Document of

The World Bank

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

C14. /166---2W

Report No. 5883-IN

STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

February 27, 1986

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance ortheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

US$1.00 = Rupees (Rs) 13.0 1/

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (METRIC SYSTEM) 2/

1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles (mi)1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac)1 million cubic meters (Mm3) = 804 acre-feet (ac-ft)1 cubic foot per second (cfs or cusec) = 0.0283 cubic meters per second (m3/s)1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb)1 metric ton (mt) = 2,205 pounds (lb)1 Thousand Million Cubic Feet (TMC) = 28.3 million cubic meters (Mm3)

FISCAL YEAR

GOI; GOAP April 1 - March 31

1/ Conversions in this report have been made at US$1.00 to Rs 13.0

2/ The metric system has been used in most cases. However, India is stillin the process of transition to the metric system; non-metric units arestill widely used and have been used in this report where a conversionto the metric system may confuse the reader.

FOR OICIL USE ONLY

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Credit and Project Su_mary

Borroa: India, acting by its President (GOI)

Bey,eficiar: Government ot Andhra Pradesh (GOAP)

ADo2r: IDA Credit: SDR 127.5 N (US$140.0 X equivalent)

IBRD Loan: US$131.0 N

Terms: IDA Credit: StandardIBRD Loan: Standard

Re-Lendint Terms: From the GOI to the GOAP as part of central assistance forState development projects on terms and conditionsapplicable at the time. GOI would beas the foreignexchange risk.

ProjectDescription: The project would assist with development ot the

Sriramasagar and Srisailam Right Branch Canal irrigationschemes, located ia the poorest drought-prone areas otAndhra Pradesh. It would modernize and complete theirrigation network in 165,000 ha, extend the irrigablearea by another 163,000 ha in Sriramzasagar, and develop agreater part (65,000 out ot 77,000 ha) of Srisailam. Themain objective of the project is to increase agriculturalproduction and farmer's income in the command area ot bothschemes. This would require a number of complementaryactivities, including (i) introduction of new plJanning anddesign concepts; (ii) revisions in irrigation systemoperation; (iii) improved management and maintenancestandards; and (iv) training of operation and maintenancestaff and contact farmers.

The project would be implemented over a seven-year period.At full development it vould generate incresmental annualproduction ot 395,000 tons of foodgrains, 218,000 tons ofcotton, 148,000 tons of groundnuts and other crops.Numerous unquantifiable benefits would also accrue to thetwo communities.

The risks ot the project are primarily associated withthe introduction of vater management concepts which arenew to the implementing agency. Another risk could be theshortage of qualified staff, which may result in implemen-tation deLays. However, all expected risks have beentaken into account in planning project implementation.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Thi docuXm ha a * 1_d dibution and may be used by reapients only in de perfommce ofthir ofiid dues IS ceneM may nuo oerwie be dibdodwinftont Wold Dank auharitu

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYKS

AD - Department of AgricultureAP - Andhra PradeshAPAIC - Andhra Pradesh Agro-Industries CorporationAPAU - Andhra Pradesh Agricultural UniversityAPI - Adjustable Proportionate ModuleARDC - Agriculture Refinance and Development Corporation (see NABARD)CADD - Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Development

Department (see IU and CADD)CCA - Cultivable Commanded AreaCUC - Central Water CommissionDC - Distributary CommitteeGCA - Gross Commanded AreaGOAP - Government of Andhra PradeshGOTN - Government of Tamil NaduCaI - Government of IndialCD - International Competitive BiddingID - Irrigation DepartmentIU and CADD - Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Development

Department (see CADD)LCB - Local Competitive BiddingNC - Minor Comittee-SL - Mean Sea LevelMABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (see ARDC)MARP - National Agricultural Research ProjectOC - Outlet Committee0&N - Operation and MaintenancePAP - Project Affected PersonsPPM - Project Preparation and Monitoring Wing (of ID)PID - Public Works DepartmentR&B - Roads and BridgesRD - Revenue DepartmentSRBC - Srisailam Right Branch CanalSRS - SriramasagarDNC - Thousand Million Cubic FeetTV - State of Tamil NaduT&V - Training and Visit (system of agricultural extension)WALANTARI - Water and Land Management Training and Research

Institute

FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS FOR OFFICERS

AE - Assistant EngineerCE - Chief EngineerCI - Canal InspectorDDA - Deputy Director of AgricultureDEE - Deputy Executive EngineerEE - Executive EngineerJDA - Joint Director of AgricultureLDC - Lower Division ClerkSE - Superintending EngineerVEO - Village Extension Officer

GLOSSARY

Hot Season - March to MayIrrigated Dry - Irrigated land designated for crops other than

rice and sugarcaneIrrigated Wet (IW) - Irrigated land designated for rice and sugarcaneKharif - Wet Season (June to September)Chak - Area served by watercourse, between 15 ha to 40 haRabi - Dry season (October to February)District - The lowest administrative unit where the State

Government is directly involved. There are20 districts in Andhra Pradesb State.

Taluka - A sub-division of a district.Warabundi - A system of rotational irrigation

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATIO PROJECT

STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT

Table of Contents

Page No.

I. BACKGROUND ... ............ 1

Agriculture and Irrigation in India ...................o.. 1The State of Andhra Pradesh ........... 1............. I

II. THE PROJECT AREAS ....... ................. ... 5

A. History and Background ............................... 5The Srisailam Right Branch Canal Scheme (SRBC) ...... 5The Sriramasagar Scheme (SRS) ...................... 5

B. Project Areas ...................... ................ 6Location ....... .......................... s. 6Climate . ................ ......... ...... ............ 7Topography and Soils ........... we.. ........... .... 7Population and Land Holdings.. .............. ...... 7Communications..o. ................................. 7Present Development ................................. 8Agricultural Support................................. 9Rationale for Bank Involvement ...................... 10

III. THE PROJECT .......................................... .11

A. Project Scope and Objectives ................ o........ 11Project Objective ......................... o................... .... 11Summary of Project Components ...................... . 11

B. Detailed Features.... .................................... 12The SRBC Sub-project......o.............. o.......... .. 12The SRS Sub-project ................................ 13Block Development and Upgrading ..................... 13Feeder Road Network ................................ 14Equipment ........... ......... o............................... 14Telecommunications ........... 14Training and Training Facilities.................... 15

This report is based on the findings of an appraisal mission which visitedIndia in March/April 1985 and comprised of Messrs. A. Seager, E. Cazit,R. Vick, M. Herman, S. Niaz, S. Lieberman (Dank) and K. Baxter, S. Singh,and C.S. Nawathe (Bank, New Delhi). Kr. B. Albinson has contributed tosections on design criteria and water management. Word processing wasdone by Miss C. Batara and Mrs. K. Landerer, with the assistance ofNesdames Z. Kalinger and S. Douglas.

Land Alienation .......... ...................... ........... 16Monitoring & Evaluation; Technical Services;Studies and Planning............. ................. 17Design Criteria ..... .................... O........0.00-0 .... 17Construction Methods and Current Progress...... ..... 19Status of Project Preparation ......... ...... ......... 20Project Execution ............... ......... O.. ...... . 20

IV. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING ........................... 21

Project Cost Estimates .... ........... ............ ...... 21Financing ..o ........................................ 21Procurement ................................................ 22Disbursements ............................. .................. . 23Accounts and Audits ........................ a........ . 24

V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT .... ..... ................. 24

Introduction ... ............................ ................... 24The Irrigation Department - Present Organization.... ... 25The Irrigation Utilization and Commnand AreaDevelopment Department (CADD) ......................... 25

The Proposed Organization ....................... ..... 26Staffing Requirements and Functions under

the Project ................................................. 26Dam Safety ..................... ...... ................... 27Agricultural Supporting Services ....................... 28Landshaping..o.se ......... .. .. .... ......... . ..... 29Road Construction .............. ........................ 29Planning; Monitoring and Evaluation;Technical Services .................... 29

Quality Control ........... ............................. 31Project Coordination ....................... . 31

VI. WATER MANAGEMENT ........... ............................. 31

In troduction .alnc............................. ................. . 31SRBC Water Balance ..................................... ............ 33SRS Water Balance ..................... . ....... V.... .... 34System Operation and Water Management .................. 35G aintenance .......................... . .............. ... 39Groundwater Development ............................................. 39

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VII. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, FARM INCOMES ANDCOST RECOVERY*... .** ........... ooeee........ 40

A. Agricultural Production ............... ................... 40Srisai1am ..*.................... ......... ....... 40Sriramasagare .............. o.... .................. o....... 40Market Prospects and Prices ......................... . 41Farm Incomes ............................. ........... . 41

B. Cost Recovery o........ ......... ............... .... 41General ............................. ......... ......... 41Present Situation ................................. * 42Proposed Improvements ....... ......................... 44

VIII. BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATION ............. ................. 45

Project Impact .....o..................................... 45Poverty Impact .............. o.............. -oo ............. 46Environmental Effects ....... .... .... ... ............ 47Economic Analysis .......................... ........... .. 47

IX. AGREEMENTS REACHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ .. 50

TABLES

1. Climatic Data2. Population and Land Holdings3. Cropping Patterns and Yields4.(a-g) Cost Estimates5.(a-g) Timetable for Contracts6. Schedule of Disbursements7. Proposed Credit/Loan Allocation8.(a-b) Staffing Schedules9.(a-b) Water Balance10. Summary of Agricultural Production and Input Requirements11. Economic and Financial Prices12. Estimated Farm Budgets13. Farm Budgets and Project Rent at Full Development14. Cost Recovery15.(a-b) Cost and Benefit Streams for Economic Analysis16. Scheme for Training of Engineers in the Irrigation

Department

ANNEXES

1. Related Documents Available in the Project File2. Main Assumptions for Economic Analysis3. Detailed Cost Estimates

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4. Draft Terms of Reference for Water Charge Review Conittee5. Training Centers and Training6. Organization and Management

CHARTS

1. Organization Chart of the Irrigation Department2. Organization Chart of the Irrigation Utilization and Command

Area Development Department3. Proposed Staff for Monitoring and Evaluation in the Project

Preparation Cell4. Organization Chart of Srisailam Project5. Organization Chart of Sriramasagar Project6. Organization Chart of Conmand Area Development Authority7. Organization Chart of the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Extension

Service8. Canal Sizing and Surface Delivery Periods for Lands

Lacking Groundwater9. Schematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRBC Component10. Schematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRS Component (165,000 ha)11. Schematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRS Component (119,000 ha)12. Schematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRS Component (88,000 ha)

MAPS

IBRD 18986 - Medium and Major Irrigation Projects in Andhra PradeshIBRD 18843 - Srisailam Right Branch Canal ProjectIBRD 18842 - Sriramasagar Project

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Staff Appraisal Report

I. BACKGROUND

Agriculture and Irrigation in India

1.01 With about 760 M inhabitants (mid-1985), India is the world's secondmost populous country. The annual rate of population increase is about 2.2X.Gross Domestic Product, now estimated at Rs 1,690,000 M (US$130,000 M)(1983/84) and growing at about 4% annually, ranks eleventh in the world.Annual income per capita (1983/84) is estimated at Rs 3380 (US$260). Thecountry has the largest single concentration of people in absolute poverty:between 200 and 250 H. Over 90% of the poor are rural. Although theindustrial sector is large, sophisticated, and growing at a respectable rate,agriculture still provides 69% of India's employment and accounts for 36% ofthe GDP. Agricultural growth rate was 4.6% per annum during the 5th Plan(1974-79) but only 2.0Z during the 6th Plan (1979-84), due to three years ofunfavorable monsoons.

1.02 At least three-fourths of India's agricultural growth since 1947stems from the synergy of fertilizers, improved crop varieties and theexpanding irrigation. The irrigated area, now over 60 M hectares, is secondonly to that of China. India is investing more in expanding irrigation thanany other country. Investments until quite recently tended to emphasize thecreation of irrigation potential: the building of dams, river diversions andmajor canals. Recently, however, in a change strongly encouraged andpromoted by the Bank/IDA, there has been a welcome shift towards completingand improving the system down to the level where only a small number offarmers share the water (typically, to 8 ha units), rehabilitating andupgrading systems constructed to the less exacting standards of the 1950s and1960s and introducing water management systems and operations geared to thereliability, timeliness and quality of water supply. While this shift isclearly discernible, it needs further general support, which would beachie-3d through training engineers and planners, to ensure general accept-ance. An indication of the high and rising priority attached to the sectoris the share of Plan investments allocated: 8.6% in the 4th Plan (1969-74),9.8% in the 5th Plan (1974-79), 10.6Z in the 6th Plan (1979-84), and 10Z inthe 7th Plan (1985-90).

The State of Andhra Pradesh

1.03 General. Andhra Pradesh is India's fifth largest State (277,000 km2)and fourth most populous (55 million). The State has a 1,000 km coastline onthe Bay of Bengal. Over 76% of the population is rural. Two of India'slargest rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, cross the State, cre-ting largedeltas at their outlets. They and their major tributaries rise in theWestern Ghats, in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

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1.04 Climate and SOil. The State lies on the fringe of the equatorialzone, between latitude 120 37' and 190 54'. It has three seasons: themonsoon (kharif, from late June to October) the cooler rabi (November LoFebruary) which is dry except in the coastal areas which lie on the northernlimit of the northeast monsoon rainfall zone, and the hot, summer season(March to about mid-June), which is mostly rainless. Since the averagecoolest temperature is above 130 C, most tropical crops can be grown at alltimes of the year.

1.05 The State has three regions:

(a) The Coastal Region, comprising largely the Godavari and Krishnadeltas. This is agriculturally the richest and best developed: thesoils are mainly alluviums and the richer bLack vertisols and redalfisols. Rainfall is well in excess of 1,000 -n and subject tocyclonic storms from the Bay of Bengal.

(b) The Telengana Region, north and west of the coastal zone. The soilsare mainly red al'isols and vertisols of lighter texture than in thecoastal region; rainfall is about 700-900 mm. Cyclonic stores tendto affect this zone, but less frequently and with less severity thanthe coast.

(c) The Rayalaseama Region, farthest from the coast, occupies the south-western segment of the State. It is the least exposed to cyclonicstorms and therefore has the lowest rainfalL: between 550 and 750 mmper anm:um. The soils are mostly black vertisols. It is the poorestand least developed.

1.06 The Economy. The economy of AP is predominantly agrarian: agricul-ture contributes about 50% of the State's income and employs about 70% of thework force. Between 1970/71 and 1980/81, the rate of growth of the primarysector, including agriculture, forestry and mining was 3.2% per annum (p.a.)compared to an all-India average of 3.0%. The secondary sector: manufactur-ing, construction, electricity, gas and water supply (222 of the State'sincome), grew at 4.0% p.a., compared to the national average of 3.6%. Thetertiary sector, including transport, trade, finance and services (25% ofthe State's income), grew at an annual rate of 7.0%, about the same as thenational average (6.9%). However, since tertiary sector activities startedfrom a relatively small base and are concentrated mostly in the urban areas,their growth contributed only marginally to the welfare of the majority ofthe population in the rural areas (77%). Overall, State income grew at anannual rate of 3.8 % p.a., slightly above the national rate of 3.62. Percapita income increased by 1.7% p.a. and was about equal to the nationalaverage of Rs. 1,267. Since agriculture is the main activity and it hasclose links to other sectors, economic progress is largely dependent on theremoval of constraints to further agricultural growth. Expanding and improv-ing the irrigation sector will support irrigated agriculture; the undoubtedand only recently emerging potential improvements in rainfed agricultureoffer another avenue to increased production, especially in areas that eitherbecause of topography, or because of shortage of water supplies, are unlikelyto be irrigated in the foreseeable future.

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1.07 Agricultural Performance. Between 1956/57 and 1981/82, rice produc-tion grew by 6.65 x per annum in Telengana, 3.51% in Rayalaseama, and (from arelatively high base) 1.72% in the Coastal region; in the State as a whole,by 2.93%. The area under groundnuts grew in all three regions; areas underother crops (sorghum, pearl millet) either decreased or increased only mar-ginally. Increase in yields has contributed more to production than did areaexpansion.

1.08 Irrigation Devylopment. Water available for suIrface irrigation isestimated at 77,500 Mm . The main sources are the Codavari and the Krishnarivers (para 1.03) and their tributaries; others are the minor tanks andgroundwater. About 3.0 million ha are irrigated nut of a total cultivablearea of 11.3 million ha; the irrigation potential is estimated to be about9.2 million ha. Irrigation hAs started over 100 years ago in the two riverdeltas and the Tungabhadra river, a tributary of the Krishna (Kurnool-Cuddapahproject). During the past 35 years AP has invested heavily in irrigation.In the Fifth (1974/75-1979/80) and Sixth (1979/80-1984/85) Plan periods,irrigation investments accounted for 35Z and 27% of total development spend-ings. Returns have not been satisfactory, because resources have been spreadover too many projects, resulting in long construction and gestation periodsand delayed benefits. Nor has a timely and reliable irrigation service,conducive to good water management and sustained high production, beenprovided by the projects; supporting services (agricultural research andextension, and some of the inputs services) also needed improvement.

1.09 Bank Involvement in AP. The Bank was involved in three irrigationprojects:

(a) Pochampad Irrigation, Cr. 268-IN, US$39 M, closed 12/79.

(b) Godavari Barrages, Cr. 532-IN, US$45 M, closed 6/81.

(c) AP Irrigation and Command Area Development Composite, Ln. 1251-IN,US$145 M, closed 6/85.

1.10 The Pochampad Irrigation Project (see also para 2.05) supported worksto complete the Sriramasagar dam and develop part of the command area of thePochampad Project (now renamed Sriramasagar). It achieved most of its objec-tives [Project Performance Audit Report (PPAR) No 3499]. The GodavariBarrage Project (PPAR No. 4000) supported the replacement of a century-oldweir by a modern barrage, to enable the diversions and the distributionnetwork in the Godavari delta to go on functioning. This was the firstproject in which GOI has followed International Competitive Bidding (ICB)rules for major civil works. Although the eventual contractors were Indianfirms, the audit concluded, and GOI agreed, that the competition engenderedby introducing ICB rules has contributed to improved standards and perfor-mance specifications.

1.11 The AP I Project, when presented to the Board in 1976, was one of thelargest Bank-supported projects, and the largest irrigation project in India.Its main objectives were to hasten the construction of the canal network andthereby the utilization of water impounded in the Nagarjunasagar reservoir,(live storage 5,800 Zm3, 205 TMC) and extend the water distribution networkbeyond the irrigation outlet down to the farm. To minimize seepage losses,

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for ease of management, and to achieve better water control, the project hada major canal lining component.

1.12 Largely because of insufficient data on conveyance losses, which,when systematically measured during project implementation, turned out to beup to three times hither than advised by COAP, coupled with difficulties toLimit rice growing and the cor.sequent excessive water use in parts of theproject area, the Nagarjunasagar component was extensively reformulated in1979-80. Key components of the reformulation were:

(a) the need to remodel many of the previously unlined canals;

(b) considerably more lining of major canals, distributaries and minorsthan originally envisaged;

(c) reduction of project scope;

(d) obtaining GOAP's commitment to a rigid water allocation system, toenable irrigation of the project area; - subsequent improvements inirrigation efficiency are expected to enabLe the entire area to beadequately irrigated even after full upstream developments in theKrishna, when water available to the project will be substantiallyreduced; and

(e) a comprehensive system of flow measurements, to refine further andtrace the utilization of water releases.

1.13 The AP I project closed in June 1985. Its objectives were mostly,- although not fully, - achieved. The lessons of the project were the needfor full main canal lining and a substantial rethinking of previous waterallocation and water delivery policies. The project enabled the introductionof a water management plan in parts of the area. Its principal aim was torationalize the crop calendars by: Zi) retaining water in the dam forpre-monsoon land preparation and early planting of rice; (ii) ensuring equi-table water-sharing between farmers on all reaches of the main canals and(iii) reducing operational losses by prevailing on farmers to carry outoperations on the same crops in the same block in a more concerted manner.

1.14 In addition to these three water-related projects, the State sharesin several ongoing or completed national projects that support the agricul-tural sector. For the proposed project the National Agricultural ResearchP-oject (NARP I; - Cr. 955-IN) and the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural ExtensionProject (Cr. 1219-IN, US$6 H) are of special importance. The latter aims tointroduce the Training and Visit (T&V) system of agricultural extension -started in the commands of the AP I Project - over the entire State, underthe control of the Department of Agriculture. By now the extension serviceis fully unified and covers the entire State (para 2.21). Other Bank Groupagricultural projects that have affected Andhra Pradesh's agriculturaldevelopment were ARDC (now named NABARD) general line of credit projectswhich support lending for groundwater development and other on-farm invest-ments, mostly to individual farmers.

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II. THE PROJECT AREAS

A. History and Background

The Srisailam Right Branch CanaL (SRBC) Scheme

2.01 The idea of utilizing Krishna water to irrigate the drought-prone,upper Pennar Basin in the Rayalaseama region of the State is more than 100years old. The first attempt was the Kurnool-Cuddapah project (para 1.08),which, through a system of multiple pickups from the Kundu, a tributary ofthe Pennar, enabled progressive utilization of return flows. By now itextends to about 100,000 ha.

2.02 The right bank of the Kundu, the venue of SRBC scheme, became poten-tially irrigable only after the construction of the Srisailam Dam (IBRD Map18843). This large (live storage 250 TMC, 7,075 Mm3) reservoir was designedfor power generation and as upstream balancing storage for the Nagarjunasagarcomplex, the backwaters of which reach the toe of the Srisailam Dam. Even-tually there would be 7 power turbines on the right flank and 9 reversibleturbines on the left flank, each of 110 NW capacity.

2.03 Notwithstanding this great power potential, it is GOAP's policydecision that power generation will be subordinate to irrigation needs, withthe caveat that the highest feasible head of the water should be retained inthe reservoir to maximize power generation.

2.04 The need to skim water from the Srisailam Reservoir without passingit through the power turbines, by tapping into the flank of the reservoir,arose in the 1970s when it became clear that Madras City requires water fromthe Krishna to ensure its long-term municipal and industrial requirements.Accordingly, the three riparian States (Andhra Pradesh, Karnata a andMaharashtra) allocated 5 TMC each, or a tocal of 15 TffC (425 Mm ), to lamilNadu (TN), expressly for industrial and municipal use in the city of Madras.The Goverment of Tamil Nadu (GOTH) has undertaken to finance costs of con-veying this water, over a period of about 3 months (i.e. out of peak monsoonflows), from the Srisailam Reservoir to the AP/TN border. Once the cost oftransfer from the Krishna to the Pennar basin was thus covered, GOAP found iteconomically feasible to draw water from the Madras canal at times when thecanal is not delivering water to the AP/TN border, to irrigate areas in itspoorest and most drought-prone Rayalaseama Region (para 1.05).

The S iramasagar Scheme (SRS)

2.05 The SRS scheme on the Godavari river was first considered in 1950;construction of the dam began in 1963. The Bank Group's involvement startedin 1971, when it participated in what was then known as the Pochampad Project(para 1.10). That credit supported works to complete the dam and to developa further 83,000 ha of the service area. Prior to Bank Group's involvementthe development of about 17,000 ha near the dam was financed by GOAP.

2.06 The Bank Group's involvement in SRS continued under the AP I Project(para 1.11) which had a component to assist with the construction of field

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channels, farm roads and land levelling, primarily in areas not covered bythe Pochampad Project. Recently, the COAP has completed (i) remaining workson the Sriramasagar Dam to its full capacity of 3,170 Mm3 (112 TMC); (ii) acanal on the left bank to link the Sriramasagar and Khaddam dams to irrigate17,000 ha between the two (the Saraswathi Head component); (iii) the Laxmicanal on the right bank of the Godavari; (iv) major works, but not all minordistribution works, on the remaining 65,000 ha service area downstream of thePochampad Project; and (v) the Mannair Dam to impound 13.4 TMC (380 Mm3) ofwater and act as a balancing reservoir for the system.

B. Project Areas

Location

2.07 The SRBC scheme is roughly rectangular in shape, (MAP IBRD 18843)about 130 km long and 5-10 km wide, with a cultivable command area (CCA) of77,000 ha. It slopes gently from the Mallamelai hills to the Kundu river.

2.08 The SRS scheme has total potential CCA of about 679,000 ha. TheSriramasagar Dam is situated near where the Godavari enters AP fromMaharashtra in the Telangana Region (Map IBRD 18842). The scheme consists ofthe following parts:

Name Area Remarks('000 ha)

Godavari Basin

Left BankSaraswathi Head 17 under construction; links SRS

and Khaddam DamsKhaddam 26 completed, uses Khaddam water (para 6.08)Saraswathi Tail 42 plannedSub-total 85

Right BankSRS-Mannair 165 nearing completionMannair-Km 267 178 under constructionLaxmi 7 under construction

Sub-total 350

Krishna Basin

Km 267-284 24 planned for 1992Km 284-347 220 planned after 1992Sub-total 244

Total 679

When completed, the SRS and the Nagarjunasagar schemes would form a con-tiguous irrigated area of about 1.5 M ha.

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Climate

2.09 Rainfall averages about 700 mm in the SRBC area and about 930 m inthe SRS area. Both are in the single-monsoon belt, although occasionalstorms occur during the northeast monsoon (November to February). Tempera-tures are fairly even throughout the yei.r except for the very hot season oflate March to early June. All crops suited to the zone can be grown betweenJune and March: rice; groundnuts; green, black and red gram; sorghum; maize;pearl millet; cotton; and chillies. Chickpeas, a photo-sensitive crop fordiminishing daylight hours, can be grown only between November and March.The salient climatic data are in Table 1.

Topography and Soils

2.10 Topography. The SRBC area is fairly leveL, with gentle slopes andlittle segmentation. The SRS area has several secqndary catchments and somequite large seasonal rivers (locally known as vagu) on which there are cas-cades of minor tanks (para 2.18). There are also several granitic and basal-tic outcrops, typical of the Deccan plateau, making for a broken topography.

2.11 Soils. Practically the whoLe of the SRBC and some 60X of the SRSarea to be brought under irrigation by the present project are black ver-tisols; the balance are red alfisols. The vertisols in the SRBC area areheavier and deeper than in the SRS area. A typical vertisol cracks deeplywhen dry, is self-mulching, and because of slow infiltration after heax'y rainor irrigation, tends to have a perched watertable which makes it difficult tocultivate after the first few showers. Therefore, most of the fields areplanted in late kharif, when the rainfall eases; the crop matures on residualmoisture. Sorghum and red gram (pigeon peas) respond best to this regime.The red alfisols in both areas have sufficient depth to support all crops.Profitable farming systems that effectively utilize year-round irrigation onalfisols have been practised in the State for many years.

Population and Land Holdings

2.12 The combined population in the two scheme areas is about 1,140,000;a density of about 120/kn2. The average holding size is 2.3 ha in the SRSand 3.6 ha in the SRBC project areas (Table 2). The major settlement of theSRBC area is Nandyal. Bananganapalle is a market center of importance.

2.13 Two major towns in the SRS are Warangal and Karimnagar. Other cen-ters of importance are Chalgal, Jagtial, Nizamabad (district HQ); all in thearea developed in earlier stages of the scheme.

Comummications

2.14 Nandyal is on a major branch of the Hyderabad-Bangalore meter-gaugerailway line, which connects it with the coastal region. A State highwayconnects Nandyal, Kurnool, Cuddappah, Cuntur and Anantapur. Secondary roadswithin the SRBC project area are few, but in fair condition: no point is more

than 10 km from an all-weather road. However, there is virtually no farmroad network. 1/

2.15 The SRS area has an extensive State and National highway network. Itis served by meter-gauge and broad-gauge railway lines connecting to majorcities within and outside the Stare. An all-weather road network connectsthe maior towns and most of the major villages to the State and Nationalhighways. However, the farm road network is almost non-existent except inthe top 120,000 ha of the area, where it was developed under the Pochampadproject (para 1.10).

2.16 The canal service road network is poor, which makes supervision ofthe system difficult. The consequences are poor maintenance of the dis-tributaries and illegal diversions in their upper reaches with shortages atthe tail ends.

Present Development

2.17 Crops. Table 3 shows the present cropping pattern and yields in theproject areas. Drought-resistant crops, such as sorghum and pulses,predominate. Well water (para 2.19) is used for cotton, groundnuts, orchardsand rice. The high percentage of rabi sorghum, especially in SRBC command,reflects the dominant farming system on the vertisols (para 2.11). Presentyields of unirrigated crops are above average for the State, reflectingreasonably high farming standards.

2.18 Present Irrigation. Irrigation in the SRBC area, and the SRS areabelow the KMannair dam, is by tanks and wells:

Tanks WellsNo Area ('000 ha) No Area ('000 ha)

SRBC 14 2.8 /a 1,200 2.4SRS 385 48.0 /b 4,000 8.0

/a 3% of the Gross Commanded Area (GCA).lb 17Z of GCA.

The proportion of the area served by tanks is higher in SRS than in SRBCbecause of the larger proportion of non-commandable area in the GCA and themore broken topography. The tanks are excluded from the project but wouldbenefit indirectly by increased recharge and return flows. The tank commandsirrigate mainly rice, sorghum and groundnuts in SRBC but only rice in SRS.

2.19 The dugwells, mostly electrified, typically command 2 ha to supple-ment rainfall in the kharif. In the dry season they irrigate about 1 ha ofhigh-value crops: cotton, groundnuts, orchards and hybrid sorghum for seed.Aquifer conditions allow 7-12 hours of pumping per day.

1/ The term "farm road" is used throughout this report to describe roadsbetween the fields and the farmers' homesteads in the villages. "Feederroads" connect the homesteads to all-weather roads.

2.20 Although some of the area between the Mannair Dam and Warangal hasbeen receiving surface water, development is partiaL and incomplete.Upstream of the dam the major irrigation network is nearly completed on about120,000 ha (except for lining of distributaries, minors and field channels)and is under construction on a further 45,000 ha. Hlowever, because of thedesign of the minors and field channels; deficient control structures, theabsence of lining apart from the main canal, lack of effective operationalcontrol and unsuitable water regime, tail enders on the distributaries do iKOtreceive an adequate irrigation service while the lower-lying areas by thehead and middle reaches of the distributaries are getting waterlogged.

Agricultural Support

2.21 Extension. As indicated (para 1.14), agricultural extension in theState is supported by the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Extension Project (Cr.1219-IN), which operates the Training and Visit (TAV) system. It is by nowunder the sole control of the Department of Agriculture. Statewide, staffingdensity averages one village extension officer (VEO) per 1,500 farmers.Coverage in the parts of the project area not yet irrigated is below thisratio; also, the quality of the service has been uneven. However, there is anucleus of agricultural officers and subject matter specialists in Warangaland Nandyal who would form a solid base, under the State Extension Project,for introducing an effective service. The extension service as staffed inthe upstream 165,000 ha of the SRS scheme is adequate. It faces a major taskin rapidly extending improved farming systems and technologies to meet thedemands of irrigated and rainfed farming in their zones.

2.22 Research. Agricultural research is under the control of the AndhraPradesh Agricultural University (APAU) near Hyderabad. Assisted by the NARPI Project (Cr 855-IN), it has recently expanded its Nandyal Research Stationto serve as a Zonal Research Station for Rayalaseama. A new station atJagtial (also supported by NARP I) will serve as the zonal station for Telan-gana. Both are fully staffed and are about to initiate research programs toserve their zones.

2.23 Input Services. The seed, fertilizer and pesticide marketing systemin the project areas is well developed, as everywhere in the State. Fer-tilizers are marketed mainly by the private sector; the Department ofAgriculture sells only about 10. Pesticide use is limited: cotton and to alesser extent rice are the main users. The sales points are usually the sameas for fertilizers. Experience throughout India shows that the vigorousprivate sector does come in wherever opportunity offers. Seed suppl;es forhybrid sorghum, cotton, groundnuts and other crops are of good quality and onthe whole adequate.

2.24 The institutional credit organization follows the normal pattern forIndia. There is an adequate network of primary cooperative credit societies;commercial banks are weil represented in the villages. The cooperativebanks, which provide short and medium-term loans, have the State CooperativeBank as the State level apex bank. There appear to be an adequate network ofbranch offices. The State Land Development Bank operates through branchesand affiliated offices in taluka (sub-district) headquarters; they handlelong- term credit (up to 15 years). Commercial banks are obligated to devoteabout 15X of their resources to agricultural lending. However, there hasbeen a decline in their lending, in actual cash terms, over the last few

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years. Recovery levels of cooperative banks are presently about 75X of thedemand and statewide recovery performance of the SLDB in 1983-84 was about9oz.

