world war i 1914-1918 causes of the war technology of the war military techniques / battles war at...

World War I 1914-1918

Causes of the war Technology of the war Military techniques / Battles War at Home “Total War” US / Russia and the end of the

war

Traditional European Rules of War

1. A country must declare war before attacking another country.

2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.


3. Commanding officers should not be targeted

4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will not be attacked.


5. Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly

6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honorably.

Roots of War

Long Term Causes

Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed

between European nations for territory and markets(Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)

Long Term Causes

Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army

prepared for war Arms race for military technology

Long Term Causes

Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led

to war Imperialism led to rivalry and

mistrust amongst European nations

Long Term Causes

Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe,

instead pushed continent towards war

Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple

Alliance and Triple Entente

The Two Sides

Triple AllianceGermany

Austria-HungaryItaly

Central PowersGermany

Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire

Triple EntenteEnglandFranceRussia

Allied PowersEngland, France,

Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland

Leaders

Triple AllianceKaiser Wilhelm II

(Germany)

Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)

Vittorio Orlando(Italy)

Triple EntenteDavid Lloyd George

(England)

Raymond Poincare

(France)

Czar Nicholas II (Russia)

Major Colonies

Triple Entente France- Vietnam,

Parts of Africa England- Africa,

Australia, Hong Kong, India, Canada, S. America

Triple Alliance Germany-

Africa, Parts of Asia

Short-Term Cause

June 28th 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

July 23rd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatum

July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

July 29th Russia Mobilizes its troops August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

August 2nd Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts

August 3: Germany declares war on France August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium

and invades it, August 4:England declares war on Germany August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and

Great Britain

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

Who Declared War on Who?

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and

Austria Hungary

By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.

Modern Warfare

The German plan against France was to rush into the country as fast as possible

The Machine Gun stopped this plan

The Schlieffen Plan

Trench Warfare

Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The trenches ran for miles.

From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.

“Stalemate” caused both the Central Powers and Allied Powers to be stuck in war for 4 total years

Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to four years of fighting

French Soldiers Attacking a German Trench

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Great War Western Front

Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans

Germany develops the Schlieffen Plan

Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)

Trench Warfare on the Western Front

Western Front: Battles Battle of Verdun

Ten months long French and German armies. Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties No strategic advantages were gained for either side.

Battle of Somme English and French vs Germany Six months of fighting Five miles of advancement for Allies 1 million men killed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPT1MKOP8TQ (Somme)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y79-PJt-YzE (40:50)

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

Eastern Front

Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians

War more mobile but still a stalemate

Russia’s disadvantages Not Industrialized Short on Supplies

Russia’s advantage People

Eastern Front: Battles

Battle of Tannenberg: August 1914- First major eastern battle. Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. Russia lost millions of men against Germany,

undersupplied, under gunned

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB-Ituc3MRQ

Other Fronts

Japan, Australia, India join Allies

Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers

Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire

Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

Russia Exits the War

In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,

The Russian Duma continues to fight. In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks

take command: The Soviet Union is created. March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtRQ6lOGdec

Technology:Chemical Weapons

WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons

Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death

Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

New TechnologyGuns

The Machine Gun

It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.

Technology:Airpower

Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles

Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,

The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)

Manfred von Richthofen

Red Baron

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axSyUyfKUW4

Dog Fighting – Flying tactic in WWI

Technology:Tanks

Technology:Flame Throwers

US claims Neutrality

I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier

I brought him up to be my pride and joy

Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,

To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

Technology:The U-boat (Submarine)

Germany’s secret weapon during the war

Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

US Road to War

British Blockade

did not allow products to leave or enter Germany

German U-Boat Responsecounter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCrzaC4aLPg (U-boats)

May 7, 1915

Sinking of the LusitaniaBell RingerUS Road to War

19 15

120

1,1001,900

Explain how these numbers are related?

May 7th 1915

Sinking of the LusitaniaUS Road to War

1916 Presidential ElectionAnd the Winner is…

Woodrow Wilson

- Internationalist!

Because

“he kept us out of the war”

US Road to WarThe Last Straw

Zimmerman Note

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gedy8LwQTaw

US Declares War

Senate Declares War April 4th 1917 House of Representatives Declares War April

6th 1917 Wilson’s reasoning for War make the world

“Safe for Democracy” (Pg 291) Isolationist not happy! Interventionist Happy!

War on the Homefront World War I as a Total War

All Resources devoted to homefront

Gov’t took over factories to make Military goods

All had to work (Women took place of men in factories)

Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effort

Propaganda- one-sided information to keep support for the war

PropagandaUS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k9XZB6O26w ( Over There)

PropagandaGreat Britain

PropagandaGermany

Go on soldier! And fulfill your duty! Christ, the good shepherd watches over his flock. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in Heaven.

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1

“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000

War industries work.

Enlistment in segregated units.(Jim Crow Laws in Service)

1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act

24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.

4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).

400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.

15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

Conscientious objectors – people who moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in war

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefenseCouncil of National Council of National DefenseDefense

War Industries Board (WIB) – Bernard Baruch – influential wall street broker who reported to the President and regulated all war related industries.

Committee on Public Information (CPI) – George CreelEducate the public about the causes and nature of war* Used Propaganda to influence and persuade AmericansFood Administration – Herbert Hoover

Railroad Administration – William McAdoo

National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh

True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of Freedomhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v =kk46pKnoSbQ (AA in WWI)

Appeal to WomenAppeal to Womenas Homemakersas Homemakers

RATIONING!RATIONING!

Page 295Page 295Thinking Critically Thinking Critically Questions 1-2Questions 1-2

Appeal to WomenAppeal to Womenas Homemakersas Homemakers

RATIONING!RATIONING!

