world trade organization wiki

8/20/2019 World Trade Organization Wiki

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World Trade OrganizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"WTO" redirects here. For other uses, see WTO (disambiguation).

World Trade Organization (English)Organisation mondiale du commerce (French)

Organización Mundial del Comercio (Spanish)

Official logo of WTO

Members

Members, dually represented by the EU

Observers

Non-participant states

Formation 1 anuary 1!!"# $% years ago

Type &nternational trade organi'ation

Purpose (egulate international trade

ead!uarters )entre William (appard, *eneva,+it'erland

Coordinates ./1$0N ./%!0E )oordinates ./1$0N

./%!0E

"egion ser#ed Worldide

Mem$ership 1.1 member states 213

O%%icial language English, 4rench, +panish2$3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_William_Rappardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_William_Rappardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_systemhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_William_Rappardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_systemhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46.12_N_6.09_E_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_(disambiguation)


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&irector'eneral (oberto 5'ev6do

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We$site /to/org

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization whichregulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on !anuary ""# underthe $arrakesh %greement, signed &y ' nations on # %pril "", replacing the *eneral %greementon Tariffs and Trade (*%TT), which commenced in "+.#- The WTO deals with regulation of trade&etween participating countries &y providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and adispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants adherence to WTO agreements, whichare signed &y representatives of mem&er governments /-0fol."12 and ratified &y their parliaments.3- $ostof the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially fromthe 4ruguay 5ound ("+/1"").

The WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the 6oha 6evelopment 5ound, which waslaunched in '22 with an e7plicit focus on developing countries. %s of !une '2', the future of the6oha 5ound remained uncertain0 the work programme lists ' su&8ects in which the originaldeadline of !anuary '22# was missed, and the round is still incomplete.+- The conflict &etween freetrade on industrial goods and services &ut retention of protectionism on farm su&sidies todomestic agricultural sector (re9uested &y developed countries) and the su&stantiation of fairtrade on agricultural products (re9uested &y developing countries) remain the ma8or o&stacles. Thisimpasse has made it impossi&le to launch new WTO negotiations &eyond the 6oha 6evelopment5ound. %s a result, there have &een an increasing num&er of &ilateral free tradeagreements &etween governments."- %s of !uly '2', there were various negotiation groups in theWTO system for the current agricultural trade negotiation which is in the condition of stalemate. 2-

The WTOs current 6irector:*eneral is 5o&erto %zev;do,-'- who leads a staff of over /22 people

in *eneva,ackage was reached &yall mem&ers on 3 6ecem&er '2, the first comprehensive agreement in the organizations history.-#-

Contents

hide-

• ?istory

o . *%TT rounds of negotiations

.. From *eneva to Tokyo

..' 4ruguay 5ound

o .' $inisterial conferences

o . 6oha 5ound (6oha %genda)

• ' Functions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-4http://www.wto.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-underst-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-underst-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-britannica-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-guardn-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-guardn-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Packagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#GATT_rounds_of_negotiationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#From_Geneva_to_Tokyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Uruguay_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Ministerial_conferenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Doha_Round_.28Doha_Agenda.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Functionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-4http://www.wto.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-underst-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-britannica-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-guardn-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Packagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#GATT_rounds_of_negotiationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#From_Geneva_to_Tokyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Uruguay_Roundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Ministerial_conferenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Doha_Round_.28Doha_Agenda.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#Functions


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• >rinciples of the trading system

• Organizational structure

• # 6ecision:making

• / 6ispute settlement

• 3 %ccession and mem&ership

o 3. %ccession process

o 3.' $em&ers and o&servers

• + %greements

• " Office of director:general

o ". @ist of directors:general

• 2 Ariticism of the organization

•


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of three institutions0 theE$F (for fiscal and monetary issues) theWorld =ank (for financial and structural issues)

and the ETO (for international economic cooperation)./-

The WTOs predecessor, the *eneral %greement on Tariffs and Trade (*%TT), was esta&lishedafter World War EE in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to internationaleconomic cooperation 1 nota&ly the =retton Woods institutions known as the World =ank andthe Enternational $onetary Fund. % compara&le international institution for trade, namedthe Enternational Trade Organizationwas successfully negotiated. The ETO was to &e a 4nitedBations specialized agency and would address not only trade &arriers &ut other issues indirectlyrelated to trade, including employment, investment, restrictive &usiness practices, and commodityagreements. =ut the ETO treaty was not approved &y the 4.