2.25 Marketing, Processing and Storage. Marketing in the wholesalemarkets is regulated under the Agricultural Produce Market Act (1965).Facilities have matched the increasing production. Rice in excess of demandwithin the State is procured by GOI agencies or bought by private traders.Pulses and oilseeds (mainly groundnuts) find a ready market. Processingfacilities are adequate: rice husking is a wei. developed cottage andlarge-scale industry and there are many high-capacity modern solvent plantsto procr-s groundnuts; their numbers are growing. Maize is processed intostarch; oil is extrated in plants situated in most large towns, includingWarangal. Cotton ginning facilities are adequate in the ORS area but not inthe SRBC area. However, as has happened in nearby Anantapur when cottongrowing has taken off, it is highly probable phat the private sector willcome in to provide the necessary ginning units. Storage facilities areadequate: in the public sector, they are provided by the State V1arehousingCorForation, the Central Warehousing Corporation and the State MarketingFederation. Some cooperatives also have godowns. In addition, the mnnyprivate grain and produce merchants have their own stores.

Rationale for Bank Involvement

2.26 AP is in the midst of modernizing the planning, design, implementa-tion and operation of development projects in the irrigation sector. Theprocess, which has been assisted by the Bank, changes old norms and prac-tices. The most innovative part would be the introduction of improved systemoperation procedures which will ensure reliable water supplies to farmers.Past Bank involvement focussed more on improved design and constructionstandards and to ensure properly phased project execution, with all com-ponents being completed, as far as possible simultaneously. Strong Banksupport will now be particularly important in helping the State to take theoperational measures necessary to provide a reliable, predictable watersupply.

2.27 The project includes an appropriate mix of ongoing and new irrigationdevelopment works which are top COAP irrigation development priorities andadequate to spearhead modernization. In addition to its involvement in thisproject, the Bank is also considering continued involvement in improvingwater management in the Nagarjunasagar scheme (paras 1.11-1.13) under aproposed Water Management Project. GOAP has decided to merge its Irrigationand Command Area Development Departments, thus rationalizing the managementstructure of the institutions dealing with irrigation (Chapter V). If allthe above plans are successfully implemented, by the end of the projectperiod GOAP would be well advanced in its efforts to modernize its irrigationsector.

2.28 A further rationale for Bank involvement is the poverty-alleviationaspect of the SEBC project. Rayalaseama is the State's poorest, mostdrought-p_one region (para 1.05). The impact of irrigation would thereforebe greatest, as was the case with the Kurnool-Cuddappah project, and shown bythe impressive developments in the Tungabhadra Low-Level Canal command which

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became a prosperous cotton and groundnut-producing area. The Bank's involve-ment would enable the time taken to achieve full production in the schemeareas to be considerably reduced from what would otherwise be the case.

III. THE PROJECT

A. Project Scope and Objectives

Pro lect Objective

3.01 The main objective of the project is to raise agricultural productionand farm incomes through the expansion of irrigated areas and the efficientutilization of available water supplies. To achieve these objectives, theproject will assist with the further development of the SRS scheme; initiateand complete the development of a greater part of the SRBC scheme; and intro-duce improved design and operation principles as pre-conditions to a reliableand equitable irrigation service. The Bank Group's involvement in theproject would extend over a seven-and-a-half-year period.

Summary of Project Components

3.02 The project would have the following components:

I. Conveyance System Works

(a) SRBC Sub-project

1. SRB Canal from the Banakacherla Regulator to the Gorakallu Aqueduct;2. The Corakallu Aqueduct;3. SRB Canal beyond the Corakallu Aqueduct, for about 100 km

(b) SRS Sub-project

1. Upgrading and completion of conveyance works of the Kakatiya Canalcommand between km 0-146;

2. Completion and new conveyance works of the Kakatiya Canalcommand between km 146-267;

3. Excavation of the tail section of the Kakatiya Canal toserve as an escape (km 267-284).

II. Components Common to Both Sub-projects

(a) block development of about 65,000 ha in the SRBC sub-project,modernization of 165,000 ha and new development of 163,000 hain the SRS sub-project;

(b) feeder road network;

(c) water management (paras 6.11 to 6.27);

(d) equipment for project implementation, including telecommunications;

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(e) provision of training facilities and training of professional andsupport staff required for project implementation; and trainingof farmers (paras 6.20 to 6.25);

(f) rehabilitation of and amenities for oustees from the Srisailamand Mannair reservoir sites and other project works; and

(g) monitoring and evaiuation, technical services; provisions for studiesand planning.

B. Detailed Features

The SRBC Sub-project 1/

3.03 SRB Canal up to the Aqueduct. The SRB Canal which originates at theBanakacherla Regulator will debouch into an aqueduct at km 50.22, to connectto the service area. It would be nearly 12 m deep at the offtake point, todraw a minimum of 750 cusecs (21 cumecs) when the Srisailam Reservoir is atits expected level of 854 ft (260.3 m) at the end of the cropping season(March). Excavation of about 10 km of this canal has already been awardedand would not be financed by this project.

3.04 The CorakalLu Aqueduct will cross the Corakallu valley between km50.22 and 53.46 (3.24 km), to reach the first block of the irrigation servicearea.

3.05 The SRB Canal beyond the aqueduct (2,400 cusec capacity at its headreach) would consist of two parts along the service area:

(a) between km 53.46 and 112.73, it traverses gently rolling country,without significant cuts or fills until the last few kilometers.This section would command about 41,000 ha in 11 blocks, each servedby its own distributary;

(b) at km 112.73 the canal abuts on the Mallamelai hills, where twotanks, with their independent catchments, command about 670 ha.

1/ GOAP has already began construction of works that are common to theMadras water supply and the SRBC projects. These are:

(a) a 3 km approach channel within the Srisailam Reservoir, to conveywater at an elevation of 854 ft (260.3 m) above MSL to the Pothired-dypadu Regulator;

(b) construction of the Pothireddypadu Regulator;

(c) the "Deep Cut" - a canal ;6.34 km long and at places about 30 m deep,to take water from the Krishna river to the Pennar Basin; and

(d) the Banakacherla Regulator which divides the water between the Madrascanal, the SRBC and an escape into a seasonal tributary of thePennar.

These works would not be financed under the proposed project.

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Provisions would be made to divert water from the SRBC in droughtyears to stabilize their command areas. This section of SRB Canalwould command about 24,000 ha and stop at km 153 under the project.The last part of the SRB Canal and the balance of 16,000 ha would bedeveloped later.

The SRS Sub-project

3.06 The first section of the Kakatiya Canal (km 0-146) has a capacityof 8,600 cusecs, extends from the Sriramasagar Dam to the Mannair Reservoirand commands 165,000 ha, including the Pochampad Project area (para 1.10).The banks of the main canal and its lining would be raised to enable peakwater requirements to be delivered for the entire command. AdditionaL struc-tures would be provided to enable implementation of a more effective watermanagement system.

3.07 The Kakatiya Canal's second section (km 146-284), also with thecapacity of 8,600 cusecs at its head reach, originates at the Kannair Dam.The Bank Group's involvement under the proposed project would focus on threesegments: 1/

(a) the Mannair Dam to km 234, just beyond Warangal town, where liningas well as construction of several distributary offtake structuresremain, to be completed;

(b) km 234-267 where all earthwork contracts have been let and some ofthe distributary offtakes and gates installed. Works not yet con-tracted 2/, including lining, would be eligible for financing underthe project; and

(c) km 267-284 where no work has started, but some contracts have beenlet. This section would only be excavated in the present time-sliceto serve as an escape into the Akheru river. The project wouldfinance all remaining contracts.

Block Development and Upgrading

3.08 Each irrigation block (the unit served by a distributary) wouldinclude the following works under the project: (i) the distributary andminors; (ii) field channels leading to 8 ha units; (iii) farm roads (para2.14); and (iv) drains. A collector drain from each block, with field drainsconnected to it, would debouch into a main drain or river. The drains wouldbe designed tc. evacuate a 10-year intensity storm within 72 hours. Safetywould be ensured by escapes on the tail of each distributary.

3.09 In the Kakatiya command (km 0-146) upgrading the existing dis-tributaries and minors, primarily by lining to the standards set by the

1, Contracts have been awarded for the excavation of 138 km, between Mannairand the Akheru river.

2/ Between km 234-267 contracts for sections of some of the branch canalsand larger distributaries have been awarded and work has started, includ-ing the last, at km 267 (D-17, CCA 61,000 ha).

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project (para 3.24) IJ constructing additional conveyance channels asrequired; and development of the irrigation blocks for 165,000 ha of net CCAwould be completed. The surface drainage system vould connect to the minortanks in the gross command area (para 2.18), thereby augmenting their vatersupply.

Feeder Road Network

3.10 Rural roads in the project area would be built or upgraded to stand-ards established by GOAP which are satisfactory to the Bank Group. Thenetwork density in both scheme areas would provide all-weather access to allvillages with a population of more than 1,000. No part of the irrigated areawould be more than 3 km from an all-weather road. The rural road networkwould average about 4-5 inha of CCA newly bought under irrigation; experiencegained since the construction of the Pochampad and other projects suggeststhat augmentation averaging 2 m|ha of CCA is required to provide adequatecommunication facilities. Sample surveys show that the SRBC and SRS areaswould require a feeder road network of about 260 km and 900 km. Designstandards would be: (i) 3.5 a wide roads with a surfacing of waterboundmacadas; (ii) no black topping; and (iii) construction of hard passagesinstead of bridges over seasonal streams. The subgrade design would beaccording to requirements dictated by the traffic (typically 15 cm deep) andthe foundation according to California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values (aworldwide standard accepted in India).

3.11 To ensure that planning, design and construction of the road com-ponent can progress unhindered, an agreement has been reached vith GOAP thatby April 30, 1987, and thereafter by April 30 of every year, it would submitto the Bank/IDA for review: (i) plans for the extent and location of theroad reserves to be acquired in the distributary commands scheduled fordevelopment in the following construction season; and (ii) design specifica-tions and cost of the roads to be constructed.

3.12 Cost estimates of civil works assume that contractors would providetheir own construction equipment. Equipment for operation and maintenanceduring construction and for maintenance of farm and canal service roads wouldbe provided by the project and transfered to the O&N administration afterproject completion. The Roads and Buildings Branch of PWD would maintain thefarm and feeder roads but not the canal service roads: these are part andparcel of the canals. Computation equipment would be required for the designoffice during the design phase and for subsequent operational control. Ten16 bit microcomputers are included for this purpose. Annex 3, Tables 1 and 2lists the items required.

Teleco glcatiov8

3.13 A comprehensive telecommunication network would be provided in the8RS area with substations at all major canal offtakes and other key points.In addition, four vehicles operating in the command area vould be equipped

1/ Distributaries and minors were not lined under the Pochampad Project(,ara 2.20).

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with two-way radios. A simpler system would link key points in the SRBCproject area with the Banakacherla Regulator, the Pothireddypadu gates andthe main control room at the Srisailam Dam. Two of the inspection vehicleswould be equipped with radios. The radio frequencies to be used would bedetermined in consultation with the telecommunication authorities of GOI. Anagreement has be(;n reached with GOI that it would allocate suitable radiofrequencies and promptly authorize the installation of the necessary equip-ment.

Training and Training Facilities

3.14 Engineering Staff. Pre-service and in-service training of engineersin the design, construction and O&M of irrigation systems, operated accordingto standards envisaged for this project, would take pLace in the Water andLand Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI) near Hyderabad.The project would finance the cost of training and improvemetts to WALAM-TARI's facilities. It is expected that during the project implementationperiod over 1,000 engineers of various grades would be involved; all wouldrequire in-service training and/or refresher courses.

3.15 Support Staff and Contact Farmers. Training of sub-professionalirrigation staff and farmers would take place in training centers within theproject areas. One would be established in the SRBC area; three in the SRSarea. An additional center in the S'S area, partially built, would be com-pleted. Each would have dormitory and resthouse accommodation, classroomsand teachers' quarters. Canal Inspectors (CI), engineering technicians andthe Chairmen of Outlet and Minor Canal Committees (paras 6.21-6.26) wouldundergo training to enable them to function effectively as technicians andcommunity leaders. Some of the contact farmers selected by the AgriculturalExtension Service would undergo routine training in on-farm water managementand distribution practices; other farmers would be brought in as time allows.

3.16 The principal orientation of the training courses for support staffwould be:

(a) Canal Inspectors' training would focus on canal operation and waterallocation principles established under the project within outlet andminor canal commands;

(b) OC Chairmen would be trained in water allocation principles withinoutlet commands, responsibilities for maintenance of common works,their legal obligations and instruments to implement them; and

(c) Contact Farmers would be trained in improved irrigation practices,field layouts and appropriate land preparation to minimize on-farmwater losses, legal rights and obligations associated with water use,and administrative and management procedures of OCs.

Since the majority of the farmers are not in a position to leave their homes-teads for several days, principally because of the routine demands of live-stock, VEOs and the Subject Matter Specialists (SMS) dealing with irrigatedfarming would also be trained to enable them to impart, and demonstrate tofarmers on their own land and under their own specific soil, topography andwater supply conditions, points of field layout and land preparation. Fulldetails of the syllabi and organization are in Annex 5. The project wouldfinance the operating costs of the training centers during the implementation

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period; however, training activities would continue throughout tne life ofthe project. An agreement has been reached vith GOAP that they would presentto the Bank/IDA for review training plans for engineering staff, supportstaff, and Chairmen of the various farmer committees, and thereafter imple-ment the agreed training plan.

Land Alienation

3.17 Land Required for Project Works. Land acquisition for works financedby the present project would only be for roads and canals. These aregenerally seen to serve the community, rarely engender significant objectionand the land reqcired is readily acquired under vell-established proceduresof GOAP. No acquisition would imply the resettlement of villages and nodwelling or storage structures built oa farmland would be affected.

3.18 The Srisailai. Reservoir. The site of the reservoir was acquiredgradually from the occupants from 1974 onwards but was not finally floodeduntil 1981. Consequently, some of the potential Project Affected Persons(PAPs) to whom GOAP paid compensation in the 1970s, disregarded the threat offlooding and have spent compensation monies while still in occupation oftheir original houses and farms. Others found the compensation, which maywell have represented actual replacement costs in 1974, inadequate to buyreplacements in 1981. While GOAP has paid the PAPs additional compensationto alleviate hardship caused by the delays and inadequate advance warning ofthe proposed filling date of the reservoir, it recognizes that there is roomto provide additional relief and amenities.

3.19 The Nannair Dam and Reservoir. The Mannair Dam, through which allwater reaching the area below khu 146 must pass, has been completed in 1985.When eventually filled to full supply level, the reservoir will submerge 16villages, 7,365 ha of land (including the village sites) and affect thelivelihood of 13,799 families or about 63,370 persons. At present, resettle-ment is still in progress, providing an opportunity to organize it in a moresystematic way than has been done for Srisailam. Amenities can be madeavailable more promptly and, what can no longer be done for the PAPs ofSrisailam because of elapsed time and dispersal, vocational and rehabilita-tion training can be organized.

3.20 To ensure assistance to the affected families GOAP would (a) forSrisailm, conduct a survey in villages where most of the displaced familieshave moved, to determine what additional social amenities, (e.g. schools,clinics, drinking water supplies) are required to provide them with the sameamenities they enjoyed previously; (b) in addition, for uannair. they would:(i) determine specific vocational training needs of affected families and(ii) prepare a Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Program, with animplementation schedule; (c) for persons directly affected by the project(para 3.17) GOAP would also prepare a R & R program and a timetable for itsimplementation, which would include either provisions for: (i) vocationaltraining; or (ii) irrigable land of comparable production potential to whatthe PAP has held before acquisition, or (iii) stable employment, as preferredby the PAP. An agreement has been reached with GOAP that they will resettleand rehabilitate the PAPs in accordance with an action plan satisfactory tothe Bank/IDA; such plan would be based on paras 3.17-3.20 and Annex 7 of theBAR. The program, along with the Action Plan covering the Srisailam andNannair sites, would be submitted to the IBRD/IDA for approval, as a condi-tion of Loan/Credit effectiveness.

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Monitorina and Evaluation: Technical Services: Studies and Planninz

3.21 The COAP has already upgraded its Project Preparation Cell (formerlyunder a Superintending Engineer) to a Project Preparation and Monitori'g(PPM) Unit, in charge of a Chief Engineer. Under the project, this Unitwould be expanded and put in charge of technical services and studiesrequired for effective project design (paras 3.22-23) and implementation.PPM would, either within its own resources, or more probably by engagingconsultants, conduct and oversee a long-range investment options study toidentify the priorities for future irrigation development in the State. Theconsultants would be either independent firms, Departments of Universities -not necesarily based in AP - or a group of individuals engaged for thepurpose by PPM. Additional studies may well include, but not be confined to,the folloving:

(i) irrigation development options (in Telengana and Rayalaseama), takingmedium as well as major projects into consideration;

(ii) institutional improvements that may appear necessary after themerging of ID and the Irrigation Utilization and Command AreaDevelopment Department (para 5.08);

(iii) an extensive study of the Coastal Region with a view of improvingirrigation and - more importantly - the drainage infrastructureof the deltas and identifying agricultural development options andresearch needs, further to improve production and crop diversifica-tion in the area.

Appropriate provisions have been made to finance these studies under theproject. Organizational details are in paras 5.25 - 5.27.

Desiuin Criteria

3.22 Desi8zn PrinciRles. Both systems would be designed to standardssatisfactory to the Bank/IDA which would enable water management that ensuresa reliable and equitable supply to all farmers in the project areas (paras6.11-6.20). The components of the structured network JJ to be constructedunder the project, are:

(a) A main canal and branch canals, designed to be regulated to supplydistributaries in rotation, in 7-day cycles, to meet the demands ofthe farmers'. cropping pattern within their allocation. Sufficientcross regulation structures would be constructed to allow demand inthe distributaries to be met in any sequence. Ultimately, onlydistributaries vould be supplied from the main and branch canals.Canal capacity would be sufficient to meet the average computed peakcrop requirements.

J/ See proposed Guidelines for the Design and Operation of Structured Sys-tems,. World Bank, October 1985.

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(b) Distributaries, typically serving 2,000-6,000 ha, to run either fullon or off, serving minors through proportional distribution flumes ormodules. A measuring flume would be built near each distributaryhead; there would be gates only at the head of the distributaries.Capacity would be sufficient to meet peak crop requirements withcontinuous flow. Regulation for less than peak irrigation require-ments would be achieved by running the distributary intermittently.

(c) Minors, serving groups of chaks, aggregated into 200-500 ha minorservice areas. The chaks would be supplied through proportionaldistribution flumes. There would be no gates along the minors: theywould flow either full on or off, following the regime of the parentdistributary.

(d) Chaks of modular size, corresponding to the estimated usable range offarm stream size, depending on soil and topography. Field channelswithin the chaks will serve 5-8 ha zones through simple on/off divi-sion boxes. Flow at the chak head would be continuous while thedistributary is running; distribution to the 5-8 ha zones would be ona warabundi schedule (para 6.18).

3.23 Conveyance losses would be accurately determined, in part by makinguse of the extensive data collected in the AP I Project, and appropriateallowances made for them in final designs. Expected losses in the dis-tributary and minor systems will be aggregated and distributed so that everychak outlet receives its design duty. Losses in the chaks will be allowedfor by adjusting the warabundi schedules after actual field measurements oflosses so that every farmer receives an equal water duty. When eventuallythe system is fully lined (para 3.24), the proportionality of the divisionflumes will need adjustment.

3.24 Canal Lining. Lining canals and field channels down to 8 ha groupsof fields not only reduces conveyance losses, but also, with proper waterallocation and management, reduces drainage needs and the risk of waterlog-ging and possible salinity. More importantly, it makes for an easilymanagable, responsive system. Further, as experience in other projectsshows, without adequate lining tailenders on distributaries and minors do notget their share of water because of conveyance losses and uncontrollable,illegal abstractions at the upper reaches, which cannot be balanced byproviding excess flows once the system is fully developed. However, due tobudgetary constraints, lining of the minor system will have to be deferreduntil the water saved is required to expand the command area.

3.25 Under the present project, only canals conveying more than 35 cusecswould be lined. The following specifications have proved successful in otherprojects on similar soils and similar operating regimes:

Hain Canal: 10 cm M100 grade in situ concrete (with 100 cm cohesivenon-swelling (CNS) backing if the canal passes throughblack cotton (BC) soils)

Distributaries: greater than 50 cusecs: 7.5 cm M100 grade in situconcrete (with 100 cm CNS backing in BC soils)

25-50 cusecs: 7.0 c M1100 grade in situ concrete(with 60 cm CNS backing in BC soils)

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In addition, all the following canals or canal sections would be lined:

(a) upstream and downstream of structures, along embankments and aroundcurves to the extenc deemed necessary;

(b) in areas of seepage rates more than 5 cfs/M ft2 (for field channels,more than 2Z/100 m)

(c) in fills exceeding 30 cm, in pervious soils or in fractured rock;

(d) in stretches where the watertable is within 60 cm of the surface orwhere, because of the nature of the terrain, natural drainage isimpeded.

3.26 Distributary Sizes and Commands. A major 4esign parameter would bethe size of distributaries off the Kakatiya Canal. Several distributaries ofthe Kakatiya Canal between km 0-146 carry only 4-5 cusecs and command aslittle as 80 ha. For ease of control, a distributary should command not lessthan about 1,000 ha, i.e. take a flow of about 25 cusecs. However, of the44 distributaries that were originally designed to carry less than 25 cusecs,37 are already built. COAP proposes to change the design of the remaining7 to meet the principle outlined. They propose to proceed with combining asmany of the other 37 commands as possible during the implementation period ofthis project but may find it expedient and cost effective to postpone some ofthe proposed clubbing to a later stage. Accordingly, an agreement has beenreached with GOAP that, except as the Association shall otherwise agree, takeall such action as shall be necessary to ensure that each distributary linkedto the Kakatiya Canal between kilometers 146 and 267 shall carry no less than25 cusecs of water and command an area no less than 1,000 hectares.

Construction Methods and Current Progress

3.27 Technology Used. Present construction technology uses onlabor-intensive methods, which are suitable for most of the project works.Excavation in rock is aided by blasting; there, and in deep cuts (e.g. partsof the SRB Canal and the Kakatiya Canal) tipper trucks are mechanicallyloaded. Elsewhere, tipper trucks are filled with headloads. Canal bankswould be compacted in layers by using sheeps' foot rollers. Portable mixerswould prepare all concrete for the structures.

3.28 Progress on the Madras Water Supply Canal. Progress on components ofthe Madras Water Supply canal, which would also carry water to the SRBCproject, in particular on the "Deep Cut" (para 2.04) is satisfactory.According to the water supply agreement between the two States ("Agreemententered into between the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu forthe Drawal of Water from River Krishna for Madras City Drinking WaterSupply") GOTN pay all costs directly attributable to conveying 15 TMC ofwater in three months to the AP/TN border. This includes the cost of the"Deep Cut" as it is designed and currently constructed. However, althoughthe risk of delay because of late payment or default by GOTN is minimal, anagreement has been reached with GOAP that it would make provisions to financeworks on the Madras wate.r supply canal upstream of the BanakacherlaRegulator, and of the regulator itself, to the extent necessary to enable 19TNC of water to be conveyed to the SRBC project area, starting on or beforeSeptember 30, 1987.

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Status of Project Preparation

3.29 In the SRS scheme, GOAP is completing works above the Mannair Damand has started some of the major excavations below Mannair (paras3.03-3.05). Detailed design work keeps up with contract awards and therehave been no delays. However, the time lag between the delivery of detaileddesigns and the requirements of the contractors and site engineers has beenso narrow as to cause concern. Moreover, below the Mannair Dam, planningfocuses on works above the chak outlet and not on field channels and fielddrains. In the SRBC scheme, the first 50 km of the canal have been designedand some contracts awarded, but final detailed design of the 66 cross struc-tures and bridges has not yet been completed. The distributiqn system hasonly been designed in sample blocks, to establish costs.

3.30 To ensure the smooth progress of construction, GOAP has submitteddesign and contracting packages, satisfactory to the Bank/IDA, that coverall proposed works in the 1986-87 construction season. Plans and designcriteria to allow the temporary cultivation of rice, relying only on surfacewater resources, has also been submitted and found satisfactory. However, toensure that design and contracting packages are always satisfactorilyprepared in good time before the beginning of the construction season, anagreement has been reached with GOAP that it will submit detailed designs anddraft contract documents for all works proposed in both sub-projects by April30, 1987, and thereafter by April 30 of each year for all work to be let tocontractors for execution during subsequent construction seasons.

3.31 To enable GOAP to meet this condition, all or part of the abovedesign and planning work may be contracted to a competent outside agency andbe part of the technical services and support component of the project (para5.27).

Project Execution

3.32 In the past, major worke like dams and large canals tended to becompleted long before the distribution system; delay in full block develop-ment, down to the 8 ha le-vel, was even longer. This unconcerted developmenthas been causing considerable delay in effectively utilizing irrigationpotential. Therefore, to shorten the time between incurring expenditure oncivil works and actually irrigating a block, an agreement has been reachedwith GOAP that it would develop the distribution system, including the fieldchannels, concurrently with building the major canals.

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IV. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING

Project Cost Estimates

4.01 The estimated project costs over a seven-and-a-half-year period wouldtotal US$475.8 M, including physical and price contingencies. This amountincludes foreign exchange cost of about US$76.4 M (16% of the total) andabout US$22.8 M (5% of the total) for taxes and duties. Estimated base costare given in January 1986 prices. Cost estimates are given in Table 4a to 4f(details are in Annex 3) and summarized below:

Project Cost Summary

Z Total(Rs Million) (US$ Million) Z Foreign Base

Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs

A. SRIRAMASAGAR 1,628.8 452.4 2,081.1 125.2 34.8 160.0 22 48B. SRISAILAM 1,963.2 260.7 2,274.0 151.0 20.1 171.1 12 51C. SUPPORTING SERVICES 57.9 5.2 63.1 4.5 0.4 4.9 8 1

Total BASELINE COSTS 3,649.9 718.3 4,368.2 280.7 55.3 336.0 16 100Physical Contingencies 365.0 71.8 436.8 28.1 5.5 33.6 16 10Price Contingencies 1,154.0 200.6 1,354.6 88.8 15.4 104.2 15 31

Total PROJECT COSTS 5,168.9 990.7 6,159.6 397.6 76.2 475.8 16 141

4.02 Physical contingencies average 10%. Price contingencies account forover 222 of the total project cost. Local price contingencies are assumed tobe 7.0Z for 1986/87 - 1987/88, 7.5% for 1988/89, 7.7Z for 1989/95, 7.5% for1990/91 and 4.5Z from 1991/93. Foreign price contingencies are assumed to be7.0Z for 1986 and 1987, 7.5% for 1988, 7.7Z for 1989, 7.6% for 1990 and 4.5%for 1991-93. Engineering and administration costs are estimated at 14Z ofconstruction cost.

Financing

4.03 The financing plan for the Droposed project costing US$ 451.1 M, netof taxes and duties (US$ 22.8 M), is as follows:

US$ Million

GOI/GOAP 182.0IBRD Loan 131.0IDA Credit 140.0

Total 453.0

The proposed IBRD loan/IDA credit of US$ 271 M would finance about 602 oftotal cost, net of taxes and duties, including the foreign exchange component(US$ 76.2 M) and 52Z of the local cost. All GOI/GOAP expenditures would bemet by GOAP from its development budget, which includes a GOI contribution.

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The IDA credit would be made to GOt on standard IDA terms, and the loan fromIBRD funds would be provided according to the standard IBRD terms.

4.04 An agreement has been reached with GOI that it will make the proceedsof the credit/loan available to OOAP on standard terms and arrangements fordevelopment assistance to the states. In addition, an understanding has beenreached with COAP that on April 1 of each year, commencing on April 1, 1987and thereafter by April 1 of each year, inform the Bank/IDA of the annualbudgetary allocations made for meeting, during the forthcoming fiscal year,the financial needs derived from the implementation of the project, invest-ment costs, O&M costs, administrative costs and other costs related to theproject.

Procurement

4.05 Procurement arrangements including contingencies are summarizedbelow:

Procurement Method /a(US$ M)

Force Total CostProject Element ICB LCB Account NA Procurement

Works (Irrigation, Roads 252.3 122.0 4.5 61.7 /b 440.5and On-Farm) (169.8) (79.3) (249.1)Equipment, vehicles and 4.3 1.3 - - 5.6supplies ( 4.0) ( 1.0) (5.0)

Training & technical services - L - - 5.9 5.9

(.-9) (5.9)Rehabilitation - - - 1.0 1.0

_(1.0) (1.0)

Total 256.6 123.3 4.5 68.6 453.0 /c

(173.8) ( 80.3) (6.9) (261.0) /d

Percentage of Total 56.6 27.3 1.0 15.1 100.0(66.6) (30.7) t-) (2.7) (100.0)

/a Figures in parentheses are the amounts to be financed by the Bank Group./b Includes US$13.0 M for land acquisition, US$45.0 M for engineering and

administration and US$3.7 M for survey and investigation./c Costs are net of taxes and duties of US$22.8 M./d Excluding unallocated amount of US$10 M Loan/Credit.

4.06 Civil Works. Construction works contracts under the project, includ-ing contingencies, would cost approximately US$378.8 M (US$440.5 M lessUS$61.7 M see footnote b/ above). Fourteen of the contracts costingapproximately US$252.3 N (or 66% of the irrigation works, costing US$378.7 M)would be let through international competitive bidding (ICB). Eligibledomestic bidders would be afforded a preference of 7 1/2Z. Twenty-eightother irrigation contracts, generally costing over US$1.0 M and all less thanUS$6.0 M, with a total value of approximately US$78 N are large enough to be

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shown in the procurement schedules (Tables 5a to 5g). However, because theywould cost less than US$6.0 M per contract, they are not large enough to beof interest to foreign bidders and would be let through local competitivebidding (LCB). The procurement schedules give detailed projections on howand when the forty-two larger works are expected to be put to bid, startedand completed. The remaining works to be financed under the project, total-ing approximately US$44 M, consist of: (i) on-farm development, small worksand buildings with individual valtues of less than US$1.0 M, scatteredthroughout the project areas and let through LCB, and (ii) works that canonly be done by force account, approximately US$4.5 M, primarily requiredfor railway relocation and other works not readily contracted out.

4.07 Whenever practicable, all excavations, lining and structures in agiven segment of canal would be combined in one tender; such combinationswould be innovative in this project. This would produce efficiencies andeconomies resulting from having only one main contractor in one area, whichwould enable, for instance, utilizing spill from excavations to constructembankments in the same unit.

4.08 Goods. Equipment and vehicles, costing approximately US$4.3 M, wouldbe grouped in appropriate bidding packages and procured through ICB.Qualified domestic manufacturers would receive a preference of 15% or theequivalent of the import duty, whichever is lower. Light equipment andsmaller vehicles, estimated to cost US$1.3 M in total, are readily availabledomestically at competitive prices, and will be procured through LCB.Because of the need for service and spare parts facilities, considerableadvantages would be derived from procuring locally manufactured light equip-ment and vehicles. The LCB procedures are satisfactory to the Bank.Annex 3, Tables 1-3, shows details of procurement procedures to be adoptedfor each type of equipment.

4.09 Procurement Review. All procurement actions for works estimated tocost more than US$0.5 M and goods estimated to cost over US$100,000 would besubject to the Bank's prior review. This procedure would cover about 80% ofthe value of the procurements. The balance of the contracts would be subjectto Bank's post-action review.

Disbursements

4.10 Disbursements under the loan/credit would be made against:

(a) civil works and buildings--65% of expenditures on main canals, dis-tributary canals, minors, main drainage, roads and chak developmentworks (link drainage, field channels, field channel protection andfield drains);

(b) vehicles and equipment:

(i) directly imported--lOOZ of foreign expenditures;(ii) locally manufactured--lOOZ of ex-factory costs; and(iii) other locally procured--70Z.

(c) training, technical assistance, monitoring and evaluation --100x;

(d) rehabilitation --100Z.

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4.12 Disbursement requests for civil works would be made against certifi-cates of completion of units and statements of expenditure submitted by GOAP,itemized by project component. Disbursements for chak development workswould be submitted together with a completion certificate duly signed by theofficer in charge of the contractors, stating that all works in the chak havebeen completed in accordance with the agreed planning and design criteria.Disbursements for payments of less than Rs 300,000 for works (includingdepartmental works) or Rs 150,000 for goods, training, adaptive and engineer-ing research, on-farm development, monitoring and evaluation, the costs ofspecial surveys and rehabilitation services may be against statements ofexpenditures. Documentation would be retained by GOAP, for inspection by theBank Group during review missions. Full documentation would be required forall other disbursements.

4.13 The semiannual disbursement schedule and the proposed allocation ofthe proceeds of the loan/credit are presented in Tables 6 and 7. The disbur-sement profile is based on historical disbursement profiles for Indianirrigation projects. It is expected that disbursements would be completed byDecember 31, 1993.

