•www.rkiinstruments.com

World Leader In Gas Detection and

Sensor Technology

•www.rkiinstruments.com

Company Background

• RKI founded in 1994• Partner company, Riken Keiki

o Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology for over 73 years

• California Corporation• Average employee gas detection

experience is 15 years

75 Years of Milestones1938First

combustible interferometer

1969First

2 gas monitorLEL, O2, GX-3

1978First

3 gas monitorLEL, O2, COModel 1641

1980Pocket size single gas

OX/CO/HS-80

1982First belt

worn 3-gas, GX-82

1983Portable IR

for CO2RI-411

1986First

belt worn 4 gas monitor

GX-86

1990Portable

super toxicSC-90

1994Portable 4 gas

with datalogging & autocal

GX-94

1995First6 gas

portableEAGLE

1984Portable IR for Freons

RI-413

1997First wrist

wornGasWatch

75 Years of Milestones

20106 gas

portable with PID capabilityEAGLE 2

2009Smallest

confined space monitorGX-2009

2001Smallest

4 gasGX-2001

2003Smallesttri-modeportableGX-2003

Advanced tri-mode portable

Gas Tracer/GX-2012

2012 2013Remote Sample Pump

RP-2009

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Important Definitions

Flash Point Temperature at which the liquid phase gives off

enough vapor to flash when exposed to an external ignition source.

Fire Point When a liquid is heated past its flash point it will

reach a temperature where sufficient vapor is given off to maintain combustion.

Ignition Point The minimum temperature at which a substance

will burn or ignite independent of an external heat source.

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Reference Materials

NFPA Fire Protection Guide To Hazardous Materials Flash Point LEL/UEL Specific Gravity Vapor Density Hazard Identification

• Health/Flammability/Instability

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Reference Materials

NIOSH Pocket Guide To Chemical Hazards Chemical Name/Formulas Exposure limits (TWA) IDLH Physical Description Chemical and physical properties Incompatibilities and reactivities Health hazards

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Reference Materials

ACGIH, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices Substance (CAS number) TWA STEL Molecular Weight TLV Basics-Critical Effects

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Flammability Band

Lean

0 100

Percent LEL

0 100Percent Gas by Volume

Ammonia 12.0 Vol. %Methane 5.0 Vol. %Hydrogen 4.0 Vol. %Hexane 1.1 Vol. %

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Explosive Rich

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

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Important Definitions

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Also known as Lower

Flammable Limit (LFL) Minimum concentration

of gas or vapor mixed with air that will cause the propagation of flame when it comes in contact with a source of ignition (spark or flame)

Concentrations of gas below the LEL are too lean to ignite

0%Vol 5%VolMethane (CH4)

0% LEL 100% LEL

LEAN

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Important Definitions

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) Maximum

concentration of gas or vapor in air that will cause the propagation of flame when is exposed to a source of ignition (flame or spark).

Mixtures are considered to RICH to support combustion if they are above the UEL.

15%Vol 100%VolMethane (CH4)

RICH

UEL

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Explosive Range

• Explosive range is different depending on the gas or vapor

• As the fuel increases, oxygen decreases to the point where there is no longer a potential for explosion thus reaching the UEL

5%Vol 15%VolMethane (CH4)

EXPLOSIVE

LEL UEL

Intensity of Explosion

LOW LOW

HIGH

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More Flammability Bands

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hexane Methane Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Acetylene1.1-7.5% Vol 5.0-15% Vol 4.0-75% Vol 12.0-74% Vol 2.0-100% Vol

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Requirements for Combustion

IGNITIONSOURCE

FUELOXYGEN

World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology

Combustible Gas

Sensor Technology

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Constant Current Catalytic Bead

Active Reference

Platinum Alloy Wire

DeactivatorPlatinum Catalyst

Ceramic Coating

Four Wire Catalytic Bead Combustible Gas SensorConstant Current

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Constant Current Settings

Methane & Hexane Detection 148 mA

Hydrogen Calibration 130 mA

Hydrogen Specific Sensor 100 mA

Adjust current setting by placing an ammeter in series with the RED wire of the sensor.

