• 250MWeslipstreamfrom1.07GWegrossnewconventionalultra-supercriticalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(asretrofit)

• 90%capture(fromslipstream)• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1

milliontonnesperyear(at90%capturerate)

• Fundinggapremainsforproject,whichhasyettobeclosed.

• 1.1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby25kmpipeline(5kmonshoreand20kmoffshore)

• Storagelocation:• TAQAEnergy’sP18-4offshore

depletedgasreservoir

41Bellona,2016,BellonaandCCS,http://bellona.org/assets/sites/6/ROAD.jpg42ROADCCS,2016,ROAD,http://road2020.nl/en

28

3.1.7 HaifengPower,Shanwei,GuangdongIndicatesopportunityforsignificantcapitalcostreductioninthedeliveryofpost-combustioncapturetechnologythroughChineseconstructionanddeployment.

Plannedlarge-scaledemonstrationofcarboncapture,transportandstorageindeepsalinereservoirinChina.43


Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus IdentifyPlanneddateforoperation

2018(operational)

TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncapturefromnewbuild1GWultra-supercriticalunitStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000

Scale,MWe1GW(250MWequivslipstream)

Cost(2015) notyetfinalised

PartnersChinaResourcesPower,ChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorporation,UK-China(Guangdong)CCUSCentre


• ChinaResourcesPowerisproposingtousepost-combustioncapturetechnology

• 1GWeNetnewbuildconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(Unit3atHaifeng)retrofittedwithcapturetechnology(250MWequivalentslipstream)

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)

• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyapproximately150kmpipelineoverland

• Storagelocation:• DeepsalineformationintheSouth

ChinaSeaforpermanentstorageorforCO2enhancedhydrocarbonrecovery

• Theprojectteamhasfoundtwocandidatestoragesitesapproximately90kmand150kmsouthoftheproject

43ScottishCarbonCaptureandStorage,2016,ChinaResourcesHaifengCCUS,http://www.sccs.org.uk/images/news/2014/China_Resources_Power_Haifeng_CCUS_demo_Proj-1.jpg

29

Gasandoilsector3.2

3.2.1 ValVerdeGasPlants,ValVerdeBasin,TexasSince1999therehasbeensafeandreliabletransportandstorageofCO2capturedfromfivenaturalgasprocessingplantsatlarge-scale.44

CommercialCarbonCaptureandTransportProjectfromfivenaturalgasprocessingplantswith356kmofpipelinesoverlandandEnhancedOilRecoverystorage.

Projecttype Commercialscale-up

Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

1999(transportoperations)

TechnicalDetails IndustrialcaptureusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,300,000Cost UnknownPartners BlueSource,Occidental,Chevron


• Mitchell,GrayRanch,Puckett,PikesPeakandTerrellareonshoregasprocessingfacilitiesproducingnaturalgasfromonshorefields

• UOPSELEXOLTMcapturetechnologyisbeingused

• Thesametypeoftechnologycanbeusedforcoal-derivedsyngas

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1.3milliontonnesperyear

• 1.3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(356km)pipelinenetwork

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryatSharonRidge

oilfield

44Rigzone2016,Map:ValVerdeBasin,Texas,http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=1098

30

3.2.2 Sleipner,NorthSea,NorwaySince1996therehasbeensafeandreliableoffshorestorageofCO2atlarge-scale.45,46

IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithoffshorededicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.


Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

1996(operations)

TechnicalDetails CaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 900,000Cost(2015) US$100MPartners Statoil


• Sleipnerisanoffshorenaturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingnaturalgasfromanoffshoreconventionalnaturalgasfield

• Sleipnerisusingaminecapturetechnology• Specificallynaturalgasprocessing

technology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture


• 0.9milliontpasupercriticalCO2withdirectinjection(notransportnecessary;gasprocessingfacilityandinjectionwellarebothlocatedonoffshorerig)

• Storagelocation:• Dedicatedoffshoredeepsaline

geologicalstorageinUtsiraFormation

45PowerTechnology,2016,Sleipner,http://www.power-technology.com/uploads/feature/feature1138/1-sleipner.jpg46Statoil2014,CarbonCaptureandStorage,http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/Co2CaptureStorage/Pages/default.aspx

31

3.2.3 Snøhvit,BarentsSea,NorwaySince2008large-scaleCCSisoperatingsafelyandreliably(Norwayoffshore).47

IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithoffshorededicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.48