Accounts and Audits

4.14 An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would: (i) maintainseparate records and accounts adequate to reflect, in accordance with soundaccounting principles and procedures consistently applied, its resources,expenditures and operations related to the project; (ii) furnish to theBank/IDA copies of accounts and financial statements for each year, certifiedas to their accuracy and authenticity by an independent auditor acceptable tothe Bank/IDA, not later than nine months after the end of each fiscal year;(iii) have accounts and financial statements for each fiscal year audited byindependent auditors acceptable to the Bank/IDA; (iv) furnish to the Bank/IDAimmediately following its finalization, the report of such audit in suchdetail as the Bank/IDA shall reasonably request; (v) furnish to the Bank/IDAany other information as it shall reasonably request; and (vi) enable repre-sentatives of the Bank/IDA to examine all records pertaining to the Loan andCredit.

V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

Introduction

5.01 All surface irrigation projects in Andhra Pradesh are constructed bythe Irrigation Department (ID) which also operates and manages all but threeschemes. The Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Development Department(IU and CADD - referred to as CADD) is at present involved in three largeschemes: Nagarjunasagar, Sriramas&gar and Tungabhadra, where it is in chargeof operations below the chak outlet. In other schemes operation and manage-meat beLow the outlet is done by farmers, assisted by the ID. The ID comesunder the State Minister of Irrigation; IU and CADD, since March 1985, underthe Minister of Agriculture.

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The Irrigation Department- Present Organization

5.02 Senior Management. The Irrigation Departmezv is headed by aSecretary. Under him, the Chief Executive Officer and GOAP's principalirrigation adviser is the Engineer-in-Chief to whom nine Chief Engineers (CE)report directly, one of whom heads the Project Preparation and Monitoring(PPK) Wing (Chart 1). The CE SRS is in charge of new constructions in hisscheme area and also operates and maintains its completed parts (Chart 5).The CE Srisailam maintains the Srisailam Dam, is in charge of common worksof the Madras Canal comon to the water transfer (see footnote 11 on page12) and the SRBC project (Chart 4). He will eventually control operations.Both CEs have liaison with the administrations of project districts throughSpecial Collectors, who function independently of the District Collectors.The CEs report directly to the Secretary of Irrigation on matters of policy.Under the CEs, Deputy CEs act as senior staff officers. Each CE has a Designand Quality Control Circle, headed by an SE. The SE Designs, under thetechnical control of the CE (Central Design Organiz.tion), is responsible fordesigns of all major works and structures.

5.03 Executive Management rests with SEs in the Circles. The Circlesunder CE SRS deal with dam operation, construction, construction combinedwith operation anwz maintenance, or operation and maintenance only. The ID'soperation and maintenance (O&M) function ends at the chak outlet. The uni_below the Circle is the Division, headed by an Executive Engineer (EE).Whereas a Circle may have more than one funct:on (typically, construction aswell as O&M), a Division has only one. However, it is flexible and canconvert, for example, from construction to OEM. Typically, four to seven EEsreport to an SE, four Deputy EEs (in charge of Sub-Divisions) to the EE. ADeputy EE has four Assistant Engineers (AE). In construction divisions theAEs are on construction sites, supervising the accuracy and quality of thecontractors' work.

5.04 In O&M Divisions, the AE supervises a group of six Canal Inspectors(CIs). Each CI is in charge of a group of six skilled laborers (laskars).The workload of the AE and CI is determined by an administrative order.

The Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Development Department (CADD)

5.05 Senior Management. The Department is headed by a Secretary. A CEfor Water Management, a SE for other works in the command areas, and theDirector of the Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute(WALAMTARI) are his senior staff officers. Officers of middle managementrank coordinate the disciplines of cooperation, credit, statistics, andon-farm and agricultural production development (Chart 2).

5.06 Operations Management. In the three schemes where CADD operate (para5.01) there are Command Area Development Authorities (CADA) headed by anAdministrator (Chart 6). The Administrator's staff consists of officzrs ondeputation from line departments. CADA's function is to overcome constraintsto agricultural production and to coordinate the implementation of programsformulated by the Command Area Development Board.

5.07 The Command Area Development Board deals with policy issues and ischaired by the Minister of Agriculture. It consists of the Ministers ofIrrigation and Finance', the Chief Secretary, and all concerned Secretaries;

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it meets four time,, a year. The CADA Working Committee, which meets monthly,is chaired by the Secretary, CADD and consists of the heads of departments inthe CADA area. Its main functions are coordination and dealing with issuesof a local nature, e.g. input supplies, marketing problems and water suppliesand allocations.

The Proposed Organization

5.08 Combining D and CADD. The duality of the ID and CADD organizationhas proven less than satisfactory for effective project operation. There wasno single line of control of water deliveries, schedtuling and utilizationbetween headworks and chak outlets. Therefore, G(AP has decided to bring thetwo departments under a single administrative controL, as is the case in manyother States. COAP has advised the Bank/IDA that it expects to complete allnecessary official steps to formalize the merger by April 1, 1986. It isexpected that the combined department would assign all tasks pertaining toconstruction of irrigation projects to the Irrigation Wing and all tasksconcerning maintenance and operation of water delivery systems, water indent-ing, water management, organization and guidance of water users' committeesand the coordination of farmer services not directly related to irrigation,to the CAD and O&M Wing.

5.09 Following the establishing of a combined irrigation department, GOAPintends to appoint a Merger Committee to determine exact allocation ofresponsibilities between the newly established wings, lines of conmand, etc.The Merger Committee would use consultants as required and visit other statesto learn from their experience. An allocation has been made in the costestimates to cover expenses likely to be incurred by this committee. Annex 6gives full details of present and proposed organization.

Staffing Requirements and Qunctions under the Project

5.10 The present design and construction organization of the CEs headingthe two sub-projects would require strengthening to cope with the expectedworkload. The SRBC sub-project would require, at its peak, a total of 327engineers; the SRS 1,472. The proposed staff buildup is given in Tables 8aand 8b. A training program would be required to prepare staff (in many casesalready serving) for their new, more exacting roles. Special emphasis wouldbe required to train design engineers, to create the capability that ensuresplans are prepared and reviewed well in advance of the time they are required(para 3.30). Table 16 outlines the type of training to be arranged forirrigation engineers. An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would(i) sanction and fill staff positions in accordance with an organizationalplan and staffing schedule established in consultations with the Bank/IDA;(ii) train such staff to carry out effectively the project and to operateand maintain project works according to accepted good engineering standards.

5.11 Routine O&M of the SRS system would be put under separate O&MCircles. In accordance with GOAP norms (para 5.03), the upstream 165,000 hawould be controlled by an O&M circle consisting of three Divisions. As thearea below the Mannair Dam is completed and passes out of the two-year com-missioning period during which the Construction Circle is responsible formaintenance, up to four more O&M Divisions would be required. Eventually,three 05& Circles are envisaged: one would maintain, operate and control thedams and have one or two O&M Divisions; the rest of the area would be dividedbetween the other two Circles which would have only OM duties. The feeder

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roads would be maintained by the Roads and Buildings (R&B) Department of PID(para 5.23).

Dam Safety

5.12 Pursuant to a resolution by the conference of State Ministers ofIrrigation in 1980, proposals have been submitted to GOAP for the formationof a Dam Safety Panel, as well as a Dam Safety Cell. The Cell, in charge ofan Executive Engineer and under the operational control of theEngineer-in-Chief, collects pertinent data on the behaviour of the dams (e.g.seepages, piezometric pressures) which are available to the Dam Safety Panelduring their periodic inspection visits. The Panel, in accordance with GOI'sgeneral guidelines, is responsible for monitoring aUl dams in the State. Aneffective Dam Safety Panel is essential for public safety as well as forreliable, safe irrigation and power generation. Therefore, an agreement hasbeen reached with GOAP that it would, by December 31, 1986 establish andthereafter maintain the Dam Safety Panel with membership and terms ofreference satisfactory to the Bank/IDA and cause it to inspect periodicallythe Sriramasagar, Mannair and Srisailam dams in accordance with soundengineering practices, to determine whether there are any deficiencies inthe condition of the structures or in the quality and adequacy of maintenanceor method of operation of the same which may endanger their safety. The DamSafety Panel would report to the Engineer-in-Chief and would have availableall the engineering disciplines required and recommended by CWC.

Agricultural Supporting Services

5.13 Agricultural Extension. Under the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Exten-sion Project (Cr. 1219-IN) agricultural extension is the sole responsibilityof the Department of Agriculture's (AD) Extension Wing (Chart 7). Agricul-tural extension issues affecting the timely realization of project benefitsare (a) staffing densities in the project areas and (b) a senior technicalcontrol organization dealing only with problems of irrigated agriculture.Experience under the AP I Composite Project has shown that extension work ismore effective if irrigated areas are served by staff who specialize in theproblems of irrigated agriculture and if one Village Extension Officer (VEO)is assigned to no more than about 800 farmers. Further, experience withagricultural extension organizations in India and elsewhere shows that thebest results come if the staff in contact with farmers, their supervisors,technical support and training officers are solely concerned with one type offarming system: in case of this project, only with irrigated farming.Therefore, the sub-projects would be organized into special extension areasand, with the exception only of out-of-command pockets within the CCA of eachof the projects, these special areas will only have irrigated areas. Withinthe special extension areas agricultural extension staff would be organizedon an outlet rather than a village basis, to ensure effective linkage withIrrigation Department staff and farmers groups. They would be administeredunder the organizational structure of the Department of Agriculture. Becausethe special extension areas cut across district boundaries, the SubjectMatter Specialists (SMS) would be responsible to the Senior Joint Director ofthe Zone under which the special areas fall. The SMS tend the monthlyworkshops, thus assuring an effective research-extension linkage. Accord-ingly, an agreement has been reached with GOAP that they would establish and,thereafter, maintain an agricultural extension system in accordance withorganizational and staffing arrangements satisfactory to the Association,which shall include: (i) two special agricultural extension units in the

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right bank command within the SRS Sub-project area, to be established byOctober 1, 1987; and (ii) one special agricultural extension unit in the SRBCSub-project area, to be established by October 1, 1988.

5.14 The GOAP at present is considering the reorganization of itsadministrative structure, under which district administration would devolveonto elected bodies and the districts would be subdivided into Mandals, whichwould be smaller units than the present talukas; moreover, there may welL besome adjustment to the present district boundaries. Since it is a basicprinciple that the agricultural extension organization does not cut acrossadministrative boundaries, there may well have to be some minor reorganiza-tion when the Mandal system is finally implemented.

5.15 Funding of the strengthened agricultural extension service wouldcontinue under the ongoing extension project (para 5.13). Therefore, noadditional financial support would be required.

5.16 Agricultural Research. The principal function of adaptive agricul-tural research for project support would be to identify crops, culturalpractices and crop sequences that enable double cropping to the maximumextent compatible with the amount and timing of water in the two projectareas.

5.17 Agricultural research in the State is directed by the Andhra PradeshAgricultural University (APAU) in Rajendranagar, near Hyderabad (para 2.22).The first National Agricultural Research Project (NARP I) has financed theestablishment of zonal research stations in Nandyal and Jagtial. Thesestations would be the field supervising bodies of the adaptive researchprogram. The Nardyal station has the land and soil types on which to imple-ment a relevant research program. However, the Jagtial farm does not havethe space and sufficiently representative soils to fulfill the same function.Therefore it would be necessary to establish at least two small substationsin the SRS area, one on vertisols (black) and one on alfisols (red), on whichjunior research staff, supervised and directed from Jagtial, would implementthe program.

5.18 Much of the work in the proposed centers would focus on culturalpractices and land preparation, i.e. would involve research and investigationof animal-drawn farm implements. Since most of the work required to servethe needs of the project areas would be applicable to most of the Rayalaseamaand Telengana regions, the Agricultural Implement Research Center, adjoiningthe APAU at Rajendranagar, shGuld play a key role in the program.

5.19 Funding of the work envisaged would be part of the All-India Agricul-tural Research Program begun under NARP I, and continued under NARP II.Accordingly, an agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would, byDecember 31, 1986 cause the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University to submitproposals to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for the estab-lishment of suitable facilities in which to pursue an adaptive agriculturalresearch program to serve the needs of the project and also submit it to theBank/IDA for its comments; after taking into account these comments, finalizeand implement the program.

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LandshapLng

5.20 Landshaping is an established part of irrigation development in AP.Most landforming has been for rice and therefore the compartments are shapedto zero slope. However, the need for longitudinal and cross slopes is recog-nized and has been a standard feature of work done in earlier stages of thenon-rice areas in the SRS project. Farmers mostly shape their own land. TheState Agro-Industries Corporation (APAIC) also play a role, although most oftheir work is on soil conservation in rainfed areas. Landshaping costs inthe SRS scheme are about Rs 3,000/ha; to date some 75,000 ha have been shapedeither by the farmers or by APAIC. Loans are available, irrespective whetherfarmers do their own work or engage APAIC. Refinancing is proceedingsmoothly and only about 15-20Z of the farmers are not eligible for creditbecause of earlier defaults.

5.21 APAIC has a fleet of over 140 bulldozers and an approved program topurchase new units at the rate of 20 per annum during the Seventh 5-Year plan(1985-1990). It also fabricates and sells metal ox-drawn scraperboards thatfarmers require for their own landshaping. However, it does not have thecapability to survey, mark out and check fcr accuracy work done by thefarmers.

5.22 To ensure the availability of integrated landshaping plans, includingthe proper siting and alignment of field drains, the ID would prepare com-prehensive plans, in consultation with the farmers involved, to developentire outlet commands, including landshaping required for each field. Itwould be essentz.& to ensure that farmers' landshaping effort is not imple-mented in a manner that would interfere with effective drainage or irrigationof adjoining fields. The staff necessary to perform this task would beprovided under the project.

Road Construction

5.23 Farm and feeder roads (para 3.10) would be constructed and maintainedby the Roads and Buildings (R&B) Division of GOAP's Public Works Department(PWD). It has the capacity and organization to start survey and design workimmediately. Work on farm roads would run concurrently with block develop-ment in both sub-project areas.

5.24 Past maintenance of canal roads has been less than satisfactory.This situation would be improved if their maintenance were to devolve on theO&H Circles of the ID (para 5.11). The task would be integrated with routinemaintenance work on the cAnAls, as on the Gangetic plains.

Planning; Monitoring and Evaluation; Technical Services

5.25 Strong planning and monitoring units would be required at the head-quarter level of the combined Irrigation and Command Area Department as wellas on the projects. While exact details of its specific functions would beworked out by the Merger Committee (para 5.09), the present PPM Unit (para5.02) will require considerable strengthening to fulfill its expected func-tions and responsibilities. These would include, but not be confined to:(a) all long-range planning of the irrigation sector in the State; (b)monitoring quality control activities; (c) monitoring ongoing projects; and(d) organizing and supervising special studies carried out on their behalf byconsultants. The Unit, headed by a Chief Engineer, would include engineers,

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economists, sociologists, agriculturists and other professionals as necessaryto perform its functions. The PPM would monitor physical and financialprogress of project works, prepare reimbursement documentation to GOI and forthe Bank, and ensure that tendering and contracting procedures follow agreedguidelines. Its initial task would be to conduct a benchmark survey torecord present socio-economic conditions in the project area. It would also:

(i) monitor system operation regarding timeliness of water deliveries,according to the prearranged timetable, and losses in transit;

(ii) monitor groundwater levels, drainage conditions, the utilization ofexisting wells and the rate of development of new wells;

(iii) collect crop data from local Revenue Offices in the CCA, irrespectivewhether irrigated or not;

(iv) report changes in cropping patterns, crop selections, farmingintensities;

(v) assist in identifying factors that promote or slow down the introduc-tion of beneficial chaniges in crop and cropping pattern, therebyproviding material for the adaptive agricultural research program;

(vi) evaluate the impact of project works, either in-house, or by con-tracting out;

(vii) commission, and supervise the execution of surveys to trace therehabilitation of persons resettled from the Mannair Reservoir site;and

(viii) prepare progress reports and the Project Completion Report.

The organization of the strengthened PPM unit is shown in Chart 3.

5.26 An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would: (i) byDecember 31, 1986 submit to Bank/IDA for comments a detailed list of func-tions and staff strength of the PPM Unit; and plan for M&E activities und_the project; (ii) by June 30, 1987 complete strengthening of the PPM; and(iii) commencing January 1, 1987 and thereafter on January 1 of each year,submit project progress reports in format and frequency agreed with theBank/IDA.

5.27 Because of the many innovative features of the proposed project,principally in the field of design (paras 3.22-3.23) and water management(paras 6.11-6.20) the ID would require the assistance of qualified consult-ants with design and operation. The function of these consultants wouldinclude, but not be confined to (i) general advice and collaboration, totranslate the principles of the structured network (para 3.22) into designsand contract documents; (ii) defise operating rules, manuals and proceduresto provide, as far as possible, a reliable irrigation service based onwarabundi (para 6.10); (iii) to assist with studies to investigate thedesirability of integrating the operation of the minor tanks in the SRSproject (para 2.18) into the overall system; and (iv) to assist with inves-tigating and planning further irrigation and drainage development in theState. An agreement has been reached with GOAP tnat it would retain generalconsultants, starting on November 1, 1986 to assist with final design and

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documentation for constructing a structured system and to develop operating andmaintenance planes and from time to time/as required.to f.vdist the PPM with itsengineering preparation and planning tasks. Other consultants for X&E, rehabilita-tion, studies and other activities would be engaged as required. All consultantswould be engaged in accordance with Bank guidelines.

Oualitv Control

5.28 Each CE has a Quality Control Circle. While these Circles function ade-quately, none of the engineers assigned to it had special training in qualitycontrol and often does not remain long enough in the Circle to gain the requisiteexperience. The Quality Control Circles would be strengthened by providing specialtraining to their engineers (para 3.14) and their monitoring tightened by the PPMWing (para 5.25). An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would take allaction necessary to ensure quality control by its departments and agenciesimpler-- ing the project in respect of planning, design, construction, upgrading,oper- u-i and maintenance of the works under the project.

Project Coordination

5.29 With the integration of ID and CADD, changes would be required in theconstitution and function of the Command Area Development Board (para 5.07), andalso the organization of the CADA Working Committee in the SRS sub-project. TheCo mittee vould review progress reports by the CE in charge of the scheme area,monitor progreus of block development works and any other reports and statementspertaining to project objectives. Its conclusions would serve as a guide forfuture activities.

5.30 A similar Working Committee would be established for the SRBC sub-project,where the SE whose Circle is engaged in the development of the service area wouldbe an ex-officio member. An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would, byApril 30, 1987, establish a Working Committee chaired by the Secretary CADD for theSRBC sub-project with membership and functions agreed with the Rink/IDA.

VI. WATER MANAGENENT

Introduction

6.01 Due to the limited surface water resources of the Telangana and RayalaseamaRegions, rice growing would severely limit the areas that can be irrigated fromsurface sources. Therefore, it is GOAP's policy that all nev surface irrigationprojects in the two regions will be designed and operated to satisf7 the require-ments of irrigated dry crops; potential rice growers would be required to providethe additional water from their own wells. GQAP has further decided that surfacesupplies over and above long-term allocations (para 6.06 and 6.09) will not be madeavailable to farmers, even as a temporary measure, during the development period ofnew schemes jJ. This policy is based on lessons learned in the NagarjunasagarProject (para 1.12), where rice growing, temporarily permitted while the commandarea Was being developed, has proved politically difficult to stop. Farmers havetaken more than their entitlement of water at the head reaches of the project tosustain their rice and therefore water reaching the tail-enders vas less than theirfair share and inadequate for proper irrigated farming.

JI/ During the initial development period there is a surplus of water in mostschemes, as the reservoir is completed and irrigation starts beforedevelopment of the service area is completed.

L . _

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6.02 Improvements in the price and yields obtainable for maize, cotton andgroundnut give farmers added incentives to change to these crops. The higherdegree of skill required to grow irrigatd crops other than rice is becomingmore common and the trend is accelerating, particularly in the rabi season.

6.03 Localization. Irrigated areas in AP are identified as "irrigatedwet" (IW) and "irrigated dry". The procedure for this identification isknown as "localization". The water duty I/is 40 ha and 16 ha in areas local-ized as irrigated dry and IV respectively. In IW areas, all crops may begrown but farmers grow mostly rice. In areas designated as irrigated dry,--usually, but not always, the lighter soils,- rice and sugarcane arespecifically banned because farmers near the top reaches would prevent waterreaching downstream areas (para 6.01). Therefore, to ensure an equitable andreliable water supply and to introduce the changes required in SRS to serveall commandable lands to be irrigated, not only would it be necessary not tolocalize new IW areas, but eventually to convert all existing IW intoirrigated dry lands. GOAP is aware of the problem and proposes that:

(a) the new areas to be served from km 146-267, and eventually to km 284,of the Kakatiya Canal be designated as irrigated dry, with a duty ofwater at the chak outlet of about 1 cusec per 40 ha (to be derivedexogenously from the irrigation intensity based on the average designcropping pattern and available water);

(b) in presently irrigated areas, which are illegally taking more thantheir share of water to grow rice, to throttle the flow to theirrigated dry level as in (a) above; and

(c) in the areas localized for IW, rice irrigation to continue only for alimited period, after which the outlets would be throttled toirrigated dry levels. In the interim, rice shutes would be provided,eventually to be concreted up.

(d) supplies would typically be delivered intermittently (one week on-oneweek off) except in peak planting seasons.

6.04 To ensure that the foregoing steps are taken in a systematic manner,an agreement has been reached with GOAP that by October 1, 1986 it willintroduce and thereafter apply a water management plan in the SRS schemewhich would include a rotational water supply system, taking into account theneed for regulating irrigated dry crops. In doing so, rice growing will notbe possible using only surface water in the SRBC project and in parts of theSRS project downstream of the Mannair Dam. However, farmers would be free togrow rice if they supplement surface water from their own wells (para 6.29).

6.05 Regarding'the phasing out of rice growing on only surface supplies(para 6.03[cJ), an understanding has been reached with GOAP that they wouldproceed according to the following timetable:

(i) June 1986/June 1987 - Preparation of Action Plan giving details forphasing out the designation of irrigated wet crops.

1/ The notional area served by a flow of I cusec.

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(ii) June 1987/June 1989 - Conversion of about 5,000 ha to irrigated dryland.

(iii) June 1989/June 1991 - Conversion of about 40,000 ha to irrigated dryland.

(iv) June 1991/June 1993 - Conversion of about 17,000 ha to irrigated dryland.

While it may not be possible to meet the specified targets for conversion inthe periods stated because of the size of the units that have to be con-verted, GOAP 's intention is to complete the process on the entire 62,000 haby the end of June 1993.

SRBC Water Balance

6.06 Supplies. The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Decision of 1973 hasallocated to AP 800 TMC (22,640 Mm ) of the river's 75% dependable flow asmeasured at the AP/Karnataka border. The Decision confines planned irriga-tion development on the Krishna by the upstream riparians to be consistentwith the above allocation. However, the Decision allows AP to use all excessflows until the year 2000, without creating a future right to such excessflows. This allocation is augmented within the State by regeneration fromirrigation projects, estimated by the Tribunal as 11 TMC, but reduced by 5TMC that AP (along with similar amounts from the two upstream ripariansKarnataka and Maharashtra) has surrendered to augment municipal andindustrial water supplies to Madras City (para 2.04). Out of its share, GOAPhas allocated 19 TMC (538 Mm3) to the SRBC project. Independent assessmentshave confirmed the availability of this amount.

6.07 The cropping pattern expected to maximize returns to available waterrequires supplies to be maintained until the end of March (Table 9a). Assum-ing the Srisailam Reservoir will be operated as now planned, and given thedesign parameters at the head reaches of the SRBC canal (para 3.03), theassessments have confirmed that the required quantity of water can be drawnuntil the end of March. An agreement has been reached with GOAP that itwould ensure that the SRBC project receives aL least 19 TMC (538 Y1m ) ofwater between June 1 and March 31 in all years when inflows at theAP/Karnataka border equal or exceed 800 TMC (22,640 Mm ); and

6.08 The Telugu Ganga Project. With the construction of the Madras canalthat would deliver water to the AP/TN border, GOAP also initiated developmentof a distribution system which would serve lands between the BanakacherlaRegulator (para 3.05) and the State border with TN. The Madras canal isdesigned to deliver 15 TMC in about three months to Madras and could be usedto deliver water for other purposes outside this time period. Since GOAP isentitled, under the Agreement, tc water entering the State over and above 800TMC (para 6.06), it plans to use part of this water to supplement supplies inthe Pennar Basin for the Telugu Ganga Irrigation Project of about 150,000 ha.However, construction of the project has not yet been approved by GOI. Sinceany rabi irrigation in a proposed Telugu Ganga scheme must be available untilthe end of ?.arch, the system would operate on the same schedule as specifiedfor the SRBC project (para 6.07). Therefore, it could compete with the SRBCproject when all the Krishna water upstream of the AP State border had beenutilized. However, based on the present rate of development irrigation works

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in the basin, full utilization is not expected for many years. In the mean-time, the efficiency of water use in old and new systems is expected toincrease far above present levels. For these reasons, with the assurancerequested (para 6.07) as well as the expected socio-political pressures inthe SRBC area to safeguard the allocated water supply, it can be expectedthat the SRBC wilL in fact be provided with the amount of water required toensure the economic viability of investments in its development.

SRS Water Balance

6.09 According to the ruling of the Codavari Water Disputes Tribunal(1979) AP is entitled to all the water that reaches the Sriramasagar Dam.CWC estimate this to be 160 TMC (5648 Mm3 ). A further about 17 TMC is avail-able at the Mannair dam, after downstream commitments in the Mannair riverare met. Thus, overall availability for the SRS scheme is about 177 TMC.Storage in the Sriramasagar Reservoir (87 TMC, 2,460 Mm3) combined with thatof the Mannair Reservoir (13.4 TMC, 380 Mm") give the Kakatiya Canal muchflexibility. At full development the command would require the followingamounts of water:

CroppingName Area Pattern Water requirements /a

('000 ha) (Mm3) (TMC)

Laxmi 6.7 sugarcane /b 116.6 4.1Saraswati Head 17.0 no rice 130.3 4.6km 0-146 165.0 rice /c 1,551.9 54.8km 146-284 207.0 no rice 1,645.4 58.1

Total 395.7 - 3,444.5 121.6

Note: No allowance has been made for the Khaddam command (26,000 ha) whichwould continue to have its supplies met from the Khaddam reservoir,generated by the Khaddam river (para 2.08).

Ia Assuming an overall water use efficiency of 50% at full development.lb Irrigated by wells in April-June./c Requires supplementation by wells.

Therefore, at flll development down to km 284 of the Kakatiya canal, about56 TMC (1585 Mm ) would be available to serve the area beyond km 284. Alter-natively, if overall system efficiency attained would only reach about 37%,there would still be sufficient water to serve the project area, even if the165,000 ha between km 0-146 were to receive all their supplies from surfacesources. In that case, however, extending the command area beyond km 284would not be feasible.

6.10 The 385 minor tanks within the GCA would be augmented by return flowsand system recoveries induced by irrigation, thereby indirectly benefitingfrom the project (para 2.18). Their possible integration in the overallsystem would be one of the studies expected to be commissioned by the PPMWing (para 5.27).

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System Operation and Water Management

6.11 General. Both SRS and SRBC would be managed as "utilities". Themain objective would be to provide a reliable water supply to farmers. Ini-tialLy the scheme (utility) will supply the water down to the 40 ha outlet,according to predetermined schedules arranged in consultation with farmers'representatives. Below the outlet distribution would be organized by theOutlet Committees on warabundi schedules (para 6.18). It is expected thatwater users organizations would undertake increasing responsibility overtime; they may ultimately buy water in bulk from the utility for sale tofarmers, collect water charges, etc. The structured system proposed (para3.22) would provide an on-off supply to the head of each distributary.Farmers would be free to grow crops of their choice, but the scheduling ofsurface water would be such as not to cover the full irrigation requirementsof paddy and sugarcane: to grow these crops, they must meet the gap in theirwater demand from their own weLls (para 6.31). There will be no canal sup-plies in April-May to sustain sugarcane and canal supplies are likely to beinsufficient for rice at all times; certainly so in the rabi. The irrigationsystem would however provide full supplementary kharif irrigation for atypical mix of irrigated dry crops under drought conditions, and an averageirrigation intensity of about 70Z for rabi crops. Since GOAP's ID has noprevious experience with structured system operation and design, provisionsare made in the project costs to retain consultants, supervised by the PPMWing, to assist ID with the preparation of the necessary designs, the for-mulation of operating rules and operation of structured systems (para 5.27).

6.12 Water Duty. The design duty for the system wouLd be derived from thepeak requirements of the design cropping pattern, with suitable allowancesfor seasonal rainfall and system losses. The allocation of water would beuniform over the whole CCA in both SRBC and SRS except for presentlyauthorized IW areas in SRS where temporary arrangements would be made for ahigher water allocation to allow for paddy growing during the interimchange-over period (para 6.11). Only peak water requirements would be metby continuous deliveries; lower than peak requirements, by intermittentdeliveries.

6.13 Irrigation Schedule - Rabi. In the rabi season, when there isusually no rain, the required irrigation frequency depends on crop consump-tive use and the moisture-holding capacity of the soil. For almost allproject soils a 14-day cycle would be suitable. By September 1, the quantityof water in the reservoirs is approximately known; by October 1, theestimates are final and can only increase through late storms. Therefore,the number of waterings for the rabi season is predictable. In consultationwith the Agricultural Department and the farmers' representatives, the IDwould promulgate, by ear'y October, an irrigation schedule for the whole rabiwhich would meet the average demands. Every hectare of the CCA would beallocated the same volume of water and the number of irrigation turns andtheir timing would be made known to farmers before the beginning of theseason. An indicative flow schedule of the required surface supplies areshown in Chart 8.

6.14 The incipient and actual damage and inequities arising out oflocalizing part of the previously developed SRS system as IW require to beremedied. This would be achieved by introducing, as rapidly as it isexpedient, a water management plan which would include a rotational waterdelivery system, based on supplying irrigated dry crops over the entire area

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(para 6.04). The objective would be that by kharif 1992 continuous flowswould cease in all distributaries and minors, forcing farmers who want togrow rice to resort to using wells to meet both water requirements. Inaddition, an agreement has been reached with COAP that it would, not laterthan two years of the expected date in which water is to be delivered to theSRBC scheme area, prepare and furnish to the Bank/IDA, for its review andcomments a detailed water management plan, which would include the rotationalwater supply system, and thereafter apply such plan when water is deliveredto such scheme.

6.15 To ensure that farmers can make the best use of irrigation water, anagreement has been reached with COAP that it would:

(a) each year, by September 1, starting in 1987, advise farmers of likelytimings and number of turns when water would be available in theiroutlet between October and March;

(b) finalize the schedule by October 1 each year, starting in 1987, andappropriately advise farmers; and

(c) inform farmers of any predictable deviation from the publishedschedule at least one month in advance.

6.16 Irrigation Schedule - Kharif. Under the rainfall pattern of theproject areas the highest return per unit of irrigation water is duringmonsoon drought or too long interval between rainstorms. In this case,irrigation prevents substantial yieLd reductions and crop failures. There-fore, if over 50% of the farmers request irrigation water during the kharif,it would be provided in their area if operationally feasible.

6.17 Carry -over storage, to enable an earlier start of the croppingseason, or a fixed-period start irrespective of the actual commencement ofthe monsoon, would not be practical in SRS and SRBC schemes and it would beimpossible in the SRBC project without severely interfering with power gener-ation. In SRS, pre-season planting implies harvesting all the planned cropsexcept cotton in heavy rainfall, which would result in higher productioncosts and crop losses. In cases where early planting is desirable, as withsome varieties of cotton, farmers will have to rely on their wells.

6.18 Water Allocation within Outlet Command will be based in the warabundisystem, adapted to the conditions in the project areas. COAP has had limitedsuccess in applying the warabundi system of water allocation in the SRSscheme, because when introduced, water supplies were excessive. Now thatmore of the area is developed, and the expected further rapid development ofthe service area under the project, the lessons learned would facilitatesuccessful introduction. The system, which has been practised in North-WestIndia since the introduction of controlled irrigation, rotates the full flowof the chak outlet to each farmer according to a predetermined timetable eachweek. The quantity a farmer draws, i.e. the time period during which thefull flow is available to him, is proportional to the size of his landhold-ing. As long as a farmer pays his water charges and does not use water forunauthorized purposes, he is entitled to draw water whenever the outlet

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discharges at the time of his weekly turn 1/. During any unscheduled shutdownof the system, such as unexpected rainfall or canal breaches, the "WarabundiClock" continues to run. When supply resumes, it will be drawn by the farmerwhose turn is scheduled for the day and hour of the resumption.

