world terror

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Part I

How the World Changed: A History of the Development of

Terrorism

Written by

Arthur H. Garrison

Criminal Justice Planning CoordinatorDelaware Criminal Justice Council



Presentation Outline

The Nature of Terrorism

The Definitions of Terrorism

The Early History of Terrorism

The Modern History of Terrorism

The Modern History of Terrorism:

The Middle East

The Modern History of Terrorism:Weapons of Mass Destruction

Domestic Terrorism



The Face of Terrorism




FEAR




PANIC




SOCIETAL DISRUPTION




DEMORALIZATION




INTIMIDATION




HATE & VENGENCE



POLICY CHANGE THROUGH VIOLENCE




VIOLENCE: ASSAULT & MURDER





VIOLNECE:KIDNAPPING & SKYJACKING



VIOLNECE: ARSON & BOMBINGS





INDISCRIMINATE VICTIMS




Key components of terrorism:The Intentional, rational and targeted use of violence

Intended to cause fear

Attacks are not geared to the specific victim Attacks are designed to influence a greater audience fromthat in which the victims reside

Goal is to change behavior in a government or societyGoal is to bring attention to one’s cause

The goals are political (meaning they are not driven by

personal desires or ambitions)Rules of international law governing military combat andtactics are not observed

• All targets are legitimate

• No innocents/high collateral damage is the objective

Th N f T i




Types of terrorist weapons/attacksMass Destruction

• Weapons that cause structural damage to buildings orother structures. The goal is to cause damage toinfrastructures of society.

Mass Casualty

• Weapons that cause massive death. The goal is to cause

death rather than destroy buildings.Mass Disruption

• Weapons that cause social, political, economic damage to

society. The goal is to psychologically impact the broadersociety. To change behavior.

A terrorist attack can include all three or a combination of the

three. Sept 11th

included an attack that wasMass Destruction (WTC, Pentagon), Mass Casualties (3,000 dead) and Mass

Disruption (airports shut down, laws changed, behaviors changed).




Terrorist incidents can be broken down into two types of objectives.• Objective Driven:• The act is committed in

order to get certain demandsmet by a government.

• For example, hostage taking:• U.S. Soldier in Mogadishu

1993

• Iranian Embassy 1980• In these types of incidents,individuals will perform andact, allowing a governmententity the chance to

negotiate terms (reasonableor not) toward the release of the hostages.

• Terror Driven:• The act is committed as

retaliation for a perceivedwrong or as a warning of future incidents if theintended audience (agovernment) does notcomply with demands madeby the perpetrator.

• For example: Such as thosein the Palestinian-Israeliconflict, WTC and Pentagonattacks.

In performing a threat or security assessment, preparation for both of thesetypes of incidents must be made.




The nature of targets has changed over the past twohundred years

Before the twentieth century, terrorists attacked political and

religious leaders to cause fear and compel behavior change.Old school terrorism was direct in its targeting . Therewas a recognition of innocents and the distinction between

legitimate and illegitimate targets. After the twentieth century, with the advent of electedbureaucratic governments, terrorists found that the death of a single individual did not change policy.

New school terrorism is indirect in its targeting.Innocents are attacked in order to create political

pressure or instability in the government.

• Create fear, lack of confidence in government’s ability to maintainorder and safety and create public anxiety.Source: Simonsen and Spindlove, 2000, White, 2002



Nature of Terrorism

First, anyone can be a victim.

Second, targets are not random.

Seemingly random attacks cause public anxiety and changepublic behavior – which is the point.

Third, attacks need publicity.

The intended audience must know of the act if it is to causefear.

Targets are chosen for their symbolic value (The WTC) or

their ability to cause the most amount of public anxiety(bombing of public places).

Fourth, everything can’t be protected all the time.

Source: Simonsen and Spindlove, 2000, White, 2002




In principle it is not the nature of the perpetrator, orthe type of violence that is used that makes an act aterrorist act, it is the intent of the act and the affect that the act has on the immediate victims, and upon

a wider audience (Claridge, 1998).

The victims of a terrorist attack are not the main

intended audience. The intent of the terrorist attack is to send a message and/or change the behavior of the larger audience .




Terrorism is a Transnational Threat A transnational threat is any threat that transcends national

borders and whose activity crosses national borders.

