World War II on the horizon “History is written by the victors.” -Winston

Churchill “History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.” -

Winston Churchill “For my part, I consider that it will be found much

better by all parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history myself.” -Winston Churchill

As a prospective historian, what is one very important element you must consider when analyzing a historical document?

World War II on the horizon The Treaty of Versailles tried to secure a

“just and secure peace” and make the world “safe for democracy.”

As you know, the Treaty of Versailles would fail and would lead to WWII. In your bellwork write down some of the reasons you remember as to why the Treaty of Versailles would fail to bring about what it promised.

Book reading assignment: pg. 734-741 Read and take notes on: Nationalism Grips Europe and

Asia: Failures of the WWI peace

settlement Joseph Stalin transforms the

USSR Nazis take over Germany Militarists gain control in Japan

“five-year plans”, totalitarian, Joseph Stalin, Fascism, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Nazism, Mein Kampf, storm troopers, third reich,

The United States Responds Cautiously Americans cling to

isolationism Neutrality Breaks Down

“merchants of death,” Neutrality Acts, “quarantine”

Answer (and turn in) the following questions:

Pg: 736 1 & 2 Pg: 738 1 & 2 Pg: 740 1-3

World War II on the horizon

Write a sentence appropriately using the following words: Racial purification Aryans Master race Inferior races

World War II on the horizon Rise of Nationalism in embittered European

nations Result of failures of Treaty of Versailles and poor

economic conditions.

Nationalist, militaristic dictators come to power in Europe and Japan

World War II on the horizon Joseph Stalin Soviet Union Communist “five-year plans” “The Great Purge” Responsible for

roughly 8-13 million people.

World War II on the horizon Benito Mussolini Italy Fascist Totalitarian Achieved high

production and efficiency at the cost of freedom and human lives.

World War II on the horizon Adolf Hitler Germany Nazism Extreme nationalism and

racism Authored Mein Kampf (My

Struggle) Blamed Germany’s

problems on Jews Called for lebensraum –

“living space”

World War II on the horizon Hideki Tojo Japan Militarist and

Nationalist Needed to expand to

acquire more land and resources

Francisco Franco Spain Fascist

After civil war would not be able to contribute to WWII and would remain neutral

World War II on the horizon Franklin D Roosevelt USA Americans, again,

attempt to stay isolated and not get involved.

Opposed Neutrality Acts Outlawed sales or loans to

nations at war.

Supported “quarantine”

World War II on the horizon Winston Churchill Britain Would replace Neville

Chamberlain as Prime Minister after Munich Pact

Opposed appeasement Giving up principals to

pacify an aggressor

War in Europe 1938 - March Germany

marched into Austria unopposed

Germany annexed Austria Many German

speaking people lived in Austria

War in Europe 1938 – September Germany continues its

move into the ‘Sudetenland’

Hitler wanted to annex Czechoslovakia, why?

Used German propaganda to gain support for the invasion.

War in Europe German headlines: “Women and Children

Mowed Down by Czech Armored Cars”

“Bloody Regime: New Czech Murders of Germans”

All lies

German Offensive Begins

What was Germany’s main concern in WWI?

How would they deal with that problem in WWII?

Hitler and Stalin sign nonagression pact A commitment to

never attack each other.

Dealt with Poland and the east.

German Offensive Begins 1939 – September 1st

German luftwaffe stormed over Poland dropping bombs.

German Tanks blitzed across the Polish countryside

Blitzkrieg – new German military strategy meaning “lightning war.”

World War II begins… Fighting in Poland

ended within 3 weeks Meanwhile…the

Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East Germany and USSR

shared Poland. Within 3 weeks the

country ceased to exist.

Appeasement could no longer last

2 days after the invasion of Poland France and Britain declared war on Germany

World War II had begun

The Fall of France German offensive trapped

400,000 allied soldiers on the NW coast of France

800 makeshift fleets ferried about 330,000 soldiers across to Britain

Italy joined the war and invaded France from the south while Germany rushed in from the east and north.

France was forced to surrender June 1940

Battle of Britain Germans built military bases and naval

fleets along the French coast Launched an air war with the luftwaffe

against Britain as well Began bombing runs over Britain bases, airfields,

and then cities Every night for 2 months approx. 2,000 German

planes ranged over London, dropping bombs

Battle of Britain The Britain’s RAF (Royal Air Force) fought back

brilliantly using the newly developed radar. Could fight in the dark On September 15th 1940 the RAF shot down over 185

German planes, while only losing 26 aircraft

Hitler forced to call off the invasion of Britain German bombers still flew over Britain to lower morale and

decrease industrial production

Still…the United States remained neutral…

The Holocaust “We had to form a line and an SS man stood there

with a little stick. I was holding hands with my mother and…he looked at me and said, ‘How old?’ and I said ‘eighteen,’ and he sort of pushed me to one side and my mother to the other side…and shortly thereafter, some trucks arrived…and we were loaded onto the trucks. I heard my mother’s voice from very far off ask, ‘where to?’ and I shouted back, ‘I don’t know.’”