6.19 Warabundi is a rationing system to discribute limited irrigationsupplies equitably. When water is abundant, as was the case when an attemptwas made to introduce warabundi scheduling in Pochampad, strict rationing isnot seem as necessary by the farmers and the plan may fail. However, even atthat stage equitable and predetermined supply at the outlet is essential.As more of the potential command is developed, the full enforcement ofwarabundi scheduling becomes necessary for an equitable and reliable service.This stage has now been reached by the SRS scheme and is expected to bereached by the SRBC scheme before 1992.

6.20 Distribution Management. Three levels of distribution managementwould be required:

(a) Main system comprising the dams, main and branch canals, would bereguLated 2/ to provide a supply according to a pre-scheduled demandto the distributary heads. In the rabi the demand would be accordingto a predetermined schedule, which would only be changed if unex-pected storms make an irrigation turn unnecessary. In the kharif thedemand will fluctuate according to rainfall. Adequate decisionprocedures to determine kharif supplies would be developed. Deci-sions would be taken by SE Circle (Canal and Dam Operations) (para5.11) operating from a control center. A microcomputer wil. be usedto pLan scheduling and to monitor continuously the regulation of themain canal. A transient flow program will be developed to minimizewastage during either pre-planned or emergency regulation events.

(b) Distribution system, including the distributaries and minors, will berunning full on or off, with proportional distribution flumes oradjustable proportionate modules (APMs) at each node. Since no gateoperation is involved, the duties of the staff would be limited tomonitoring physical failures and unauthorized interference. Opera-tion would be supervised by the EEs' Division.

(c) Below the outlet, at the chak level.

6.21 Farmers' Organizations. The system below the chak outlet would bemanaged by farmers. At present, the CADA in the Sas area is charged withorganizing farmers in the chaks and having Outlet Comittecs (OC) elected.

6.22 The Act stipulates that OCs be elected annually. Their election is amatter of organization and therefore should be delegated to an authority

1/ Since the channels run for 24 hours, it is usual once a year change thetiming (e.g. farmers who draw water between 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. change withthose who dres it between 6 p.m. to 6 a.m).

2/ Sufficient control structures, as well as computation, communication andmeasuring equipment would be provided to ensure that the manual regula-tion facilities are able to deliver controlled volumes of water.

* U. -

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normally dealing with electoral matters. Also, whether all members should beelected every year, or whether the entire committee should be elected forfour or five-year term, requires consideration.

6.23 The OCs would organize the construction of field channels leadingfrom the 8 ha outlet to each field. This section would consist of, typi-cally, about 300 m long channels; the parts of concern to all farmers withinthe chak are the ones serving more than one farmer 1/. Layout for this systemwould be provided by ID as part of the overall chak development plan; itsexecution would be part of the OCs' brief.

6.24 In the already operating portions of the SRS Project, the organiza-tion outlined requires to be set up as soon as practicable; the enabling Acthas been on the Statute Books since March 1984. Therefore, an agreement wasreached with GOAP that it would, in the already irrigated areas of the SRScommand, arrange for the establishment of Outlet Committees for all outletson or before May 31, 1987.

6.25 In areas to be brought under irrigation in the scheme areas, anagreement has been reached with GOAP that Outlet Committees would be estab-lished, and their Chairmen suitably trained, not more than six months beforeirrigation is due to start.

6.26 In addition to the Outlet Committees, it would be desirable to formcommittees dealing with larger areas that the field channel command, commit-tees to deal with minor canal and distributary commands, with whom ID offi-cials in charge of larger units could discuss, from time to time, issuesaffecting these larger areas. The members of these committees would comefrom the OCs: typically, OC Chairmen would constitute a Minor Committee (MC)and MC Chairmen a Distributary Committee (DC). The broad function of thesetwo higher-level committees would be:

MCs - to encure that outlets are not tampered and therebyeither deprive OCs of water or dump excesses on them;

- to represent the OC group when water allocations forthe season are arranged; and

- to request water in the kharif in case of draught;

DCs - to advise management of the distributary commandand to initiate remedial actions that would affect allfarmers in the area.

6.27 While in the long run, bearing in mind the ultimate aim of managingthe projects as a utility (para 6.11), these committees will come to fulfilla major function, their role for the next few years may be fulfilled by IDengineers. Therefore, an understanding has been reached with GOAP that,after enough expe-?ience has been gained with the OCs, they will review theposition and initiate the necessary action to establish MCs and eventuallyDCs.

11 If a holding is 8 ha, this provision would not apply; the length ofshared channels changes inversely with holding sizes.

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Maintenance

6.28 Three kinds of maintenance activities have to be considered:(a) between construction of a new scheme and its handing over to the operat-ing divisions; (b) routine maintenance; and (c) special maintenance, madenecessary by storms, breaches, accidents in operation or major repairs thatnormally do not lend themselves to routine operations. COAP's budget forroutine maintenance has averaged about Rs 50/ha, of which only Rs 12/ha wereavailable for contracts, the rest being absorbed in establishment costs.This sum has proven inadequate, as shown by the r-ondition of completed worksin SRS and other operating systems; it needs to be increased.

6.29 Concerning new works constructed under the project, maintenanceduring the first two years of their operation would be part of constructioncosts and in the hands of the construction Circles. This commissioningperiod would give adequate time for an in-depth examination and assessment ofrealistic O&M costs to cover routine and expected special maintenance.Accordingly, an agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would (i) byMarch 31, 1987, initiate, under terms of reference agreed with Bank/IDA, adetailed study to review existing rules, procedures and financial require-ments for operation and maintenance and collection of water charges from theirrigation systems; (ii) submit to the Bank/IDA, by March 31, 1988, a reportsummarizing the results and recommendations of the study for its review andcomments; and (iii) taking into account Bank/IDA comments, implement suchrecommendations. Annex 4 provides the terms of reference for the study.

6.30 The maintenance of the distribution systems below the outlet would bethe responsibility of the OC (para 6.24) which would share the task propor-tionately among farmers in the chak. Maintenance works such as vegetationcontrol, desilting and minor repair to embankments can be readily provided byfarmers. Repair to structures, which would require cement and sand, isexpected to be infrequent. To ensure proper maintenance of field channelsand their structures, an agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would:

(a) cause the outlet committees to maintain the field channels and assistthe process by promptly providing, for due compensation, the neces-sary building materials as required; and

(b) where the outlet committees fail to maintain the field channels,ensure execution of the work by Irrigation Department and recover thecost from the farmers.

Groundwater Development

6.31 Shallow dug wells are a traditional feature of Deccan agriculture.There are about 5,200 such wells in the areas to be rought under irrigation.In the project areas, they would recycle over 300 Mm of water annually fromthe shallow aquifers, at present recharged mainly by rainfall. There is apotential for further about 4,030 wells in SRS and for about 2,000 in SRBC,to lift a total of about 420 Mm . Under project conditions, groundwater islikely to be utilized for two purposes, which would almost certainly overlap:

(a) to su?port rice growing under the projected water management regime(para 6.04) under which the canals discharge intermittently (tomaintain standing water in the field, the compartment requiresreplenishment about every three or four days);

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(b) to grow crops that require frequent light waterings (e.g. vegetables)and perennial crops that require irrigation when the system wouldbe normall-y closed (e.g. sugarcane and orchards).

Present financial incentives to develop wells are adequate and GOAP intendsto continue them. However. excessive supplies of surface water that havebeen available in the partially developed SRS project have not only sloweddowr. well development, but have led to the abandonment of many wells. Oncethe service area is more fully developed, and surface supplies better con-trolled, the momentum to construct wells is expected to resume. The agricul-tural extension and research services would further encourage the trend bydeveloping and advocating profitable cropping systems relying on wells tosupplement surface water. The yield of the wells, and the number that can bedeveloped in the command areas, would increase substantially once irrigationis established and recharge of the aquifer increased.

VII. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, FARM INCOMES AND COST RECOVERY

A. Agricultural Production

Srisailam

7.01 Present cropping intensity in the project area is about 106%. Thecropping pattern is largely subsistence oriented: foodgrains and legumes forhome consumption, groundnuts and short-staple cotton as cash crops. Withoutirrigation, neither the present crop mix, nor cropping intensities are likelyto change much; however, better extension services, armed with theappropriate messages, increasing adoption of improved farming practices andwater conservation techniques may enable yields to increase somewhat with orwithout the project. With irrigation, production would become more stable,intensified and would shift to higher value crops; cropping intensity wouldreach about 135% (Chart 9). The largest output increments are expected fromgroundnuts and from changing to medium-long staple cotton instead ofshort-staple cotton (Table 10).

Sriramssagar

7.02 In parts of the project area where there is irrigation, overallcropping intensity is about 120%. The total irrigated area has neverexceeded 106,300 ha, implying an irrigation intensity of only 64X (1983/84season), due to deficiencies in the water distribution system. About 22% ofthe area actually irrigated grow rice. In parts of the area where at presentthere is no irrigation, the cropping pattern, as in Srisailam, is subsistenceoriented. Cropping intensity is about 108Z; double cropping is sustained bywells. With the project, cropping intensity is expected to reach 150% in thepreviously irrigated areas and 135Z where there has been no previous irriga-tion. The ultimate expected cropping pattern, and the way it fits into the

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cropping and farm management calendar is shown in Charts 10-12. Fulldevelopment is expected to take about 20 years. The principal cashcropsgrown would be groundnuts and medium-staple cotton. Ultimately, both areaswould be cropped at an intensity of not less than 150X because of conjunctivegroundwater use, made largely possible by the higher aquifer recharge ratesdue to irrigation (para 6.31). Production increments of maize, groundnutsand cotton are expected to account for 75Z of the incremental value ofproduction. long run, be dictated by international market prices. Produc-tion will change from short-staple to medium-to-long-staple cotton, whichLesponds better to irrigation and is internationally more readily marketable.

Market Prospects and Prices

7.03 Incremental production resulting from the project will be a smallpercentage of AP's total agricultural production and therefore would bereadily handled by existing marketing channels. Prices of grundnuts andother oilseeds are likely to be kept steady by India's high income elasticityof demand for edible oils, and by GOI's continuing efforts to reduce itsLarge vegetabLe oil imports. Cotton prices will, in the long run, be dic-tated by international market prices. Production will change fromshort-staple to medium-to-long-staple cotton, which responds better toirrigation and is internationally more readily marketable.

Far. Incomes

7.04 Representative farm models have been used to calculate the project'simpact on farm incomes. Prevailing financial prices were used to valueoutputs and inputs. The results are detailed in Table 12 and summarizedbelow:

Net Farm Income /aFuture Without Future With Increase due

Farm Model Present Project to Proiect---------------- (s)--------------- --- (Z)

Srisailam (3.6 ha) 4,680 4,980 36,880 641Sriramasagar

(i) Presently IrrigatedArea (2.3 ha) 7,340 11,570 21,910 89

(ii) New IrrigatedArea (2.3 ha) 4,250 5,570 17,120 207

/a Get return to family labor and farm capital investment before tax andwater charge payments.

B. Cost Recovery

General

7.05 Direct means of cost recovery like water charges have not been usedto their full extent: their present levels are lov and procedures for theirassessment inadequate. A Betterment Levy for recovery of capital costs hasbeen sucessfully challenged in the courts and its collection suspended. Themost important source of cost recovery is therefore revenue from sales taxeson incremental agricultural production. To improve the current situation,and in particular to increase the share of direct charges in cost recovery, a

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high-level standing Water Charge Committee would be established under theproject to review regularly cost recovery policy and propose adjustments.

Present Situation

7.06 Water Charges. Water charges are generally perceived by farmers astaxes and not as charges for irrigation service. Revenue from water chargesaccounts for Less than 1X of total state income and only about 602 of annualexpenditures on OS". Depending on the type of irrigation provided, two basicwater rates are currently charged: Rs 75 per ha cropped for IW (i.e. paddy)and Rs 60/ha for irrigated dry (i.e. upland) crops (para 6.03). Concessionalrates are .xarged during the first four years, beginning with 20X of the fullassessment after the initial release of water, followed by equal annualincreases to the full rate in the fifth year 11. The present level of watercharges in SRS irrigated areas amounts to about Rs 60/ha of net CCA which isabout 12 of the gross value of production. It has been at this level since1974. However, on August 1, 1985 GOAP published in the Government Gazetteits intention to double water charges beginning with the 1986-87 crop season.The statutory time allowed to raise objections has passed and therefore anagreement has been reached with GOAP that it will issue orders not later thanMay 30, 1986 to revise its water charges and recover the full cost of opera-tion and maintenance and a reasonable portion of the capital costs, takinginto account farmers' repayment capacity.

7.07 Assessment of Water Charges. Assessment of water charges and theexchange of information between the ID and the Revenue Department (RD) needsto be substantially improved (para 7.12). The assessment and collection ofwater and water related charges is the responsibility of the RD. Watercharge assessment requires accurate verification of areas actually irrigated.Detailed records of land revenue and water charge assessments are maintainedby the Village Revenue Officer (patwari). Provisional assessment is made forevery field receiving irrigation (source-wise) during October/November, andis finalized in Kay/June. The assessments are aggregated by revenue juris-dictions for the entire State. Au important part of the records are detailednotes describing the performance of an irrigation system below the outlet.The reason why every potentially irrigable field does not receive irrigationor receives an inadequate service is recorded and used to deal with applica-tions for remission of land revenue. However, revenue remission proceedingsare not communicated to ID; nor are they consulted. Exchange of informationbetween the ID and RD is limited and irregular: ID does not provide RD withinformation on irrigated areas as identified on project maps, and RD does notinform ID on irrigated areas as entered in the village records. Exacerbatedby a shortage of field staff in both Departments, this lack of communicationpermits farmers to conceal irrigated areas, evade payments, misuse water andown more irrigated land than permitted under the Land Ceiling Act.

7.08 Betterment Levy. The GOAP Irrigation Act provides for collection ofa betterment levy for recovery of capital costs from farmers benefiting frompublic irrigation works. The betterment levy is defined as half the increasein land value due to an individual project (calculated using before-and-afterland values). On the basis of present land prices in SRS, the levy shouldamount to about Rs 7,000/ha. The repayment period and the interest to be

1/ A 37% land cess surcharge on the relevant basic rate which used to formpart of the assessment has been recently abandoned.

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charged on the outstanding amount are determined by an executive order,published in the official gazette. However, the assessment of the bettermentlevy has been successfully challenged in the courts. Therefore, GOAP sub-stituted it in 1976 with a special one-time land tax of Rs 500/ha,recoverable in equal installments (without interest) over a 10-year period.As pres.,stly constituted, the special land tax would recover less than 1%of the project's capital costs.

7.09 Indirect Taxation. GOAP's most important means of cost recovery fromirrigation projects is currently indirect taxation. The State governmentrelies on revenue from sales and commodity taxes, users' fees for supportservices, roads and bridges ("octroi" charges), fees in the regulated marketsand commodities taken to the larger settlements for disposal. Indirecttaxation provides 90Z of public revenues from agriculture and is steadilygrowing in real terms. The most important source is the sales tax onagricultural producis which averages about 4Z. Moreover, according te recentstudies of the Indian tax system 1/ effective indirect taxation on inp. qindicates actual tax rates on private consumption expenditures of about 6%and 4% for above and below poverty-level rural households.

7.10 Farmers' Ability to Pay Water Charges. For the assessment offarmers' ability to pay for irrigation service, the project rent 2/ has beenestimated. At full development in about 20 years, the project rent wouldaverage about Rs 7,800/ha in SRBC and about Rs 4,200/ha in SRS (Table 13).Another indicator of the net benefits resulting from irrigation is thegeneral increase in land prices as a result of irrigation development. Forexample, prices range from Rs 10,000/ha to Rs 15,000/ha for dry land and Rs20,000(ha to Rs 40,000/ha for irrigated land in SRS.

71.11 Capital and OEM Costs. The present value of the cost of irrigationinfrastructure in the SRBC scheme, including on-farm development works butexcluding roads, would amount to Rs 19,300/ha of CCA. Annual capitalrecovery (discounted at 12% interest over 50 years) would amount toRs 2,320/ha. The cost of irrigation infrastructure in the SRS scheme isestimated at Rs 8,700/ha of CCA. This amount includes part of theSriramasagar Dam (75% allocated to irrigation), the full cost of the MannairDam and the Kakatiya Canal. The sunk costs of these works have been adjustedto 1985/86 values. The annual capital recovery cost would amount to Rs1,050/ha. A preliminary estimate of Rs 150/ha of net CCA for routine O&hrequirements has been used; actual annual OK cost would be subject to amajor review under the project (para 6.29).

7.12 Analysis of Present Situation. The present level of recovery ofwater and water related charges per ha of net CCA would be as follows:

1/ E. Ahmad and N. Stern, "Effective Taxes and Tax Reforms in India,"Development Economic Research Center, University of Warwick, DiscussionPaper No. 25, January 1983.

2/ Project rent is the incremental net benefits (after appropriate allowan-ces for management and risk) due to the project.

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Item Present Production Level Full Development LevelSRBC SBS /a SRBC SRS…---(Rs per ha of CCA))-- -

Water Charges - 120 180 180(proposed rate)

Agricultural Taxes 40 50 480 /b 250 /bTotal 40 170 660 430

/a In presently irrigated areas only. In areas where irrigation has notyet been introduced agricultural sales taxes equal about Rs 40/ha.

/b Assumes that all incremental production of cash crops (cotton,groundnuts, and chilles) will be marketed and that the incremental revenuewould be entirely due to the investment in the project.

Thus, although total recovery would exceed OUM costs, it would average rela-tively small share of the project rent. Therefore, there would be scope forincreased recovery. The process of assessment and collection of water char-ges also needs improvement (para 7.07). The increased reliability of watersupply will undoubtedly increase farmers' (especially tailenders) willingnessto pay.

Proposed Improvements

7.13 Improved Cost Recovery. Three main conditions would assist toimprove direct cost recovery: (i) providing a reliable and equitable watersupply (para 6.18); (ii) acceptance by system operators and farmers thatwater charges are a payment for service provided and not tax; and (iii)accurate and reliable assessment of areas irrigated. It would be importantthat farmers perceive water charges as payments for irrigation service andnot as a form of general taxation. Especially, farmers should see a clearlink betweeen the level of water charges and the quality of service. Toachieve this, and to progress towards a businesslike (utility) management(para 6.11) of the project's irrigation system, it would be essential tomaintain for each system separate accounts, reflecting the cost of OlI andthe revenue from water charges. Unfortunately however, water charge collec-tion accounts are not kept in a manner that allows their fully reconciliationover the entire CCA: the units are village areas which almost always includenon-irrigated areas and often also irrigation from sources other than themajor schemes, e.g. tanks or wells. However, representative sample areas ineach of the schemes allow for a statistically meaningful relation betweencollections and expenditures to be established. An understanding has beenreached with GOAP that Bank review missions will be given access to theserecords. In addition, an agreement has been reached with COAP that it wouldmaintain in its Irrigation Department separate records to reflect expendi-tures on OlK in each irrigation system.

7.14 Vater Charges Comittee. To ensure that the level of cost recoveryis regularly reviewed, particularly with respect to 0& costs, and increasedto the eztent possible without impairing farmers' incentives to use irriga-tion water efficiently, a high-level standing Water Charges Coimittee wouldto be established (as is the case in several States). It would revie', waterand water related charges at least every two years and propose adjustments.Accordingly, an agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would (i) byMarch 31, 1987, constitute a Water Charges Review Comrittee, with membership

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and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank/IDA which would conduct areview of the level of water and rater related charges and the method oftheir assessment and collection; (ii) submit, by September 30, 1987, a reportsummarizing the results and recommendations of the comittee to the Bank/IDAfor its review and comments; (iii) taking into account the Bank/IDA comments,implemeut such recommendations; and (iv) by July 1 of every second year,commencing July 1, 1989 cause the Water Charges Comittee to complete areview of the levels of irrigation water and related charges and ba"ed on theCormittee's recomendations, if required, promptly revise the charges, torecover full O&N costs and a reasonable portion of capital investment, takinginto account farmers' repayment capacity. Regarding the composition of theWater Charges Committee, an understanding has been reached with GOAP that theWater Charges Review Committee shall consist of the Secretaries of Agricul-ture, Finance, Irrigation and Revenue of GOAP, among others. The draft termsof reference have also been agreed (Annex 4).

7.15 Cos. and Rent Recgverr under the Proiect, Cost and rent recoveryindices aJ are estimated at 191 and 131, respectively (Table 14). However,given the reliance of GOAP on indirect taxation, the effectiv- rate of rentand cost recovery is probably understated; increased agricultural incomevould generate growth in other sectors of the economy and thus additional taxrevenue. The latter index indicates that, if the project net benefits wouldmaterialize, there would be a considerable scope to increase cost recovery further.

fII. BENEFITS AID JUSTIFICMTION

Project Imnact

8.01 The overall direct project impact in terms of agricultural produc-tion, rural employment generated and farm families benefiting at fulldevelopment is summarized below:

LI The cost recovery index is the ratio between the incremental tax andwater charge revenue to discounted present value of the total projectcost (discounted over the project's lifetime). The rent recovery indexis the ratio between the discounted present value of the incremental taxand water charge revenue and the discounted present value of the projectrent. All amounts are expressed in present values discounted over 50years at 121 in constant 1985/86 prices.

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SRBC Scheme SRS Scheme

Directly benefiting Farm Families (No.) 20,900 80,200Increased Irrigated Area (ha) 65,000 163,000Rehabilitation Area (ha) - 165,000Increased Foodgrain Production(000 tons/year) 352

Increased Cotton Production(000 tons/year) 62 129

Increased Croundnuts Production(000 tons/year) 37 93

Cenerated Farm Employment (jobs) 18,800 29,800Generated Non-farm Employment (jobs) 4,700 7,500Agricultural Value Added toLocal Economy (Rs N/year) /a 600 1,052

/a Defined as the sum of gross farm incomes minus cash inputs (excludinglabor).

8.02 Project construction works and the increase in agricultural produc-tion would generate a significant increase in employment opportunities.Unskilled labor employed in construction work over the next 7 years wouldamount to about 15,400 full time jobs. Creating new irrigated areas and theimprovement of existing systems would increase direct employment con-siderably. At full development, the increased demand for farm labor wouldamount to about 11.7 N mandays per annum (equivalent to about 48,600full-time jobs). About two thirds of the demand would be supplied by hiredlabor, the majority of which consists of landless workers. The projectedincrease in value-added in agriculture would be some Rs 1,700 M. Thedevelopment would generate additional income and employment in local nonfarm-ing sectors, such as marketing, transport and processing, estimated at about12,200 full-time jobs.

Poverty Impact

8.03 The absolute poverty income level for rural India is estimated atRs 1,370 per capita per year. The landless population in the two projectareas is estimated to be about 25Z in the SRBC and 18S in SRS. It may beassumed that the income of these families does not exceed that level.Present net farm incomes for a median farm (2.0 ha) in SRBC is estimated atRs 2,600. In the SRS area already receiving irrigation, the net income for amedian farm (1.1 ha) is about Rs 3,500; in areas not yet developed, Rs 2,000.However, a farm family of five to be above the absolute poverty level,requires an income of about Rs 6,850 (Is 1,370 x 5) which is more than twicethe present farm income. Since opportunities for off-farm incomes arelimited, it may be assumed that the per capita income of most of thesefamilies at present do not reach this level: in SRBC a farm of about 5.3 ha;in S3S, 2.1 ha in irrigated areas and 3.7 ha in presently rainfed areas wouldbe required to achieve poverty threshold incomes. Thus at present about 75%of farm families in SRBC and 85% in SRS live below the poverty level atpresent. With the project, in the SRBC area farm incomes are expected toincrease to about Rs 10,200/ha, therefore the incidence of poverty would be

- 47 -

reduced to about 25%. In SRS the incidence of poverty would be reduced to22% in the presently irrigated and to 30% in the presently rainfed areas.

Environmental Effects

8.04 The project is not expected to have adverse environmental effects.In this re' tively low rainfall areas, given the expected care in the manage-ment of the system, the chances of creating stagnant water for mosquitobreeding are small and will not generate appreciable additional healthhazard.. An agreement has been reached with GOAP that it would take allmeasures considered necessary to minimize the hazards of malaria and otherwater-related disease in the project area.

Economic Analysis

8.05 Basic Assumptions. The assumptions for the analysis are detailedin Annex 2. Economic prices for tradeable crops (rice, sorghum, cotton,maize, groundnuts) and inputs (e.g. fertilizer) were derived from IBRD priceprojections and for non-traded crops (pulses, vegetables) from the prevailingand projected market prices (Table 11). Studies of farm labor supply anddemand in India typically suggest a ratio of economic shadow wage rate tomarket wage in the range of 0.50 to 0.70. The shadow price of agriculturallabor was assumed at about 67Z of the going wage rates for hired labor. Costitems were valued by employing specific conversion factors to financialcosts. Benefit build-up is the result of the assumed phasing of areas tocome under irrigation and the ability of farmers to adapt to changes broughtabout by irrigation. It was assumed that planned irrigation intensitieswould be attained in 3 years in areas already irrigated and 5 years in areaswhere irrigation will be newly introduced. A more gradual build-up (10years) was assumed for projected yields, and optimal input use.

8.06 Foregone Power Benefits in SRBC. When the Srisailam Reservoir is notspilling, water used for irrigation would result in foregone power revenue.It is estimated that the opportunity cost of lost power revenue is aboutRs 600,000 per TMC, or Rs 9.6 M for the 16 TMC drawn during the period whenthe reservoir is not spil.ling. It was further assumed that the loss of powerrevenue would be gradual and proportional to the growth rate of demand forirrigation.

8.07 Economic Rate of Return (ERR). The ERR was calculated for the fulldevelopment stage of both schemes, since works financed under this time-sliceare closely related to those which would be financed under follow-up phases.Implementation schedules and costs and benefits were based on COAP's per-ceived implementation capability and disbursement profiles for Indian

- 48 -

irrigation projects (para 4.13). Sunk costs were accounted for in theanalysis. 1/ Discounting cost and benefit streams over 50 years,the ERR is estimated at 20% for SRBC scheme, 23% for SRS scheme and 22%(weighted average) for the two schemes combined (Tables 15a and 15b).

8.08 Sensitivity Analysis. Sen3itivity analysis was conducted to deter-mine the effect of deviations from the main assumptions on the economicviability of the project. The measure of sensitivity used, the 'switchingvalue' is the value of the variable tested which would reduce the presentvalue of the project's net incremental be efits discounted at 12% (theestimated opportunity cost of capital) to Zero. The results are summarizedin the following table:

SRBC Scheme SRS SchemeAppraisal Switching Change Appraisal Switch Change

Value Value Z Value Value Z

Net incrementalBenefits (Rs M) /a 2,250 1,170 -48 5,910 1,098 -81

Construction Costs(Rs M) /a 1,114 2,198 97 1,100 4,620 320

/a Costs and benefits discounted.

Several tests were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the assumptionsmade in the economic analysis with the following results:

(a) Failure of Water Management Component. During project implementation(both in SRBC and SRS) the availability of irrigation water per ha ofCCA would be greater than at full development. The pattern ofutilization of surplus water would have an important effect on thesuccess of water management. If the present trends of utilization ofthis surplas are allowed to continue (i.e. excessive water consump-tion in the upper part of the distribution system) the ERR for theSRS scheme would decline to 13%. If a similar trend is allowed todevelop in SRBC, the ERR would decline to 9% (para 8.09).

(b) Delay of Deep Cut Channel in SRBC. The works on the approach channelfrom the Srisailam reservoir (common works for SRBC and Madras watersupply works) are now in progress and the completion of the works isexpected by 1987. A delay of 4 years, assuming construction on SRBCwould proceed as planned, would reduce the ERR to 12X.

1I/ The sunk cost of the Lower Mannair Dam have been included in theanalysis. The sunk cost and their spread over time beginning in 1978/79have been brought to constant 1985/86 prices (Indian Wholesale PriceIndex), discounted at 12Z rate of interest and entered in the first yearof the project. Similarly, the sunk cost of recently completed con-veyance works have been taken into account.

- 49 -

(c) Lack of Attention to Block Development. If the currently achievedstandards and quality of works on the distribution system are con-tinued, the incremental benefits would remain about equal to thelevel realized in traditionally designed irrigation projects (areduction of incrementaL benefits by about 40%). With an appropriateadjustment of the investment cost to account for lower quality * -ad-ards the ERR would decline to about 10% in SRBC and 13% in SRS.Similar effect would result if chak development and related workswould be allowed to lag behind main infrastructure.

(d) Agricultural Growth without Irrigation. It has been assumed thatwithout irrigation agricultural production would not change muchexcept for the caveat stated in para 7.01. However, if instead theaverage annual growth rate of 2Z achieved in India over the 1970/71to 1983184 period is applied to the without-project situation, thegRR would decline to about 17% in SRBC and 20Z in SRS.

(e) Not developing the balance 12,000 ha in Srisailam and 40,000 ha inSRS would reduce the ERR to 17% and 20% respectively.

8.09 Project Risk. Overall, the results of sensitivity analysis indicatethat only large deviations from the basic project assumptions could make theschemes economically unviable. However, some of the risks require specialattention. In the top part of SRS many farmers are well established paddygrowers in areas localized as irrigated wet. In addition, many farmersutilize available surplus water to grow paddy in areas localized as irrigateddry. There is a risk that GOAP may have difficulty in enforcing waterallocation and management procedures planned under the project. However, thegovernment is fully coomitted, and should be abLe to overcome the difficul-ties. This judgement is supported by recent evidence from experiencerecently found in the AP I project. Moreover, farmers in disadvantaged areasof S9S are likely to exert sufficient pressure that would help GOAP toenforce efficient and equitable water allocation.

8.10 Another risk is that GOAP may face development budget constraints andhave difficulties implementing the project according to the projected timeschedule. State finances have been closely scrutinized. It has been con-cluded that the State would be able to finance a Plan between Rs 52,000 M andRs 75,000 M by raising new revenue and be capable of financing the project.

8.11 Regarding the Mannair reservoir site (para 3.19) the remote pos-sibility exists that the villagers who would be flooded when the reservoiris filled refuse to give up their houses and lands and would not move.Should this happen, the live storage of the resorvoir would diminish or evendisappear, but water could still pass down the river bed and be redivertedinto the Kakatiya canal, below km 146. The loss of this storage will notaffect water supplies to the proposed project but may have an influence onits extension beyond km 284 at some future date.

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IX. AGCEMEHNTS REACMED AND RECOMHHNDATIONS

9.01 Agreements have been reached with GOI that it would:

(a) allocate suitable radio frequencies and promptly authorize theinstallation of the necessary equipment (para 3.13); and

(b) make the proceeds of the credit/loan available to GOAP on standardterms and arrangements for development assistance to the states (para4.04).

