world populationjatropha seeds = 30% oil grows in arid regions 500 lbs/a/yr. jatropha highly toxic...
TRANSCRIPT
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WORLD POPULATION
6.6 Billion people3.7 Billion malnourished
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U.S. FOOD CONSUMPTION
2,200 lbs/person/year
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Solar Energy Captured by Plants
All Plants = 0.1%Photovoltaics = 20%
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FOSSIL vs BIOMASS
0102030405060708090
100
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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Biomass vs. Hydropower
Biomass Thermal = 3%Hydropower = 3%
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Corn Production Inputs
Energy = 14 InputsFor average corn production260 gallons of Gasoline/Acre
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Major inputs
Nitrogen FertilizerFarm Machinery and Fuel
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Energy Inputs in Corn Production
Energy inputs to produce corn8 million kcal /Acre
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Ethanol Processing
Corn (22 pounds per gal. Ethanol)Food for 10 people
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Processing Ethanol
“Beer” = 10% ethanolWaste Water = 90%
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Ethanol for Gasoline
95% ethanol (5% water content)Must be 99.5% ethanol
More energy required in conversion
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Ethanol Energy Costs
Total Energy Inputs = 28,000 kcal/galEthanol Energy Output
19,400 kcal Minus 40%
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Omissions Help Ethanol Return
• Farm labor omitted• Farm machinery omitted• Processing machinery omitted• Hybrid corn omitted• Irrigation omitted• Environmental Impacts omitted• Excess by-product credits 60%
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Environmental Impacts
• 1,700 gallons of water / gallon of ethanol• Soil erosion more intense than any crop• Nitrogen fertilizer• More insecticides• More herbicides• More carbon dioxide• Air pollution
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Sewage Effluent
12 gallons of sewage effluent per gallon of ethanol produced
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Ethanol Production
DOE = 5 billion gallonsTotal oil = 1%20% of all corn
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100% U.S. Corn
Total oil = 7%All U.S. and Brazil’s ethanol = 2%
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Costs to Beef Production
Removal of Corn from livestock and Other products results in
$20 billion food costs to consumers
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By-Product Credits
Byproducts = 60%Replacement for Soybeans = 9%
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Subsidies for Ethanol
$6 billion/yearEthanol subsidy 60-times greater/gas
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Burning Corn/Food
Ethics3.7 billion humans malnourished
Higher meat, milk, egg prices
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SWITCHGRASS FUEL
10 t/ha/yr yieldEthanol = minus 50%
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Cellulosic Problems
2-4 times more biomass than cornMore processing to secure starches
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WOOD FUEL
3 t/ha/yr
Ethanol = minus 57%
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Ethanol from Wood
5 kg per liter of ethanol = wood2.7 kg per liter = corn
57% more fossil energy
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Lignin Fuel
25% of Wood is Lignin“Backbone” of trees
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LIGNIN FUEL
Acid Dissolves LigninFrees Cellulose CellsStarches and Sugars
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Lignin Fuel
Lignin in WaterSeparation Energy
1 kg Lignin = 1,000 kcal
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Ethanol from Wood
30,000 kcal per gallonof ethanol produced
57% more fossil energy
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Environmental Impacts
Global warmingSoil erosion
1,100 liters of water per liter
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SUNFLOWER OIL
Production = 1.3 kcal: 1 kcalSunflower seeds = 26% oilBiodiesel = minus 118%
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CANOLA OIL
Canola yield = 1,600 lbs/ASeeds = 30% oil
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CANOLA OIL
Input/Output 1.7/1Energy = minus 65%
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Soybean Production
Production = 1 kcal: 2.5 kcalSoybean oil = 18%
Biodiesel = minus 32%
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Jatropha
Seeds = 30% oilGrows in arid regions
500 lbs/A/yr
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Jatropha
Highly toxic to humansHighly toxic to cattle
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Diesel Fuel Production
2 BTU Coal = 1 BTU DieselNo agricultural disturbance
No oil imports
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BIOMASS ENERGY
Thermal = 3% U.S. EnergyElectric = 1 kcal: 7 kcal
6¢ / kWh
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BIOMASS ENERGY
City of 100,000 people500,000 Acres of sustainable forest
1 person = 5 acres of forest
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HYDROPOWER
10,000 kWh = person/year40,000 gals of water/person1 kcal: 24 kcal 2¢ / kWh
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HYDROPOWER
75,000 ha Agricultural LandAquatic Ecology
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WIND POWER
2% of U.S. Electric1 kcal : 5 kcal
7¢ / kWh
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WIND POWER
13,000 ha (5%)Birds, Noise,
Esthetics
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PHOTOVOLTAICS
1 kcal: 7kcal25¢ / kWhCleaning
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PHOTOVOLTAICS
3,000 haChemicals
Transmission = $290,000/mile
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HYDROGEN
1.4 kWh = 1 kWh Hydrogen3 kWh coal = 1 kWh Electricity
4.2 kWh = 1 kWh Hydrogen
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Hydrogen
Tank 3 X$3 gasoline = $6 hydrogen
Difficult to handle
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Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy = 46 quads17% of total U.S. land area