The Holocaust is responsible for killing approximately 6 million of the 9 million Jews that lived in 20 European countries. Why do you think that Germany was able to kill so many Jews? Why do you think more wasn’t done to stop Germany?

Quiz1. What is the name for a government that tried to

exert complete control over its citizens.2. List 3 countries that had a nationalistic &

militaristic dictator come to power during the time period leading up to WW II.

3. What type of government that had arisen in Italy stressed nationalism, military expansion, and strong government controls?

4. What is the name for the type of government that combines racism and racial purification with nationalism, military expansion, and strong government controls?

Quiz5. What is the name of the book Hitler wrote that

documents his life and beliefs about Germany and Jews?

6. What is the name for the series of laws that outlawed arms sales and loans to nations at war?

7. What is the term used for giving up principals to pacify an aggressor, like when France and Britain signed the Munich Pact?

8. What did Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler sign that signified a commitment to never attack each other?

Quiz9. Who is this man?

10. Who is this man?

The Holocaust What is it? Holocaust – the systematic murder of 11

million people across Europe More than half were Jews (approximately 6

million)

Deliberately planned and executed by the Nazi regime, led by Adolf Hitler

The Holocaust Others targeted as well, peoples known to

Nazi’s as ‘undesirables.’ Undesirables included:

Romanians Soviets (particularly POWs) Slavic peoples (Ethnic Poles) Disabled peoples Homosexuals Political and religious dissidents

The Holocaust Hitler immediately targeted Jews when coming

into power Carried out a campaign known as ‘racial purity’

Removed ‘non-Aryans’ from government jobs Hitler used Jews as a scapegoat for the

cause of economic hardships in Germany Anti-semitism has had a long history in many

European Jews Hitler found that the majority of Germans were willing

to accept the idea that the Jews were to blame.

The Holocaust

Nuremberg Laws (1935) stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property To be easily identified, Jews were forced to wear

a bright yellow Star of David on their clothing. Many similarities can be found between the

Nuremberg Laws and Jim Crow laws in the United States

The Holocaust Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass” November 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish

homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany About 100 Jews killed 30,000 Jews arrested Hundreds of synagogues burned The Nazi’s blamed the Jews for the destruction

The Holocaust Hundreds of thousands of Jews in and

around Germany attempted to flee. Other nations were having difficulty dealing with

the Jewish refugees, and many Jews were forced to be turned away.

The United States accepted 100,000 Jewish refugee’s, but many more attempted to travel to the U.S. and was turned away (including Albert Einstein)

The St. Louis – German ocean liner – 1,000 passengers turned away off the coast of Florida

The Holocaust Hitler was obsessed with eliminating all of

Europe’s Jews even after almost all Jews were out of Germany

Imposed what he called “the Final Solution;” the genocide of all Jews

Began implementing the Final Solution in Poland Used Death Squads, his elite Nazi security

squadrons (S.S.) to round up Jews (of all sex/age) and shot them on the spot.

The Holocaust To be more efficient the Nazi’s forcibly

relocated Jews into Ghettos – segregated Jewish areas in cities Ghetto’s were sealed off by barbed wire. Life in ghetto’s were miserable and dead bodies

piled up faster than they could be removed. Factories built near ghetto’s where Jews were

forced to work as slaves.

The Holocaust Following ghetto’s Nazi’s set up

concentration camps, or labor camps Jews were herded onto trucks and trains

and shipped off to these camps Families were often separated Used as warehouses for ‘undesirables’ Inmates worked from dawn til dusk and suffered

from hunger and beatings

The Holocaust In 1942 the Final Solution was taken to ‘The Final

Stage’ Nazi’s agreed to the mass murder of jews by

slaughter, starvation, and poison gas Germans built six death camps, each camp had

several huge chambers in which 12,000 people could be killed a day

Auschwitz was the largest of the death camps

The Holocaust Jews were either buried in huge pits or

burned in huge crematoriums

The Holocaust

The Holocaust “Survival is both an exalted privilege and a painful

burden.” -Gerda Klein “Never shall I forget that night, the first night in the

camp, which has turned my life into one long night…Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live…Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.”-Elie Wiesel

What do you see as the relationship between these two quotes? (How are they related)

Schindler’s List Write at least 2 sentences about what you

feel was most interesting, disturbing, or shocking.

