World History

Africa Unit

Mr. Van Pelt

Concepts and Terms

How do we find out about

ancient cultures? Recorded facts- HISTORY

Archeology- artifacts / fossils

Anthropology- study of people / groups of people

oral traditions- songs, poems, etc.

Ethnocentrism- feeling that one’s own culture is superior

Migration - Causes

1. Changes in environment

2. Economic Problems

3. Political or religious differences

4. Changes in technology

IMPERIALISM The policy of establishing colonies and

building empires for economic and political

goals.

By 1914: France, Britain, Germany, Portugal,

Spain, and Italy had divided Africa among

themselves.(52 present day countries).

Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained under

African rule.

How did the Europeans and Africans feel

about imperialism.

.

Colonialism System where one country rules or

extends its control over another

for its own economic benefit.

Nationalism

Loyalty to a national group or nation and the belief in its right to self-determination.

What US History issue does this remind us of?

Answer: States rights – Civil War, John Calhoun from South Carolina.

Nationalism in Africa

Between WWI and WWII (1914-1939):

The sentiment for nationalism grew.

Generation of young nationalists lead by Kwame Nkrumah(ehn-KROO-muh) headed the movement.

Nationalism From Our Perspective

Our Attitudes as Americans

Our Attitudes as Students of Manasquan

Our Attitudes as Residents of……….

Why does our sense of “nation”alism change with each category???

Africa Unit

Geography

Map of Africa

Relief Map of Africa

World Map

20 % of World’s Land Mass

AFRICAN CONTINENT

54 NATIONS

12.5% WORLD POP.

Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) – A15

GREAT RIFT VALLEY

NILE RIVER: World’s Longest – 4100 miles + flows NORTH

VARIETY OF REGIONS

RAIN FOREST -near equator

3 parts of the Continent

SAVANNAH -grasslands that support:

Subsistence Farming: done for own use.(60%)

Cash Crops: done for export.

DESERT - Sahara

The Need for Rain

SAHARA DESERT: World’s Largest

3.2 Million square miles

Destroyed livestock

Lead to mass starvation

The drought of these areas has contributed to the urbanization of Africa

URBANIZATION Movement of people from the country to the city

Opportunity / jobs

Urban populations will double every 10 yrs.

OVERCROWDING

CRIME

POLLUTION

GROWING LACK OF FOOD

Societies and

Empires of Africa – Ch. 11

AFRICAN SOCIETIES AXUM, MALI, TIMBUKTU, SWAHILI

Where would they be located today (what countries)?

What type of government did they have?

What was their economic system based on?

How would you describe their standard of living?

Where would they be located

today (what countries)?

Map of Africa

MALI

AXUM

TIMBUKTU

S

W

A

H

I

L

I

AXUM

Important due to location between Asia

and Mediterranean world.

Exported:

1. GOLD

2. IVORY

3. RHINOCEROS HORN

4. TORTOISE SHELL

5. SPICES

MALI

One of the most powerful of the 1200’s.

Under Mansa Musa became an Islamic empire.

Mosques: Muslim houses of worship.

Became known as a great center of learning.

TIMBUKTU

In 1468: city of Timbuktu was taken over by the Songhai empire.

SWAHILI

Between 1100’s and 1300’s:

People who built cities along the east coast and then traded extensively with with the middle East, India, and China.

Each city was independent to its own ruler.

Chapter 24. 1

Imperialism

IMPERIALISM

The policy of establishing colonies and

building empires for economic and political

goals.

By 1914: France, Britain, Germany,

Portugal, Spain, and Italy had divided

Africa among themselves.(52 present day

countries).

Racism and Social Darwinism

Europeans believed they were better than the

Africans (RACISM)

Social Darwinism: “Survival of the Fittest”

Europeans were superior in all areas over the

Africans = Wealth and Success

Berlin Conference 1884-1885 Result of the “Scramble for Africa”

1. Notify others of claim

2. Prove they could control area

Recall: By 1914 – Which 2 countries were the only

to remain free of European control?