Page 295Page 295Thinking Critically Thinking Critically Questions 1-2Questions 1-2

Munitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions Work

The Girls They Left Behind Do The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Their Bit!

Women Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitmentWomen Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitment

Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!

Even Grandma Buys Liberty Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsBondsEven Grandma Buys Liberty Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsBonds

The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World

The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World

YWCA – The YWCA – The Blue TriangleBlue TriangleYWCA – The YWCA – The Blue TriangleBlue Triangle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMCOzuE1Lvo (Women in WWI)

Read page 300

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans


Espionage ActEspionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.



Sedition ActSedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.



3Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.



Abrams v. USAbrams v. US – 1919 - majority ruling --> cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:

The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.

Woodrow Wilson

War Address, 1917

“We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no feeling toward them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not with their previous knowledge or approval.

It was a war determined upon as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peopleswere nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars wereprovoked and waged in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow men as pawns and tools.

We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for

the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included

for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to chose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy.

Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty.

We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.

We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind.

Wilson, War, and Peace

Convoy - a group of merchant vessels sailing together, with or without naval escort, for mutual security and protection (Why?)

Defining America’s War Goals

Receiving Mixed Messages

The Allies Struggle

Russia exhausted on Eastern front + war + revolutions

Vladimir Lenin – radical communist who overthrew Czar Nicholas II and gained control of Russia

October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created.

March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQUAW_CdBds

American enters the Front Germany sends troops from Eastern to Western front March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on

France John J. Pershing – commander of American forces in

Europe Early 1918 – Americans met Germans on Western

Front Allies fighting together

= Britain+ France + Italy + Americans

“I shall always believe we could and ought to have kept out of this war,” House majority leader Claude Kitchin, a Democrat from North Carolina.

Ending the War (1918)The Tide Turns

German troops fatigued US had 140,000 “fresh” troops 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918) Central Powers Crumble

Revolutions in Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire surrenders German soldiers mutiny, German public turns

against Kaiser Wilhelm II

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UamKIlTsKgA

Ending the War (1918)

Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918

11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire

Cost of 338 billion dollars

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

Casualties of War

Ending the WarThe Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference (Prime Ministers David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Vittorio Orlando of

Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson)

Wilson Proposes his “14 points” “Big Four” create Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause Break up of German, Austrian, Russian and

Ottoman Empire Reparations Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnEy8FuElc

Effects of World War I

Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind

After the War feelings of pessimism Return to isolationist ideas New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and

Science Roaring 20’s – changing of American culture

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg (crash course wrap up)

Homework – Decision Point Page 308

Read pages 307-309 Read and complete Decision Point pg 308 Questions – You Decide 1-3 Write Question and Answer

Bell Ringer - Map Skills12/15/14

Complete Map Skills On page 307 Questions 2-3 Write questions and answer

A Just or Unjust Peace

The Versailles Treaty

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxb3j6Ps44c (American legacy of WWI) -1:05

Key clauses of the Versailles Treaty

War guilt and Reparations – Money paid to countries harmed by war to repair nations

Dismemberment of Russian, German and Austro- Hungarian Empires

League of Nations

1. Abolition of secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Free Trade 4. Disarmament 5. Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-determination) 6. Russia to be assured independent development; foreign powers to withdraw from Russian territory 7. Restoration of Belgium to prewar independence 8. Province of Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany 9. Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality 10. Autonomous development for the people of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire 11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be de-occupied and granted integrity, with Serbia given access to the Adriatic Sea 12. The Turkish people of the former Ottoman Empire to comprise an independent nation; autonomous development for national groups within the former Empire13. Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea

14. Establishment of a multilateral international association of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)

Wilson’s Fourteen Points – January 1918Wilson’s Fourteen Points – January 1918

America Becomes an Imperial Power

Fourteen Points - January 8, 1918

Freedom of the seas

Free trade

Disarmament

Self-determination

League of Nations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5mkjDawFBI

Balance of Power View

A Starting Point

Self-Determination – right of the people of their own nation to determine their own type of government

Applying the American experience to the world

Britain had tutored colonies/now tutoring Philippines

Enlarging Monroe Doctrine/Roosevelt Corollary Assimilation of immigrants White men should be in charge

Internationalists’ View

“There must be, not a balance of power, but a community of power; not organized rivalries, but an organized common peace.”Wilson, Peace Without Victory, 1917

Competing Visions of US role in the world

Wilson’s internationalist vision

Balance of power/unilateral advocates

Isolationists

Moderates – like bits of them all

Need for Unilateral Action

The United States should render service of being a force for good in the world “of her own free will.”

Alliances, military intervention, moral suasion

Isolationists

Avoid “The Insidious Wiles of Foreign Influence”

and Entangling Alliances“Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence … the [attention] of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government.”-- Farewell Address, September 17, 1796

Wilson’s Answer

By rejecting alliances in favor of collective security, meets Washington’s objectives

“This project of the League of Nations is a great policy of disentanglement.”

Article X of the League Covenant

The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all the members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Room for Compromise?

Language respecting Congressional authority, national sovereignty

“Strangling his own child”Why doesn’t Wilson Compromise?

Initial consideration Strategy President vs.

Congress in setting foreign policy

Impaired mentally Isolation from political

realities

Impact of WWI on US Foreign Policy

Disarmament and Dollars in 1920s. Outlawing War Neutrality Laws in 1930s. Ideological foundation for 20th century US

Foreign Policy

1. National self-determination: national sovereignty and democratic self-government

2. Free trade: spreading capitalism

3. Collective Security

4. US leadership needed to build a better world

5. Good for US = Good for the world

Wilsonianism: Its Lasting Legacy On US Foreign Policy Goals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg5LWHQYIrY (BBC WWI Wrap up)

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