What do you anticipate will happen to the Jews who work in Schindler’s factory in the film today?

Schindler’s List While watching the film, take notes on the ways in

which Oskar Schindler helps the Jews that are victims of the Holocaust.

Also, take notes on the ways in which Oskar Schindler hurts (not physically) the Jews or ways in which he could have done more to help them.

You will be asked to write a persuasive essay on these two points and I will ask that you provide evidence from the film to support your position, so it will be very helpful that you have notes of your evidence.

America Moves Toward War “This nation will remain a neutral nation, but I

cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well…Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or his conscience…I have said it not once, but many times, that I have seen war and I hate war…As long as it is my power to prevent, there will be no blackout of peace in the U.S. -FDR, fireside chat

Under what circumstances do you feel the United States should enter war?

Schindler’s List – what you missed Schindler is able to bribe top Nazi officials and retrieve the

females that are on his list from Auschwitz Schindler’s Jews work in a munitions plant, but Oskar sabotages

production so that everything in the factory is produced defective Schindler allows his Jews a day off on Sabbath Churchill broadcasts Nazi surrender, war in Europe is over Oskar must flee as he is a Nazi party member (and therefore

guilty of crimes against humanity) and a war profiteer The Jews thank him and give him a parting gift, he cries as he

realizes he was trading money for Jews and that if he had been more thrifty in life he could have saved more

Schindler Jews become liberated by the Soviets The film ends with still-living Schindler Jews walking hand in hand

with the actors/actresses who portrayed them as they place flowers on Oskar Schindler’s grave

The Holocaust Deaths by country Concentration camps

Your research paper The paper MUST be written by YOU in YOUR

OWN WORDS If you use the words of another source it must be in

quotes and be cited.

A thesis in your introduction e.g. …in this paper I will show/argue that… Basically the point you are trying to make about your topic

By this point you should have done some research from at least one source

America Moves Toward War FDR slowly moves the U.S. away from

neutrality Promoted the “cash-and-carry” provision to the

Neutrality Acts. -1939 FDR explained that providing arms to Britain and

France would help them defeat Hitler and thus keep the U.S. out of the war.

FDR provided “all aid short of war.” Churchill recalled this policy with affection as “a decidedly unneutral act.” -1940

America Moves Toward War September 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the

Tripartite Pact, a mutual defense treaty These countries would be known as the Axis Powers.

What do you think the goal of this pact was? Its goal was to keep the United States out of the war. If the U.S. declared war on one nation, the others would

declare war on the U.S., and we would be faced with a two ocean war.

America Moves Toward War Roosevelt runs for a 3rd presidential term in

1940 and is reelected. The first and only president to be elected to

three terms in office. Foreign policy was the main focus of the

American people, and FDR and his Republican opponent had the same ideas on foreign policy.

America Moves Toward War By late 1940 Britain had no more cash to

buy military goods FDR proposed a ‘lend-lease’ policy

FDR would lend or lease arms to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States.”

FDR compared this policy to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire; it’s the only sensible thing to do and the only way to prevent the fire spreading to your property.

America Moves Toward War June 1941 – Hitler brakes the non-

aggression pact FDR began sending ‘lend-lease’ supplies to

the USSR “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” “If Hitler invaded Hell, the British would be

prepared to work with the devil himself.” -Churchill

America Moves Toward War

America Moves Toward War German Wolf Packs Hitler deployed hundreds

of U-boats disrupt the lend-lease shipments

Groups of 20-40 subs would patrol and attack convoys at night

FDR gave permission to shoot on sight

America Moves Toward War Roosevelt knew that war was coming.

FDR implemented the draft and extended the term of service to increase the military

FDR and Churchill secretly meet and establish the Atlantic Charter where the two leaders agreed on aims of the war The Atlantic Charter became the basis for “A

Declaration of the United Nations”

America Moves Toward War Meanwhile…Germany has created new

opportunities for Japan Japan needed to expand for resources and

British and French colonies lay unprotected in Asia

The United States was the only obstacle in Hideki Tojo’s way of uniting East Asia under the Japanese banner

America Moves Toward War The U.S. cut off trade with Japan after

Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia Including oil, which Japan relied upon. The two nations attempted peace talks, but

behind the curtain Hideki Tojo was sending secret messages to prepare for an attack.

On December 7th, 1941 180 Japanese war planes bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor

America Moves Toward War The attack was

devastating to the American fleet. In less than two hours: 2,403 killed 1,178 wounded Sunk or damaged 21

ships (8 battleships) Nearly the whole U.S.

pacific fleet More than 300 aircraft

damaged or destroyed

America Moves Toward War By chance three aircraft

carriers escaped disaster This would prove to be

crucial. “Yesterday, December 7th,

1941, a day which will live in infamy…the Japanese launched an unprovoked and dastardly attack.” -FDR

U.S. declared war on Japan 3 days later Germany and

Italy declared war on the U.S.