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countries in the C4) made deeper cuts in agricultural su&sidies and further opened their markets for agricultural

goods.'-

Well &efore *%TTs 2th anniversary, its mem&ers concluded that the *%TT system was straining toadapt to a new glo&alizing world economy.'#-'/- En response to the pro&lems identified in the "+'$inisterial 6eclaration (structural deficiencies, spill:over impacts of certain countries policies onworld trade *%TT could not manage etc.), the eighth *%TT round 1 known as the 4ruguay 5ound 1was launched in


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The highest decision:making &ody of the WTO is the $inisterial Aonference, which usually meetsevery two years. Et &rings together all mem&ers of the WTO, all of which are countries or customsunions. The $inisterial Aonference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateraltrade agreements. The inaugural ministerial conference was held in


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The negotiations have &een highly contentious. 6isagreements still continue over several key areasincluding agriculture su&sidies, which emerged as critical in !uly '22/. - %ccording to a Curopean4nion statement, GThe '22+ $inisterial meeting &roke down over a disagreement &etween e7portersof agricultural &ulk commodities and countries with large num&ers of su&sistence farmers on theprecise terms of a special safeguard measure to protect farmers from surges in imports.G#- Theposition of the Curopean Aommission is that GThe successful conclusion of the 6oha negotiations

would confirm the central role of multilateral li&eralisation and rule:making. Et would confirm the WTOas a powerful shield against protectionist &acksliding.G- %n impasse remains and, as of %ugust'2, agreement has not &een reached, despite intense negotiations at several ministerialconferences and at other sessions. On '3 $arch '2, the chairman of agriculture talks announcedGa proposal to loosen price support disciplines for developing countriesM pu&lic stocks and domesticfood aid.G ?e added0 N...we are not yet close to agreementIin fact, the su&stantive discussion of theproposal is only &eginning./-

2sho3rocedures *overning theolicy 5eview $echanism.

#. With a view to achieving greater coherence in glo&al economic policy making, the WTO shallcooperate, as appropriate, with the international $onetary Fund (E$F) and with theEnternational =ank for 5econstruction and 6evelopment (E=56) and its affiliated agencies. -

The a&ove five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. %s glo&alizationproceeds in todays society, the necessity of an Enternational Organization to manage the tradingsystems has &een of vital importance. %s the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-crs-2008-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-ECdoha-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_rounds&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_rounds&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_rounds&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-iisd-functions-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-B17-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-B17-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-AT-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-crs-2008-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-ECdoha-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GATT_and_WTO_trade_roundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GATT_and_WTO_trade_rounds&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-iisd-functions-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-B17-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-AT-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization


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trade &arriers, su&sidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the tradingrules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator &etween the nationswhen such pro&lems arise. WTO could &e referred to as the product of glo&alization and also as oneof the most important organizations in todays glo&alized society.

The WTO is also a center of economic research and analysis0 regular assessments of the glo&altrade picture in its annual pu&lications and research reports on specific topics are produced &y theorganization.- Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the =rettonWoods system, the E$F and the World =ank. 2-

Principles of the trading systemedit-

The WTO esta&lishes a framework for trade policies it does not define or specify outcomes. That is,it is concerned with setting the rules of the trade policy games. #- Five principles are of particularimportance in understanding &oth the pre:"" *%TT and the WTO0

. #on$discrimination. Et has two ma8or components0 the most favoured nation ($FB) rule,and the national treatment policy. =oth are em&edded in the main WTO rules on goods,services, and intellectual property, &ut their precise scope and nature differ across these

areas. The $FB rule re9uires that a WTO mem&er must apply the same conditions on alltrade with other WTO mem&ers, i.e. a WTO mem&er has to grant the most favora&leconditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO mem&ers.#- G*rant someone a special favour and you have to do the same for all other WTOmem&ers.G'"- Bational treatment means that imported goods should &e treated no lessfavora&ly than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have enteredthe market) and was introduced to tackle non:tariff &arriers to trade (e.g. technicalstandards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods). #-

'. Reci%rocity. Et reflects &oth a desire to limit the scope of free:riding that may arise &ecauseof the $FB rule, and a desire to o&tain &etter access to foreign markets. % related point isthat for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so &e greater than thegain availa&le from unilateral li&eralization reciprocal concessions intend to ensure thatsuch gains will materialise./-

. &inding and enforcea'le commitments. The tariff commitments made &y WTO mem&ersin a multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) ofconcessions. These schedules esta&lish Gceiling &indingsG0 a country can change its&indings, &ut only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could meancompensating them for loss of trade. Ef satisfaction is not o&tained, the complaining countrymay invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures. '"-/-

