world power progress in flight. civil war balloons –first use by union, but not very successful...
TRANSCRIPT
Civil War Balloons– First use by Union, but not very successful– Telegraph sent messages from balloon to ground– Mostly private owners/operators that volunteered services and
equipment– First 2 years of war then disbanded due to lack of interest and
accidents– South appreciated use, but no resources– No military balloon activity, 1863-1890– England, Germany, Spain, Russia, Italy and Japan had all
established programs by 1884Spanish-American War Balloons
1 balloon in army at start of war
Directed artillery fire at the Battle of San Juan
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHTProblems
Develop lift Build “lighter than air” aircraftLight materials, hot air or hydrogen1 cubic foot of air weighs roughly 28 grams (~ 1 ounce) ...air heated to 180 degrees weighs about 21 grams1 cubic foot of air in a hot air balloon can lift about 7 grams, that's not much, and this is why hot air balloons are so huge -- to lift 1 pound, you need about 65 cubic feet of hot air (4x4x4)Helium available by 1905, but not used until after 1935
Sustain liftDrop weightMaintain fireHydrogen
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHTProblems
Control flightUp or down to find wind in ~ the right directionStill problem for balloonsProblem lasts for almost 100 years1783 to at least 1885
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHTDirigibles Shape Changes
Dirigibles are rigid and hold their shape…blimps are not rigid and require gas to hold their shapeJean-Baptiste Meusnier
French general; suggested shape of football, several compartments and passenger car
Henri GiffardSmall steam engine w/ propeller on cigar shaped balloon; 1852
Renard and KrebsElectric motor; limited range because of weight and battery life, 1884
Internal Combustion EnginePaul Haenlein
German engineer, coal gas from balloonMore gas used, less available for lift
Non-rigid and RigidAlberto Santos-Dumont
15 small, blimps w/ gas engines, 1898Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
Improved for public useInterested during American Civil WarDr. Wolfert applied gasoline engine, 1896Schwartz, Austrian engineer, constructed rigid airship, 1897Zeppelin built/flew first rigid airships, 1900
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Heavier-than-Air FlightInternal Combustion EnginePaul Haenlein
German engineer, coal gas from balloonMore gas used, less available for liftUsed ~ 250 cubic feet of gas per hour replaced by air
Dr. Karl Wolfert applied gasoline engine, 1896
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Scientific StudyGeorge Cayley (1857)
Built whirling-arm device to measure force on a lifting surface
Built gliders
Proposed fixed wings for lift and a separate system to give power
Proposed wings in front w/ tail and wings in shallow “V” made it easier to keep wings level in flight
Identified “lift”, “drag”, “thrust”, and curved upper surface on wings
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Scientific StudyHiram Maxim
Built huge airplane weighing 7,000 pounds
360 horsepower steam engine
Wing area more than 4,000 sq feet
2 rails, one to support it, other to keep it from rising more than a couple of inches, “test vehicle”
Actually flew, but lost control and was damaged
Gave up experiments, claiming propulsion and lift were solved problems
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Unpowered FlightJohn Montgomery
Invented new glider (1905) that could do sharp dives and turns in 20 minute flight
Otto Lilienthal
Started gliding school in 1890s
Could soar, sometimes reaching heights greater than his starting point
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Powered FlightWilliam Henson and John Stringfellow
Designed airplane (1842); practical design, 150 ft wingspan, 2 6-bladed propellers, powered by a 25-horsepower engine
10 foot model (1848) w/ superb light weight steam engine, may have flown 120 feet
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
Powered FlightDr. Samuel Pierpont Langley
First worked on models with rubber bands
Constructed (1857) whirling-arm device to measure air pressure against moving surfaces
Built planes that flew (1896) 1/2 and 3/4 of mile, steam
In 1903, built airplane, but never got it launched, unknown if it would have flown
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHTPROBLEMS OF FLIGHT
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
American Developments in AviationThe United States was slow to realize the military significance of aviation.
First official recognition was the creation of the Aeronautical Division of the Signal Corps, 1907 (1 officer, 1 enlisted)Then, Aviation Section of the Signal Corps, July 1914 (60 officers, 260 enlisted)The airplane, invented in 1903 by the Wright Brothers, was destined to change established procedures of war
American Developments in AviationThe Wright Brothers
Had access to the knowledge about flight gained by others before them
However, this knowledge was often wrongLived at a time when first practical motor (engine) had been developedPossessed a combination of attitudes and aptitudes
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
American Developments in AviationThe Wright Brothers’ First Powered Plane
Biplane with a wingspan of 40 feet, 4 inches21 feet long and 8 feet high605 poundsDec, 1903Kitty Hawk, N.C.
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
American Developments in AviationGlen Curtiss
Light, powerful gasolinemotorcycle enginesW/ Alexander Graham Bell built several airplanes, first ailerons and first seaplane
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHTEuropean Developments in Aviation
– Igor SikorskyRussian born2 unsuccessful helicopter-likemachines, 1909-19101st successful 4-engineairplane, 1913
Fully enclosed cockpitLanding gearTandem pairs?Separate
PROGRESS IN FLIGHTPROGRESS IN FLIGHT
Worldwide Developments in AviationBy the end of 1911, aviation had grown and spread
353 pilots in France57 pilots in Britain46 pilots in Germany32 pilots in Italy27 pilots in BelgiumThe United States ranked sixth in the world with only 26 pilots