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TRANSCRIPT
Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Classical Civilization:Classical Civilization:ChinaChina
2
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Establishment of Political Order
New order from 700s B.C.E.–New political structures–Zhou, Qin, then Han rule–Establishment of enduring institutions
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Establishment of Political Order
Han Dynasty– Overthrew Qin in 207 B.C.E.– Ruled for four centuries– Long-lasting, stable bureaucracy– Rise of Chinese sense of uniqueness
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Establishment of Political Order
Cultural traditions– Broad isolation– Enduring philosophy of yin and yang
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns in Classical China
Pattern established– New dynasty
Begins rule strong, economic strengthDynasty weakens, revenues declineInternal rebellions and invasions
– Succeeding dynasty emerges
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns in Classical China
Zhou Dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E.)– Came from the north, replacing Shang– System of indirect rule– Territorial expansion– Some centralization
Linguistic unityReligious practices reshaped
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Qin Rule–Originally nomadic, marginal–Shi Huangdi
Zhou rivalRules from about 200 B.C.E.Great WallGreat centralizationDeath of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E.• Leads to a period of conflict
Patterns in Classical China
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Han Dynasty– Territorial expansion
Contact with IndiaTrade with Roman Empire
– Wu Ti (140-87 B.C.E.)Establishes peaceful rule
– Han rule strong until about 220 C.E.
Patterns in Classical China
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Government allows rule of large territory– Reliance on family structure
Ancestor worship– Local rule weakened
Single law code over allRule from center out
Patterns in Classical China
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Strong Bureaucracy– Power of warrior-landlords lessened– Examination system put in place by Wu Ti– Highly-integrated system
Trained bureaucratsSome limits on imperial power
Patterns in Classical China
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Ancient Capitals
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Roles of the state– Military role not preeminent– Economic role
Weights, measures, currency– Public works
Patterns in Classical China
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Confucianism–Concern with stability, peace–An ethical system–Role of moral elite
Education central–The Confucian Gentleman
Moral rectitudePublic and private spheres equally importantKings should be reminded of duties
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Legalism– Favored a strong state, ruling through force– Belief that human nature was basically evil– In opposition to Confucianism in many ways
Yet the two often combined in exercise of power
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Popular religion– Confucianism has limited appeal – Polytheism persists
Conciliation of spiritsFamily ceremonies
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Laozi (400s B.C.E.)–Philosopher–Retreat from society–State cannot solve all problems–Nature
Dao, cosmic force–Meditation
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religion and Culture
Literature, Art, and Science– Five Classics
Combination of genresBasis for government examinations
– Decorative artsCalligraphy
– Science concentrated on the practical
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economy and Society
Confucian Social System– Landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats– Laboring masses: peasants and artisans– The “mean people”
Unskilled laborersPerforming artistsSlaves
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economy and Society
Trade and technology– Trade increases under the Zhou and Han
Little respect for trade and merchants– Technology
Plows, new collar for draft animalsIron toolsWater-powered millsPpaer
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economy and Society
Gender and Family Life– Great emphasis on authority– Parental authority especially upheld– Women subordinate to men
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
How Chinese Society Fits Together
Isolation– View of surrounding peoples as inferior– No missionary desires– Buddhism an exception
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
How Chinese Society Fits Together
Social and Cultural Links to Politics– Society viewed as a whole– Government and society seen as one– Agriculture tied to government through
revenue
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
How Chinese Society Fits Together
Complexities in Classical China– Confucianism versus Daoism
Many points of overlapBut some antagonism
– Balance often upset Overpopulation might lead to uprisings
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections: Classical China and the WorldQin and Han China
– Agriculture permits large population– Development of technologies– Influence through the Silk Road
China connected with other areasTrade mostly by nomadic merchants
– The “Middle Kingdom”Influence on surrounding peoples