Characteristics of transnational threats are groups/organizationsthat have political and economic goals with the ability and

willingness to use force and inflict casualties to achieve those goals

(Craig, 1998).International Radical Terrorism

• Members of terrorist groups that do not consider themselves to

be citizens of any particular country, but instead seek commonpolitical, social, or personal objectives that transcend nation –

state boundaries (Kushner, H. 1998).

Th N t f T i




Terrorism is a type of Asymmetric Warfare.Asymmetric warfare is the use of violence or force by aninferior military against a superior military to gain

advantage over the superior military force (Allen, 1997).The key of asymmetric warfare is using unconventionaltactics in combat rather than using forces of comparable

size and employing similar tactics in battle (Craig, 1998).Asymmetrical warfare is a form of violence which cannot be matched by a conventional military response (Keegan,

2001).

Asymmetric warfare is the tool of the weak against thestrong. Its tactics are designed to take advantage of

weaknesses in a stronger enemy.




Terrorism is the only form of defense to which a

minority, strong only in terms of its spiritual strength

and in its knowledge of the rightness of its beliefs ,

can resort against the physical strength of the

majority.

Alexander Ulyanov (1887)Member of a Russian student group

that tried to assassinate Czar Alexander III

Th N f T i




Examples of terrorism as transnational asymmetricalthreats

The PLO driving a car bomb into building Al-Qaeda using car bombs to blow up embassies

Terrorist groups functioning without definable boarders

Terrorists hijacking U.S. and European planesHijacking commercial planes and crashing them into theWTC

Mailing anthrax to government leaders Attacks by organizations without the ability to attack the U.S. conventionally.

Attacks that cannot be responded to by conventionalwarfare.

D fi i T i



Defining Terrorism

Defining Terrorism



Defining Terrorism

The act of terrorizing, use of force or threats to

demoralize, intimidate, and subjugate . . . Used

as a political weapon or policy (Webster’s New

World Dictionary).

T i F d l D fi i i



Terrorism: Federal Definitions

The unlawful act of force orviolence against individuals or

property to coerce or intimidategovernments or societies to

achieve political, religious orideological objectives.

U.S. State Department





Terrorism is “premeditated, politically-motivated

violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by

subnational groups or clandestine state agents” (22

USCA 2657(f)(d) 1987).

Terrorism is “the unlawful use of force and violence

against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a

government, the civilian population, or any segment

thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”

(22 Code of Federal Regulations section 0.85).

D fi iti D ti T i



Definition: Domestic Terrorism

Terrorism “involves a violent [act] or an act dangerousto human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any State, or that would be acriminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any State; and appears to be

intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;to influence the policy of a government by intimidationor coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government

by assassination or kidnapping” (18 USCA 3077).FBI working definition includes the requirement thatthere be an absence of foreign government

involvement.

Definition: International Terrorism



Definition: International Terrorism“Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of

the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would bea criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the UnitedStates or of any State; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a

civilian population; to influence the policy of a government byintimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by

assassination or kidnapping; and occur primarily outside

the territorial jurisdiction of the United States , or transcend national boundaries in terms of the meansby which they are accomplished, the persons they

appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or thelocale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum” (18 USC 2331)

Terrorism within the U.S. supported by a foreignovernment is classified as international terrorism.

Terrorism: Academic Definitions




Terrorism is the systematic threat or use of violence,

whether for or in opposition to, established authority, withthe intention of communicating a political message to a

group larger than the victim group by generating fear and

so altering the behavior of the larger group. Either the

victim or the perpetrator, or both, will be operating outside a

military context (Claridge, 1998). Terrorism is not an event

within civil war/conventional warfare situations.





The use and/or threat of repeated violence in

support of or in opposition to some authority,

where violence is employed to induce fear of

similar attack in as many non-immediate

victims as possible so that those so threatened

accept and comply with the demands of the terrorist (Rosie, 1987).

The Nature of Terrorism: The Differenced A f



Between Terrorism and Acts of War

Creating fear and/or changing behavior is the definingconcept of terrorism

Goal: Instill fear in a group or change its behavior.

The creation of fear is what differentiates terrorism frommilitary operations

Terrorism = the act is designed to instill fear or to manipulate/

change behavior in a group or society.Warfare = the act is the objective. No intent to cause a behaviorchange or instill fear in a group beyond the target.

Example: AssassinationNon-terrorism: A nation assassinates another nation’s leader inorder to replace him with another.