Adjust current with pot at 12 O’clock position on amplifier as required

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Constant Voltage Catalytic Bead

Active Reference

Common

Platinum Alloy Wire

DeactivatorPlatinum Catalyst

Ceramic Coating

Constant Voltage Combustible Gas Sensor

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Catalytic Oxidation

CommonActive Reference

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Infrared (NDIR)

S

Light Source Measuring Cell Band Pass Filter

Infrared Sensor

Amplifier

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NDIR Troubleshooting

Contamination of the sensor will reduce energy reaching sensor causing high output Dust Moisture

Open source will cause output to peg upscale

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Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Non linear output Responds to many

different gases, non-specific

May respond to moisture

Broadband gas sensor

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MOS Troubleshooting

Contamination of oxide layer will cause unstable or erratic output

Improper heater voltage will cause sensor to function improperly

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Thermal Conductivity

Active Reference

Common

Reference element containedout of gas stream

Temperature coefficient of airis different than gas causingtemperature of coil to cool increasing resistance. Nocatalytic activity on sensor.

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TC Troubleshooting

TC sensors may open causing instrument to peg either upscale or downscale

Contamination can cause the sensor to respond improperly

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Hydrocarbon Comparison

Formula Name Ign Temp Deg. F Flash Point Deg. F LEL Vapor DensityCH4 Methane 999 Gas 5.0 0.60C2H6 Ethane 882 Gas 3.0 1.00C3H8 Propane 842 Gas 2.1 1.60C4H10 Butane 550 Gas 1.9 2.00C5H12 Pentane 500 <-40 1.5 2.50C6H14 Hexane 437 -7 1.1 3.00C7H16 Heptane 399 25 1.05 3.50C8H18 Octane 403 56 1.00 3.90C9H20 Nonane 401 88 0.80 4.40C10H22 Decane 410 115 0.80 4.90

World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology

Oxygen Detection

Sensor Operation and Theory

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Symptoms of O2 Deficiency

>23.5% OSHA limit for increased levels of oxygen

20.9% Oxygen content in normal air

19.5 - 12% Increased pulse and respiration

12 - 10% Disturbed respiration, fatigue, faulty judgment

10-6% Nausea, vomiting, inability to move, loss of consciousness

and death 6 - 0%

Convulsions, cardiac arrest and death

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Galvanic Oxygen Sensor

Typical output: 12-16 mV in fresh air

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Oxygen Sensor Troubleshooting

High or low output Unstable output Will not zero with N2

applied Leaking Sensor over 2 years

old (micro cells) Corroded or

contaminated Expired Sensor!

World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology

Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors

Sensor Operation and Theory

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Riken Electrochemical Sensors

Electrode material Bias voltage Electrolyte Reaction area of

electrode Electrolyte reaction

5 Key Factors that separate Riken sensors from the competition

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Riken Electrochemical Sensors

Long life (2+ years) Excellent stability High degree of

selectiveness Easy to replace and

calibrate

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Riken Electrochemical Sensors

Requires bias stabilization period

Replace if low span, over two years old, unstable output, slow response or recovery or if the sensor is leaking

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Electrochemical Sensors

Resistor

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Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide 0.01 - 10 ppm

Rotten egg smell 11 - 20 ppm

Rotten egg smell, irritation to eyes and throat 100 - 200 ppm

Loss of sense of smell in 2 - 5 minutes 250-400 PPM

Eye and throat irritation, loss of consciousness in 5-15 minutes

450-600 PPM Eye and throat irritation, respiratory distress,

unconscious in 1-15 minutes 650-900 PPM

Respiratory distress and unconsciousness in 1-3 minutes

950-1000 PPM Unconscious with one breath

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Effects of CO Exposure

25 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (ACGIH)