2008(operations)

TechnicalDetails IndustrialcaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 700,000Cost(2002) €150MCapitalCostestimateforpipeline,well,compressortrainPartners Statoil,Petoro,Total,GDFSuez


• Snøhvitisanonshore(locatedonMelkøyaIsland)naturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingLNGfromanoffshoreconventionalgasfield

• Snøhvitisusingaminecapturetechnology• Specificallynaturalgasprocessing

technology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture


• 0.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(153km)subseapipeline

• Storagelocation:• Dedicatedoffshoredeepsaline

geologicalstorageintheStøFormation

47ZeroCO2.NO2016,Snøhvit,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/snoehvit/48Statoil2014,Snøhvit,http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/Co2CaptureStorage/Pages/Snohvit.aspx

32

3.2.4 CenturyPlant,PecosCounty,TexasLargestfullchainCC(U)Sfacilitywithupto8.4MTPAcaptured,transportedandstored(usedforEOR).49,50

Verylarge-scaleCO2capture,transportand(EOR)storageisoperatingsafelyandreliablyoverlongdistancesonlandinTexas.




TechnicalDetails CapturefromnaturalgasusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 8,400,000Cost(2010) US$1.1BPartners OccidentalPetroleum,SandridgeEnergy,KinderMorgan


• CenturyPlantisusingUOPSELEXOLTMcapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromnaturalgas

• Thesametypeoftechnologyisusedforpre-combustioncapture


• 8.4milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby~260kmlongpipeline

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryinthePermian

BasininTexas(variouslocations)

49ZeroCO2.NO,2016,CenturyPlant,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/century-plant/image_mini50ZeroCO2.NO,2016,Projects,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/

33

3.2.5 LulaOilField,AtlanticOcean,BrazilLarge-scaleCO2captureandstorageisoperatingsafelyandreliably(Braziloffshore).51

Projecttype Commercialtrial

Industry OilandgasProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

2013(operational)

TechnicalDetails LowtemperaturecaptureusingmembranetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 700,000Cost(2013) US$100MPartners Petrobras


• LulaOilFieldfloatingproduction,storage,andoffloading(FPSO)vesselwithcarboncapturefacilityproducingoilandgasfromanoffshoreconventionalfield

• FPSOisusingmembranecapturetechnology

• Itisanambienttemperatureprocess,notapplicabletopre-combustioncapture


• 0.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2withdirectinjection(notransportnecessary;gasprocessingfacilityandinjectionwellarebothlocatedonFPSO)

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheLulaOil

Field,locatedinSantosBasin,offthecoastofRiodeJaneiro.

51PennEnergy2016,PetrobrasLulaNordeste,http://www.pennenergy.com/content/dam/Pennenergy/online-articles/2013/May/Petrobras%20Lula%20Nordeste.JPG

34

3.2.6 Uthmaniyah,EasternProvince,KingdomofSaudiArabiaUthmaniyahCO2-EORDemonstrationProject.52,53


Industry OilandgasProjectfocus EnhancedOilRecoveryProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

2015

TechnicalDetailsNaturalgasprocessing,almostpureCO2streamisdehydratedandcompressed

Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 800,000Cost UnknownPartners EXPEC-AdvancedResearchCenter(AramcoSubsidiary)


• 40millionstandardcubicfeetperdayofCO2willbecapturedatHawiyahNGLplant


• 0.8milliontpasupercriticalCO2tobeinjectedintofloodedoilreservoirsunderhighpressuretoenhanceoilrecovery

• Projectincludes85kmpipelineconnectingtheNGLplantandthestoragelocation

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryatUthmaniyah.

52SaudiAramco2015,LaunchingtheKingdom’sfirstcarboncaptureproject,http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/news-media/news/capturing-carbon.html53GCCSI,2016,UthmaniyahCO2-EORDemonstrationProject,https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/uthmaniyah-co2-eor-demonstration-project

35

Ironandsteelsector3.3

3.3.1 AbuDhabiCC(U)SProject,AbuDhabi,UAEIntendeddemonstrationofcarboncapturetechnologyatcommercialscalefromdirectreducedironsteelmanufacturing.54

IndicatesapathwayforCCSfromnon-traditionalsteelmakingusingnaturalgasorcoal.