Liberia and Ethiopia

More on Imperialism

Imperialist Management

- Page 753 (Ch. 24.1)

Indirect Control

Direct Control

Protectorate

Sphere of Influence

Impact of Colonial Rule

Positive:

Reduced local warfare

Improved sanitation, schools, and hospitals

Economic growth

Impact of Colonial Rule

Negative:

Africans lose control of lands

New diseases

Population losses in resistance efforts

THE DIVIDING OF THE CONTINENT – boundary lines

split traditional groups or combined rivals

PLACES TO VISIT

NIGERIA

SOUTH AFRICA

KENYA

Let’s Go To…..

Nigeria

The People

250 Ethnic Groups

4 Largest

1. Hausa- North

2. Fulani- North

3. Ibo- Southeast

4. Yoruba- Southwest

Ethnocentrism is very strong in Nigeria

Religion

Christianity

IBOS

Islam

Muslim

Yorubas

Hausas

Fulanis

History

1000 A.D.

Hausa established trading ties with the Mediterranean World

Were powerful until Fulani defeated them in the 19th century making Northern Nigeria part of vast Islamic Empire.

History

1600 A.D.

The Yoruba settled in present-day Lagos.

During the slave trade, Slaves were sent to: Brazil, Caribbean, and North America.

Europeans discovered at this time the valuable resources Nigeria contained.

History

Traders and Missionaries soon arrived.

By mid 1800’s, British seized Lagos and began takeover of Nigeria.

Britain claimed Nigeria in 1914

After decades of resistance, they got their independence in 1960.

Civil War After independence, tension grew between the various groups.

Fearful of northern domination the Ibo seized control in Jan.1966.

In July 1966, Gen. Yakubu Gowon divided Nigeria into 12 states.

In 1967, Ibo leader Lt. Gen. E.O. Ojukwu, took over the East region.

Civil War

In 1967, Ibo leader Lt. Gen. E.O. Ojukwu, took over the East region.

Declared it the Republic of Biafra

The civil war that resulted lasted 30 months with Gowon’s federal troops prevailing, thus preserving the unity.

Today

1970’s - Discovery of oil lead to economic boom.

With this, many Nigerians moved to the cities to search for jobs.

What is this called?

Agriculture fell, food had to be imported

Today

1980’s - With oversupply of oil:

Prices dropped-revenues fell+ high government spending=

Economic Problems

1983 - government overthrown by Major Gen. Buhari

Focus was to save economy by going back to agricultural economy.

Today

1985 - Buhari overthrown and Ibrahim Babangida made president

Babangida slashed currency value,imposed economic reform, promised return to democracy

Economy improved

1991 elections held for governors and legislators

Ways of Life

75% live in rural area

Compounds: enclosed area containing a home residence

Most raise various crops

People leaving rural areas and going to: Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan

Lagos suffering from the urbanization(Recall Ch.1)

Let’s Go To…..

South

Africa

Map of South Africa

Early Years

6000 B.C.

Early Inhabitants:

San: Hunters

Khoikhoi: Nomadic Herders

Bantu: Iron makers

Europeans

1652: Dutch East India company established supply base at Cape of Good Hope.

Settlers began to arrive: Cape Colony

Settlers known as Afrikaners or Boers

In 1806, Dutch lost control to British

Boers

Resented the British because they abolished slavery: Financial ruin to Boers

Threatened Boer way of life

1836: Traveled NE: “The Great Trek”

Met w/ Resistance from African groups, but were successful in establishing republics of Transvaal and The Orange Free State

Anglo-Boer War

Result of:

Discovery of diamonds and gold in the Transvaal

British rushed to stake their claim

1899: war erupted between the two

Placed African groups between warring whites(British and Dutch)

Ended in 1902 with the British prevailing

Anglo-Boer War

In 1910:

Britain combined the Orange Free State and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa

Self-governed country with in British Empire

APARTHEID

Afrikaners believed in superiority of white race.