9.02 Agreements have been reached with GOAP that it would:

(a) by April 30, 1987, and thereafter by April 30 of every year, submitto the Bank/IDA for review: (i) plans for the extent and location ofthe road reserves to be acquired in the distributary commandsscheduled for development in the following construction season; and(ii) design specifications and cost of the roads to be constructed(para 3.11);

(b) present to the Bank/IDA for review training plans for engineeringstaff, support staff, and Chairmen of the various farmer comittees,and thereafter implement the agreed training plan (para 3.16);

(c) resettle and rehabilitate the PAPs in accordance with an action plansatisfactory to the Bank/IDA; such plan would be based on paras3.17-3.20 and Annex 7 of the SAR (para 3.20);

(d) except as the Association shall otherwise agree, take all such actionas shall be necessary to ensure that each distributary linked to theKakatiya Canal between kilometers 146 and 267 shall carry no lessthan 25 cusecs of water and command an area no less than 1,000 hec-tares (para 3.26);

(e) finance works on the Madras water supply canal upstream of theBsnakacherla Regulator, and of the regulator itself, to the extentnecessary to enable 19 TKC of water to be conveyed to the SRBCproject area, starting on or before September 30, 1987 (para 3.28);

(f) submit detailed designs and draft contract documents for all worksproposed in both sub-projects by April 30, 1987, and thereafter byApril 30 of each year for all work to be let to contractors forexecution during subsequent construction seasons (para 3.30);

(g) develop the distribution system, including the field channels, con-currently with building the major canals (para 3.32);

(h) (i) maintain separate records and accounts adequate to reflect, inaccordance with sound accounting principles and procedures consis-tently applied, its resources, expenditures and operations related tothe project; (ii) furnish to the Bank/ID copies of accounts andfinancial statements for each year, certified as to their accuracyand authenticity by an independent auditor acceptable to the

- 51 -

Bank/IDA, not later than nine months after the end of each fiscalyear; (iii) have accounts and financial statements for each fiscalyear audited by independent auditors acceptable to the Bank/IDA;(iv) furnish to the Bank/IDA imediately folloving its finalization,the report of such audit in such detail as the Bank/IDA shallreasonably request; (v) furnish to the Bank/IDA any other informationas it shall reasonably request; and (vi) enable representatives ofthe Bank/IDA to examine all records pertaining to the Loan and Credit(para 4.14);

(i) ti) sanction and fill staff positions in accordance with an organiza-tional plan and staffing schedule established in consultations withthe Bank/IDA; (ii) train such staff to carry out effectively theproject and to operate and maintain project works according toaccepted good engineering standards (para 5.10);

(j) by December 31, 1986, establish and thereafter maintain the DamSafety Panel with membership and terms of reference satisfactory tothe Bank/IDA and cause it to inspect periodically the Srirauasagar,Mannair and Srisailam dams in accordance wiLh sound engineeringpractices, to determine whether there are any deficiencies in thecondition of the structures or in the quality and adequacy of main-tenance or method of'operation of the same which may endanger theirsafety. The Dam Safety Panel would report to the Engineer-in-Chiefand would have available all the engineering (para 5.12);

(k) establish and, thereafter, maintain an agricultural extension systemin accordance with organizational and staffing arrangements satisfac-tory to the Association, which shall include: (i) two specialagricultural extension units in the right bank command within the SRSSub-project area, to be established by October 1, 1987; and (ii) onespecial agricultural extension unit in the SEBC Sub-project area, tobe established by October 1, 1988 (para 5.13);

(1) by December 31, 1986 cause the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Universityto submit proposals to the Indian Council of Agricultural Researchfor the establishment of suitable facilities in which to pursue anadaptive agricultural research program to serve the needs of theproject and also submit it to the Bank/IDA for its coments; aftertaking into account these comnents, finalize and implement theprogram (para 5.19);

(i) (i) by December 31, 1986 submit LO Bank/IDA for coments a detailedlist of functions and staff strength of the PPM Unit; and plan forS&E activities under the project; (ii) by June 30, 1987 completestrengthening of the PPM; and (iii) commencing January 1, 1987 andthereafter on January 1 of each year, submit project progress reportsin format and frequency agreed with the Bank/IDA (para 5.26);

(n) retain general consultants, starting on November 1, 1986^ to assistwith final design and documentation for constructing a structuredsystem and to develop operating and maintenance plans and from timeto time as required to assist the PPM with its engineering prepara-tion and planning tasks. Other consultants for N&X, rehabilitation,

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studies and other activities would be engaged as required. Allconsultants would be engaged in accordance with Bank guidelines (para5.27);

(a) would take all action necessary to ensure quality control by itsdepartments and agencies implementing the project in respect ofplanning, design, construction, upgrading, operation and maintenanceof the works under the project (para 5.28);

(p) by April 30, 1987, establish a Working Committee chaired by theSecretary C&DD for the SRBC sub-project with mmbership and functionsagreed with the Bank/IDA (para 5.30);

(q) (i) by October 1, 1986 it will introduce and thereafter apply awater management plan in the SRS scheme which would include a rota-tional water supply system, taking into account the need for regulat-ing irrigated dry crops; (para 6.04) (ii) not later than two years ofthe expected date in which water is to be delivered to the SRBC area,prepare and furnish to the Bank/IDA, for its review and comments adetailed water management plan, which would include the rotationalwater supply system and thereafter apply such plan, when vater isdelivered to such scheme (para 6.14);

(r) ensure that the SRBC project receives 19 TKC (538 MN3) of waterbetween June 1 and March 31 in all years when inflows lt theAP/Karnataka border equal or exceed 800 TmC (22,640 )m') (para 6.07);

(s) (i) each year, by September 1, starting in 1987, advise farmers oflikely timings and nnmber of turns when water vould be available intheir outlet between October and March; (ii) finalize the schedule byOctober 1 each year, starting in 1987, and advise farmersappropriately and (iii) inform them of any predictable deviationfrom the published schedule at least one month in advance (parao.15);

(t) in the already irrigated areas of the SRS command, arrange for theestablishment of Outlet Committees for all outlets on or before May31, 1987 (para 6.24);

(u) that Outlet Committees would be established, and their Chairmensuitably trained, not more than six months before irrigation is dueto start (para 6.25);

(v) (i) by March 31, 1987, initiate, under terms of reference agreed withBank/IDA, a detailed study to review existing rules, procedures andfinancial requirements for operation and maintenance and collectionof waLer charges from the irrigation systems; (ii) submit, by March31, 1988, a report summarizing the results and recommendations ofthe study for its review and comments; and (iii) taking into accountBankJIDA comments, implement such recommendations. Annex 4 providesthe terms of reference for the study (para 6.29);

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(v) (i) cause the outlet comittees to maintain the field channels andassist the process by promptly providing, for due compensation, thenecessary building materials as required; and (ii) vhere the outletcommittees fail to maintain the field channels, ensure execution ofthe work by Irrigation Department and recover the cost from thefarmers (para 6.30);

(x) issue orders, not later than May 30, 1986, to revise its water char-ges and recover full cost of operation and maintenance and areasonable portion of the capital costs, taking into account farmers'repayment capacity (pa-a 7.06);

(y) maintain in its Irrigation Department separate records to reflectexpenditures on O&2 in each irrigation system (para 7.13); and

(z) by March 31, 1987, constitute a Water Charges Review Comittee, withmembership and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank/IDA, whichwould conduct a review of the level of water and water related char-ges and the method of their assessment and collection; (ii) submit,by September 30, 1987, a report summarizing the results and recomme-dations of the committee to the Bank/IDA for its review and comments;Ciii) taking into account the Bank/IDA comments, implement suchrecommendations; and (iv) by July 1 of every second year, commencingJuly 1, 1989 cause the Water Charges Committee to complete a reviewof the levels of irrigation water and related charges and based onthe Committee's recommendations, if required, promptly revise thecharges, to recover full O&M costs and a reasonable portion of capi-tal investment, taking into account farmers' repayment capacity (para7.14); and

(sa) take all measures considered necessary to minimize the hazards ofmalaria and other water-related disease in the project area (para8.04);

9.03 A condition of effectiveness would be that the R&R Progran along viththe Action Plan covering both sites would be submitted to the IBRD/IDA forapproval (para 3.20).

9.04 With the above agreements and condition the proposed project vould besuitable for an IDA credit of US$127.5 X on standard IDA terms and aUS$131.0 x loan on standard IBRD terms. The borrower would be the Governmentof India.

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Climatic Datar

Total

Jan Feb Mar An)r May Jun Jul Aun Sent Oct Nov Dec Mean

Brisailam

Rainfall (mm) 3 7 7 20 44 80 112 116 170 97 38 7 701Pan evaporation (mm) 149 163 178 196 181 208 135 169 122 110 100 125 1836

4*Briramasaparu

Rainfall (mm) 6 11 9 20 28 139 244 189 173 66 20 7 912 1Pan evaporation (mm) 165 175 217 234 247 266 152 152 131 136 131 145 2018

Averane Temneratures (°C)

Mean maximum 29 31 35 37 39 34 30 29 30 30 29 28 -Mean minimum 15 17 20 24 26 24 22 22 22 20 16 14 -

Temperature range (°C) principal crop season (Jun - Mar)Maximum: 29-35Hinimum: 14-22

Iz

- 55 -

Table 2

IND3A

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESI IRRIGATIO PROJECT

Pounlation and Land Holdin'

SR3C SRS

Population 124,000 460,000Households 25,000 90,000Populatiou/km2 111 125Active labor torce (Z) 45 43

of which farmers 10 15farm Laborers 22 15

Average farm size (ha) 3.6 2.3Median fan size (ha) 2.0 1.1

FarmSize Distribution _Aku No

(ha) -

0 - 2 52 12 66 232 - 4 20 16 18 214 - 10 20 34 12 3110< 8 38 4 25

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Prelent and luture Cgronina Patterns and Yields

'iNCGU 88.000 ha 115.000 ha 165.000 ha

_ * *ud V W P andV W _ 11and W Irier lirinfad Xratd -Ajf Irriste hied Cropl/eason Aram Yield Area Yield Area Yield Area Yield Area Yield Are& Yield Area Yield Area Yield Aram Yield Area Yield Area Yield

_L_ itU I ) XlM Iu iUM I ULU ) ULU I Xuk I *) Z ) * ) I ,w)

kharif 12 1.0 15 2.3 21 1.0 10 2.5 21 1.0 10 2.5 25 1.3 10 1.0 5 1.4 12 1.0 10 2.5rabi 64 0.8 20 2.3 25 0.8 5 2.7 25 0.8 5 2.7 2 1.3 4 0.9 5 1.3 3 0.9 5 2.7

kharit - - - - 8 1.2 15 2.5 8 1.2 10 2.5 - - 5 1.2 - - 6 1.3 10 2.5rabi _ _ _ _ 7 2.0 25 3.8 7 2.0 25 3.8 11 3.0 - - 10 3.2 - - 20 4.0

kharif 9 0.7 25 1.1 5 0.6 13 1.2 5 0.6 18 1.2 2 0.7 3 0.6 2 0.7 4 0.6 5 1.2rabi 3 1.0 25 1.5 3 1.0 25 1.5 3 1.0 30 1.5 10 1.0 - - 8 1.1 - - 15 1.5

Cottonmedium, lon-staple 1 2.1 30 3.5 6 2.1 20 3.5 6 2.1 15 3.5 4 1.6 - - 5 1.8 - - 15 2.5

short staple 2 1.0 - - 2 1.0 - - 2 1.0 - - - - - - - - - - - -

hFukharit - - - 17 0.4 5 0.9 17 0.4 7 0.9 3 0.6 4 0.5 3 0.6 4 0.5 15 1.0rabi - - 10 - - - 5 - 3 0.7 2 0.4 3 0.7 2 0.4 5 1.0

lbeids 13 0.3 7 0.6 4 0.3 5 0.6 4 0.3 5 0.6 - - - - - - - - - -

. ILL I 1.1 8 1.3 2 0,8 2 1.3 2 0.6 2 1.3 4 1.3 - - 4 1.3 - - 3 1.3

kharif 1 2.0 1 4.5 4 2.1 3 4.5 4 2.0 3 4.5 14 3.3 - - 27 3.5 - - 27 4.5rabi -- - - - -2.1 _ 3.0 : - 20 3L : 4.0CroppingIinteity 106 131 106 140 106 137 92 28 92 31 150

_ -s _ - _ _ 1 _

120 123 1

it t am swi *e ;.I t'- *'I ;.I III 1k L 14 I I LW 11 wI

'.4g t'i 911 "I 919 919 t's III .~~~~~~9 .1 .1 .1 .1 .! . . .

*' lfImie nh '*Ialae aga-- 9-s -t -- I:'aO.:e.:a a - s "09a a 9 a MN-I U -11

LI1 II - i l*UIII3ti . . . I's . aUa' ua's u9-gma: . a-. t, v * sm an

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9!Ul~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~U-i w ca )mI

Petalled atfil

n~n as. .5--- ---------------- - -2. m1 am1

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4. L.A1717 Nil 0. lii 1,111 46A4

46224 03 930 1123N 42M IIiALo km U U 22 IS 2a N so 246 0.6 24242.4 40. 1 .0 20.6 20 .6 140.6 M. [L2A. 14.5 2IA 20.2 2 1.424 2ILI 420.9amZW3U367 s4 £ 2 . .2104 .-2. 1.1 -21.32 - PA 12 -41.7 2.0 - 2.7

06-7611 56TI441 WI (0. 4114.14 2944 22,9 1142 0.029 4042.62. 0.6 64,4 2LI 244 2, 024. 744. 4.2. £5A441A KMi C 42. 146 -204

L1113 lb If 24 7 I7 26 14 24 I2 49 .456 1 4.6 12.9 27.9 24.1 14.8 14. 41.2 46.7IV 1423 VA. 24.2 22.2 22.9 NJ4 2.4 2HU.27UZ77U It Is - 4 It1 2 24 24 24 42 to4 9.56 . 9.4 9.4 PA4 14 1.4 6. 2 9.1 4 42.2 22.0 24.2 240 27.514. I& 4.

2. 2562216 to i (0. M 13.M4

cm in4112o-M) 11 4 4 4 4 . . . . U 4.3 44.4 U.,9 24.9 26 .6 . . . 62.6 .Ila2 1.1 3 .23 ... . 6.4LU42na36.264M 20Idk 3 1 2 I . . 8 . 2.56' 4.61 .9 .7.0 34 . . 4 .2.4 .926.4221.4 . . . DJ477Lk4 3 a 4 .36z4) 11 .1 1422 4 I So- 2.944 -4.2 L 1.226 1.64. 2.2 -3.9 -4.9 4414.222.2 Li2 46.2t.6 l .4 TI2 A 0 r UK2632 2(0-.1 11.4) 46.9 3.9 26.1- 3-.4 20.2 25.2 13.4.0 -I 3.2 224 -0.2 --U.I -M2460.

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1Mlen 2I461 a U 22 7 IF1 if is 4 a U -. LA -. 4343.93MI.93 11.122,22 1,456. J-6.4 2.7. 2343J14 MA 2 U1164111(M it .46a2.3(2 [M44 -w Is222222at24f IS U 0.56 6.3 6.29,491.g 1.23 .2 644 -. 1.9242. . 4 0.2i0LI19, 0.19n1451752k i L is646 -4242222 444420UN 6303 3 26 3 . 1 4 2 J LI 0.3 ~44- .4 1 .9 Li9.1 U 0.7 9.1 11144no 34 W2h400 aa4.a 0 64 4 27 2 02 2 1 6.S4 2 1.4 0 1.9 2.92.2 .0 2.70.3 U.2 IJ 3 111. 4 41,9 .641032 .4 1.41. 314 9M

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51fAu 4gm4 hi go a U 22 24 If 2 M2 4.431 -2J 29.229.229.22.24. 2.256-1 W -092.4 ALI 3.4.J11. 411A .1 4111.11two I= re 1.1 m256611 -24424a2D2242f 272 60,4 -2.6L0.0.62.94I&$11.24 1224 -214.2. .11.2A1.4140I V 3.9 Lam7.. isA27 Who 1U24- 24644 a2,4VI7572LISP2 444.1449.4 226.2 289. 23.1 14.4 L9. 13.8 I* 2 1114446624 .011641 .23 .4 I.424WAin-441 W= I0011 Id It a ., a 4114Is2J4423,42946 2.5622.0260.2222.2264.J214. 2.1 4.0.7 0 1.9564593.03SO.4 ILI7V3 4.1 L716.4

324256 H 0 Li a 14 I I a 0.2 4,4.22L.LI 64.22 3.62. 1- 1 3 4 4,4.13M0.7 1.4 .o4 U . -3.63.4U2A94I Ua4guzi - iS 2,00M n IITME 0 .0 49,1-.2 2-.4 - - 1- 4.2 i- 4. 44 0. M. - - - 3A

040-2.. 11561,00478 at .I-…I- 411M.01

alum . . . . . . . . . 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4 3.4 3 24 A1 4 3.4 260 31.7 - MO 2.43.4 314 6.2 44.9 02. 446. 5693.42974 imm4.aI2 a3...4. . 36. L 4 24 45.436 56.4 3.2 .14 2. 6.434 344 43.2 0.9 o2 4.2 .2 5.4 7.9SO

fo 66ul 4 mrlm, 2...g he... 12. rw6 .4 14 MI 111114u.0 14M4j314 9 40 405 62181 0.111 Ml4MA642/4 lbh94uIh

8.2242062a2144.024b6.44.2yi,.m04,.20.g24uj.4p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b"4 =

SECOND ANDHEA PUADESH IRRIATION PROJECT

ktail Cost Table

km Costs DMs Costs In S Totals Incluilni Cotirm1es

/U 37 67/U W69 89/9090/9191/929/3 Totl MU386/8737/U UM 39/9 90/91 91/92 9/93 Total 05/d W87 87 U 89/90 9"/9 91/M2 92/ Total

I. IINITIENT C0STS

A. IWUUTIU ERNUIS

1. TlUXIN - 2.7 2.7 5.4 5.4 5.4 2.7 29.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 2.3 3,2 3.4 7.3 7.3 6.4 1S9 4.7 4.62. NITORIE I EVALUATION - 146 2.7 LB 3.0 J.3 3.0 2.1 21.5 - Oil 0.2 0.3 0.3 0s3 0.3 0.2 1.7 1.9 3.4 S. 5.5 St 6.2 3.7 31.73. AIILTi. EnmEiiN 0,0-0.0 0-0 - 0 0.0 - - - 0.04, AIRICtLTILN iEUACH 0.0 - - - - - - - 000 0.0 … …0. 0.0 … … … °0.5. M3ILITATION P30KM

INF1 TRUCTUIE - 1.6 J.Z 1.1 11 - - - 7.0 - Oi 0.2 0.1 0.1 - - - 05 - 1*9 4.1 1.5 16 - - - 9.1TAINJZN - 0.5 1.A 1.6 1.1 - - - 4,6 - 0,0 0.1 0.1 01 - - - 0.4 - 0.6 2.0 2.2 1.6 - - - 6.4ERWS AND gNITM1IN6 - 0.1 0.1 - - - 0,2 - 0,0 00 -- 0.0 - 0.1 0.1-0.3 :

Sb-Total RIM3ILITATIIi P l - 2.3 5,0 2.7 2.2 - - - 12.1 - 0.2 0.4 0,2 0.2 - - - 0.9 - 2.7 63 3,6 3.1 - - - 15.7

BibTotal UMTIIT SERIICES 00 6.6 10,3 11.S 11.3 9.1 9.1 4.3 63.1 0.0 0.5 Osl 0.9 0,9 0,7 0.7 0,4 4.9 0.0 7.7 13.0 16,0 16.4 14,3 15.1 3.4 91.0

Total IIsTmN COSTS 0,0 6.6 10.3 1I1. 11.3 9*1 9*1 468 63,1 0.0 0S 0.3 0,9 09 0,7 0.7 0,4 4.9 0.0 707 13.0 16.0 16.4 14,3 15.1 6.4 9TI0

Total 0,0 6.6 10.3 11,S 11,3 .1 9.1 4 63.l 0.0 0.S 0.0 0.9 O9 07 0.7 0.4 4.9 00 707 13.0 16,0 16.4 14,3 15.1 6.4 91.0RUnSREin U vao MM" RRS Em~ Avenue 583 Meau BRU rates 3555 Meaux EM.L N=w5m. a== Rmuse .um MeuMeamux SISSn mus

- 60 - Table 4 (d)

IN1DIASECOND AIED9UAPRADEME InroATno PROJECT

Surv Accou by TerCRS dlionii)

FomreinDa Costs Exemti

85/8L6 86/07 M7M88 9 B9 19/J0 90/9W 91/12 92/93 Total Z Auc t

I. INVESTMENT COSTS

A. SURVEY A INUESTIGATION 9.7 9.2 8.7 6.7 4.3 2.2 0.4 - 41.3 0.0 0.0B. LARD ACOUISITION 1 RELOCATION 15.2 42.2 42.2 14.1 13.0 10.8 6.6 - 144.1 0.0 0.0C. CIVIL VOW9KS

1. CAlNLS - 12.2 13.2 14.3 13.2 12.2 11.6 10.6 87.2 29.4 24.82. CONSTRUCTION O CROSS REMGIATORS - 1.3 - 1.3 - 1.3 - - 3.8 28.4 1.13. CONTROL DEUICES - 7.3 7.9 B.6 7.9 7.3 7.0 6.3 52.3 3.4 14.94. EARTINIORKS 16.9 2139.2 322.1 365.8 307.6 235.2 193.7 132.4 1u812.8 11.8 213.95. LINING - 78.5 106.1 117.2 126.6 107.7 72.8 55.5 664.. 17.4 181.96. STRUCTLES - 66.5 76.6 94.6 89.9 81.5 44.7 30.1 483.9 27.0 130.77. NWILDINGS 4 0 5.3 9.6 9.8 8.8 7.2 6.6 4.3 55.5 16.3 9.1B. ROADS - 53.6 57.2 55.6 55.9 58.8 47.4 37.5 365.9 26.2 95.9

Sub-Total CIVIL. VW983 20.9 463.9 592.8 667.0 609.9 511.0 383.7 276.7 3'525.8 19.1 672.2D. ClOAN M A DEMENCfttT

1. W4ARN BEYEI.OFHENT - 35.7 47.0 67.9 61.5 69.4 4.5 30.8 368.7 5.3 19.52. MEASURING DEVICES - 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.3 35.7 0.0 0.03. DRAINAGE 2;6 15.6 17.8 22.3 22.0 20.0 16.8 12.6 129.7 5.0 6.5

Sub-Total CMIMID ARE DElELOPMENT 2.6 56.3 70.2 96.0 96.9 94.4 70.1 47.7 534.1 4.9 26.0E . E i nu-ir-kW

1. CtOUWIICATIONS EQUIPMENT - - - - 2.0 7.9 7.3 4.9 22.1 38.7 B.62. O1U1 TRAININ ND ANE 2.1 13.2 8.9 5.4 5.4 - - - 35.0 14.3 5.0

Sut-Total EQUIPENT 2.1 13.2 8.9 5.4 7.4 7.9 7.3 4.9 57.1 23.8 13.6F. SUPPORTING SERVICES

1. TRAINING - 2.7 2.7 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.C 2.7 29.5 9.3 2.82. MONITORING I EVALUJTIE - 1.6 2.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.1 21.5 9.3 2.03. AGRICULTIMAL EXTENSION 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.0 0.0 0.04. AGRICULTUIAL RESEARCH 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.0 0.0 0.05. REHNILITATION SERVICES - 2.3 5.0 2.7 2.2 - - - 12.1 3.9 0.5

Sub-Total SIPPORTINS SERVICES 0.0 6.6 10.3 11.8 11.3 9.1 9.1 4.8 63.1 8.3 5.2

Total IIVESNEIIT CMSTS 50.5 591.3 733.1 801.0 742.8 635.4 477.3 334.2 49365.5 16.4 716.9Total DAlE COS 50.5 591.3 733.1 801.0 742.8 635.4 477.3 334.2 4.365.5 16.4 716.9

Phyiscal Contingncies 5.0 59.1 73.3 80.1 74.3 63.5 47.7 33.4 436.6 16.4 71.7Price Cantireiis 0.9 43.9 114.9 198.2 259.6 291.7 264.1 20.8 1,383.1 14.8 204.8

Total PROJECT COSTS 56.5 694.4 921.3 1.079.3 1i076.6 990.6 789.1 577.4 6i185.1 16.1 993.422 2= 222=22 3 2=2=2=

Taxes 1.4 31.5 42.6 52.3 52.2 48.5 38.9 28.9 296.2 0.0 0.0Foreivn Exchane 6.7 104.5 132.7 165.6 174.2 179.2 133.3 97.3 913.4 0.0 0.0

- 61 -Table 4 (a)

BWI

SECOND ANDh PRADXSIRRhGfOE PRWIICT* mlu iXeeuml a. ruv

Toeta JdIM Coftlnelu, Toas l.ludbi C lancm(as Killiown) cm NIllion

MM 31W 7M U 8OM 0 90 9 911 92/ Total 1 137 VIM M/ 9/90 99 91 929 Total

I. IIREI COTS

A. i aI IlI 10.9 10.9 12.0 9.1 6.3 3.4 0.7 - 52.3 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 - 4.03. LiE I nTIW I ELATnU 17.0 49.9 53.4 19.1 19.0 17.0 11.0 - 136.3 1.3 3.8 4.1 1.5 1.5 1.3 0.C - 14.3C. cImL 11

1. c3 - 14.2 16.5 19.1 19.1 18.9 19.1 13.2 I.1 - 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 9.62. ClI U IF OM EIIIUS - 1.5 - 1.7 - 2.0 - - 5.2 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.2 - - 0.43. h1iLt IW - 9.5 9.9 11.5 11.4 11.3 11.5 10.9 75.2 - 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 D. 5.34. [Ull 13.3 231.3 405.6 493.3 446.3 367.2 320.7 229.3 2,513.5 1.4 21.6 31.2 33.0 34.4 23.2 24.7 17.6 197.2S.o UNID - 91.3 132.7 157.2 12.7 167.3 119.9 95.5 947.0 - 7.1 10.2 12.1 14.1 12.9 9.2 7.3 72.86. iUTI - 77.7 L9 121.9 129.3 126.7 73.6 51.9 682.4 - 6.0 7.4 9.9 10.6 9.7 5.7 4.0 52.57. 0L3I 4.4 6.3 12.1 13.2 12.7 11.2 10.9 7.4 78.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.6 6.0*. _2 - .7 71.5 74.6 0.7 1.4 73.1 64.6 W3.6 - 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.2 7.0 6.0 5.0 40.3

3Tot CIL 23.3 543.9 744.2 m.0 83.2 796.0 36.9 477.7 5000.0 1.9 41.8 57.2 69.1 17. 61.2 48.1 36.7 34.63. Cau N IELEUNENT

1.-Wm MeiTuN I - 42.2 59.3 91.9 101.1 109.6 U.5 33.4 536.9 - 3.2 4.6 7.1 7.3 4 6.2 4.1 41.32. IE 6 IEV - 5.9 6.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.5 51.8 - 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0. 0.6 0.6 4.03. ^IIE 2.9 13.3 22.3 30.2 32.0 31.4 27.9 21.9 137.1 0.2 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.7 14.4

9mb-Tot 1 *B IEVWINDf 2.9 6.4 8.6 12.9 141.0 147.3 116.3 82.9 715.9 0.2 5.1 6.8 10.0 10.3 11.4 8.9 6.4 59.7E. E0IT

1. UCI CnU E nUPUI - - - - 2.3 12.2 12.1 0.4 35.5 - - - - 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.6 2.72. Mt 89M U M 2.4 15.5 11.1 7.3 7.9 - - - 44.1 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 - - - 3.4

mb-Tutu IUJfIIT 2.4 15.5 11.1 7.3 10.7 12.2 12.1 0.4 79.6 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 6.1F. OpUeNUm 3IVII

1. TAII= - 3.2 3.4 7.3 7.9 -8.4 8.9 4.7 43.6 - 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 3.42. 1119189 I EU!TIOI - 1.9 3.4 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.2 3.7 31.7 - 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 2.43. ommL E MuI* 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.0 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.04. mILW2I FEIE 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.0 0.0 - - - - - - - 0.05. uMILTI E1I S3 C3 - 2.7 6.3 3.6 3.1 - - - 15.7 - 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 - - - 1.2

St-Totl !llDTIII EICES 0.0 7.7 13.0 16.0 16.4 14.3 15.1 9.4 91.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 7.0

Total _1U1T CMUE 56.5 694.4 921.3 1,079.3 1,076.6 990.6 7M9.1 577.4 6u185.1 4.3 S3.4 70.9 30.0 82.3 76.2 60.7 44.4 475.9- --- --- ---- --- - -- ------- - ------- -

TOta F ? e1l1 56.5 694.4 921.3 1l079.3 1t076.6 90.6 79.1 577.4 6P195.1 4.3 53.4 70.9 B3.0 92.3 76.2 60.7 44.4 475.0- mn -iu i uig u n n- m._______

- 62 - Table 4(f)

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Sourm ACCIt bh Project ComoentCRS million)

PhnicalCantinhencies

SPPORTINGSRIRMASAGAR SRISAILAN SERVICES Total 2 Amot

=---G:in --- nn = = --- == ssu

1. IEIUESTRENT COSTS

A. SUR £ IWESTIGATION 11.3 30.0 - 41.3 10.0 4.13. LAND ACQUISITION 1 RELOCATION 54.2 90.0 - 144.1 10.0 14.4C. CIVIL MORtS

1. CLUlS 87.2 - - 87.2 10.0 8.72. CONSTRUCTION OF CROSS TEGULATORS 3.0 - - 3.9 10.0 0.43. CONTROL DEVICES 52.3 - - 52.3 10.0 5.24. EARKIJhfhS 570.5 19242.4 - 1I812.8 10.0 181.35. LINING 339.0 325.3 - 664.3 10.0 66.46. STRUCTURES 210.2 273.7 - 483.9 10.0 48.47. DUILDINGS 28.9 26.6 - 55.5 10.0 5.6B. ROADS 282.8 83.1 - 365.9 10.0 36.6

stb-Total CIVIL MOWES 1574.7 1,951.1 - 3i525.8 10.0 352.6D. CIIIND AREA DEUELOPMDNT

1. ON-FARM IEWlOPFENT 264.8 103.9 - 368.7 10v 36.92. MEASURING DEVICES 35.7 - - 35.7 10.0 3.63. DRAINAGE 108.9 20.8 - 129.7 10.0 13.0

Sub-Total COEWSND AREA DEVELOMFENT 409.5 124.7 - 534.1 10.0 53.4E. EIUIPIENT

1. LOIUUWICATIONS EGUIPHENT 11.5 10.6 - 22n1 10.0 222. OS2M TRAINING AND IlE 17.3 17.6 - 35.0 10.0 3.5

Sub-Total EGUIPENT 28.9 28.2 - 57.1 10.0 5.7F. SUPPORTING SERVICES

1. TRAINING - - 29.5 29.5 10.0 3.02. MONITORING I EVALUATION - - 21.5 21.5 10.0 2.13. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION - - 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.04. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH - - 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.05. RBDILITATION SERVICES - - 12.1 12.1 10.0 1.2

Sub-Total SUPPORTING SERuICES - 63.1 63.1 10.0 6.3

Total INVESTMENT COSTS 2,078.4 2,224.0 63.1 49365.5 10.0 436.6Total BASELINE COSTS 2,078.4 2,224.0 63.1 4,365.5 10.0 436.6

Phnsical Contin§encies 207.8 222.4 6.3 436.6 0.0 0.0Prire Continsencies 650.2 711.3 21.5 1,383.1 9.1 125.7

Total PRO.ECT COSTS 2,936.5 3,157.7 91.0 6,185.1 9.1 562.3

Taxes 141.6 150.0 4.5 296.2 9.1 26.9Foreign Exchange 622.0 364.0 7.4 993.4 9.1 0.3

mtOCURKMNrT gcnEOULE POe CWIL woRKSINDIA - PApyE PAMISH STATI Srlualla Coponest IoCT SEOIND ANDHRA ADESS InIGATION (AP II) PROJECT

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_nce~~~~~~~~~I 8* 6 | 7 to a SS _| 9 |69 Vogl,

Branch Canal _ _61711 1 1 1 9 1 I I j KZI

km 0 to 25 lCD 362.2 annamEarthwurk and lining ICS ac12 u2 n

DBrnch Canal I t_ I I I I I I ILkm 25 to 45 ICD 230.1 mavcnEarthwork and lining _____

Branch Canalkm 0 to 25 LCB 12.1 lwnD_

structures

Dranch Canal gmkm 25 to so LCD 32.3 Structures.............a

_ AM ___R-ML12N4< e7tr I ! 91 1l I I I œ I I u 11Xt I I I 11E f -_ ___f

Corallu Aqueduct ICB 61.4 mo n I I I

Drench Canal AIIA1km 40 to 90.20 ICB 281.5 ._ I sanIEw, lining und struc. ACIA;L

Branch Canal PRAL II1 15 1km 90.20 to 113 ICD 1840 LIr1IM

IV, lining and struc. aCTUAL

Branch Canal A,ML _I I I IIbl I Ikm 113 to 153 ICS 280.0 Anmo I I I I I I

SE, lining end atruc. _T_ I__ - I I I I I I I I

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..- i i Pi i_g_ _ iNmmwTiAChelo MOmmiSfmui 4C1n4 mile or ISOOAuU,i

p-Usa aSlMA ma a ma s A Me Awucww asf_iaa f a IDA cemas mgn mninmc LU- & f

r ee-aafiUSnfWesiniiIat ;_ne"l ea m vici c. sia en Sg m^amp-flflmM.ANAYomO c S WINeavata O ISFTO TO4S0 mood

*-nsaw auea vAm MOwM an DATAn6 mom iyA m sau A as PS len a aa

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-70-

Table 6

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION (AP II) PROJECT

Disbursement Schedule /a(US$M)

Bank Fiscal Year Duringand Semester Semester Cumulative

IDA Credit IBRD Loan IDA Credit IBRD Loan

19871st 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.12nd 2.2 2.1 3.4 3.2

1988Ist 7.3 7.0 10.7 10.22nd 7.3 7.0 18.0 17.2

1989Ist 9.3 8.8 27.3 26.02nd 9.3 8.8 36.6 34.8

19901st 12.1 11.4 48.7 46.22nd 12.0 11.4 60.7 57.6

1091-st 12.0 11.4 72.7 69.02nd 12.0 11.4 84.7 80.4

19921st 11.2 10.6 95.9 91.02nd 11.2 11.0 107.1 102.0

19931st 9.0 8.6 116.1 110.62nd 9.1 8.6 125.2 119.2

19941st 7.4 5.9 132.6 125.12nd 7.4 5.9 140.0 131.0

/a Based on the historical Indian irrigatior. sector disbursementprofile.