America Moves Toward War United States preparation and entrance in the war

would end the Great Depression Defense spending skyrocketed. Long idle factories came back to life. A merry-go-round company began producing gun mounts A stove factory made lifeboats A toy maker made compasses A pinball-machine company made armor-piercing shells Unemployment went down by 900,000 within two months

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day “At the stroke of 12, Way One exploded into life.

Crews of workers, like a champion football team, swarmed into their places in the line. Within 60 seconds, the keel was swinging into position…Hull 440 was going up. The speed of production was unbelievable. At midnight, Saturday, and empty way – at midnight Sunday, a full grown hull met the eyes of graveyard workers as they came on shift.”

What is Way One? What is being described in this quote?

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day

Japanese newspapers boasted the U.S. was reduced to a third rate power and was “trembling in her shoes”

America responded with the slogan ‘Remember Pearl Harbor’ and sought out to prove Japan wrong

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day 5 million men volunteered

for military service The draft provided another

10 million Created the Women’s

Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) Women served in non-

combat positions “There are innumerable

duties now being performed by soldiers that can be done better by women”

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day Minority groups faced dilemma

“Why die for democracy for some foreign country when we don’t even have it here?”

“Just carve on my tombstone, ‘here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man.”

Despite discrimination minorities joined the armed forces 1,000,000 African Americans 300,000 Mexican Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans (many served as spies) 13,000 Chinese Americans 25,000 Native Americans (including Navajo code-talkers) “We would not need the Selective Service if all volunteered

like Indians.”

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day End of automobile production for private use

Automobile plants transformed to produce: Tanks Planes Boats Command Cars

Other changes Mechanical pencils bomb parts Bedspreads mosquito netting Filling bottles with soda filling shells with explosives

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day 6 million new female

workers in factories Women earned 60% of

men in same jobs Women operated:

Welding torches Riveting guns Power drills Heavy machinery

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day

FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) Improved radar and sonar Created penicillin Secretly developed the Atomic Bomb

The Manhattan Project became the code name for secret development of the A-Bomb

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day The Battle of the

Atlantic Hitler ordered

submarine raids along the U.S. coast Sunk over 600 allied

ships in 6 months Improved Convoy

techniques used to combat wolf packs

Production increased

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day Hitler gets caught up in Stalingrad

Freezing weather Broken supply lines Decreasing morale

United States achieve victory in North Africa and move on to Italy Mussolini is removed from power

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day

If Germany had been victorious in the ‘Battle of Britain’ do you believe that a D-Day invasion would have been possible? Explain your answer.

From Pearl Harbor to D-Day D-Day invasion – June

6th, 1944 6,000 ships 130,000 soldiers (10,000

paratroopers) 10,000 planes Largest land-sea-air

operation in army history Within 1 week the allies

held 80 miles of the coast, had landed over 1 million troops and 170,000 vehicles

The Allies gain ground August 25th, 1944 – Paris is liberated

After 4 years of German occupation

By end of September: Allies freed France, Belgium, & Luxembourg Allies success will help Roosevelt become

elected to a 4th term of office, along with his running mate Harry S. Truman as VP

The Allies gain ground

The Allies gain ground Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 44)

Hitler’s last-gasp desperate offensive

The offensive created a ‘bulge’ in the Allied defense lines

Battle lasted for a month, both sides suffering heavy casualties Allies eventually stop the

offensive, neither side would gain any territory

The losses the Nazi’s suffered would leave them with no other option but to retreat.

The Allies gain ground April 25th – Soviets

invade Berlin from the east.

Hitler committed suicide April 30th

Hitler blamed the Jews for starting the war

FDR had died April 12th, not living to see Germany’s surrender

The Allies gain ground The Third Reich

surrenders May 7th

On May 8th the allies celebrate V-E day Parties in Times Square

would last for days

Hitler’s Rise to Power: Could it Happen Again Write down the following questions for the reading:

1. What made it possible for Hitler to rise to power and stay in power?

2. Who were the first prisoners sent to concentration camps?3. What territories does Germany occupy at the height of its

power?4. What happens to Germany in 1949 after they surrender?5. What is the purpose of the Berlin Wall and what happens to

the wall in 1989?6. Which countries have recently experienced events that are

similar to what happened in Germany?7. What does the article say exists today that may prevent

another dictator from rising to power and beginning a world war?

8. Do you believe another Hitler/Holocaust/World War is possible?