Industry IronandSteelProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation

2016(operations)

TechnicalDetails CO2capturefromhydrogenplantwithnaturalgasfeedStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 800,000Cost(2013) UnknownPartners AbuDhabiFutureEnergyCompanyandADNOC


• TheEmiratesSteelcomplexincludesadirectreducedironmakingprocessusinghydrogenproducedfromnaturalgas

• Theprojectisusingpre-combustioncaptureofCO2producedinthehydrogenunit


• DemonstratesthatsyngaswithCCScouldbeusedforsteelmaking

• Thesourceofsyngascouldbenaturalgas(methanereforming)orcoal(gasification)

• 0.8milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbymedium(45km)pipeline

• Storagelocation:• Enhancedoilrecovery

54ConstructionWeekOnline.com,2016,EmiratesSteelPlant,http://www.constructionweekonline.com/pictures/Emirates-Steel-plant.jpg

36

Industrialsector3.4

3.4.1 IllinoisIndustrialCCSProject,Decatur,IllinoisLarge-scaleCO2(capturedfromnon-powergenerationsource)storageinonshoredeepsalinereservoirs(onmainlandUSA).

Successfullypermittedfirstlarge-scaleonshoreCO2storageinanonshoredeepsalinereservoirintheUnitedStates.55


Industry EthanolmanufactureProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

2016(operations)

TechnicalDetailsCapturefromgrainfermenterventgasusingAlstomamineprocess(postcombustioncapture)

Storage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) US$208millionPartners ArcherDanielsMidland,USDoE SchlumbergerCarbonServices


• TheArcherDanielsMidlandcomplexincludesanethanolfermentationprocess

• TheprojectisusingtheAlstomamineprocesstocaptureCO2fromventgasproducedbythefermentationprocess

• Thisisasimilarprocessthatisusedforpost-combustioncapture

• CO2capturefromnon-powergenerationindustry

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear

• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyshort(1.7km)pipeline

• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeological

storageintheMountSimonsandstoneformation

55GCCSI,2014,TheGlobalStatusofCCS,2014;ProjectsMap,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects#map

37

3.4.2 Quest,FortSaskatchewan,AlbertaOperationofprojectdemonstratesthatlarge-scaleCO2storageinonshoredeepsalinereservoirscanoccursafely(inCanada).56

Constructionandoperationofprojectsuccessfullydemonstrateslarge-scaleonshoreCO2storageinadeepsalinereservoirinCanada.


Industry Oilupgrading-refineryProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

4Q2015(transportoperations)

TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,100,000Cost(2013) CN$1.35BPartners Shell,Chevron,MarathonOil,CanadianandAlbertaGovernments


• TheQuestcomplexincludesasteammethanereformerprocessusingnaturalgasandproducinghydrogen

• Theprojectisusingpre-combustioncaptureofCO2producedinthesteammethanereformerunit

• Thesametypeoftechnologycanbeusedforcoal-derivedsyngas


• 1.1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby65kmpipeline

• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeological

storageintheCambrianBasalSandsformation

• PossibleEOR

56Shell2016,QuestCarbonCaptureandStorageProject,http://www.shell.ca/en/aboutshell/our-business-tpkg/upstream/oil-sands/quest.html

38

3.4.3 GreatPlainsSynfuel,NorthDakota&Weyburn,SaskatchewanSince2000,safeandreliablelarge-scalecapture,transportacrossaninternationalborder,andstorageofCO2.57

Large-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyonland,andacrossaninternationalborderforEOR.58,59


Industry SyntheticnaturalgasmanufactureProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus 2000(transportoperation)Planneddateforoperation

4Q2015(transportoperations)

TechnicalDetailsPre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingRectisolTMtechnology

Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 3,000,000Cost(2013) US$1.1B(capture)&US$100M(pipeline)Partners DakotaGasificationCompany,CenovusEnergy,Apache


• TheGreatPlainsSynfuelPlantisusingRectisolTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifiersyngasproductstream

• Learningscouldbedirectlytransferredtopowergeneration,asitisalsoappliedtocoal-derivedsyngas


• 3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(~320km)pipelineacrosstheNorthDakota/Saskatchewaninternationalborder

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWeyburn

andMidaleOilFieldsinSaskatchewan

57DakotaGasificationCompany2016,Gasification,http://www.dakotagas.com/Miscellaneous/img/Impact_Images/GPSP750w.jpg58DakotaGasificationCompany2016,CO2CaptureandStorage,http://www.dakotagas.com/CO2_Capture_and_Storage/59PetroleumTechnologyResearchCentre2016,Weyburn-Midale,http://ptrc.ca/projects/weyburn-midale

39

3.4.4 CoffeyvilleGasification,Kansas/OklahomaLarge-scaleCO2capture,andtransportoverlongdistancesonlandandacrossastateborderareoperatingsafelyandreliably.60

Large-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyonland(betweenKansasandOklahoma)forEOR.