Terrorism: An abortion doctor is killed as a warning to otherdoctors who commit abortions.

Th N t f T i




Put simply, terrorism is a means to an end.

Terrorism is about the means used to achieve adesired outcome, not the desired outcome.

The level of political, social, moral correctness of

the desired outcome (liberation, freedom,whatever) does not affect the fact that the meansused and the desired effect of those means makes

the group a terrorist group and makes theindividual a terrorist.

The History of Terrorism



The History of Terrorism

Early History of Terrorism




The use of terror as a means to achieve political ends has along history.

As early as 66–72 A.D., Jewish resistance to Roman occupation

involved killing of Roman soldiers and destruction of Romanproperty. These small resistance groups were known as Zealots.

The term assassin comes from a Shi’ite Muslim sect (Nizari

Isma’ilis – also known as hashashins “hashish-eaters”) fightingSunni Muslims (1090–1275) and during Medieval Christendomresisting occupation during the Crusades (1095–1291). Theywere known to spread terror in the form of murder, including

women and children. The Brotherhood of Assassins committedacts of terror so as to gain paradise and seventy-two virgins if killed and receive unlimited hashish while on earth.

Early use of terror was used to resist occupation or killreligious enemies.





The idea of suicidal martyrdom, dying in the service

of God – dying while killing the enemies of God –dates back thousands of years.

The Shi’ite Muslim sect (Nizari Isma’ilis – the

hashashins) brought to terrorism the idea of Divine Duty

and a terrorist act that led to one’s death would be

rewarded by a special place in heaven.Terrorism against the enemy is a religious act.

Modern History of Terrorism




The modern development of terrorism began during the

French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793–1794).

The Term “terrorism” was coined .The birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism

Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobin Party

The use of terrorism is a virtue and a proper tool to

achieve governmental ends.

The systematic use of intimidation and violence to suppress rivals and control a population.

The goal of Government-Sponsored Terrorism: maintain

power.





Russian anarchists sought to overthrow the Russian CzarAlexander II by assassination in 1880 and thensuccessfully in 1881.

Anarchists of the late 19th century introduced a new typeof terrorism: Individual Terrorism

The use of selective terror against an individual in order to

bring down a government.Anarchists were active in Europe and the United Statesduring the late 19th and early 20th centuries

1890–1908 anarchists were responsible for killing EmpressElizabeth of Austria, Hungry; King Elberto of Italy and KingCarlos I of Portugal.

1890–1910 anarchists were active in the U.S. setting off bombson Wall Street.




y f

Anarchists introduced to terrorism:

Individual terrorism

Propaganda by deeds• To get attention, set off a bomb. The act will prompt

questions of “why?” Terrorism was now a tool of

communication.Two of the most famous acts of terror byanarchists:

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914),which led to World War I.

The assassination of President McKinley (1901) in theUnited States.




y f

The Soviet Revolution (1917)

The Red Terror

Lenin took the principles of Robespierre and

expanded the concept of Government-Sponsored

TerrorismTerror used in a systematic way. Use of terror

applied to the entire society. Terror used as a toolto build a society.

Terrorism is used to control and organize a society.





The resistance of the Irish against English rule

(1919 –1921) introduced to terrorism the goal of

independence and the use of selective terrorism.

Selective Terrorism

The use of terror (bombings, assassinations) on governmental representatives (soldiers, police

officers, government officials, judges, etc.) of an occupying government.

The goal is to make occupation too costly.





The IRA, under the command of Michael Collins, brought

to terrorism:

Sustained terrorism over timeThe need for terrorist groups to have intelligence

capacities

The perfection of compartmentalized terrorism through

the development of Cell Operation terrorism.

• Terror groups (cells) had a specific goal or operationalobjective but did not have contact with other cells.

Each cell was independent. This prevented the entire

terrorist movement from disruption if one cell wasdiscovered.





The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association(HSRA)–1929

The Philosophy of the BombDesire for freedom from oppression/capitalism

Terrorism is a phase towards revolution

“Terrorism is not the complete revolution and the

revolution is not complete without terrorism” Terrorism is the product of a nation’s “hunger forfreedom”

Use of terrorism to gain freedom is justified. Terrorism isnot the goal of freedom but a tool to achieve freedomand liberation.

Published in India as a response to the rejection of terrorism by Gandhi





After World War II, terrorism continued to be used as a tool

for liberation.