. Trans%arency. The WTO mem&ers are re9uired to pu&lish their trade regulations, tomaintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, torespond to re9uests for information &y other mem&ers, and to notify changes in trade

policies to the WTO. These internal transparency re9uirements are supplemented andfacilitated &y periodic country:specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade >olicy5eview $echanism (T>5$).3- The WTO system tries also to improve predicta&ility andsta&ility, discouraging the use of 9uotas and other measures used to set limits on 9uantitiesof imports.'"-

#. (afety valves. En specific circumstances, governments are a&le to restrict trade. The WTOsagreements permit mem&ers to take measures to protect not only the environment &ut alsopu&lic health, animal health and plant health.+-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-EA-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-EA-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-B17-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_rider_problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_rider_problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H43-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H43-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H44-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H44-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_quotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_restrictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-wto.org-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-EA-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-B17-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H42-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_rider_problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H43-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H43-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-H44-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_quotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-PT-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_restrictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-wto.org-48


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There are three types of provision in this direction0

• articles allowing for the use of trade measures to attain non:economic o&8ectives

• articles aimed at ensuring Gfair competitionG mem&ers must not use environmental

protection measures as a means of disguising protectionist policies. +-

• provisions permitting intervention in trade for economic reasons. 3-

C7ceptions to the $FB principle also allow for preferential treatment of developing countries,regional free trade areas and customs unions./-0fol."

Organizational structureedit-

The *eneral Aouncil has the following su&sidiary &odies which oversee committees in differentareas0

Council for Trade in Goods

There are committees under the 8urisdiction of the *oods Aouncil each with a specific

task. %ll mem&ers of the WTO participate in the committees. The Te7tiles $onitoring =ody isseparate from the other committees &ut still under the 8urisdiction of *oods Aouncil. The&ody has its own chairman and only 2 mem&ers. The &ody also has several groups relatingto te7tiles."-

Council for Trade$Related As%ects of )ntellectual *ro%erty Rigts

Enformation on intellectual property in the WTO, news and official records of the activities ofthe T5E>< Aouncil, and details of the WTOs work with other international organizations inthe field.#2-

Council for Trade in (ervices

The Aouncil for Trade in


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votes where consensus cannot &e reached, &ut the practice of consensusdominates the process of decision:making. ##-

5ichard ?arold arty on the

%ccession of Panuatu was esta&lished on !uly ""#. %fter a final meeting ofthe Working >arty in Octo&er '22, Panuatu re9uested more time to considerits accession terms. En '22+, it indicated its interest to resume and conclude itsWTO accession. The Working >arty on the %ccession of Panuatu wasreconvened informally on %pril '2 to discuss Panuatus future WTOmem&ership. The re:convened Working >arty completed its mandate on ' $ay'2. The *eneral Aouncil formally approved the %ccession >ackage of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harold_Steinberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_WTOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_WTOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-UnSD-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-UnSD-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-AS-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-rusmem-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harold_Steinberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_WTOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-UnSD-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-AS-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#cite_note-rusmem-70


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Panuatu on '/ Octo&er '2. On ' %ugust '2', the WTO welcomed Panuatuas its #3th mem&er .3- %n offer of accession is only given once consensus isreached among interested parties.3'-

Accession %rocessedit-

WTO accession progress0

$em&ers (including dual:representation with the Curopean 4nion)

6raft Working >arty 5eport or Factual


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tougher and a much longer accession process due to challenges duringnegotiations with other WTO mem&ers, such as Pietnam, whose negotiationstook more than years &efore it &ecame official mem&er in !anuary '223. 3/-

Mem'ers and o'serversedit-

The WTO has / mem&ers and ' o&server governments.33-


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the 4ruguay 5ound of the *eneral %greement on Tariffs and Trade, and enteredinto force with the esta&lishment of the WTO at the end of "". The o&8ectensures that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing andcertification procedures, do not create unnecessary o&stacles to tradeG.+/- The %greement on Austoms Paluation, formally known as the %greement onEmplementation of %rticle PEE of *%TT, prescri&es methods of customs valuation

that $em&ers are to follow. Ahiefly, it adopts the Gtransaction valueG approach.En 6ecem&er '2, the &iggest agreement within the WTO was signed andknown as the =ali >ackage.+3-

Office of director-generaledit-

The head9uarters of the World Trade Organization in *eneva,

world trade organization wiki

Documents