• CoffeyvilleGasificationPlantisusingUOPSELEXOLTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifieratanammonianitrogenfertiliserplant

• Learningscouldbedirectlytransferredtopowergeneration,asitisalsoappliedtocoal-derivedsyngas


• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby~110kmlongpipelineacrosstheKansas/Oklahomastateborder

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheNorth

BurbankUnitinOsageCounty,Oklahoma

60NETL(NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory)2016,CommercialExamples;CoffeyvilleResourcesNitrogenFertilizersPlant,https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/X7RoZ_ipHtkw2m9a3Kjv71Vl3lj7KkSN0uZqMpj-AI7E9t-g20xLmih7E2ZoN4r9ORN5umqWzhS7My8-waoFcLFM4gSfQ3SKJf6SsGRuChuDzT86e-duIo9z6gEMy4cyFg


Industry Fertiliser(fromcoal)Projectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation


TechnicalDetailsPre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnology

Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) unknownPartners CVREnergy,ChaparralEnergy,BlueSource

40

3.4.5 AirProducts,PortArthur,TexasLarge-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyoverlongdistancesonland(inTexas).61

1MTPAscaleCO2captureusingretrofittedvacuumswingadsorptiontechnologyinafullchainCC(U)SprojectinTexas.


Industry OilrefiningProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation

2013(transportoperations)62

TechnicalDetails Vacuumswingadsorption(90%capture)technologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) US$431MPartners AirProducts,Denbury,Valero,UniversityofTexas,USDoE


• ThePortArthurcomplexincludesasteammethanereformerprocessusingnaturalgasandproducinghydrogen

• TheprojectisusingretrofittedvacuumswingadsorptioncaptureplantforcapturingCO2producedinthesteammethanereformerunit

• Thesametechnologycouldbeusedforpre-combustioncapture


• 1.0milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(158km)pipeline

• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWest

HastingsandOysterBayouOilFields,Texas

61NETL(NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory)2015,RecoveryAct:DemonstrationofCO2CaptureandSequestrationforSteamMethaneReformingProcessGasUsedforLarge-ScaleHydrogenProduction,http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/project-information/proj?k=FE000238162AirProducts2013,AirProductsCelebratesTexasCarbonCaptureDemonstrationProjectAchievement,http://www.airproducts.com/company/news-center/2013/05/0510-air-products-celebrates-texas-carbon-capture-demonstration-project-achievement.aspx

41

3.4.6 TexasCleanEnergyProject,Penwell,TexasPlannedlarge-scaleCCSprojectfrompoly-generationfacilitylocatedinTexas.63

DemonstrationofCCSfromIGCC/poly-generationatlarge-scalewithCO2usedforEOR.64


Industry PowerGeneration,FertiliserProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus Define(scheduledfinancialclosing2016)Planneddateforoperation

2019(operations)

TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingRectisolTMStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,700,000

Scale,MWeNet 245(equivalent

Cost(2014) US$1.727B

PartnersSummitPower,Siemens,Linde,R.W.Beck,BlueSource,USDoEandTexasBureauofEconomicGeology


• TheTexasCleanEnergyProjectisproposingtouseLindeRectisolTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifieratapolygenerationplant(ureafertiliserplant,powergeneration)

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis2.2milliontonnesperyear(0.5milliontonnesperyearwillbeusedinureamanufacture)

• 1.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby1.6kmpipelinetointerconnectwithKinderMorganCentralBasinCO2pipeline(CO2wouldbecomingledinthepipelinewithCO2fromothersources)

• Storagelocation:

• EnhancedoilrecoveryinthePermianBasininTexas

63PowerTechnology2016,TexasCleanEnergyProject,http://www.power-technology.com/projects/texas-clean-energy-project/texas-clean-energy-project2.html64TexasCleanEnergyProject2016,TexasCleanEnergyProject,http://www.texascleanenergyproject.com/

42

3.4.7 TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,SouthernHokkaido,JapanDemonstrationofCCSfromahydrogenproductionunitatlarge-scalewithCO2tobestoredinadeepsalineaquifer.65


Industry OilRefining/HydrogenProductionProjectfocus Capture&StorageProjectstatus ConstructionPlanneddateforoperation

2017

TechnicalDetailsAminescrubbingofhydrogenoff-gasstream.CO2tobestoredintwooffshoresites.

