world war ii notes. what was wwii? largest war in human history. involved countries, colonies, and...
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World War II Notes
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What was WWII?
• Largest war in human history.
• Involved countries, colonies, and territories around the entire world.
• By the end, over 70 million were dead.
• It lasted from 1939 until 1945.
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Causes
• W WI and the Treaty of Versailles
• Appeasement
• Rise of Totalitarianism
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WWI and the Treaty of Versailles
• Germany lost land to surrounding nations
• War reparations– Allies collect $ to pay
back war debts to US– Germany pays $30
billion (around $50 trillion modern day equivalent)
– Germans are bankrupt, embarrassed, guilt ridden, and angry.
• Desperate people turn to desperate leaders: Totalitarian regimes
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Appeasement• Appeasement: Giving someone something to make them happy and
leave you alone. Hitler demanded land that wasn’t Germany’s and others just gave it to him.
• Isolationism: Nations were trying to prevent war & focus on domestic issues
• Appeasement just showed Hitler that he could do whatever he wanted. Isolationism allowed Hitler to punish German jews without fear of reprisal from the international community
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“Peace in Our Time!”
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• A system in which the state and its leader have nearly TOTAL control.
• Individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation. – No right to vote– No free speech– Government controlled economy– Often a police state
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Totalitarianism
USSR:Communist Dictatorship
Germany & Italy:Fascist
Dictatorship
Japan:Military
Dictatorship
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Adolf Hitler-Germany
Hideki Tojo -
Japan
Benito Mussolini-Italy
Josef Stalin-USSR
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What is Fascism?
• Political belief that says the individual is less important than the nation.
• Glorifies violence, believes it is needed to “prove” strength of a people.
• Uses nationalism and racism.
• Dictatorships.
• Italy and then Germany became fascist.
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How did WWII start?
• Germany invaded Poland to get lebensraum
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What did Hitler Want?• Militarism- soon after becoming chancellor he
begins rearming Germany breaking the Treaty of Versailles
• Rhineland- moves troops into the Rhineland territory again breaking the Treaty of Versailles
• Lebensraum- “living space”– Austria - annexed peacefully in 1938– Sudetenland – territory in Czechoslovakia
• Given to Germany by Great Britain and France
– Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
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How did WWII start?
• Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 3rd, 1939.
• Allies declare war on Germany.
• Germany then invades France, Belgium, etc.
• Then Hitler invades Russia.
• Germans use “blitzkrieg” to overwhelm other armies. – Blitzkrieg means “lightening war” in German.– Surround with tanks and troops in trucks.
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Who was on each side?
Axis Powers• Germany• Italy • Japan
Allied Powers• Great Britain• Soviet Union• United States• France
– Surrendered to Germany in 1940 after 6 weeks
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Battle for France
• May 10th, 1940: France is invaded by Hitler’s army through a thick forest –the Ardennes.
• France believed the forest would protect them, but it couldn’t protect them from Hitler’s Panzer Division.
• On June 22nd, 1940: France Surrendered Germany.
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Battle for Britain• Britain helped to evacuate 300,000 soldiers
from France escaping the German Army.
• Their plan was to weaken the will of the British. Germany bombed London for over 50 days, slaughtering civilians, destroying ancient buildings.
• After the use of Radar technology, German forces are unable to make many successful attacks on Britain.
• By 1941, Germany could not continue to lose planes/pilots on London Bombing Raids.
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Battle Against the Soviets• After failing in Britain, Hitler turned toward his
old enemy Josef Stalin and the Soviet Union.
• In June, 1941 Germany invaded the Soviets with a force of 3 million troops.
• At first the assault is highly effective, but as winter sets in German machines and people are unprepared for Soviet Winter.
• After Winter, Stalin’s forces regroup and millions begin marching against the Germans
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What about the Pacific War?
• The US (mostly) fought the Japanese.
• December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to sink US ships there. – Two hours = most US navy destroyed and
over 2,000 sailors killed
• Japan surrenders after US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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Pearl Harbor: Why?
• Japan needed a lot of oil for its War Machine to remain operational. America traded a lot of oil to Japan.
• America cut-off their oil supplies to Japan in response to their Militarism/Imperialism in Asia (i.e., China, Korea, Manchuria).