35 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (OSHA)

200 PPM Slight headache, discomfort within 3 hours

600 PPM Headache, discomfort within 1 hour

1000 - 2000 PPM Confusion, headache, nausea within 2 hours

2000 - 2500 PPM Unconsciousness within 30 minutes

4000 PPM Fatal in less than one hour

World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology

Hydrides

Sensor Operation and Theory

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Hydride Gases

Arsine…………….AsH3 Phosphine………..PH3 Silane…………….SiH4 Diborane…………B2H6 Germane…………GeH4

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Hydrolysis / Decomposition

Certain Mineral Acid Gases

When certain mineral acid gases (as used in the semiconductor industry) containing chlorinated and fluorinated compounds combine with water vapor or moisture in the ambient atmosphere, they decompose or hydrolyze to compounds, which includes either HCL or HF.

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HCLPhosphorus Oxychloride POCl3Antimony Pentachloride SbCl5Boron Trichloride BCl3Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3Silicon Tetrachloride SiCl4Tin Tetrachloride S4Cl4Titanium Tetrachloride TiCl4Dichlorisilane SiH2Cl2Trichlorosilane SiHCl3

HFArsenic Pentafluoride AsF5Phosphorous Pentafluoride PF5Boron Trifluoride BF3Phosphorous Trifluoride PF3Sulfur Tetrafluoride SF4Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6Tantalum Fluoride TaF5Titanium Fluoride TiF4Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4

Hydrolyzing Gases to HCL and HF

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List of Hydrolysis Gases

Gases that become HF after HydrolysisPhosphorus Pentafluoride PF5 PF3 + H2O = 2HF + POF3

(POF3 + 3H2O 3HF + H3 PO4)Boron Trichloride BF3 BF3 + 3H2O = 2HF + H3BO3

Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4 2SiF4 + (X + 2) H2O = 2HF + H2SiF4, XH2O

Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6 WF6 + 3H2O = 6HF + WO3

Tantalum Fluoride TaF5 2TaF2 + 5H2O = 10HF + Ta2O5

Titanium Fluoride TiF4 TiF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + TiO2

Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4 MoF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + MoO2

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List of Hydrolysis Gases

Gases that become HCl after HydrolysisPhosphorus Oxychloride (POCl3) POCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO4

Antimony Pentachloride (SbCl5) SbCl5 + 10H2O = 10HCl + Sb2O5

Boron Trichloride (BCl3) BCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3BO3

Phosphorus Pentafluoride (PCl3) PCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO3

Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCl4) SiCl4 + 2 H2O = 4HCl + SiO2

Tin Tetrachloride (SnCl4) SnCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + SnO2

Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4) TiCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + TiO2

Dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2) SiH2Cl2 + 4H2O = HCl + SiH2O2

Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) SiHCl3 + 3H2O = 6HCl + (HSiO)2O

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List of Hydrolysis Gases

Other Hydrolysis Gases

Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) Si(OC2H5)42Si(OC2H5)4 + 2H2O —> 8C2H5OH + 2SiO2 (ETHYLE)

Tetraethoxyarsine (TEOA) As(OC2H5)4 As (OC2H5)4 + 2H2O —> 4C2H5OH + AsO2 (ETHYLE)

Trimethoxyboron (TMB) B(OCH3)3 B(OCH3)3 + 3H2O —> 3CH3OH + H3BO3 (METHYLE)

Trimethoxyphosphate (TMP) P(OCH3)3 P(OCH3)3 + 3H2O—> H3PO4 + 3CH3OH (METHYLE)

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Understanding Date Codes

Each RKI Sensor has a date code to determine warranty begin date. The date code may be a small adhesive label on

the sensor or may be read from the serial number on the sensor.

Example: S/N 337096366AE• Date code is 33• First numeral is the year (2003)• Second numeral is the month (March)• Months are coded 1=Jan to 9= Sept. Oct.= X, Nov. = Y

and Dec. = Z.

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Questions?