Storage/Utilisation SalineAquiferScale,CO2tpa 100,000Cost Unknown

PartnersTheGovernmentofJapan-MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI).ExecutionoftheprojectistobeundertakenbyJapanCCSCo.,Ltd.(comprising35companies)


• TheProjectwilluseabsorptionviaanaminechemicalsolvent-basedprocess

• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis100,000tonnesperyear

• Dedicatedgeologicalstorage–deepsalineaquifers.Twoseparatenearshorereservoirshavebeenidentifiedasstoragesites.

• Storagelocation:• SandstonelayeroftheMoebetsu

Formationatadepthof1,000-1,200metresbelowtheseabed,andT1MemberoftheTakinoueFormationatadepthof2,400-3,000metresbelowtheseabed.

• Whilethewellheadsforbothinjectionwellsarelocatedonshore,theinjectionpointfortheMoebetsuFormationislocated2.9kmoffshoreandtheinjectionpointfortheTakinoueFormationislocated4.1kmoffshore.66

65JapanCCSCoLtd,TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,http://www.japanccs.com66GCCSI,https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/pilot-and-demonstration-projects

43

4 LowEmissionFossilFuelResearchandDevelopment

Technologyandcommercialreadiness4.1Thetechnologyreadinesslevel(TRL)indexisagloballyacceptedbenchmarkingtoolfortrackingprogressandsupportingdevelopmentofaspecifictechnologythroughtheearlystagesoftheinnovationchain.Onceatechnologyhasprogressedtodemonstrationanddeploymentasetofseparatefactorsareintroducedtoassistinthedeterminationofthecommercialreadinessofatechnologyorproject.Commercialreadinessissometimesdescribedasapathwaytocommercialisation.

Commercialreadinessindex(CRI)providesarigorousstructureforevaluatingwhereoneormoreindustrysectorsarefacingbarriers,andenablesustostructureourfundingsupporttobestreducerisksandbarriersatthevariousstagesofthepathwaytocommercialisation.

Figure10:Technicalandcommercialreadinesslevelindicationscale

Source:ARENA(AustralianRenewableEnergyAgency)2014,CommercialReadinessIndexforRenewableEnergySectors,CommonwealthofAustralia

Australianlowemissionsfossilfuelstocktake4.2ThehighlevelassessmentofthefossilfuellowemissionstechnologiesinAustraliaarepresentedinTable3.

AUTHORS’ RESPONSIBILITY & DISCLAIMERSAuthors’ ResponsiblitiesWork commenced on 6 July 2016 and was completed on 16 November 2016. Therefore, the Report does not take into account events or circumstances arising after 16 November 2016. The Report’s authors take no responsibility to update the Report.

The authors of the Report highlight that the Report, does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation to you on your future course of action. The authors provide no assurance that any relevant authority or third party will accept the scenarios modelled.

No listed author, company or supporter of this report, nor any member or employee thereof undertakes responsibility in any way whatsoever to any person in respect of errors in this Report arising from information that may be later be proven to be incorrect.

In the preparation of this Report the authors have considered and relied upon information sourced from a range of sources believed after due enquiry to be reliable and accurate. The authors have no reason to believe that any information supplied, or obtained from public sources, was false or that any material information has been withheld. The authors do not imply and it should not be construed that they have verified any of the information provided, or that the author’s enquiries could have identified any matter, which a more extensive examination might disclose.

While every effort is made by the authors to ensure that the facts and opinions contained in this document are accurate, the authors do not make any representation about the content and suitability of this information for any particular purpose. The document is not intended to comprise advice, and is provided “as is” without express or implied warranty. Readers should form their own conclusion as to its applicability and suitability. The authors reserve the right to alter or amend this document without prior notice.

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• makes any warranty or representation whatsoever, express or implied, (i) with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, process, or similar item disclosed in this document, including merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, or (ii) that such use does not infringe on or interfere with privately owned rights, including any party’s intellectual property, or (iii) that this document is suitable to any particular user’s circumstance; or

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