7- 7

Table 7

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Proposed Credit/Loan Allocation(US$1)

Amount ofCategory Allocation Z Financed

Loan Credit1. Works:

Irrigation works 100.4 108.7 65%PWD works (Roads) 10.7 11.2 65%On-farm development 9.0 9.1 65%

2. Equipment and vehicles 2.5 2.5 100% of foreign expenditures100Z of local expenditures(ex-factory costs) and 70%of local expenditures forother items produced locally.

3. Training, technicalassistance andmnitoring & evaluation 2.9 3.0 100Zrehabilitation 0.5 0.5 100Z

4. Unallocated 5.0 5.0

TOTAL 13L.0 140.0

-72-

* S - * -

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83004W ANDURA fRADESB IUIRATION PROJECT

Izisti1 and ftture. Manuoer Rae.migMEt. Irrigation Dapaztast

staff i2. Schedule - Irrigation Denartuent

Isaff in guildon Ccsliative

lPre-project I I I I IDuacrintiL a-status I V 1985-86 F T 1986487 F T 1987-8 F T 1968-49 F T 198940 F T 1990491

I ~~~II IPro4eet hdiaiptratioa 2-- -- 2-p 2--12 -- 2 - 2 -- -- 2 -- - -

Project Coaodinating Unmit - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 211 - - 5 12 21ftoject Accouatie UNIt -2- 3 441 -2 - 5441 - 2 -12 751 - 2-12 751- 2- 12751- 2-12 751- 2 -12 75

lavent1nation 4 Pleanin.III

(I & P) wing ~~II II I & PCircles -2 522 Ml1- 3 7 30 1201 - I 7 26 1041 -I 7 26 1041 - 1 7 26 1041 --- … Noaitoriag G valuation -112 41 14 614 251 14 614 281114 614 281 14 6 14 281 14 614 281114 61.428Quality Cmmtrol Circle 13 14 561 - 1314 561 - 16261041 -16 26 1041 - 1661041 -1I5 2 881- 1 52288

oasis" Circles -14 15 721 -16 26 1041 - 1730 1201 - 1730 1201 -1730 1201 - 1626 1041 - 1 5 2288

Coinstruction Circles 1 4 161 - 2 10 42 1681 - 9 !4 206 8241 - 9 57 218 8721 - 9 50 190 7601 - 9 47 178 7121 - 6 37 132 521

0 & UCircles -I5 18 721- 1 518 711 -15 18 721 - 1 6 122 "I -16 22 "I - 2 9 36 1441 - 29 36 144Lad AcquisLtioe I8 a 2 41- 211- - -331 - 2 20 - 60I 2 20 - 601 - 2 20 - 601 - 2 20 - -G1 - 2 20 -- 60

Total 2 32 95 327131Al 53 161 64613 21 110 344 14081 3 1 114 360 14721 3 2A 107 332 13j01 3 2i 98 300 123213 13 87 230 1032

Lagend: CB - Chief EagineronI - Deputy ChLief zagineet~13 - Uuperiutediag Engineer

* - Executive Eagiseer

Du - Deputy zexcutive EngineerI

-74-

Table 9a

INDIA

SECOND ANDMRA PRADESH IRRIGAhtON PROJECT

Monthly Irrigation Requirements of Design C2ppping Pattern for SRBC Scheme 16,890 ha

(Mm)

Crop June July AgS Sept Oct Nov Dec dan Feb Mar Total

Kharif Sargbu. 12.3 - - 1.0 7.2 - - - - - 20.5

Rabi Sorghum - - - - - 21.4 15.5 28.6 39.1 10.2 114.8

Kharif Croundauts 8.0 11.4 0.8 8.8 .12.4 - - - - - 41.4

Rabi Croundnuts - - - - - 28.2 24.6 31.2 54.3 38.1 176.4

Cotton - 9.0 13.0 2.6 17.8 35.8 37.3 26.5 3.1 - 145.1

Chillies - - 5.8 0.6 4.0 7.6 11.6 11.9 3.1 - 44.6

Red Cram - 5.0 - 1.0 6.0 8.9 3.9 - - - 24.8

Total 20.3 25.4 19.6 14.0 47.4 101.9 92.9 98.2 99.6 48.3 567.6

Note: The above show theoretical, calculated water requirements to achieve genetic yieldpotential. In practice, and particularly during June-July, actual requirements arelower because the rainfall is more effective than the calculated data. Therefore,(a) little or no irrigation would be required in June and July, and (b) Juneirrigation requirements are postponable to July, without creating irrigationrequirements in April. Thus, the design cropping pattern in fact requires onlyabout 522 MV3 of water, out of an allocation of 538 Mm3 (19 TMC).

Water use efficicacy between reservoir and plant was assumed to be 50% in a fullylined system.

-75-

Table 9b

INDIA

SECOND AMDDEA PRADESE IRGATION PROJECT

Monthly Irrigation Requirements of Demise CroPina Pattern for 515 Scheme, 396,000 ha(MI1.')

June July AM& Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Kar Total

Kharif Sorghum 39.8 - - 4.7 12.1 - - - - - 56.6

labi Sorghum - - - 33.5 25.1 33.4 53.7 26.1 171.8

Green Gram 51.9 4.7 2.2 1.3 - - - - - - 60.1

Kharif Groundauts 11.6 33.3 - 13.0 .38.6 5.0 - - - - 101.5

Rabi Croundnuts - - - - - 147.1 130.0 164.2 273.0 207.5 921.8

Kharif Rice 1/ - 19.0 21.6 21.0 29.6 82.6 6.2 - - - 180.0

Rabi Rice 1/ - - - - 3.2 70.5 81.5 79.2 100.9 98.3 433.6

Cotton - 17.8 44.7 4.4 50.6 126.3 128.5 91.3 12.0 - 475.6

Chillies - - 10.0 - 7.3 16.2 20.9 21.0 5.5 - 80.9

Red Cram - 11.0 1.7 15.0 25.1 10.0 - - - - 62.8

Sugarcane 2/ 9.6 3.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 5.5 8.0 7.4 9.2 12.2 59.5

Kh riE Maize 20.9 2.8 1.8 15.0 4.3 - - - - - 63.8

Rabi Maize - - - - 126.5 60.4 168.5 192.2 120.4 - 668.0

Chickpeas 5- - - 4.4 36.4 26.7 108.5

Total 133.8 110.8 84.2 75.5 298.4 602.5 605.1 615.4 574.7 344.1 3,444.5

1/ Assuming surface sobrces provide one sixth in June-October and half in November-March.2/ Wells would psovide the following amounts: April - 7.0 mm

May - 11.4 Mm .

Notes: See footnote for Table 9a; effective irrigation requirements will be about3,220 Mm or 114 7NC.

Water use efficiency between resrvoirs and plant was assumedto be 501 in a fully lined system.

-76-

Table 10

INDIA

SECOND ANDREA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Summary of Agricultural Production and Input Requirements

SRBC (77,000 ha) /a SRS (368,000 ha) /b

Main Production Unit P I w P H w

Paddy tons - - - 176,826 294,777 367,388Sorghum tons 53,952 53,952 68,970 151,260 117,435 126,880Maize tons - - - 93,690 96,314 375,256Croundnuts tons 7,623 7,392 48,561 32,049 33,023 136,563Pulses tons - - - 20,125 20,125 34,580Crams tons 3,003 3,003 3,26 5,256 5,256 24,874Chillies tons 1,001 1,001 7,535 12,818 12,818 10,683Cotton tons 8,085 4,158 74,569 31,424 38,322 183,028

By-Products

Straw tons 117,040 112,420 88,555 351,447 49,242 571,811Fodder tons 7,546 8,778 41,810 25,932 31,023 113,802

Inputs

Seeds tons 1,763 1,717 3,641 7,816 8,085 12,998Nitrogen tons 458 1,513 5,075 8,472 11,052 27,720Phosphate tons 423 424 3,603 4,718 6,391 18,466Potash tons 150 104 1,264 1,125 2,649 8,619Chemicals tons 2,315 2,358 21,071 24,512 28,447 63,252

Labor '000 mandays 3,500 3,176 7,623 19,176 19,398 27,402Draft Power '000 mandays 966 1,082 2,136 4,933 5,226 9,078

P = Present, V = Future without project, V - Future with project.

/a Consists of 61,000 ha developed under the project and 16,000 ha developedsubsequently.

lb Modernization of 165,000 ha (km 0-146) and new development in 163,000 haunder the project and 40,000 ha developed subsequently.

-77-

Table 11

INDIA

SECOND ANDEMA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Summary of Financial and Economic Prices

1985/86 1990/95Crops (Rs/ton) Financial Economic Financial Economic

Paddy BYV 1,660 1,750 2,430 2,430Maize 1,320 1,780 1,640 1,640Sorghum 1,580 1,620 1,580 1,580Groundnuts 4,450 5,900 4,650 4,650Cotton (medium) 5,740 7,230 7,440 7,440Cotton (short) 4,360 4,240 4,380 4,380Green Gram 3,060 3,060 3,060 3,060Red Gram 4,260 4,260 4,260 4,260Ragi 1,550 1,550 1,550 1,550Mustard 4,030 4,030 4,030 4,030Potato/Vegetables 800 640 800 640Sunflower 4,550 4,550 4,550 4,550Bananas 750 o00 750 600Chillies 9,600 7,680 9,600 7,680

Inputs

Fertilizer (Rs/kg) - N 5.0 7.2 9.2 9.2- P 5.7 7.0 7.0 7.0- K 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.8

Compost/FYM (Rs/ton) 50.0 40.0 50.0 40.0

Bullock Labor (Rs/day) 24.0 19.2 24.0 19.2

Wage rate (Rs/man day) 10.0 6.7 10.0 6.7

-78-

Table 12

INDIA

SECOND ANDERA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Estimated Farm Budgets(Rs)

Farm Gross Hired Other Total NetFarm Model Size Time Value Labor Inputs Inputs Value /a

SRBC

Average farm 3.6 ha P 7,940 1,100 2,160 3,260 4,680W 8,520 1,100 2,440 3,540 4,980W 48,970 2,490 9,600 12,090 36,880

SRS

Presently IrrigatedAreas

Average farm 2.3 ha P 10,760 1,100 2,320 3,420 7,340W 16,250 1,300 3,380 4,680 11,570W 29,750 1,790 6,050 7,840 21,910

New Irrigated Areas

Average farm 2.3 ha p 6,850 800 1,800 2,600 4,250W 8,460 820 2,070 2,890 5,570W 24,770 1,640 6,000 7,640 17,120