Terrorism moved into the Third World and became a tool to

end colonialism.

Selective terror changed from use of terror againstgovernment officers of a colonial power, to the use of terror

against civilians working and living in the colony.

In Kenya and Algeria terror involved the killing of sympathizers of the British and British families. Women

and children were acceptable targets for terror.





Late 18th century – French Revolution – Government - Sponsored Terrorism. Goal: Eliminate opposition,consolidate power. The word “terrorism” is coined.

Late 19th and Early 20th century – Anarchist terrorism -

Individual Terrorism. Goal: Use of terror to bring downgovernment.

Early 20th century – Russian Revolution –Government-Sponsored Terrorism. Goal: Terror tomaintain power, control an entire population.

Systematic, society-wide use of terror.




y f

Early 20th century – Irish Rebellion – Selective Terrorism. Goal: Terror to achieve independence.

Middle 20th Century – Terror to end colonialism. Useof selective terrorism on sympathizers and civilians.

Between the French Revolution and the end of World

War II, terrorism was local and the organization of terror was confined to a specific area of conflict. Thelate 1960’s brought terrorism to the international

stage.




ode n isto y of e o ism

In 1966 Cuba hosted the Tri-Continental Conference whichwas sponsored by the Soviet Union.

This conference marks the beginning of theinternationalization of terrorism.

The results of this conference:

Cuba became an early training camp for European and ThirdWorld terrorist organizations around the world.

Various terrorist groups began to cooperate with each other.

Terrorism became a worldwide movement rather than isolatedevents with isolated goals.

Financial and political support for terrorist groups began to

happen.

Modern History of Terrorism:

Th Middl E t



The Middle East

In the late 1960’s two events changed terrorism:

Terrorism become a tool of the Cold War. Development of State-Sponsored Terrorism – governments exporting terrorism to other

parts of the world for their own political ends.• Iran supported the Hezbollah, Libya supported Abu Nidal, Iraq, Cuba,

Sudan and Algeria provided training camps, economic and political supportto other terrorist groups.

In 1967 (The Six Day War) Israel defeated Jordan, Egypt andSyria – taking the Golan Heights (from Syria), East Jerusalem andthe West Bank (from Jordan), the Gaza Strip and the Sinai

Peninsula (from Egypt).These two events shifted the focus of terrorism to theMiddle East. Since the late 1960’s the majority of terrorism

that has occurred has flowed out of the Israeli-Arab/Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.


The Middle East



The Middle East

With the end of the 1967 War (and the Yom Kippur War of 1973), the option of conventional war with Israel as amethod of removing Israel from the Middle East was ended.

Terrorism was the new tool to be used against Israel and itsallies, principally the U.S.

The PLO began a terrorist campaign from Jordan then

Lebanon.

Terrorism in the middle and late 1960’s changed from

ending colonial rule to drawing attention to the Palestiniancause.




In the 1970’s and 1980’s various terrorist groups in

Europe began a reign of terrorism

In Turkey

Both communist (backed by theSoviet Union) and fascistterrorist groups

In Germany

Red Army Faction allied withBlack September (Palestiniangroup)

Baader-Meinhof Gang

In ItalyThe Red Brigade

In Great Britain and NorthernIreland

The IRA – the advent of the carbomb as a terrorist tactic

In Spain

The Etta in Northern SpainIn France

Action Direct allied with theRed Army Faction and the RedBrigade

In Japan

The Japanese Red Army allied

with Popular Front for theLiberation of Palestine


The Middle East



The Middle East

The new terrorism – Israeli-Arab conflict.

1968 and the advent of Air Terrorism . Goal: Highjack a plane to bring attention to the Palestinian cause .

1970’s terrorist groups with the sole purpose of killingIsraelis or of forcing Israel to release captured terrorists.Black September for example.

1972 Olympic games.

1970’s the decade of air terrorism – more than 20 events of air terrorism and bombings of airplanes.

1988 the PLO gains the ability to build bombs that willexplode when a plane reaches a certain altitude.


The Middle East



The Middle East

The last 20 years of the 20th century brought a new aspect toMiddle East oriented terrorism: Religious- Based Terrorism.

1979 and the rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini brought areligious justification for terrorism.

The Expansion of Islam in the Middle East and the world and the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians and the West is an

independent (from the Israeli/Arab conflict) justification for theuse of terror.