1910: South African constitution supported this notion

1912: African National Congress formed (ANC): laws were still passed to separate races and restrict non-whites

APARTHEID

1948: Afrikaner Nationalist Party won control of the government

Leader: D.F. Malan – “Pure White Race” – Apartheid becomes policy

Four Racial Categories: Africans, Whites, Coloreds(mixed descent), and Asians

APARTHEID Blacks could not vote, travel freely, and

required to carry passbooks(pass laws)

Pass laws also restricted work and living choices

1913: Native Land Act – prevention from buying land outside “reserves”.

1950: Groups Area Act – divided 14% of South Africa land into 10 “homelands”

Goal was to have each homeland become an independent nation.

APARTHEID Townships: places outside of cities set

aside for Blacks.

Resistances:

Sharpeville(1960)- Led to the deaths of 69 blacks. Protest of pass laws

1961- ANC formed the “Spear of the Nation” led by Nelson Mandela

Soweto(1976)- student protest to Afrikaans as language in schools

Hundreds killed after unarmed students were shot and killed

APARTHEID During the 1980’s, South Africa went

through a time of change marked by reform, revolt, repression, and resistance

1986: Due to the efforts of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, western nations banned imports and loans with South Africa

Result: Ended pass laws and blacks were allowed advisory role in government

APARTHEID

1989: Frederik de Klerk became president and announced apartheid must go.

March 17, 1992: White voters ended apartheid

Let’s Go To…..

Kenya

Map of Kenya

MAP OF KENYA

Kenya

42 black ethnic groups

Kikuyu: Country’s largest

After a short British colonial rule, gained its’ independence in 1963.

Ranks as Africa’s most prosperous and well-educated country

Foreign Rule

1000’s: Arab traders

Formation of the Swahili cities

SWAHILI

Between 1100’s and 1300’s:

People who built cities along the east coast and then traded extensively with with the middle East, India, and China.

Each city was independent to its own ruler.

Foreign Rule

1500 to Late 1600’s

Portuguese: wanted a port on way to India

Arabs up until the British invasion in 1895

They were seeking a railway with Uganda which had great wealth

Foreign Rule

British used Africans as laborers to build this railroad

They had no choice because they had to pay the taxes levied on them

Nationalism

1929: Kikuyu leader Jomo Kenyatta went to Great Britain to argue on Kenya’s behalf

1946: He assumed leadership of Kenya African Union(KAU)

GOALS: Gain access to their original land in the highlands

Nationalism Mau Mau movement: goal was to

gain back ancestral Kikuyu lands, unity among Kenyans, and new government to improve welfare of Africans

Resistance continued until 1956

Finally in 1963, gained independence under leadership of Kenyatta

Today 50% are Christians

40% more traditional African

Capital: Nairobi

80% live in rural areas(crops and livestock)

Since 1963, has changed great deal

Result: Unemployment, High rates of population growth, abuses of human rights by government

Challenges to Development

Africa

DEVELOPMENT

Aim: Improve quality of life for all

Difficulty stems from colonial period:

Present day boundaries have not changed so various ethnic groups make up one nation at times.

Many of these groups are divided making hard to create sense of identity

Economy(70’s-80’s) Goal was to export to generate necessary

income.

Some looked to the World Bank for funding and technical assistance.

Development was not achieved due to lack of funds, spare parts, or trained people for new systems.

Also, there was a lack of research done prior to a project being put into effect.

Economy(70’s-80’s)

Combination of declining world economy and oil shortages and oil abundance= Export values not = to import values.

By the 1990’s, Africa was in a state of debt with 12 years in a row of a declining standard of living.

Drought and Famine

In last 30 years, all but 5 nations south of the Sahara have suffered severe food shortages.

Drought and famine caused by lack of rainfall and: intense agricultural use, overgrazing, civil wars, population surges, and poor development programs

Population 2.9% increase a year is the world’s

highest of any continent

Projected at that rate, the population will be 1.5 BILLION by 2025!!!

Even with over 7 million people affected with diseases like AIDS, Africa grows between 18-25 Million a year

Imagine: 3 New York Cities a Year

Dealing With Challenges

1. Focus on Educational reform since 1960’s as they were denied education during colonial period.

2. Aids awareness and family planning

3. Self-Reliance will develop out of educational goals being met