• Japan responded by planning a secret attack on the U.S. base in Hawaii: Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor: The Attack
• The attack begins early on the morning of Dec. 7th, 1941 (Day of Infamy)
• 2 waves of attack from planes/submarines
• Attack takes less than 2 hours.
• 2402 – Dead Japanese Losses
1282 – Injured 65 people
4 Battleships Sunk 5 Subs
128 Aircraft destroyed 29 aircraft
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The Aftermath
• America was shocked and entered the war the very next day (Dec. 8th).
• America, upon entering the war, rounded up Japanese into Internment Camps.
• Germans and Italians also experienced severe mistreatment.
• Jingoism: patriotism in the form of warlike, aggressive, ethnocentric behavior
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How did WWII end in Europe?
• Operation Overlord- Allied invasion of France. Also called D-Day.– Within a month 1 million Allied troops were
stationed in Europe. – Germany is surrounded with the USSR to the
east
• Germany surrenders in 1945 after Hitler commits suicide.
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How did WWII end in Europe?
• Allies divide Germany up between them. – This helps start the Cold War.
• Trials are held in Germany (and Japan) to try the people responsible for the war.– Many are executed and jailed for war crimes.
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How did WWII end in the Pacific?
• “Island-Hopping” – Invading throughout the pacific Island by Island– Costly in lives, resources; bloody battles– Battle of Midway – US destroys Japanese
fleet [turning point in the pacific]– Japan continues to fight despite losses– Truman doesn’t want to invade mainland
Japan (projected too costly in lives)– Aug. 6 Hiroshima; Aug 9. Nagasaki
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What was the Holocaust?
• Nazi plan to kill all Jews.• Why? Hitler provided a scapegoat to Germany’s
problems• 6 million Jews murdered in camps in Europe. • 5-6 million others (gypsies, mentally ill, homosexuals)
• Total of 11-12 million exterminated • What is genocide? • Purposely trying to exterminate an entire group
of people (ethnic, religious, racial).
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Quick Facts• War Costs
– US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion
– US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion
• WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the cost of WWI & equivalent to all previous federal spending since 1776
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Losses of the Major Wartime Powers in WWII, 1939-1945
• Germany– 4.5 million military– 2 million civilian
• Japan– 2 million military– 350,000 civilians
• Italy– 400,000 military– 100,000 civilian
• China– 2.5 million military– 7.4 million civilians
• USSR– 10 million military– 10 million civilians
• Great Britain– 300,000 military– 50,000 civilians
• France– 250,000 military– 350,000 civilian
• United States– 274,000 military
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Postwar Effortsat Revenge
• The Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46– After, WWII the Allied powers decided to place on trial
the highest-ranking Nazi officers for “crimes against humanity”
– Allied forces had attempted to do this after WWI, but had released them on the grounds that they “were just following orders”
– Hitler, Goebbels, and Himmler were dead; but, 22 Nazi leaders (including Goring) were tried at an international military tribunal at Nuremburg, Germany. 12 were sentenced to death. Similar trials occurred in the east and throughout the world. • The Tokyo Trial (1946-48)
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Postwar Efforts at Peace
• The United Nations – There was some hope when, in 1945, the United Nations was created; an organization to promote international stability– A General Assembly where representatives from
all countries could debate international issues.– The Security Council had 5 permanent members
– U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China could veto any question of substance. There were also 6 elected members.
– Key: the U.S. joined [in contrast to League of Nations]
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Wartime Agreements
• Unlike WWI, there was no Peace of Paris to reshape Europe. – Instead, the Yalta agreement of February 1945,
signed by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, turned the prevailing military balance of power into a political settlement.
– Potsdam Conference, in suburban Berlin (July 1945)—Truman, Stalin, Churchill – Finalized plans on Germany. Germany would be demilitarized and would remain divided.
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Postwar Reality:Soviet Control of Eastern Europe
• Europe was politically cut in half; Soviet troops had overrun eastern Europe and penetrated into the heart of Germany.
• During 1944-1945, Stalin starts shaping the post-war world by occupying SE Europe with Soviet troops that should have been on the Polish front pushing toward Berlin.
• Roosevelt did not have postwar aims because he still had to fight Japan; Stalin did have postwar aims.
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Postwar Reality
• Consequences of World War II – Soviet Union with agenda – Unlike the isolation after WWI, the U.S.
was engaged in world affairs – The triumph of Communists in China– Decolonization
• The independence of nations from European (U.S. & Japan) colonial powers.