The tool of this religious terrorism: The advent of the

suicide bomber.Terrorism came full circle. From the Nizari Isma’ilis(the hashashins) in the first century to the modern

suicidal terrorist of the 1990’s. Both religiouslymotivated and both embracing suicidal martyrdom.


The Middle East



The Middle East

1979 the taking of hostages in

Tehran1983 U.S. Embassy attacked inBeirut

1983 the U.S. Marine barracks in

Beirut1983 the bombing of the U.S.Embassy in Kuwait

1984 kidnapping of Americans by

terrorist groups – Hezbollah1984 the bombing of the U.S.Embassy Annex in Beirut

1984 hijacking of Kuwait Airways

Flight 221 (two Americans killed)1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847

1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro,

the bombing of the Rome Airport1986 the bombing of a WestGerman discotheque frequented by American military personnel

1986 the hijacking of TWA Flight407

1986 hijacking of a Pan Am jet inKarachi

1986 TWA Boeing 727 betweenRome and Athens – bomb underthe seat

1988 the bombing of Pan Am Flight

103 over Scotland

Islamic terrorists, with support from Arab nations, broughtterrorism to the United States.




The Middle East

Terrorism in the 1960’s through the 1980’s wasabout exposure to the cause.

Bombings, hostage taking, air terrorism were all

designed to bring attention to the causes of theterrorists in an attempt to force government policychange.

The 1990’s brought the newest change in terrorism,

indiscriminate killing and mass casualties.

Modern History of Terrorism:The Middle East



The Middle East

Terrorism changed in the 1990’s. The goal changed from gainingattention to mass destruction for its own sake.

1993 WTC

6 dead, major damage to thebuilding

1993 Somalia3 Ranger helicopters shot

down and 19 rangers killed ina two day firefight

1995 Saudi Arabia

U.S. Military Headquarters5 Americans killed

1996 Saudi ArabiaKhobar Towers

19 Americans killed

1997 Egypt

Temple of Hatshepsut58 tourists killed

1998 Kenya and Tanzania

American Embassies224 people killed

2000 YemenU.S.S. Cole

17 sailors killed

2001 WTC/Pentagon3,000 people killed

Destruction of the WTC


The Middle East



The Middle East

The World Trade Center bombing in 1993 marked a change

in terrorism.

Previous attacks were usually followed by credit taking bythe terrorists which were followed by demands or

statements of purpose for the attack – U.S. support for Israel

for example.

The WTC attack in 1993 was committed to cause damage

and death. The goal was the destruction of the WTC itself,to show that the U.S. could be defeated.

Hate for the West and America, with religious extremist

thought, was the new reason for a terrorist attack.

odern History of Terrorism:The Middle East

S b 11 2001 lidifi d h h i i



September 11, 2001 solidified the change in terrorist

thought:The U.S. was to be destroyed

Islam demanded the destruction of the infidel

No credit is taken for the attack

No specific reason is given for the attack

Goal: high body count – high level of destruction

• Between 1968 and 1996 (28 yrs) – 267 Americans were killed by suicideterrorists worldwide.

• In one day, on September 11, 2001, 266 Americans were killed on the fourplanes hijacked.

Goal: destroy the symbols of America and her power:• (A.A. Flight 11 and U.A. Flight 175) - The WTC – a symbol of American

capitalism and economic power.

• (A.A. Flight 77) - The Pentagon – symbol of American military power.• (U.A. Flight 93) - Suspected targets – White House or Capitol – symbols of

American political power.




Terrorism has been used over the past two hundred years as a

tool to achieve political, religious and ideological goals.Terrorism has evolved in application and purpose.

The French: Government-Sponsored Terrorism – govt.maintain power

Anarchists: Individual Terrorism – change govt. by targetingspecific people

Russian Revolution – Lenin/Stalin: expanded Government-Sponsored Terrorism – terror on a mass scale to control apopulation

Irish Rebellion: Selective Terrorism – terror applied to govt.representatives

Modern History of TerrorismT i h b d h h d d



Terrorism has been used over the past two hundred years as a

tool to achieve political, religious and ideological goals.Terrorism has evolved in application and purpose:

End of World War II: Terrorism to end Colonialism – terroragainst govt. and “collaborator” civilians

The Middle East Conflict/Cold War: Internationalization of Terrorism – unification of different terrorist groups and theadvent of state-sponsored terrorism

The Middle East: Religious Motivated Terrorism – suicidebomber/martyrdom - terrorism to protect Islam, fight theChristian West and remove the influence of the West (and

Israel) from the Middle East



The nature of biological weapons



Types of biological weapons

Weapons that are designed to cause death –

Lethal weapons .Weapons that are designed to cause sickness –Incapacitation weapons.