P = Present; W = Future without project; W = Futt e with project

/a Net return to family labor and farm capital investment before tax andwater charge payments. Detailed estimates for the above results areavailable in the project file.

~~~~~~~~~~~rnz

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Estimated Far. Budaita and Proiect Rent at full Development(Re/Farm)

Present lv Irriggted Areas 3ev Irrigated Areas.h Farm 2.3 ha Farm 2.3 ha Farm

V w v

Far. Budet

Gross Value of Production 8,700 49,420 16,250 29,750 8,460 24,770Total Labor Cost 1,480 3,720 1,9g0 2,670 1,220 2,450Other Inputs 2,880 9,270 3,380 6,050 2,070 6,010Water Changes 1/ - 230 130 200 -160Total Costs 4,360 13,220 5,400 8,920 3,290 8,620

Net Value of Production 4,340 36,200 10,850 20,830 5,170 16,150Reward to Family Labor 480 1,230 590 880 400 810New Form Jamily Income 4,820 37,430 11,440 21,710 5,570 16,960

Prolect Rent

Net Return to Farm 4,340 36,200 10,850 20,830 5,170 16,150Taxes and Water Charges - 230 130 200 - 160Net Return Before Tax 4,340 35,970 10,720 20,630 5,170 15,990Kanagement Fee (IOZ) 2/ 430 3,600 1,070 2,060 520 1,600Risk Equivalent 1/ 870 1,240 810 740 850 620Implicit Land Rent 3,040 31,130 8,840 17,830 3,800 13,700

Proiect ilet A/ (Re/ha) 7,800 3,910 4,340mammam*um nm

1/ Present water charges of Rs 75/ha for irrigated vet and Rc 50/ha for irrigated dry assumed.2/ Premium for management and entrepreneur skills, assumed an 10X of net return to farms.3/ Risk equivalent of 102, 5S, and 2.5Z of gross value of production asotmed for rainfed, present

poor irrigation service and quality irrigation service introduced under the project, respectively.4/ Project rent is the incremental rent due to the project.

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Table 14

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Estimated Project Rent and Cost Recovery /a

(Rs/ha)

Project Rent SRBC SRS

Cross Value of Production 38,240 20,390Production Cost /b 6,930 4,520Net Income 31,310 15,870

Management Fee 3,130 1,590Risk Equivalent 600 780

Project Rent 27,580 13,500

Project Rent as Z of Net Income 88% 85%

Cost RecoveryTRs7ha of net CCA)

Direct:Water Charges 890 850Special Land Tax 150 160Incremental Assessment 590 370

Indirect:Agricultural Sales Tax /d 700 500

2,330 1,880Total Cost RecoveryCost Recovery as Z of Project Rent 8Z 14X

Average ProjectCost (Rs/ha CCA)Capital Cost 19,300 8,7000iM /e 580 570

Total 19,880 9,270

Cost Recovery (as Z of TotalProject Cost) 12% 20%

/a Expressed in incremental present values discounted over 50 years at 12%in constant 1985/86 prices.

/b Includes cost of labor/c Incremental assessment due to productivity increase/d Assumes that all incremental production of cash crops (cotton, groundnuts,

and chillies) will be marketed./e Corresponding annual OM cost would amount to Rs 150/ha.

INDIA

SECOND MDMk PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Cust airl.t. e c.toSayi

t too&~~~~~~~91 30I 1311 9989 1910 loll 1132 1193 1224 1911 1236 1907 III$1 lii 2000 2401 2002-2035

A. INMIINNTAL All! ICUISlA BENEFITS

MET BEIIEGS WITH1 PIOECT 169.3 9713. 30 Ill. 50 200.50 240.20 302.80 368.70 463. 10 513.40 143. 40 103.50 142.50 74.70O 718.20 £01.00 £07.40 110.50Nil UtUFIIS HIITNOT PROJECT 169.80 173.30 176.00 173. 10 181.30 980. 10 118.70 176.60 175.140 173.30 173.30 173.30 173.30 173.30 113.30 173.30 173.30

IICHNCETAL SINiFiIS 5 .50 21.40 53. 60 122. 70 210.00 305,50 336.00 470. 10 530.20 553.20 535.40 £14.30 £27.70 634.10 631.20

U. INVIsININt cost

CIVIL "MNs . 70.90 1965. 20 277. 90 322. 50 302.40 253.190 179.40 114.90 53.20 SI. 20 33.40 44.30 22.60 11. 50 8.60 5. N

TOTAL 70.390 915. 20 277. tO 322.50 302.40 253. 90 174* 40 114.900 53. 30 53.30 33. 40 44.30 22.0 SO 93.50 6. 60 5.00

C. RECURRENT COST

0O9UATIAU MD NAINTENANCE - - - 0.30 0.30 2.20 3. Sc S. t0 6. to 6.504 6.50 1.30 7.50 1.70 7.170 7.10 7.70lORIONE PO1111 BENEFITS 0. 40 1. 20 2.70 4. 50 6.40 S.910 5.60o 3.90 3.30 3.6 360 9.60 9.60 3.4 .60 9.60

MET INCOREENTAL BENEIPIS -70.90 -115. 20 -272.00 -302.60 -24540 -143.10 20. 60 178.40 329l.40 400.60 474.60 508.00 555.50 578.10 501.80 611.10 £19.90S...... ....... 5 ...... * 5.* .... ....... ... Sh3* . ...5*55..2* .... 5552.* 5555-55 a ...55555 t5 ....... ....... *..To* as ....SS 55-25525

................ ............... ............... ................ ............... ............... ............... ................ ............... ............ . ...............

a*'

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECTSir 'inwagae

Cowt and 8enef 11 lor Eo Analysis.............................. ....................................

Rupees N

._-------- .............. ;............................................ ......................................................................................... ..................................................................... _

1U6 IS91 196U 19 1990 1991 1992 1993 2994 293S 1995 1991 1299 1999 2000 2001-2035............... ........................... _.. ................. .............................. ..... ......... ............... .......................... ..... ....... .. .. ............... .......... ............. ... ............ .

A. INCRINENIALt AGNICILTURAL BEINEFIIS........ ........... _.... :......

681*1IVA MAIN CANAt 1km 0-1465 - 13.30 43.00 92.00 166.10 303.50 425.40 540. 0 629.60 696.60 742. 10 764.70 764.70 764.70 764.70R4:1ATITA HAIM CANAL (km 145-2341 - - 19.50 44.40 84.60 144.90 207.90 270. 40 333130 380. 10 411. 10 443.80 458. tO 456. tO 458. 10 456. 10NAAllIYA HIMI CANAL (Ia 234-261) - 5.60 22.50 49.70 92.90 143.60 201.80 243.30 271.10 290.10 216.60 236.60 295.60 296.50 236.60

.................................. .... ...... ... ..... ....... ......... ....... ......... ... ...... . ....... ......... ....... ......... ....... ......... ....... ......... .........

INCRENfENIAL BENEFITS - 33.70 tO9.90 225.30 423.30 567.00 900.60 1117.50 1261.30 1403.50 1462.50 1519.40 1519.40 1511.40 151.40

B. INVESININT COST

CIVIL NOES 13.40 225.50 248.00 254.20 234.40 211.50 175.40 139. 10 88.90 86.90 88.90 88.30 78.20 15.70 3.30 -ONGOING OAMS /a 816.00 143.00 1o5.00 53.00 50.00 105.00 150.00 - - - -

.............. ... .............. ... ........ ....... ......... ....... ......... ....... ......... . .......... ....... ......... ....... ........ .... ........ ....... ......... .........

TOTAL 949.40 368. 50 344.00 307. 20 284.40 316.50 325. 40 139. tO 88.90 66. 90 88.90 88.90 78. 70 IS. 70 3.30

C. RECURRE'1 COSI-............. .

OPERATION AND NAINTENANCE - - 0.60 5. 10 9.80 15. 20 20.40 25. 10 23. 30 32.80 32.60 32.80 32.60 32.60 32.60 32.60

NET INCRENENtAL BENEFITS -493.40 -366.60 -305.10 -202.40 -67.90 31.50 31.0 135.40 1001 30 tt59.50 1282.10 1360.80 1405.40 1470.90 1463.30 1466.60

........................................ .............................................................. .. ...

/a The sunR cost of the recently completed Nannair Dam and conveyance wrks weroentered In the first period of the project.

......................................................... ............................................. ............................................................ 0

INDUA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Scheme for Trainina of Enaineer Officers of the Irrination Departuent

Duration of Objective ofNature of TrAinina Stagg in Service Traininx (months) Trainint

A.J/ Induction Training On Entry to service 12 J hic Procedures, Rules and(Basic & Techrical) Organixation of Irrig. Dept.

TSahnical: i) Academic, and(ii) Practice-oriented

B.2/ (i) Refresher/Specialist After 3rd year of 1/4 to 3 Input of *odern technologyCourses service not covered under 'A' or

during college education.

(ii) Specialized Between 8th to 12th 6-12 Develop special skills forTraining year of service planning, design, operation

or management.

(iii) Advanced Specialist 3 to 5 year. after (ii) 1 Add on to specialized skillTraining

(iv) Refresher Courses 3 to 5 years after (ii) 1/2 - I Refresh specialized skillin Field ofSpecialisation

C.3/ (i) Appreciation Between 15th to 20th 1/4 - 1 Give inter-disciplinary back-Training year of service ground, and appreciation of

modern technology

ii) Management Train- After 20th year of service I - 6 For operating in a specializeding for Senior field for considerable time,rzecutives based on individual competence

/ Induction Training Project (Annex 4)2/ VALMI

A1 ViLMI plus selected specialist courses in other institutions.

-84- Annex 1Page 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Selected Documents and Data Available in the Project File

1. Details of Kakatiya Command: CCA and Discharges of the Dis-tributaries

2. Crop Water Requirement Calculations; SRS Scheme

3. Warabundi System in Irrigation Projects of Andhra Pradesh

4. Components of Command Area Development, April 1985

5. Andhra Pradesh: The Agricultural Situation, 1983-84

6. Detailed Irrigation Budgets - 1980-81; 1981-82; 1982-83 1983-84;1984-85

7. Trends in Agricultural Growth in Andhra Pradesh

8. Budget Estimates for 1983-84

9. Sriramasagar Project; Salient Details

10. Agro-Economic Survey of Nagarjunasagar Left Bank Canal and PochampadCommand Areas

11. Evaluation Study of Land Development under Nagarjunasagar Project

12. Andhra Pradesh Statistical Abstract, 1981

13. Project Performance Audit Report: India-Pochampad Irrigation Project(Credit 268-IN)

14. Working Papers - Design of SRBC Approach Channel

15. Cost Estimates - November 1984

16. Review of Roads Components in Irrigation Projects

17. The Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Develop-ment Act, 1984

18. Working. Tables for Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar Dams

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Annex 1Page 2

19. Incremental Training FaciLities in WALAMTARI

Srisailam

20. Water Requirement Calculations; Srisailam

21. Soil Survey Report of the Command Area Under Srisailam Right Canal

22. Brochure on Srisailam Right Canal, Srisailam Dam Across Krishna

23. Project Report of Srisailam Right Branch Canal, Irrigation Scheme,Office of the Chief Engineer (Projects), Srisailam Project,Hyderabad, December 1984.

24. Report on Hydrologic Assessment of Water Supply for the SrisailamRight Branch Canal (SRBC), L. Douglas James, Utah State University,October 1984.

25. Srisailam Right Branch Canal, Irrigation Scheme, Vol I, ProjectReport, Abstract Estimates & Appendices, Office of the ChiefEngineer, Investigation & S,ecial Officer, Water Resources AndhraPradesh, Hyderabad, November 1978.

26. Srisailam Right Branch Canal, Irrigation Scheme, Vol II, Drawings,Office of the Chiet Engineer, Investigation & Special Officer, WaterResources Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, November 1978.

27. Srisailam Right Branch Canal Irrigation Scheme, Chief Engineer(Projects), Srisailam Project, Hyderabad, April 1985.

28. Telugu Ganga Project: Project Outline, Volume 1 (Report, Estimatesand Annexures), Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,June 1983.

Sriramasagar

29. Revised Estimate of Sriramasagar Project, Stage I, Vol I, ProjectReport, Abstract and Estimated, Office of the Chief Engineer, Irriga-tion, Sri Rama Sagar Project, Mukharamjahi Road, Hyderabad, December1984.

30. Revised Estimate of Sriramasagar Project, Stage I, Vol II A, Detailsof Sri Ram Sagar Project Dam, Office of the Chief Engineer, Irriga-tion, Sri Rams Sagar Project, Mukharamjahi Road, Hyderabad, December1984.

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Annoy 1Page 3

31. Revised Estimate of Sriramasagar Project, Stage I, Vol II B, Detailsof Kakatiya Canal, Office of the Chief Engineer, Irrigation Sri RamaSagar Project, Mukhar#mjahi Road, Hyderabad, December 1984.

32. Sriramasagar Project, Project Report, Revised State I, Vol III,Drawings, Office of the Chief Engineer, Irrigation SriramasagarProject Mukharam4ahi Road, Hyderabad, December 1984.

33. Iriramasagar Project, Project Report, Revised State I, Vol. I Officeof the Chief Engineer, Irrigation, Sri Rama Sagar Project, Mukharam-jahi Road, Iyderabad, December 1984.

34. Detailed Project Report of Andhra Pradesh Composite II IrrigationProject, Office of the Engineer-In-Chief Irrigation DepartmentProject Preparation Cell, Covt of A.P. Hyderabad, February, 1985.

35. Identification Report of Commiand Area Development Component of AndhraPradesh Irrigation and CAD Composite Project-It, Srisailam RightBranch Canal and Sriramasagar Project Stage-II, Irrigation Utilisa-tion and Conmand Area Development Department, Government of AndhraPradesh, 1984.

36. Identification Report of Andhra Pradesh Composite II IrrigationProject, Office of the Engineer-In-Chief Irrigation Department,Project Formulation Cell, Govt of A.P. Hyderabad, September 1984.

37. Note of Groundwater Aspects in the Command Areas of SriramasagarProject and Srisailam Right Branch Canal, Government of AndhraPr4desh Ground Water Department, April 1985.

38. Project Details at a Glance, April 1985

39. Regional Agricultural Research Station: Nandyal

40. Sample Soils Maps; Sriramasagar I

41. Project Performance Audit Report; Indiai-Godavari Barrage Project(Credit 532-IN)

42. Agreement Entered into Between the Governments of Andhra Pradesh andTamil Nadu for Draw l of Water from River Krishna for Madras CityDrinking Water Supply

43. Irrigation Utilization and Command Ares Development Programme inAndhra Pradesh, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Irrigation Utilisationand Command Area Developmen.. Department, January 1983

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Annex 1Page 4

44. Review of Economic Trends and State Plan 1985-86 (as presented to theLegislative Assem ly in August, 1985); P. Mahendranath, Minister forFinance

45. Explanatory Memorandum on the Budget for 1985-86 by Finance Secretary(as presented to the Legislative Assembly in August, 1985); P.Mahendranath, Minister for Finance

46. Irrigation Department - Working Group Report on Major, Medium Irriga-tion, Minor Irrigation and Ground Water and Irrigation Utilizationand Command Area Development - Proposals for Seventh Five-Year Plan,1985-90

47. Seventh Five-Year Plan, Andhra Pradesh 1985-90; Volume I, Finance andPlanning (Plg. Wing) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad, January, 1985

48. Seventh Five-Year Plan, Andhra Pradesh 1985-90; Volume II, Finance &Planning (Pig. Wing) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad, January, 1985

49. Sixth Five-Year Plan 1980-85, Andhra Pradesh; Volume I Finance &Planning (Plg. Wing) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad

50. Sixth Five-Year Plan 1980-85, Andhra Pradesh; Volume II Finance &Plan:ng (Plg. Wing) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad

-88-Annex 2Page 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Assumptions for Economic Analysis

Prices and Conversion Factors

1. General. The economic prices of major traded agricultural com-modities (at farm gate) were derived from the IBRD world market prices(1985 projected through 1995) expressed in 1985/86 currency values withappropriate adjustments for freight, handling and processing. Non-tradedfoodgrains and other non-traded goods and services were brought to a commonbasis with the traded goods and services through the use of conversionfactors. Three conversion factors have been used: (i) Standard (SCF);(ii) Construction (CCF); and (iii) Food (FCF). Details on their derivationand use is described below. The opportunity cost of capital (OCC) wasassumed at 12X. The exchange rate of US$1.0 to Rs 13.0 was used to convertprices expressed in US dollars to local currency values.

2. Standard Conversion Factor. To measure India's net economicbenefits from the project, costs and benefits of the project have beenevaluated at world market prices. This requires certain price adjustments,since many items are not traded in the world markets and the prices ofothers are affected by tariffs and trade restrictions. To make them com-parable, a SCF have been applied to the price of non-traded goods. In theabsence of trade restrictions, the SCF can be estimated by using the fol-lowing formula:

SCF= X + MX + Sx + M + Tm

where: X = export value (f.o.b.);M = import value (c.i.f.);S = subsidies on exports;T = taxes an duties on imports

For the period since 1970, this calculation has produced a SCF of 0.86.However, since this method does not take into consideration quantitativerestrictions on trade, the esti:lsates derived provide only an upper limitfor the SCF. The Planning Corsvission recommends conversion factors forforeign exchange and untra" ; goods of about 0.75 in the evaluation ofindustrial projects. This estimate is near to the Lower limit of the realSCF and therefore, 0.8 has been used in the economic analysis.

3. Construction Conversion Factor. The construction of project civilworks require the use of a mixture of equipment, materials, and skilled andunskilled labor:

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Annex 2Page 2

(a) Traded Component: This component includes capital-intensive workswhich require imported materials. Hence a conversion factor of1.00 has been used. It is estimated that about 5% of the construc-tion costs fall under this category.

(b) Non-Traded Component. This component includes works that requireskilled labor and locally manufactured materials. Thus 0.80 hasbeen used. These works include about 45Z of construction costs.

(c) Unskilled Labor. A ratio of economic to financial wages equal tothat of agricultural labor (67X) has been used for unskilled con-struction labor (para 6). Unskilled labor is estimated to con-stitute about 50Z of the total construction costs.

The weighted average of these conversion factors would be as follows:

Conversion Factor Weight

Traded Items 1.00 0.05Non-Traded Items 0.80 0.45Unskilled Labor 0.67 0.50

Construction Costs 0.75 1.00(weighted average)

Thus, a CCF of 0.75 has been adopted for converting the cost of cor.3truc-tion works from financial to economic prices.

4. Economic Prices of Commodities and Foodgrain Conversion Factor (FCF).The economic prices for traded commodities such as rice, sorghum, ground-nuts, maize and cotton were derived by using border prices in US dollarsaccording to IBRD commodity projections and converted to local currencyvalues at the standard exchange rate (Table 1). The domestic cost com-ponents (local transport, handling and marketing charges) were adjusted bya SCF of 0.80. The economic prices for non-traded foodgrains were derivedby applying a FCF 1/ to the present financial prices. The analysis of pricetrends for major foodgrains indicate that prices in local markets are closeto parity with prices in the world market. Therefore, a FCF of 1.0 hasbeen used for the economic analysis. The econon:ic orices for fruit,vegetables and chillies were derived from local average market pricesadjusted by the SCF.

5. Prices of Agricultural Inputs. Fertilizers have been valued at theprojected world market price. Pesticides and insecticides have beenassumed as traded. To make an allowance for taxes and subsidies and forthe cost of transport and marketing, a conversion factor of 0.95 has been

1/ Estimated as a ratio of economic price of rice (IBRD commodityforecast) to the average market price of rice in Andhra Pradesh.

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Annex 2Page 3

applied to their financial prices. The economic price of seed and miscel-laneous charges has been assumed to approximate their financial price. Theeconomic price of farm power (bullock pair with operator) was derived fromgoing daily rental rates, adjusted by the SCL. A summary of economic andfinancial prices is presented in Table 11.

6. Opportunity Cost of Labor. A survey of monthly farm labor wagerates in the talukas covering the SRBC indicates that daily wages vary fromabout Rs 6.50 (January and February) to Rs 8.0 (April). Wages tend to befairly stable (about Rs 7.20) during the rest of the year. In the talukascovering the Sriramasagar command area wages tend to be higher, varyingfrom Rs 9.00 (January) to Rs 12.40 (July through December). The wagedifference between the two areas reflects the more limited work oppor-tunities in the SRBC command. It is assumed that this difference wouldgradually diminish and the gap between the two areas would disappear atfull development.

7. The trend in farm labor wage rates over the past ten years indi-cates that wages have been increasing pari passu with general price infla-tion. Historical evidence in India indicates no significant real wageincreases in spite of substancial productivity gains over the last decades.Projections of future growth of population and labor supply in AndhraPradesh, compared with incremental labor demand for the project, would alsosuggest that re&l wages are not likely to increase. Consequently, the rateof Rs 10.0 per manday was adopted for the future as well. Analyses ofseasonal farm labor supply and demand in Indian irrigation projectsresulted in an estimate of the average economic shadow wage rate equivalentto about 50Z to 70Z of the average financial rate. An economic wage rateof Rs 6.70 per manday, or two thirds of Rs 10.00 has been assumed in theeconomic analysis.

Agricultural Benefits

8. Build-up Assumptions. Estimates of crop production, yields, inputsand farm incomes at 'present', 'future without' and 'future with' projectsituations are based on crop yields and production input data available inthe Project File and on the following assumptions;

(a) Crop Yields and Inputs. A five-year build-up period has beenassumed for transition of yield levels from the 'present' to'future with' project situation. The build-up rate was based onhistorical productivity trends. It was assumed that yields in the'future without' project situation would increase only slightly inthe next ten years (see Chapter VII).

(b) Cropping Intensities. Experience from irrigation projects else-where in India suggest that increases in cropping intensity to fulldevelopment level will be faster than increases in yields. Abuild-up period of five years has therefore been assumed for tran-sition from 'present' to 'future-with' project intensities in thenew areas and three years for the upper part of SRS already receiv-ing irrigation.

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Annex 2Page 4

(c) Irrigation Block Development. The rate of completion of irrigationblocks under the project was based on the current implementationproposals.

The summary of the expected build-up rates is as follows:

Rate of Change Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yields and Inputs

(i) Presently irrigated areas W 14 29 43 57 71 86 100W 20 40 60 80 100

5ii) Newly irrigated areas W 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100w 14 29 43 57 71 86 100

Cropping Intensities

(i) Presently irrigated areas W 14 29 43 57 71 86 100Y 33 67 100

Xii) Newly irrigated areas W 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Y 20 40 60 80 100

Rate of Irrigation Year 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 TotalBlock Development - - - - - -… (Incremental'000iha) - - - - - - - - -

SRBC - 3 6 13 14 15 10 61

SRS~T) Modernization - 23 25 27 25 23 22 145(ii) New Areas 8 20 22 27 27 24 20 148Total area under project /a 8 46 53 67 66 62 52 354

/a The balance of 16,000 ha is SRBC and 35,000 ha in SRS in thefollowing five years.

Costs of Irrigation

9. Investment Costs. The capital costs of all civil works, includingthe cost of roads, communication equipment, charges for engineering andadministration and physical contingencies were based on 1985 contract ratesadjjusted by the CCF. Land lost to agricultural production by the construc-tion of the distribution system and road network was valued at the net

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Annex 2Page 5

economic rate under the 'future without project' situation. The net returnforegone each year was treated as. a recurrent project cost.

10. Operation and Maintenance Costs. At present, the average budgetedfinancial amount is about Rs 50/ha. Of this Rs 38 is absorbed by estab-lishment costs, leaving Rs 16/ha for actual maintenance works. As aresult, most existing irrigation distribution systems are in need ofrehabilitation. Based on estimates in other surface irrigation projectselsewhere in India, a provisional estimate of Rs 150/ha has been used inthe analysis. O&K involves mostly the employment of unskilled or semi-skilled labor and therefore the unskilled labor conversion factor of 0.67was applied.

11. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Costs. There are three elementsof direct financial land acquisition costs: (i) compensation for dwellingslost due to submergence in the reservoir areas (13,799 families in theMannair Reservoir); (ii) compensation for farmland submerged by the MannairReservoir (about 7,400 ha); and (iii) the compensation for land acquiredto construct the canal distribution system and the farm roads (about 3,100ha in SRBC and 14,700 ha in the SRS scheme). It is assumed that all farmland lost as a result of project execution is and would remain rainfed.Consequently, the net CCA of the rainfed area has been taken as 4Z largerthan the net CCA which can be irrigated after completion of the canaldistribution systems. Land acquired for the distribution systems isassumed to be lost to rainfed cultivation from the year that the projectworks are constructed. The value of production (Rs 3,200/ha) in the"future without project" situation was taken to represent this opportunitycost and was deducted from the benefit stream. The economic cost of reset-tlement forms part of the sunk cost of Mannair Reservoir the corstructionconversion factor (CCF).

SECOND ANDIIRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Price. of Internationallv Traded Co_ndities for Economic AnaFuji la(per metric ton)

Cotton Cotton

gla" Paddv JlLir Sorsbu Grudayt J(gdi)l (mort) MIlgrseo Pboc bete Potas

World Market Price 1983 /1k US$ 235 126 114 460 1.730 1.730 190 150 90quality Adjustment 2 71 £00 100 100 90 54 I00 100 100VorLd Market Equivelent US$ 176 126 114 460 1,557 934 10 ISO 90International Sbipping Us$ 0 0 0 65 -ISO -150 50 65 65CIF/FOB Price, Madras e IR. 13.0-$1.0 21288 1.638 1,482 6,825 18.291 10.192 3,120 2,795 2.015Domeetic Handling/Transport /e Re. 70 70 70 210 -210 -210 70 70 70Proceeecog/Rutrient Latio I 66 I0 100 oo 35 33 45 46 60Value of By-product Ba. 0 0 0 0 2,370 /A 2.370 IA 0 0 0Proceeaing Ratio

By-product 2 0 0 0 0 63 67 0 0 0Processing Coat /S Re. 120 0 0 160 420 420 0 0 0Wholeale Price Ir. 1.676 1.708 1.552 4,338 7,449 4,462 7,0K9 6,228 3,472Transport to/from Faregate /S Re. 70 70 70 130 -230 -220 1OO 100 100Inrugete Priee (rounded) Rs. 1,750 1,780 1.620 4,210 7,230 le 4,240 (a 7,190 6.310 3.580

World Market Price 1990 /11 088 346 13 311 377 1.760 1,760 2S4 174 102Quality Adjuetment 2 75 300 100 100 90 S4 100 100 100World Market Equivaleot USS 260 115 111 377 1,384 950 254 174 102International Shipping USS 0 0 0 65 -150 -150 50 65 65CU/FOB Price Madres @ Re. 13.0-51.0 3,380 1,495 1,443 574o 18,642 10.400 3.952 3,107 2,171Dosestic landiing/Transport /S Ia. 70 70 70 210 -210 -210 70 70 70Proc.eesazg/Mutrisot Ratio 2 66 100 100 68 35 33 4 46 60Value of By-product as. 0 0 0 0 2,420 IA 2,420 (A 0 0 0Procesaiog RatioDy-product I 0 0 0 0 65 67 0 0 0

Proceecing Coat IS. 120 0 0 160 420 420 0 0 0Wholesale Price an. 2,397 1,565 1,513 4.210 7,604 4,564 8,933 6.901 3,735Treanport to/from Ferugate IS Re. 70 70 70 130 -220 -220 100 100 100Varugete Price (rounded) t.. 2,470 1.640 1.560 4.340 7,38U /i 4,340 (g 9.040 7,010 13,40

... ~~- -.. _ - 5- .. -a - . . . .

World Market Price 1995 /A US$ 334 115 110 371 1,7Bu 1,78U 265 174 102Quality Adjustment 2 75 100 1OO 100 90 54 100 100 100World Market Equivalent U0 231 115 110 371 1,602 961 265 174 102International Sbipping 0S 0 0 0 65 -150 -150 50 65 65CIT/lOB Price, Madra. 0 IR. 13.0-11.0 3,263 1,495 1,430 1,668 18,876 10.343 4,095 3,107 2,171Domeetic Nondling/Traonport IS Rs. 70 70 70 210 -210 -210 70 70 70Proceseing/Nutrieot Ratio I 66 100 100 6S 35 33 45 46 60Value of *y-product Re. 0 0 0 0 2,450 /I 2.450 IA 0 0 0Proceceing Ratio

By-product 1 0 0 0 0 65 67 0 0 0Procesoing Coat /e Re. 320 0 0 160 420 420 0 0 0Wbolesale Price Re. 2,320 13635 1,500 4,157 7 706 4,630 9S25$ 6,907 3.735Treneport to/fru FPermgate IS aS. 70 70 70 130 -220 -220 100 100 100Parugate Price (rounded) as. 2,390 1,040 1,570 4,290 7,490 Ia 4.410 /A 9,360 7,010 3,840

/A Source: IRD Comodity Price Poreceats dated January 1985. The forecasta are in 198o constent US dollers,_I Pricina Bsis: Rice Thai, milled 53 broken, IOB Bangkok.

Maize (US), No. 2, Yellow, FOB Gulf porte.Grain Sorgbum (US) go. 2, Nilo Tellow, POs Gulf ports. 5Cotton (Outlook "A' Index), Middling (1-3/22), CIP 11. Europe IGroundnuts Compound of 0.4 groundaut oil (any origin CIF Rotterdam) and 0.6 groundnut meal (Indian, 4C, CU lottarda)Urea Bagged, rOB Europe.ToP IOB US Gulf.otesaium Chloride :FO Vancouver.

I/ AdJusted by ICF * 0. 0/d Value of cotton seed em-ginery for manufacture Into oil and cake or for cleaoing, treatment and storale zor eubeequent use as seed./( Bead cuttoo.

-94-

Annex 3Table 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGAIION PROJECT

Equipment for O&M and Training

TypeItem Description Quantity Rate Amount Procurement

----(Rs M)-

Operation & Maintenance

1. Excavators, with back hoe 2 3.0 6.0 ICa2. Dozer, 150 HP 2 2.5 5.0 n3. Tippers 6 0.4 2.4 "4. Water tankers 2 0.2 0.4 LCB5. Tractor-trailer, 30 ton 2 0.2 0.4 ICB6. 4WD vehicles with winch 2 0.2 0.4 LCB7. Cranes, 25 ton 2 1.5 3.0 ICB8. Graders 2 0.8 1.6 "9. Generator, 75 KVA 2 0.3 0.6 LCB10. Generators, 15 KVA 6 0.5 3.011. Pumps, various capacity 8 0.612. Concrete mixers 2 0.1 0.213. 16 bit microcomputer 10 0.2 2.014. Drafters equipment LS 1.015. Miscellaneous minors

equipment LS 0.1Subtotal (O&M) 28.9

Training

1. 4WD vehicles 5 .08 0.4 LCB2. Minibuses, 16 passenger 10 .12 1.23. Training aids, various 0.2

Subtotal (Training) 1.8

Total Cost 30.7

-95-

Annex 3Table 2

IND

SECOND ANDEA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Eguipment for Monitoring and Evaluation

TypeItem Descrintion Onantit, Rate Amount Procurement

(Rs '000)--

1. Class A Weather Station 8 50 250 LCB2. Automatic Rain Gauges 15 9 135 "3. Portable Laboratory Sheds 5 100 5004. Water Level Recorders

(including installation) 12 15 180 LCB5. Current Meters (Standard) 15 10 150 ICB6. Current Meters (Pygmy) 15 7 1057. Portable Flumes 60 1 60B. Microcomputer and peripherals 2 200 400 w9. Miscellaneous Small Equipment LS 345 LCB

Subtotal (Equipment) 2,625

10. Automobile 2 100 200 LCB11. 41D Vehicles 6 80 480 H12. Pick-up Trucks 6 80 480 if

Subtotal (Vehicles) 1,160

13. Microcomputer and peripherals t 200 600 ICB14. Draving office equipment LS 300

Subtotal (Office Equipment) 900

TOTAL 4,685

or US$ .36 N

-96-

Annex 3

Table 3

INDIA

SECOND ANDERA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Telecommunications Equipment

TypeItem Description Quantity Rate Amount Procurement

1. Base stationS 10 0.30 3.0 ICB

2. Remote terminals 120 .05 6.0 ICB

3. Power plantsimast 120 .06 7.2 ICB

4. Mast 10 0.10 1.0 ICB

5. Spare parts 15Z 2.5 ICB

6. Installation 1.9 LCB

TOTAL 21.6

or US$1.66 M

-97-

Annex 3Table 4

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Monitoring & Evaluation and Special Technical ServicesStaff and Operating Costs

Unit Unic Cost Number Annual Cosr(TRs) (Rs)

Monitoring & Evaluation

Professional staff, 41,000 32 1,300,000salary & fringe benefits

Support staff, salary & 24,000 60 1,400,000fringe benefits

Office & support expenses various 1,100,000

Auto operation & 1,100,000travel expenses

K&E Annual Total 4,900,000x 5 years

Subtotal (M&E Project) 24,500,000

Special Technical Services

Various 2,500,000Subtotal (Special Technical Services) 2,500,000

TOTAL M&E and Special Technical Services 27,000,000

or US$2.1

Sicao AEDOfRA, PRADPESH IRhCAnTOrTable 2. ESARSIM laDetailsd Cast Table

(RS OIlim)

bilt 5A86 BUB7 VFWE BVP in9/w OMm 910m 9293 93/ 94 'u 95/6 'am9 97no 9qn9 "9flu iniioi Totl Unit Cost gym eva Pius OMs wIN/ voi

A.33ff? I I3AESTIDT-I- - - - 7.6 7.0 6.5 4.5 3.2 1.13. LBS N3151TI 2 .EDAIC*UU- - - - - - - - 15.2 15.2 15.2 14.1 13.0 10.3 C. MOI CUE OA. 10 12 19

1. O(113f1f0 UAII E MM 0-53.5)

Bmum CULT 3545 km) is 5 5 10 10 5.5 - -- - - 35.5 20.53 54.2 34.2 108.3 109.3 59.6 -1011N5 (50. km) km - 5 2 10 15 i 10.5 - 0.5 2.325 - 11.6 23.2 23.2 34.9 124.4uTCiEi 430.5 km) kin 5 10 t0 10 20 5.5- - 50.5 1.163 5.8 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 6.4

O jU101. f0ET 03.2 km) km 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -,2 23.248 4.6 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 I3L?

SLb-Total NMI (DM101 COME lb 0-53.53 64.6 91.3 137.1 157.1 120.0 44.02. MU1 (DW013 WE. (km 33.5-1133

CEATHMIKS ks - 7 a 9 9* 9 7.5- -555 7.53 -s3.1I6D.22 l.2 6B.2 6.2--LOUNG ks - 7 9 9 9 9 975-59.5 I.6'1 -11.Dl5.2215.2l15.2I15.2SIUACIS ks - 7 9 9 9 9 907*5-- 59.5 0.045 - 5.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6<

Sb-ots-aa MIN (RAN0 CAlM (kb 3.3.5113) - 70.3 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.03. NOIII flO) CUE. lbs 11-182)

C311 m is - 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 A 4 1 - so 3.243 - 13.0 16.2 19.5 22.7 22.7LDHN6 is - 4 5 6 7 71 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 - 69 0.951 -3.0 4.835.76.7 6.7SIRWflE5 is 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 - 69 0.9£ 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.7 3.7 .

SbTOld lMIN (DLM1) DIE (km 113-182) -8I9. 23.6 23.4 33.1 33.1 4. laIN 15101 CUE. bs 13M-192)

EMIniUNK is-- - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 10 2.166 LIES is-- - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 10 9.74fIEKURES is-- - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 10 0.317

Sbo-Tota MIN I (351N) CE. (Ike 102-192)

Sub-Total MID WE. ism 0 TO 2533 64.6 132.1 271.276.5 2144.2 162.93. tD IEELMOPIET (26520 ha)

1. RBCX1 1-10 (41.000 ha)

ENITHNINNS10001ha - 3 6 9 9 9 5 - -- 41 4.261 -12.0325.6 3.3 38.3 3.3LININS 10001ha - 3 6 9 9 9 5 --- -- 41 1.045 -3.726.4 9.6 9.6 9.6513X1m logo ha - 3 6 9 9 9 5 - - 41 1.065 -3.2 6.4 9.6 9.6 9.6-NEMC4IWba) is 20 2222 2222 22 2222 ---- 164 3-32 3.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.07.0-WIl NM10001ha - - 5 9 9 23 5 - -41 1.599 - -3.0 14.4 14.4 20.3B

1I~~~~~~~ ~~1000. -a 3 6 9 9 9 5 -- - 41 0.32 - 1.0 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.?

Sub-TOta HMM 1-10 441.000 ha) 3.2 27.2 55.3 31.0 31.3 00.2 -

2. 3.00 11-16 (36.000 ha)

ESNNIIU 1000. -ha - A 5 6 5 4 4 4 '' - --2- 36 4.261 - - 2- 7.0 21.3 25.6LIPDS 10001 -h-a 4 5 a 5 4 4 4 2 ' - - - - 36 1.065 - - - 4.3 5.3 6.4STRUCTUR 10001 -h-a 4 5 6 5 4 4 4 21 2 - - - - 36 1.065 - - - 4.35.3 6.4ROASC4N/af) km - 312 14 26 26 10 12 12 1212 - - - 144 0.32 - -2.6 3.6 4.58.3

at3ORK 10001 -ha - 4 5 6 5 4 4 4 2 ' - - - - 36 1.593 - - - 6.4 D.C 9.6311Sf 1000 1. - - 4 5 6 5 4 4 4 ' 2 - - - - 36 0.32 - - - 1.3 1.6 IS -

Sbit-Tota 3K0M 11-16 (36.000 1.2a) 2.6 37.1 46.0 39.2

9u*-Total MM OECULREJIT 165.200hal 3.2 27.? 57.3 113.9 127.0 146. 4 C. OTHERD IIIVSTIE3

1. aUINS- - -- 1.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.32. MeI TRIJlUM NOl I C E Onrsw-- 2.1 9.4 3.1 1.1 -3. wumNrsaNm Euvrgg-- - -- - - -4.2-

Sub-otal OTHER INUESTPEI 21.2 10.1 9.3 5.3 4.3 9.5

Total IINEBTEJIT CUM1 12.7 240.9 360.6 429.4 392.5 33.6

92 .7 240.9 360.6 419.4 392.3 335.6

msue costs as od JIaura 1906

InDIA -98-.A E PRADESH5 IFMGanION PRwmI Table STable 2. *XlS*2L is

Detailed Cost Tale(RS 11u11is3

3us Casts Tostals liclw~sS Cmrdamemlvs

7 97AU 93/39 99/9 90/ 91 9/92 12/ 93/94 94/95 95/9 96/9 9791" 98/99 991100 190/101 TOtal 95.96 36/97 37/1 3/39 89/90 90/93 91/92 92/93 93/9 MM/9 15/ 96/9 97/93 MM/9 99130 l3/1 Tgtdl

7.0 6.5 4.5 3.2 1.1 - - 1.1 1.1 1.3 2.3 1.1 - - 35.4 3.5 3.3 8.2 6.2 4.7 I.? - - 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 - - - AM.**-2 15.2 14.1 13.0 ±0.9 6.6 - 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 - - 106.2 37.0 17.9 19.2 19.1 19.3 17.0 13.0 - 5.9 6i.2 6.4 6.7 7.0 - - - LIA

~- '= 139.3 131.3 59.6 -- 334.5 60.7 64.0 136.? 246.3 36.9…-- -- 495.11.6 23.2223.2 34.9 24.4 -117.4 -13.6 29.1231.2 50.3 37.9 -16.

4 11.6 31.6 11.6 6.4-- 50.7 6.5 13.6 14.5 15.6 16.3 9.9…- 76.IL7 3. 13.9 13.9 13.9…- 74.4 5.2 16.3 17.4 18.7 20. 21.7…- "A

-- 3 157.1 157.1 12-0.0 44.8--6315.0 72.3 107.4 197.?V 212.3 174.1 69.5…- W.

=3.I 8.2 68.2 68.2 69.2 68.2 56.3 -- 451.0 - 62.7 36.2 922.5 99.5 107.1 113.5 3.9…- 63A11.8 15.2 15.2 15.22 15.2 15.2 1. 7 -- 103.6 - 13.3 19.0 20.4 23. 23.6 23.1 21.3…-14.75.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 .61.3 -- 50.3 - 6.9 9.5 10.2 21.0 12.3 12.5 10.9…- 72.9

fl.3 91.0 11.0 91.0 O1.0 91.0 75.9 -- 601.9 - B3.4 214.32123.1 132.4 142.6 251.1 131.6…-31.0

U.S. 16.2 19.5 22.7 23.7 19.5 16.2 11.2 16.2 36.2 16.2 13.0 13.0 1. -,3.1 -1.205643.2 573.432295 0.3.2 3.322.4 .7 -3.0 4.8 5.7 6.7 6.7 5.7 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.8 3.3 3.3 2.0 - 65.6 - 4.4 5.9 7.7 9.6 10.3 9.4 8.2 3.5 3.9 9.3 9.3 3.2 83. 2.2 - 111.2.1 2.6 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.1 0.5 - 36.5 - 2.5 3.3 4.3 5.3 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.7 1.2 - !-

:3.9 23.6 29.4 33.1 33.1 29.4 23.6 223.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 13.9 13.9 4? - 326.2 - 22.32.3 38.3 48.1 51.3 47.0 41.0 42.3 44.7 46.13 61.9 40.9 42.7 11.2 - S.I

4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 21.7…-- - - - - - - - -9.0 9.4 9.3 10.3 103 49-1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 7.4…3- .0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 U~0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.2…- -- 1.3 1.4 IA 1.5 1.6 I,

6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 32.2-13.3 13.9 14.5 152 35. 72.CP

-. 1 271.8 265242109394'. 362. 363. 542. 11.2 6.4 1,595.3 72. 3 213.1 342.5 373.7 354.7 263.9 238.2 172.6 42.1 44.7 46.3 62.2 54.3 57.2 26.4 15.9 2p361.

- 2.8 25.6 33.3 33.3 33.3 221.3 - - - - - - -- 174.7 -M15. 32.1 51.6 55.5 59.3 35.2…- - - - -239.23.2 6.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 5.3-- 43.6 -3.7 9.0 12.9 13.? 14.9 3.3--- 6M.3.2 6.4 9.6 1.6 9.6 5.3 --- 43.6 - 3.7 9.0 12.9 13.9 149 3.3……- az- - -6L'.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 -- 52.4 3.6 3.2 9.0 9.5 10.2 11.0 11.6 12.1…- 75.3 I -

= - 3.0 14.4 14.4 20.9 3.0……- 65.5 - - 10.0 19.4 20.3 32.4 23.2……- 95.3 -1.0 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.6……- 13.1 -1.1 2.4 3.9 4.2 4.5 2.6……- - - - -18.

-- 255.3 32.0 01.3 89.2 49.6 7.0 -- - -393.0 3.6 32.9 69.4 110.2 113.5 337.5 30.3 32.1…- - -563.3

- - 17.0 23.3 25.6 21.3 17.0 27.0 17.0 8.5 9.5 - - - -153.4 - - - 23.9 33.9 39.9 35.2 29.4 30.3 32.1 16.9 17.5 - - - -2f.5

- -4.3 5.3 6.4 5.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 2.1 2.1 -I - - 38.3 - - - 5.7 7.7 10.0 9.9 7.4 7.7 3.0 4.2 4.4 - - - - 63.9 - -4.3 5.3 6.4 5.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 2.2 2.1 - - - - 38.3 - - - 5.7 7.7 10.0 8.3 7.4 7.7 3.0 4.2 4.4 - - - - 63.

-2.6 3.1. 4.5 8.3 8.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.38 - - 46.0 - - 3.2 5.2 6.5 13.0 13.7 5.5 6.9 7.2 7.6 7.9 - - - 7637- - 6.4 9.0 9.6 9.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 3.2 3.2 - -- - 57.5 - - - 8.6 11.6 15.0 13.2 21.0 11.5 12.3 6.3 6.6 - - - - 95.8- - 1.3 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 - - - - 11.5 - - - 1.7 2.3 1.0 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.3 - - - - 19.2

-2.6 37.1 46.0 5B.2 49.9 36.4 37.1 37.1 2-0.5 29.5 - - - - 345.1 - - 3.2 49.9 46.6 90.7 92.4 62.9 66.? 69.9 49.3 42.1 - 74.9

----? 57.10118.9 127.3 146.4 98.4 43.5 37.1 37.1 210.5 120.5 - - - - 733.2 3.6 32.9 72.-6 160.9 185.1 223.2 162.6 75.0 66.9 69.9 40.3 A .1 - - - -1.131.2

1.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.6 - 33.0 - 1.2 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 - - - - 52.9.. 4 51 11 - - - -1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 - - - - 22.9 2.4 11.0 6.' 1.4 - - -1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 29.2

- - - -4.2 4.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 -- 14.8…-- - - 6.6 7.0 3.6 3.9 4.0…- 24.9

5 9.3 5.3 4.3 9.5 9.5 6.4 4.8 4.3 2.7 2.? 69.7 2.4 12.2 11.7 7.2 6.2 13.2 24.0 11.0 9.6 9.0 5.2 5.5 106.1

-9 360.6 419.4 392.5 335.6 232.9 149.3 69.3 69.9 51.1 57.5 29.7 25.4 11.2 6.4 2.544.8 103.8 293.4 454.1 566.1 569.7 524.0 385.9 259.6 1216.2 131.9 130.9 213.7 64.2 57.2 26.4 15.9 379.M7

-9 360.6 419.4 392.5 335.6 232.9 149.3 69.8 69.3 51.1 57.5 219.7 25.4 11.2 6.4 2.544.0 103.3 293.4 454.1 566.1 569.7 524.0 383.3 259.6 12.2 131.9 13.? 218.7 64.2 57.2 26.4 15.9 3e796.7

SEUlS MARA PCfS( MM1Table :. S3Mb

Detaslad Casicgs Hallu

WU11t 05/e WVi r- LO a-Ir S9'O 90:fl2 '14 Y2/ 931 94.5 5tL9& 91 Y? 9 @Y &,99 9WY?o. "100 1001101 total UIhat Cost 5/06 MM4 87Il

1-I.N1E1050 COSTS

A. sm5t I £2ILU3IGAIIU -. 2 2 .-L. I* ACUISITION I PfLCrAT1P - ra.127C. 33*185SM MIN81 06114. 1h 0 - 2841

1. KMnATflAMJN CMlkm 0.00 -144P

RAISISSNM UAO EADINGLIKING 146 Pat km. o 290 29 20 20 29 22D a-,- 14 9.529 S..' 1026 £0.

COGUISRTIA OF CDMS REGUATORS unit - --- -- -- -. - -1.

Nih-Total K33TI7* rAll COXm (km*0.90- 1461 3.21 11.8 10.2. £6118718 rAIf CAWA (Fe 14A - 2`50)

USIN/lb mm 12 12 11 11 :2 12 12 12 - - i 1.65612.7 12.7 15.5T11801131/C fa 1: is !3 12 .12 12 :Z- 1022 0.3120 6.3 6.3 7.

Sub-Total EAUTITA MM1 CAIN (on 146 - 250 19.0 19.0 23.3. KMATITA FAIN CAIN. (ha 250 - 2064)

EEfRsIlS(hkZh20- _4I 1 4 4 Z 22-- - 4.226 16.9 16.9 1U--L1N1616(km250 - 21E4);0 - 3 2 1 4 1- 31 155 - 40SITREXIS (km30 - 284) I's - a 5 la :0 5-- 34 1.Ce - 4.2 S.

Sub-Total GANATITA FAIN CAW01 tkm 25 - -I4) 16.9 25.9 30.-

Sib-Total 9RIRUiASAGM MIAIf CLAS lbe 0 - 294) 39.1 56.7 64.DI. DISMXRrMIMES. HIINERS. 800 (kb 0 - NO26V12000 ha!

1. KANATITA (kg 0 - 1461 llA5.000) hi: IWPROUBEIE

0590. 1000::t: - 232.5 2? 25 :3222-0 --- t 0.5I8 -1J.213.IONIW.EMVICE 1000 he - 2!':S '-7 25 13 fl -19-165 0.317 - 7.3 7-WEAhfOTMKUI 1000. -e23 25 2V 25 23222-- 165 0.21? -53.05.NINE (2K/b Ok5 FE OrIWTH Mnu -m 23 215 27 2.5 23 22 0-- 165 0.fl7 - 7.3 7.

miim im200ha -2325 27 25 2322 .20-- 165 0.32 - 4 B

Sub-Total 13*717* (ha 0 - 146' (165.000) ha? INPOIOEIIENT -39.2 42.-2. RTITO lbm 146 - 234) 21,2000 haiCG1fULTIft

ELUTES lOOGha 0 10 10 15 15 10 10 10…- Be 2.113 16.9 21.1 21.'LIM [I5DOWTO 1.OCUNSECI 10001. 0 10 :9 15 15 9 1t la-- Be 0.528 4.2 5.3 S.snoucTIK ICOO ha 0101 015Is15101010…-aUB 0.53 4.2 5.35S.ROM (2 Mw PAe 26 25 32 32 . 1 -0 210--10176 0.317 0..27.9 7.-fND VS £0001. a 10 10 1s 15 10 ID0 t 10… U 26 13.0816.216.-WINliN 10w ha :0t to I1515110 0ID10-Be 0.324 2.63.2 3.-

Sat-Tortal 136T174 lb 116 - 2341 (80.000 h)OWVLETION 49.2' 59.1 S?.3. KEATITO lbm 234 - 294) 1216.000 ha) KU OISTRIRJTARIES

EARTiNES low01w - 10 12 121 12 l1 9 1 5 10 10 10 1010 1I 12& 4.726 - 42.33S. -LININGIBM TODI.OHriSC) 19001h.? - 10 12 12, 12 14 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 I - 2 1.656 - 10.6 12.-SUbELISS 20001 ha IC 12 I. 12 ja ID 5 10 10 10 10 10 I 1 26 i.oa - 10.612.R07514 Who) bk - 50 5050 50 50302-036 36 36 36 362.4 - - 0.317 - 15.9 M -OFESiS l0901 ha 1a 12 12 12 14 to 5 10 10 21 IC 10 1I 126 1.625 - 16.2:19.3411MM 10001 -a 19 12 12 12 14 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 I - 12 0.324 - 3.2 3.

kbTotal KWATITA lbm 234 -0411 126.000 ha)11NEW DISTRIBIUTARIES - 9.7 135.-

Sub-Total OISTIDiUTARIES. KIME. (IFD Ikm 0 - 2681(329.000 1. 49.2 197.0 217.E. 011 INUETHENT

IUILDINGS-4.0 4.3 5.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 4. .DU. 131I1I15 MID HI 1 E EDUIPIENT- 3.8 3.CONI9E CATION CEUIPIT-- -

Sub-Total 011 INtIESTENTS 4.0 0.1 9.

Tortal INJESTINT COSTS 94.4 291.0 319.

Total 94.4 291.0 319..

la Das rests as of Januar, 1906/b (tilt costs are lower because large Part of the soil is comi,letd or tatriwy itkhouLthe1 'rject -ithin local P inuricng of US$ 6411/c Wlt rostz are lomer becamse large Part of the scri, is -omlete or ua,dcruav without the eroject within local Pl insrn of USt 6411/6 111 I.~t 16k (hi & 2,68 to -,i s,Ill be used onus as an escre and not lir.ed at preset

November 11. 199 11:ia

Table 1. ShIRN6SAGAR :abltizINo Cost Fable

bas Costs Totals IneludLed C,ntaiwcmas

'-6 KM/9 971K MM/9 39190 1191 91M.2 92/ 3 93/4 9495 95/9 9/97 97/9B i9VV 991100 1001101 ToaIl 5/96 86/97 97/U 3/09 39/90 90/ 91/92 92/93 939 V4)59/%6 96M9 97)93 939 WIN 166/1 TESS

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 3.1 0.4 1.1 3.1 1.1 1.1 3. 2.1 1.1 3.3 -L1'9.9 2.4 21.6 2.7 2.9 1.6 1.7 0.7 - 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1-2.1I 217.1 - - - 7.6 -7.6 7.6 '.6 7.6 7.6 - 1 ?6 -3.03. 2.6 13.2 13.3 14.4 13.0 is.? - MA 1.

32.2 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.s 10.6 10.6 30.6…- 71 1.5 12. 13.2 14.2 13.2 16.4 17.4 19.2…-- - - - - - - 113.-1.3 -1.3 -31.3…- -1.3 - 1.5 - 1.7 - 2.0…-- - - - . - - - - 3.2

3.2 13.9 10.6 11.9 10.6 11.0 10.6 10.6-- 1.0 3.3 13.3 13.2 ii.v 15.2 13.4 37.4 33.2…--115.

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39. 26.7 64.4 71.0 00.1 36.1 29.6 23.6 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 -MI-39. 43.6 66.3 30.6 0.2 69.3 56.1 48.7 5O.9 13.4 11.9 22.4 13.0 - - - A.

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-- - - ~~~~2.0 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.3 21 2.1 21.9P - - - - 2.8 5.6 5.1 4.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 - - - 3

4.0 3.1 9.1 9.9 11.9 6.5 5.5 2.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 93.3 4.4 9.2 11.5 33.4 27.21 11.1 9.0 4.3 9.5 9.9 10.6 20.9 11.3 7.2 7.6 7.9 154.

94. 291.0 319.8 327.4 302.0 272.3 230.4 379.3 114.6 134.6 114.6 314.6 100.6 20.2 4.3 4.3 2,604.4 103.3 343.2 401.1 490.2 436.9 423.9 380.4 309.4 206.5 212.9 225.5 235.7 216.3 45.3 10.1 10.6 4.00.1

94.4 MA1. 219.83127.4 302.0 272.3 230.4 179.3 114.6 134.6 114.6 124.6 180.6 210.2 4.3 4.3 2.60.4 105.3 341.2 401.1 440.2 436.0 423.9 330.4 309.4 236.5 213.8 225.5 235.7 214.1 45.3 13.1 10.6 4.fl.1

l -100-

Annex 3Table7

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Rehabilitation

Item Description AmountRs M

1. Surveys 1.02. Development of Vocation

training program 3.03. Preparation and implementation

of resettlement action plan 1.04. Infrastructure 9.25. Organizational components 0.56. M&E 0.57. Technical Assistance 0.5

TOTAL 15.7 or US$ 1.20 N

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ANNEX 4

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Draft Terms of Reference for the -ater Charges Review Comuittee

1. The objective ot the periodic review of vater charge xs to ensure thatGOAP collects, at all times, sufficient funds from the beneficiaries of anirrigation scheme that would:

(a) cover the establishment costs of operating the system in a reliable,economical, equitable and predictable manner;

(b) enable the system to be maintained in a condition that makes itsoperation envisaged in (i) possible at all times; and, in addition

(c) recover such portion ot the capital cost of the system (includinginterest on monies invested) that would still leave the benefitingfarmers with an adequate and reasonable return on their capital andlabor expended to grow crops.

2. For this purpose the Comittee shall:

(a) review pertinent information and data on operation and maintenanceexpenditures incurred sLnce its previous review;

(b) evaluate the adequacy of the maintenance carried out and determinethe cause ot inadequacies, if any;

Cc) examine the actual cropping pattern and production obtained byfarmers on commanded land based on cropping data collected by theProject Planning and Nonitoring Organization;

(d) determine from data, obtained under (c) above and the acceptelcost of production information, the amount by which farmers' perhectare income exceed their cost of production; and

(e) recommend what proportion of this margin could be collected tomeet the financial objectives set out in para 1 (a) and (b)as vell as maintaining farmers' incentives described inpara I (c).

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Anwes 5Page 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDRE PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Training Centers and Trainin2

Training Institutions

1. Training of graduate zrrigatica engineers would take place in theWater and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALMT&RI) inHyderabad. Funds are provided under the project according to the number oftrainees in the special courses. A large training effort would be requiredwithin the project area itself, for diplomate staff and farmers. Trainingfacilities, provided by the project, would consist of dormitories withbathrooms tor about 35-40 people, (the maximum number ot trainees who vouldattend at any one time), a dining hall and lecture room. There would bequarters tor tive teachers; one of them would be the Principal, also anactive teacher. Teaching aids, a 4 WD vehicie and two 16-seater minibuseswould complete investments. The centers would have access to the researchfarms and would also be able to make use of the findings of investigationsand Lnterim observations of the adaptive research program which would beimplemented under NARP II.

Subiect, Tau2ht

2. The discipline required to be at hand for tarmers and Canal Inspec-tors (CI) would be irrigation layout and land preparation, and irrigationagronomy. The Canal Inspectors (CI) need the foregoing only as background,to enable them to view their function in perspective as part of the whole.Their principal task would be to learn the necessary engineering, adminLstra-tion and operational details required to provide farmers with a rotationalwater supply according to a prearranged plan and to be able to indicate totheir superiors whether some occurances require changes or modifications inthe routine. The laskars would function as site toremen and constructionassistznts for field channel work: their syllabus would be less detailed andthe time required to teach them, shorter. The teachers would be engineers:at least two of the five permanent staff vould be Assistant Engineers; thePrincipal may be a Deputy ER.

The Subjects Tauftnt

4. Farmers' Trainin. The farmers' training must, first and foremost,focus on irrigation layout under less than ideal conditions: length andwidth ot borders, possibly a zig-zag layout, adapting to actual stream flowrates etc. The farmer must have the opportunity to. observe the differencebetween a good and a badi layout and learn how to remedy the bad one. Otherpoints of imediate urgency are cultural practices that may be adopted almost

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Annex 5Page 2

imediately; bed planting, especially for grounduuts. and ridge cultivationfor cotton. In the future it would include teaching new cultural practicesand land preparation techniques. The farmers' course would last for threedays; a working farmer cannot leave his land and livestock for longer thanthat. First, the contact farmers would be trained; later, as time allows,other rarmers.

Farmers' Leader Trainine

5. Training of Contact Farmers and Chairman of the Outlet Committeeswould include:

(i) overall project organization;

(ii) functioning, duties and rights of the Outlet Committees Minorand Distributary Committees, vith the main emphasis on the OCs.

(iii) system operation, including scheduling and warabundi within thechak;

(iv) survey, design and construction of project works; involvement otOCs;

(v) maintenance ot field channels; actions that may be taken in casethe farmers do not carry out the necessary maintenance.

Canal InsDector (CI) Training

6. Topics to be taught would include, but not be limited to:

(i) CIa responsibilities;

(ii) irrigation scheduling (flow rate, irrigation intervals,crop-soil-water relationships, etc.);

(iii) on-farm irrigation practices;

(iv) water applications and sanctioning;

Cv) system operation and rotational water supplies;

(vi) water measuring devices; factors affecting measurement;

(vii) control structures;

(viii) record keeping;

(ix) reporting;

(x) relation with water users;

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Annex 5Page 3

(xi) maintenance policy; preventive maintenance; veed control;

(xii) collection of water charges;

(xiii) legal aspects.

Initial emphasis during the training would be on irrigation scheduling,system operation and RWS. Essential material will be compiled in a CanalInspectors' Manual.

7. The laskars would receive technical training aimed at increasingtheir understanding of the work and their ability to carry out their tasks.Laskars are mainly employed to assist the AEBs in survey, design and construc-tion. Their training would therefore include:

5i) principles ot crop, soil and water relationships;

(ii) irrigation methods;

(iii) principles of landshaping;

(iv) topographical and "problem" surveys;

(v) layout of minors and field channels;

(vi) standard structures to be used;

(vii) hydraulic design of channels;

(viii) drafting standards;

(ix) construction standards and quality control;

(x) role of farmers organizations; communication with farmers.

General Criteria

8. The centers were designed according to the tolloving criteria:

(i) One trainee group consists of approximately 35 pupils andnever more than 40. If total cadre to be trained is between40 and 70, they will be trained in two groups.

(ii) Training time available per Center per year: 46 weeks.

(iii) Training time available under the project: July 1987 toDecember 1993 t- 6.5 years - 338 weeks).

(iv) Length and frequency of training for the various cadres:

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Page 4

(a) Contact Farmere - one week

(b) Farmers' Leader - one veek LI(Outlet Committee Chairman)

(c) Canal Inspectors - pre-service training 10 weeks- in-service training (for two

weeks once a year) 9 weeks- Total - New Recruits - 15 weeks L2

Former staff - 9 weeks

(d) Land Development Assistants - pre-service training (12 weeks)- in-service training (for two

- weeks once a year) 9 weeks- Total - New Recruits - 17 weeki AL

Former staff - 9 weeks

lJ Actually, three days, but no other training possible that week.ji The average "in-service training" for new recruits during 4.5 years is

5 weeks.

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ANNE= 6Page 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIG&TION PROJECT

Organization and ManaSement

I. The Present Oreanization

Introduction

1. All surface irrigation projects in Andhra Pradesh are constructed bythe Irrigation Department (ID). They also operate and manage all but threeof the tunctioning projects. The Irrigation Utilization and Conmmand AreaDevelopment Department (IU and CADD - but usually referred to as CADD) are atpresent involved only LC the three largest functioning commands: Nagar-junasagar, Sriramasagar and Tungabhadra. Both Departments vere under theState Minister ot Irrigation until March 1, 1985; on that date, CADD was putunder the Minister of Agriculture.

The Irri2ation Department

2. Senior Manazement. The Irrigation Department is headed by aSecretary. Depending on the seniority of the incumbent, he may be a Prin-cipal Secretary; however, the functions, duties and job description of theofficer in charge is the same in either case. The technical and administra-tive head ot the department is the Engineer-in-Chief (E-in-C). Nine ChiefEngineers (CE) report directly to him. Three are in charge of the threelargest projects in the State (Nagarjunasagar, Sriramasagar, Srisailam).Others control: all other major projects; redium projects (400-1000 ha);minor projects (40-400 ha); the Central Des.A Organization, the Mechanicaland Heavy Metal Structures Fabrication section and the Project Preparation,Planning and Monitoring Cell (Chart 1).

3. CEs in charge of the three largest projects report on administrativeand financial matters to the E-in-C, but have access to the Secretary,Irrigation on policy issues. The CZ SBS operates and maintains the completedparts of that scheme and is in charge of new constructions. The CE Srisailamoperates and maintains the Srisailas Dam and controls all works pertaining tothe Madras Water Supply Scheme and the SRBC project. Both CEs have a liaisonand coordination connection with the district administration through a Spe-cial Collector who deals with legal issues of land utilization, land acquisi-tion and administratic.n arising out of project works. Deputy CEs function assenior staff otficers, and supervise technical uatters in their respectivedisciplines. A Director of Accounts of SE rank is attached to each CE.Superintending Engineers (SE) are in charge of Circles and report directly tothe CE (para 4). Each of the CEs has a unit, headed by a SE, working ondesigns; this unit also controls the quality of completed works. The SE

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ANNEX 6Page 2

Designs are under the technical control of the CE, Central Design Organiza-tion; in tact the SE working for the SRS project actually has his otfice inHyderabad. The CEs' Design Circles design the smaller and less complicatedstructures within the CEOs area of responsibility. The Central DesignOrganization operates statewide and designs all major works and structures.

4. Executive Management. The actual executing unit is the Circle,headed by the Superintending Engineer (SE). Any Circle may deal vith damoperation, construction, construction combined with operation and main-tenance, or operation and maintenance only.

5. The unit below the Circle is the Division. It is he2ded by an Execu-tive Engineer (EE). Typically, four to seven EEs report to aU SE. Each HEin charge ot an Operation and Maintenance Division controls atout 54,000 ha.Four Deputy ERs report to the EE; their jurisdiction is, therefore, about13,500 ha; the Deputy EE has four Assistant Engineers (AZ), each in charge of3,400 ha.

6. The O&M structure below the AE is geared to the actual workload; theorganization can absorb more variation than at the Division and Sub-Divisionlevel. The tunctionary below te AE is the Canal Inspector, who controls upto six laskars - semi-skilled foreman - laborers. The laskarso workload,which is tightly defined, is to supervise one of the tolloving:

(i) 500 hectares of CCA, or about 15 to 20 outlet comnands;

(ii) 6 km of main canal or 8 km branch canal;

(iii) one cross regulator, - irrespective whether on a main or branchcanal;

(iv) one escape, on any canal, irrespective of size.

The number of Canal Inspectors reporting to an AE is determined by the numberof ±askars required in the AE's area.

7. Construction divisions do not have Canal Inspectors and laskars. TheARs are on site, supervising the contractors' work.

Present Organization in the Proiect Area

8. In Srisailam. the SE at present has four Circles, one of which isengaged in works on the SRB CAnal. That Circle has seven divisions(Chart 4).

9. In Sriramasaaar there are five Circles.

(i) Circle 1 is in charge of operating and maintaining the Srisailam damand reservoir; planning, construction and operation of the left-bank(north) system and the small Lazmi Canal command on the right bank.It has four divisions.

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ANNEX 6Page 3

(ii) Circle 2 is mainly an operation and maintenance circle for the wholeKakatiya I command. One of its division, however, is in charge otcompleting outstanding works upstream of km 113 on the main canal.

(iii) Circle 3 is in charge of all works below the Khaddam dam on the leftbank, including planning and surveys for the Saraiwati Tail com-ponent, planned tor the 8th five-year plan period.

(iv) Circle 4 is charge vith finishing construction between km 116 and161, on about 80,000 ha, and all outstanding works on the main canaland the major distributaries, between km 250-284.

(v) Circle 5 controls all works between km 161-250, on about 140,000 ha,with seven divisions (Chart 5).

10. Water Allocation in Sriramasaaar. At present, water allocation foreach season is determined in a workshop conducted by the SE in charge of theDam Cizcle. Participants are the SEs of the Circles where irrigation wateris required, the CADA administrator, the Agricultural Officer, thepanchayats' elected representatives and progressive tarmers invited by theSEs; - no farmers are elected at present. The Revenue Department are alsorepresented. This workshop advises on opening dates. The amounts releasedare determined on the basis of indents received from SEs and lEs who, intheir turn, receive requests from DEEs and AEs. The CE approves the overallplan, but detailed day-to-day operation is under the control of the SE incharge of the dam.

The Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Develonment Department

I1. Senior Management. The structure and functions of the Department arelaid down in the Irrigation Utilization and Command Area Development Act of1984. Its functions is to promote and coordinate agricultural development.The Department is headed by a Secretary, who like the Secretary ID, may be aPrincipal Secretary. His staff officers are a CE for Water Management, atpresent involved mostly in Nagarjunasagar, the Director of the Water and LandManagement Training and Research Institute (NALAMIARI), of SE rank, andofficers to coordinate, at Secretariat level, the disciplines of cooperation,credit, statistics, on-farm and agricultural production development (Chart2). Bis Director ot Accounts is of SE rank.

12. In the three commands where CADD function there are Command AreaDevelopment Authorities (CAD&) headed by an Administrator, who, unlike insome other States, is a generalist IAS officer (Chart 6). TheAdministrator's staff consists of officers on deputation from line depart-ments. They are in charge of cells whose function is coordination, problemsolving and liaison with line departments, to remove constraints includinglong and short-term credit that would militate against the attainment ofmaxizm agricultural production.

13. A major liaison function is to provide data and background informa-tion for CADD's two major steering organs: the Command Area DevelopmentBoard and the CADA Working Committee.

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ANNE 6Page 4

(a) The Command Area Development Board is chaired by the Minister ofAgriculture. It consists of the Ministers of Irrigation and Finance,the Chief Secretary, and all concerned Secretaries. It meets fourtimes a year, provides policy guidelines for all CADAs and deals withproblems requiring high-level policy intervention.

(b) The CADA Working Committee is chaired by the Secretary IU and CADDand consists of the heads of line departments in the CADA area. Itmeets monthly and deals with operational problems that cannot bereadily solved at the local level by the Administrator.

14. Operations. The CADD's direct field duties in Sriramasagar are theorganizing of farmers into outlet and other committees, to operate waterdistribution below the outlet, called "pipe" or "pipe outlet" in A.P. (InIagarjunasagar they are senior partners in vater management and schedulingoperations). The IU and CADD Act states that Outlet Committees (O.C.) beeLected annually; CADD have not yet resolved the major problem of how toorganize each year, literally thousands of separate elections in a singlecomand: there woull be 6-7,000 elections to invigilate in the top 165,000ha of SRS project alone. Also, for effective management of minor canalcom-ands, the Outlet Committees would have to be represented on minor anddistributary committees, - which would mean participating in the election ornomination of several hundred more committees each year.

II. The Proposed Ortanization

15. Combinitm the Irrigation and the Command Area Development Department.Following the precedents of CADDs and IDs in other States where, either byordinance or expedience, the two departments operate under a single overalladministrative direction, GOAP has decided to bring the two Departmentscloser together. They would be under a senior Secretary, Irrigation andCommand Area Development DepartmLnt, reporting to the Minister of Irrigation.A Secretary, Irrigation and a Secretary IU and CADD would report to thisSenior Secretary. The basic functions and organization of both Departmentsvould remain.

A. The Irrigation Deyartment

"6. The ID would continue to be the entity that constructs and operatesirrigation works in the project areas, monitors progress and evaluates theeffects. The necessary temporary augmentation of design and constructionactivities are part of the Department's working tradition as it starts andcompletes projects; one of the innovations would be a strengthened andexpanded Project Preparation, Monitoring and Evaluation (PPM) Unit (Chart 3).

17. A desirable change would be to appoint a Chief Engineer tor allOperations and Maintenance activities in that State, reporting to theEngineer-in-Chief. He would have staff functions similar to the CEs headingthe Central Design Organization and the Mechanical Section. Ris office wouldset maintenance standards and organize the puchase and allocation of O&Mequipment. The 0&N Circles under the CEs in charge of projects would main-tain the same link with him as is now the case vith the Design Circles.

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ANNEX 6Page 5

18. The PPM Wing. The Wing would monitor all aspects of project works,have the capability to evaluate, from time to time, their impact. Thislatter activity may be contracted to outside organizations (e.g. the NationalInstitute ot Rural Development, based in Hyderabad), or individual consult-ants may be engaged to work with the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, underspecific terms of reference.

19. The Project Preparation Facility is in place nad does not requireany strengthening to meet its expected workload. The only project-relatedactivity expected before completion of this project would be to prepare plansfor completing development of the service area of the SRSC project (17,000ha) and the SRS project to km 284 of the Kakatiya canal (20,000 ha); beforeplanning for further expansion of the SRS project further studies would berequired on water use in the project area and availability in the Godavari.

20. Monitoring physical progress of project works in both areas andidentifying causes for departure from the implementation schedule tor a givenconstruction season would be one of the Unit's major activity; its corollarywould be to report tinancial progress, prepare reimbursement documentation toGOI and the Bank, and to monitor that tendering and contracting proceduresfollow agreed guidelines. Of equal importance would be to monitor systemoperation in terms of water deliveries and losses in transit, and its timeli-ness according to the prearranged timetable. Monitoring groundwater levels,drainage conditions, the utilization of existing wells and rate of develop-ment of new wells, and also conditions militating against expected develop-ments (a stable or receeding groundwater level, increase in numbers andoperating hours of the wells) would be important development aspects.Records would be kept of all crops grown in the commandable area, irrespec-tive whether they are irrigated or not; changes in cropping patterns, cropselections and farming intensities noted. The unit would also have to assistin identifying factors promoting or slowing down the introduction of benefi-cial changes in crop and cropping pattern and thereby provide material forthe adaptive agricultural research planning committee.

21. O0eration and Maintenance in Sriramasagar. Effective, timely main-tenance, and operating the system equitably is a self-evident necessity; toprovide the physical and administrative structure to carry it out, a primeneed. The physical prerequisites tor effective water control: communicationequipment and easy access to canals carrying more than 10 cusecs, are keyproject components. To ensure its smooth functioning, the O&M organizationshould have no other duties.

B. The Comsnd Area DeveloRment Department

22. Function of CADA in Sriramasasar. The CADA should, with all possiblespeed, establish the Outlet Committees (OC) and create a hierarchy repre-senting a convenient grouping of OCs. To assist CADD in this task, it wouldbe desirable to amend the IU and CAD Act to enable eiections to be held lessfrequently and for the elections to have a less disruptive effect on theoperation of the OCs.

-1 11-

ANNEX 6Page 6

23. To fulfill this function, CADA needs a field organization roughlymatching that of ID, with the important functional difference that the equiv-alent of the EE, Deputy EE and AE would be concerned entirely with mattersconcerning water distribution within outlet commands, water indents to matchthe weather and crop requirements, specially during the kharif and, mostimportantly ot all, to ensure proper maintenance of the field channels andstructures. CADAos other, coordinating functions would remain as at present.

24. OrRanization in the SRBC command. Since at present there is noirrigation in the SRBC command, there is no functioning CADD. However, theCADD functions, particularly the organizing of OCs and Distributary Commit-tees is essential. These would most expeditiously be carried out under theSE in charge of construction, who would require an O&N division and a CADDdivision during the implementation of this project. Once 60,000 ha, havebeen developed, the Circle's function would change from construction tooperation. In this smaller area (potentially 77,000 ha againstSrirauasagar's 680,000) it may not be necessary to establish a separate CADA;the functional need to do so would become less pressing once ID and C&DD comeunder the same Secretary.

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An=ex 7Page 1

INDIA

SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT

Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Persons

1. The main objectives of the resettlement and rehabilitation of theProject Affected Persons (PAP) are to ensure that the PAP shall, promptlyafter their displacement: (i) improve or at least regain the standard ofliving they were enjoying prior to their displacement; (ii) be relocatedas village units, village sections or families in accordance with the PAPpreference; (iii) be fully integrated with the community to which they areresettled, and (iv) be provided with appropriate compensation and adequatesocial and physical rehabilitation infrastructure, including communityservices and facilities.

2. The plan for resettlement and rehabilitation of the PAP shallensure adequate participation by, and consideration of, all PAPs.

3. The level of compensation for land to be paid to persons affectedby project works (canals, roads, drains) would be based on the currentmarket value of land of comparable production potential in the ProjectArea.

4. GOAP would take all such action as shall be necessary to providethe PAPs (para 3), in accordance with their preference, with either (i)vocational traning or (ii) irrigable land of comparable production poten-tial to that which the Oustee was holding; or (iii) stable employment.

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION (AP 11) PROJECT

Organhzofon Chart d lnHgatIon Department, Andhra Pradesh (work unNs)

I Nri FMr f?AI AC 1

INGNEWfIF 4ICH (IW)

PIqoci~~~~~ ~~~ lllWUm'gotu IC^F ENGNEEP ~CHEI fiNiEqER CH111ENEtAll? r*1w« ENGWR CHIFF MINEEP CHIEF ENsNEEn CHEF ENEM11 CHIEF EINSNEE1 S U EiMD

(Map hntln) (MIIdo hMton (MNUa hwnonll) I 6OJECIS SlW EIM AAGP aMA CESGN k4vwANARNP1Q ENGFMFOEPCI

rticutm betteu 0n ek WSMAI srdsLA 1,1 ct I9 PRJC ^ INIC ,WLiw PPRTC

optt aOmticn & K*w arfori &Ww hpilal 5 AN Ceig d E jOal tbw*s II &A F LAN

Ktkim d AM Mnlonahle r e q c l ^ sd Nba & m 1* alICNITQSR

MW Ma I [sco of0 Mm* rsiwlosl SWS S 'n rt#vse .-

NouWAW h - ai d Al Mao &

%Skn & rbqeci IVn r VoIwwI

WeO the 9aaitw urits krcglIWm vAlh Irle fl dCift2 ni.m 1gs&

SOdl,l IlodAbd ty SVaevcu-j linjwwn txnc,jle

Efr8nm & ^P E-scul Ergw mg1ri vwtelsch & III umt,t,m ,Ddf otlcIrod to tiw

mod" Wrfx &4 I oI Sctw -. 522

-114-

Chart 2

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20 ~~~~~I

aiazig I

zai d

ci} XI

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INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGAION (AP 11) PROJECT

Proposed Staff or Montodlng and Evoluatlon In Mhe Proect Prepartion CeH

I .1

|CNld Eriget |

IKro PtJw C|rp SnWRgh9 Cl CAMI I-

-T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U

[WE I DEEE I A I AI E

SE 9wdOMI&nendcg Eng iawJD (AGR) Jbl DOecIct. AglculffeEE EKadti Ergo uDD (AGR) Deut Dmclecc AgktuffrDEE De* EucutK% Engp_eAD (AGR) Atont Drectot. Aqtutt, I!AC /V=ounIs Offce .WBd org-27525

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION (AP 11) PROJECT

Organization Chart of SIsallam Prolect

|(Iklbon lir* only) 4SedalColbcleS |Che nier m- …- - -- ---- 1°tN,a nSH Idetrfo laChkg Eng-fmw at Nogc2isoga Cmi Stie

Olectol of

7 EIs _ EEs 7 EEs l____E

-Existio Staff- - - - - --- po-d Sd…

SROC S*aim Rbht Ofnh C1iaSE &VeMtendkV b1inDCE Deputy Chbf EnglneerEE Esr Engineer L 5o -27623 EBdstlng Staff ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGA1ION (AP 11) PROJECT

Organiztion Chait d mosogar Prlect

I ~~~~~(tkibon Ir onv C4lc IrChb# Engin ArWo M---- ----------- 3 13

I~~~~~~~~~ L.EDbackxd DCE AdVn Am"& DCE NSEt < < [t Lt X [:43 [c+u]t f#A3M ml o~~~~~~~I cOI I&OCS MuCh cI 019%b

4 EEs 4 EES 4 ~Es, MIE 2 EEa3E 5 EE

-Eidthg Sl dl Ndoe 'h dmedl gwg5pictwilk rh -gd dw Ciwlc----- -A Sal I Cd nhodSE Su_roaKi Enweer 3 hpcf 11 OSIV Ca*dDCE Deput Chbl Er ohnDOa Oiecta d Accounts Wod o*-2752d

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION (AP 11) PROJECT

OrganizacHon Chart of the Command Ara Dewlopnient Authortly

Land D ont LawTern Short-Term Pilot Prolects StatistlA uuCall .edlt Call Credi Cell Training Cell

RJNCTlKN AdminsWator - coordination with kTnian & Power. Grournoter Development.Animal Husbandy. Rsheries, Morketing & PMD Feeder RoadsDepartments

Heods of Cells - on deputafion from their parent departments. to coordinate &guide operation In CADA areas

'Chaired bv Minister of Irigation2 Chaired by SecretorV. CADD Wod Ban-27527

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION (AP 11) PROJECT

Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Extenslon ServiceOrganization Chart

Director d |

I | i Pqlcu?e - d 1

oftj

SFa JointDifetor d

Agricuttire Zone

Joint Dkctors Dul DhebonAorpcuftgel . hgte,

(DWkt) ~~~~~~~~~~~(Dikkt)_

F-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

Deputy Diwetor DeputV Drector M- Asitant Dketor Assitt adod Agkulte d AWcuttue Asistont Diectom d kgItue d Asislat Ncelan

(Goral DUH35) (MS) d AQiuth (Gneral ) _(SPA) , d A

I I

Extension ExerSalontes I 1 11cers

One In exch of the 10 loger Dricts1One in eaoch of the 13 wroi Distcts WdO Bon*-27528 I

Figure 2CANAL SIZING & SURFACE DELIVERY PERIODS FOR LANDS LACKING GROUNDWATER

SJPPLY AT PLANTGroundwater 0Surface War 65fnY

80 Design Maximum (Not Averoge) Folnlghtly Peak Demands to be MWt as Possibe Total .nual .m

Crop Demnand Accounting (or Rainloll by Using Unused Capacity Oiheiwlse _ .70 far Use In Sizing Canals Available to Londs wIth Wells

-6 60 _ Deslgn Fotnrgtty Crop Demand Accounting I ?.for Rainfall far Use In DetermIninrg

50 - Total Annual Demand (65 l nm)

f40

320

10

World Bank - 27483

In

INDIA

SECOND ANDURA PRADESH (AP II) IRRIGATION PROJECT

Schematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRBC Comnonent

2J J A 8 0 N D J F H A it

100 II I I 100

i /~~~~~~~~~~rb groundnuts _52

90 _/red gram - 72 90

80 _l | ~~~~~~chillies -8% /: 880 i0

70 70

g / ~~~~cotton -302 60 _60

50 _50

40 _ kharif groundnuts - 15%I / / / ~~rab groundnuts -0 IOZ/0

30 _30

rabi sorghum - 202 /20 j _20

kharif groundnuts - 1OZI . - I

10 L /_ 10

kharif sorghum - 15X /rabi groundnuts - 10O

I / I AI _ I I I/ I 1 A 1 (mnt 1J J A S 0 N D J F M A M (months)

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH (AP 11) IRRIGATION PROJECTSchematic Design Cropping Patemn - SRS Component

165,000 ha, PrevAously Inlted

100Rabi Grandnuts 5%

90 / Rabi Soghum 156%

80- Rabi Maize Z%/ Green Gram i5S

70-/ ~~~~~~KharK Grouncdnuts 5%/ //

/ / / ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~Robi Rlce 15S 60- Kharn Maie 10/

50 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

/ ~~~~~~Cotton 15%

40-

Khadf Sorghum 10% RobI Gioundnuts 10%

30 -ChIIIU 3%

20 -

Kh1nf Rice 27%10

Rabi Rice 5%

o / I I I /1 | ChIckpas 5% j j A S 0 N D J F M A M

Month

Uhe.dBo-302Sg:1 {eIO

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH (AP II) IRRIGATION PROJECTSchematc Design Cropping Pattern - SRS Component

119,000 ha VerisolAlfisol

100

90 _Robi Maize 25%

80 _

70

/ Khorn Malze10% //Robi Groundnuts ̀10SE%

60 Rec Gram S

Chillb_ 2S _ . 7, , _ . , 7_ t50

Cotton 15%

40

30/ ~~~~Khortf Groundnuts i8%

20 - Rabl Groundnuts 20/

/ Green Gram '10%

10 ,

Khortf Sorghum 10% /,7

O SenIol GQrn 5%

j J A S 0 N D J F M A MMonth S -

VId Bar*-3025913

INDIASECOND ANDHRA PRADESH (AP 11) IRRIGATION PROJECTSchematic Design Cropping Pattern - SRS Component

88,000 ha Vertisol

100

rcabi Maize 10%

90 Rabi Sorghum 5%

80 _Robi Groundnuts 115%

70 _

60-/ Kanif Maize 15% r/b GIunnts 10/60 _~n _

50 + ~~~~~~~~Red G ram 5%/. 60

40 - / Cotton 20%

30Chilies 2%

20 - X Kharil Groundnuts 13% Rabi Maize 10%

/ Green Grom 5% / SRobu morghum 5S0/

( Khorf Sorghum 101> /: / | Bengal Gram 5%

0J J A S 0 N D J F M A M

Month I

Wold Bonk-30259.2

RAJASTHAN 8 N, . r N

c?.- ~.3 \ >_ 2 '.BIHAR >0to Nor

GUJARAT'! MADHYA PRADESH Ads,bod * t

-k (' z MAHARASHTRA)P IAF ILA AI1

r MAHARASH'RA L ORISSA

eJ.1 2JJ fd >_jA0 jIANDHRA

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KARNATAKA C YA y -.

N1NA`A A MU

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7~0

To ShVo~

SEE iBRD 18842 FOR DETAIL OFANONRA PRAOFSH COhPOStTE - F-

IRRIGATION 11 PROJECT to Sh A Ch o

to ShoI6pu.. .iE 4 r '. s1

41&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

KARNATAKA16'

- < ~~~~~~SECON-

sfr !ppQ 1884J FOOR rCfTAIL OFAN '"PA PRA['-F5H COMPOSITE .;

IRRIGATION is PROJC* AN AM1 Up iu- P

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-- (~~~~~0ILO&I TERS C'?O ~ -

c'~~-.. ~0 50 10 PL ( I4 ood

d_r -- _ 7.. J.To V.II0-.

-'- 0o o 2is 50 R7S lOD t ; to v.400_ } MILES ;89 > _./ TAMIL NADU

783 -B'

IBRD 18986

To Cuffnoe/ Ta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Raeur

AMA AAA PRADESH

-- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ --s *, *e! .~~ VIZIANAGARA 18./ VISHAKAPAI|

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TWESGOAV

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* 161

