WORLD GEOGRAPHY

Sept. 23, 2014

Today

Migration (part 1)

- Background

- Migration defined

- Reasons for migration

- Where are people going?

- Government and migration

Populations: U.S.A. & Malaysia

U.S.A. (300 mill.)

White: 30,40, 45, 63

Hispanic: 20, 30, 40, 17%

Black: 15, 20, 25, 12%

Asian: 9, 10, 15, 20, 5%

Native American: 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 0.9%

Malaysia (30 mill)

Malay: 50, 60, 70, 80, 67%

Chinese: 20, 25, 40, 24%

Indian:5, 8, 20, 7%

Other:

Introduction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kHredDs-IY

- More than 230,000,000 migrants, worldwide

Movement models

Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition Model – Links stages of movement to development.

Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition ModelPhase 1 – Pre Modern – Ancient world, slow growth movement to cities.

Phase 2 – Early Transition – Massive movement to cities.

Phase 3 – Late Transition - Massive but slackened movement to cities.

Phase 4 – Advanced Society – Cities have grown and more have appeared. Movement to cites is leveling off.

Phase 5 – Future Super-advanced society – Countryside mostly gone, movement inter city now.

Movement models

Stouffer’s Intervening Opportunities - # of Migrants is related to # of opportunities.

“The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities.”

Movement models

Lee’s Laws of Migration – 4 factors that make people migrate.

1. Factors linked to destination.

2. Factors associated with the area of origins of migrants.

3. Obstacles between origin and destination.

4. Personal Factors.

Essentially: push and pull factors

Migration defined

Textbook discusses movement vs. migration

- Cyclic movement

- Periodic movement

- Migration

All three involve mobility/movement, but differ in regards to permanence.

Movement

Cyclic Movement: short periods away from home.

e.g.

-Your daily routine (home-school- work- home)

- Nomadism: moving from place to place

Cyclic movement – activity spaces

Daegok (home)

KMU(school)

Downtown (work)

Cyclic movement – activity spaces

Nomadic life in Mongolia

Movement

Periodic Movement: long periods away from home.

e.g.

- Attending university in another city

- Military service

- Transhumance

- Migrant workers (e.g. foreign “3D” workers in Korea)

- Canadian oil field workers

Periodic movement – oil workers

6 months(home)

6 months (work)

Movement

- Cyclic Movement: short periods away from home.e.g. your daily routine (home-school-home)

- Periodic Movement: long periods away from home.

e.g. attending university in another city Canadian oil field workers

Only thing these two types of movement have in common with migration is just movement. People who migrate may never return to their origin.

Migration

Movement that results in permanent relocation across significant distances.

- Can involve an individual, household, or larger group to a new location outside the community of origin.

- The mover(s) may never return home.

Types of migration

International Migration – also called external migration. Move from one country to another.

When someone migrates out of a country = emigrant.

When someone migrates into a country = immigrant.

Internal Migration – move within a country.

Types of migration - mobility

Mobility depends on several factors (social, economic, technological).

Internal migration: Overall trend is rural to urban, but depends on the country (e.g. Peru vs. U.S. vs. China).

Reasons for migrating

Types of migration:

Forced Migration – involuntary move. - e.g. Atlantic Slave Trade

Today: counter-immigration

Voluntary Migration – choices or options make the migrant choose to move to the land.

- e.g. Colonists, Me

- Push and Pull factors,

Reasons for migrating - Ravenstein

Laws of migration

Reasons for migrating - Ravenstein

Laws of migration

1. Every migration flow generates a counter-migration. e.g. – Colonists and Natives or city gets too crowded.

2.Majority of migrants move a short distance.

3. Migrants who move long distances usually move to big cities.

4. Urban residents are less likely to migrate than rural folk.

5. Families are less likely to make international moves then young adults.

Reasons for migrating – Gravity model

The gravity model is used to predict the movement of people, commodities, and ideas between two places.

- Larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places.

- Places closer together have a greater attraction.

Reasons for migrating – Push & Pull

Push factors – factors in “leaving” a place.

- usually more accurately perceived.

Pull factors – factors in “going” to a place.

- often vague (sometimes “fantasy”)

related to distance decay: farther you move away from your origin, may be harder to function in your new home. e.g. – culture, language.

Reasons for migrating – Push & Pull- Economic conditions

- Power relationships (gender, ethnicity, money)

- Political circumstances

- Armed conflict, civil war

- Environmental conditions

- Culture and traditions

- Technological advances

Push & Pull – economic conditions

- Haiti, U.S.

Push & Pull – power relationships

- Cultural perceptions

Push & Pull – political circumstances

e.g. Vietnamese “boat people” (almost 800,000)

Push & Pull - Armed conflict, civil war

Rwanda Syria

(>2,000,000) (approx. 3,000,000)

Push & Pull – Environmental conditions

Hurricane Katrina (2005) – city of New Orleans – 40% popn.

Reasons for migratingKinship links – family or friends find success in foreign land, motivates you to do the same there.

Chain Migration – kinship links expand, chains of family and friends communicate to others from their original homeland to migrate over. Groups of people migrate.

Immigration waves – swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.

Next class

Where are people going?

Governments (and conflict) and migration.

Before next class

There is one more short reading to do.

- There will also be some supplemental readings, but they are optional and you will not be tested on that material.