The goal of bioterrorism

Mass Casualty

• Massive death, sickness or disease

Mass Disruption

• Social, economic, political, medical damage




The use of biological weapons predates the discovery ofgunpowder.

As early as the 7th century, the Assyrians used ergot (a fungaldisease found in rye) to the poison water wells of their enemies.

The fungus produced a hallucinogenic effect similar to that ofLSD.

In 600 BC the purgative hellebore was used during a siege ofCirrha to cause violent diarrhea .

In 400 BC the Spartans used arsenic smoke to drive out theenemy during the siege of Plataea and Delium.

In 1346 the Tartar Army catapulted corpses of plague victimsover the walls of the besieged city Kaffa to spread the diseaseamong the defenders.




Until recentlybiologicalweapons were

weapons used inconventionalwarfare between

countries.




The two new issues of the 21st century in regard toterrorism:

Keeping states like Iraq and Iran from building biological andchemical weapons.

Keeping biological weapons out of the hands of terroristgroups.

Japan: Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth)1993 released anthrax with the intent

to cause an epidemic.March 20, 1995 released sarin nerve

gas on a train system – 12 dead and 5,000

injured.

Domestic Terrorism



Over the past twenty years, the majority of incidents of domestic terrorism was conducted by

home grown terrorist groups

The Face of Domestic Terrorism



KLU KLUX KLAN OLDEST

CONTINUOUS HATEGROUP IN THENATION

TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES TOHATE

FOCUSES ON LOCALISSUES TORECRUIT




ARYAN NATIONSFOLLOWS

CHRISTIANIDENTITY

WHITES ARE GOD’S

CHOSEN RACEJEWS ARE SATAN’SCHILDREN

WANT A HOMELANDFOR WHITES




NEO-NAZI

VENERATION OFHITLER

DENIAL OF

HOLOCAUSTSKINHEADS ANDINDIVIDUAL

NATIONALISTS /SOCIALISTS




WORLD CHURCH OF THE CREATORSURVIVAL,EXPANSION &

ADVANCEMENT OF

THE WHITE RACERACE IS RELIGION




RACIST SKINHEADS

VIOLENT VERSIONOF SKINHEADSUBCULTURE

YOUTH GROUPSFOR ADULT HATEGROUPS

KNOWN FOR VIOLENCE




ANARCHIST GROUPSCOUNTER-PROTEST

HATE GROUPSPROTEST

GLOBALIZATIONWORLD TRADE

MILITARY

INTERVENTION




SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS

BLACK SEPARATISTS

PUERTO RICAN NATIONALISTS

AMERICAN INDIANS




SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS ANYTHING UNUSUAL?



RADICAL ANIMAL RIGHTS




RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST

The Face Domestic Terrorism



ANTI-ABORTION ACTIVISTS

Faces of Domestic Terrorism



Yu Kikumura of theSara Jane Olson – SLA after

Japanese Red Army

20 years of hiding

Timothy McVeighLuke John Helder – 2002

Midwest Mailbox Bomber

Eric Rudolph

bomber of several

abortion clinics

and suspected of

Atlanta Olympic

Park bombing

Domestic Terrorism



Domestic Terrorism is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group

or an individual based and operating entirelywithin the United States or its territories

without foreign direction committed againstpersons or property to intimidate or coerce agovernment, the civilian population, or anysegment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives .

FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002

Domestic Terrorism



The majority of terrorist acts in the U.S. are committed by

home grown terrorists.

Between 1980 and 2000 there were 335 suspectedincidents of terrorism in the U.S.

• 247 or 74% attributed to domestic terrorist groups

• 88 or 26% attributed to international terrorist groups

In 1999 there were ten terrorist acts committed in the U.S.,

8 out of 10 were committed by two domestic terroristgroups (the remaining two were by “lone wolfs”)

6 by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

2 by the Earth Liberation Front (ELF)FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002

Incidents of Domestic Terrorism in the



United States 1995 - 2000

0

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1999 – 8 out of 10incidents of domesticterrorism wereconducted by the

Animal Liberation Frontand the Earth LiberationFront

2000 – 7 out of 8

incidents of domesticterrorism wereconducted by these two

groupsFBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002

Domestic Terrorism



Two trends have developed in terrorist activity(domestic and international)

The overall number is decliningThe damage caused by terrorist acts is increasing

Between 1980 and 1989 there were 267terrorist incidents in the U.S. resulting in 23dead and 105 injured.

