World War LoomsChapter 16

Nationalism Grips Europe and AsiaTreaty of Versailles Germans nothing fair. New democratic governments failed, turned to authoritarian leadersJoseph Stalin Soviet Union Communist S.U. great industrial nation Great Purge Totalitarian complete control over his people

Benito Mussolini Italy Totalitarian Fascism stressed nationalism and placed interest of state above selfAdolf Hitler GermanyMein KampfNazism extreme form of nationalismPurification

Japan militarists need for more space, attacked ManchuriaPulled Japan out of League of NationsHitler Germany out of League, began military buildupRhinelandMussolini EthiopiaLeague ineffective boycott

Spain Francisco FrancoCivil WarHitler and Mussolini Franco, U.S. SpainFranco victory Totalitarian government established

America isolationismNye committee business and banks got us involved in WWI, U.S. determined to avoid warGood Neighbor Policy withdrew forces in Latin AmericaLowered trade barriersNeutrality Acts outlawed arms sales to nations at war

FDR Quarantine Speech isolate aggressor nations to stop the spread of war

War In EuropeHitler need more space, target Austria and CzechoslovakiaUnion with AustriaHitler took Sudetenland Czech sent troops to borderMunich Agreement Hitler could have Sudetenland in exchange for his word to not take anymore territoryTook rest of Czech

German Offensive BeginsSoviet Union non-aggression pact, split PolandBlitzkrieg surprise and crushSeptember 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war on GermanyS.U. attacked Poland from east

Sitzkrieg sitting warHitler continues to annexItaly joins on side of GermanyBoth invade France. June 22, 1940 France fallsBritain attacked next Battle of BritainLuftwaffe fought over skies of BritainGermans turned back

HolocaustSystematic murder of 11 millionJew target Nuremberg LawsKristallnachtGenocideFinal Solution Aryans a superior race, needs to be preservedGhettos, Concentration campsMass Extermination

America Moves Toward WarCash-and-Carry warring nations can buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships.Provide British with all aid short of war Destroyers for Bases 50 old WWI destroyers for leases on British military bases

Axis Powers Germany, Italy, and JapanTwo-front war!!

Increase spending for national defenseSelective Training and Service Act first peacetime draft16 million men between ages of 21-35 registered

Roosevelt runs for third term Election of 1940 re-elected with 55% of votes.

The Great Arsenal of DemocracyLend-Lease Act U.S. would lend or lease any supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.Hitler invades S.U.(non-aggression pact??), supplies sent by U.S.

German Wolf PacksGerman Wolf Packs to stop lend/lease supplies350,000 tons of shipments/monthBegan using Convoy System again sonar and airplanes equipped with radar

FDR Plans for WarAtlantic Charter war aims- NOT a declaration of war! Allies nations that fought the Axis 26 nationsShoot on Sight German Subs

Pearl HarborJapanese Manchuria, wanted to unite East Asia, launched an invasion of China, Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos). U.S. trade embargo on Japan. Included OILJapan ready to strike the U.S.December 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy180 Japanese warplanes2,403 killed, 1,178 wounded21 ships sunk or damaged

Dec. 8 war declared on JapanDec. 11 Germany and Italy declared war on U.S.

The United States in World War IIChapter 17

Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense510George MarshallWomens Auxiliary Army CorpsAutomobileTanks, planes, boats, command cars

Henry Kaiser 7 new shipyardsHull 440 ship made in 4 days62Office of Scientific Research and DevelopmentLocate subs under waterFight insects free from body liceSaved lives on/off battlefieldGerman refugee atomic bomb secretResearch on creating the atomic bomb

Manhatten Project

The Federal Government Takes ControlOffice of Price AdministrationWar Production BoardEstablished fixed allotments of goods necessary for the militaryPersonal contribution to the war effort

Section Two The War for Europe and North AfricaGermanyItalyEast coastFood and war materials87681

ConvoysDestroyersSonarAirplanesRadarAt same time we were building many ships 140 each month, launchings outnumbered sinkings

The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean Stalingrad major industrial cityBombing raids9/10Fresh tanks Massive counter-attackMove west toward Germany

Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers in the Battle of Stalingrad

The North African FrontOperation TorchDwight D. Eisenhower

Rommel in Africa

The Italian CampaignUnconditional surrenderItalySicilyGerman troops moved in to Italy, heavy fighting begins did not want to fight on German soil

Heroes in Combat99th Pursuit Squadron fought Germans in Italy92nd Infantry Division

The Allies Liberate Europe3NormandyJune 5 D DayOmar Bradley massive air/land bombardment gap in German lineGeorge Patton led army to Seine River, liberated France

Young German soldiers, waving white handkerchiefs, surrender to the Americans at St. L. (Photo credit: U.S. National Archives)

German POWs are led through the streets of Paris.

4th Harry S. Truman

Battle of the BulgeAachenCreated a bulge in the line Battle of the BulgeKilled them allBattle went on for a month Germans pushed back. Germans lost 120,000 men, 600 tanks, 1,600 planes and could not replace!

Liberation of the Death CampsEastwardWestward800,000 shoesMurder

In December 2005, the Majdanek Museum announced that Lublin scholar Tomasz Kranz has established that the Nazis murdered 78,000 people at the Majdanek concentration camp.

These shoes belonged once to babies, women, men, children, human beings

Unconditional SurrenderSoviet army stormed Berlin, German soldiers desertedMarried Eva BraunJews for starting the war, Generals for losingDied in bunkerUnconditional surrenderV-E Day Victory in Europe

Section 3 The War in the PacificHong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, much of ChinaCommand of Allied forces in the Philippines16AustraliaAirplanes

HawaiiCode knew Midway would be next targetCommander of naval forces in the PacificAmericans avenged Pearl Harbor, Turning point in the Pacific began island-hoping and gaining territory

Naval planes in the Battle of Midway. Photo: US NAVY

Allies go on the OffensiveSuicide plan attacksPhilippinesIwo JimaBombersJapan6,000305,0007,600110,000Cost would be a million lives

Major General James Doolittles raid on Tokyo. Yokosuka Japan Naval base taken from B-25, April 18, 1942

No front lines on Iwo. Marines were above ground and the Japanese below in underground caves. Marines rarely saw an alive Japanese soldier, yet the Japanese could see the Marines perfectly, from the heights. Grenades and flame-throwers were required to oust Japanese from caves.

Atomic BombsTruman ordered military to make final plans for dropping bombsWarned Japan they would face prompt and utter destruction unless surrender200,000Formal surrender ceremonies on Missouri

Rebuilding BeginsGermany 4 zonesNuremberg War Trials241224 To deathSent to prisonIndividual responsibility

Section 4 The Home Front1.2 %35 %50 %TripledDefense Industry towns tripledAfrican Americans left south in record numbers

GI Bill provided education/training for veterans, paid for by the governmentCORE congress of racial equality confront urban segregationSit-InsInternment confinementRemoval of people of Japanese ancestry from CA, WA, OR, AZrelocation centersNisei

The camp at Topaz, Utah