~~~~~~/ 16t_Sr, I ~~~~~~~N D I A

9 ta9 SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECTMEDIUM AND MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECTS

v_7 , REFER TO LIST OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN REPORT.

Imgation Schemes:

Existing

Under Construction

EU Proposed

- Damsx IN E Main Canals

It w Rivers 11

I - Main Roods

(w RTilrods

state Capital

--.1 @ n e District Headquarters

-.-- Distict Boundaries

-. . - State Boundaries

_-- International Boundaories

^2,.1To Mafog

'IU

FEBRUARY 198S

,1; -.- , SRISAILAM DAM

X / UPoth~~~~ireddy a FF tAKE REGULATOR To Guritu

P\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A" 1.d - I

\ odldr modu~~~~gu zI

IN D I A /'SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH

IRRIGATION PROJECTSRISAILAM RIGHT BRANCH CANAL

IRRIGATION SCHEME {

IRRIGATION AREAS: ro Kumo \PROJECT tmo

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT _ \ i EXISTING )

3 BLOCK BOUNDARIES AND NUMBERS (2 Y CANAIS AND DISTRIBUTARIES; lo 01honv < , i-iJfli

'6 - PROJECT CANALS t 6\ !j ,>-\ /

-- PROJECr DISTRIBUTARY - .,"i,,. ; .:/r I _ _ _ ~~FUTUREt CAN .

RIVERS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

M I""''' - ROA, =S

I~~~~~~D- ISTRICT BOUNDARY 7=:/Jw

IaTodiGaory

I KAURN N.AO L

> t H '; Tt2u I T 0 P,dCA H

i tuN^^Z;>. / -'- - ~ | ^ KlLoMIERS r )2 \

§~~~~~~~~~4 I < 1-'A iT| *h 2 eid

IBRD 18842

. .tI N D I ASA "D CA tD Boom a,i SECOND ANDHRA PRADESH

IRRIGATION PROJECTSRIRAMASAGAR IRRIGATION SCHEME

POCHAMPAD DAM -

- \ /: #\, \ IRRIGATION AREAS

\ftn_ /PROJECT

4 3 X i * "j FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

i EXISTING

S.rc.iIo MANAIR DAM / nu, ;, j ;j MAIN CANALS

~~~ -v - - - ~~~~~~~~~~PROPOSED UNDER THE PROJECT

_ **,~ \ icFUTURE DEVELOPMENT

k+L 146. COmPLETED

/ ono PolR2RIVERS AND STREAMS

- DAMS

Fo Hyd.robod ROADSTo---. dRAILROADS

O SELECTED 'OWNS

\, - -- STATE BOUNDARIES

+4O/ km23

To Hydrobod iangaon -

. 21\4 0- O 10 20 30 40

KILOfMETE ES

'.~ ~~~~~~~~~44 - ..- .n.n .. ...

To hdo*-bodC\\ -\ .; - - - -_

\~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - \ -'' \ "' . .

\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mmo n b..S. - ; . i . ... p............

/ s y >t . \ -16 r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 16t

OcKotcond° \, ta rtAHYA)

NAiARJUNASAGAP XA>RNAA5Z'. - /; < .- - To Yqoya.otoo . -C;NADUi ao'

__________________________________________________________ 8'*~~~~~~ORISS

_______________________________________________________________________.(PRADESHD