Between 1990 and 1999 there were 60 terroristincidents in the U.S. resulting in 182 dead and

1,932 injured.FBI Report, 1999



Domestic Terrorism



During the past three decades there have been three broadwaves of domestic terrorism

1960’s – mid 1980’s> rise and decline of left-wing terroristgroups

• Watermen

• Symbionese Liberation Army

• Black Panthers

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Mid 1980’s – 1990’s> rise and decline of right-wing terroristgroups

Late 1980’s – present> rise of special interest terroristgroups


Domestic TerrorismHome grown terrorists:



Right-wing groupsWorld Church of the Creator

National AllianceThe Aryan Nations

Christian Identity

Patriot and Militia GroupsMontana Freeman

The Order

The Covenant, the Sword andthe Arm of the Lord (CSA)

The Branch Davidians

Posse ComitatusOdenists

–Racial supremacy

–Race is a religion –Anti-government

–Anti-regulation

–Claim to be protectors of the first amendment and theprinciples of the Declarationof Independence

–Began to decline mid1980’s due to concentratedFBI investigations andprosecutions (1985-1995)

FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002, Smiths, 2002

Domestic Terrorism

G i



Home Grown terroristLeft-wing groups

Socialists• Protectors of the people against capitalism and

imperialism

AnarchistsPuerto Rican National Liberation (FALN)

Los MacheterosBegan to decline 1984 – 1988 due to FBIprosecutions


Domestic TerrorismHome Grown terrorist

S i l i t t



Special interest groups• Extremist

• Seek to influence a specific issue rather than broad social

change – Abortion – killing abortion doctors

– Environment – “treespiking”

– Animal rights – animal rescues

– Development of forests – saving treesThe Animal Liberation Front/Environmental Liberation Front/People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) (1990’s)

• Against development of forests

• Environmental extremists• Standing policy not to take life, animal or human

• Burnings, bombing, animal rescues

• Anti-animal research

FBI Report, 1999 Watson, 2002, Smith, 2002

Domestic Terrorism

H t i t ti iti



Home grown terrorist group activitiesBombings

Bank robberyMurder

Arson Assaults

Mass use of civil courts through frivolous law suits

Disruption of government meetings

Vandalism




Domestic Terrorism

P bl i fi di d ti i l



Problems in finding and prosecuting specialinterest domestic terrorist groups

Adherence to “leaderless resistance” organizationalstructure

Decentralized operation – Individual cell operation

Loose affiliation with other groups and betweenmembers

Limited communication/use of internetUse of “lone wolf” operators

Use of general call to action without instruction


Domestic Terrorism

New targets of the future



New targets of the futureFarm industry

• Agroterrorism

Computers

• Cyberterrorism

GovernmentRestaurants

Food Industry

“Soft Targets”

• Shopping malls

• Libraries

In conclusion

Terrorism is a very old tactic



Terrorism is a very old tactic.

Terrorism is a mode of communication .

Terrorism is a special type of violence and asymmetrical warfare .

Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflict and war .

Terrorism is a psychological act to impact an audience.

Terrorism is an act of politics .

In conclusion



In the end Lenin’s definition of terrorism may be the mostaccurate:

•“The purpose of terrorism is to terrorize.”

The goal in the end, regardless of the reason, is to inflict

fear.

“Kill one person, frighten ten thousand” Sun Tzu

Some thoughts on the future . . .

“S k f f B hi



“Some speak of an age of terror. . . . . But this country

will define our times, not be defined by them. As long as

the United States of America is determined and strong,this will not be an age of terror; this will be an age of

liberty, here and across the world.

We are in a fight for our principles, and our firstresponsibility is to live by them.

We will come together . . . . Our nation - this generation -

will lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our

future. We will rally the world to this cause by our

efforts, by our courage.

In fighting terrorism



In fighting terrorism. . . .We w ill not t ire ,

We w ill not falter ,

And w e w ill not fail.”

President George Bush September 20, 2001

References



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