world bank · 2016. 7. 17. · Éksarenh rtuv)ane)ahbum

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TIRkugPñMeBj ISBN: 1-932827-00-5

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Epñkbec©keTs nigrdæ)al nigkarKaMRTd¾mantMélbMputCabnþbnÞab; enAkñúgRKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs;éndMeNIrkar

RsavRCav BieRKaHeyabl; nigkare)aHBum<pSay.

cMENkesIµPaBsMrab;narI RtUv)anerobcMeLIgCaBIrdMNak;kal. esckþIRBagr)aykarN_ sIþBIkar)a:n;RbmaN

GMBIeynD½renAkm<úCa RtUv)anerobcMeLIgenAedImqñaM2003 edayelakRsI Helen Brereton TIRbwkSaKMerag

mUlniFirbs; AusAID nigelakRsI Gillian Brown GñksMrbsMrYleynD½rRbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

esckþIRBagr)aykarN_enH RtUv)aneFIVbc©úb,nñPaB nigviPaKkan;EtTUlMTUlayedayelakRsI Mia Hyun

¬CMBUkTI1-3-7-8-9¦ elakRsI Ritu Shroff ¬CMBUkTI4-5-6-7¦ tamry³ KMeragrbs;mUlniFishRbCaCati

vii

edIm,IRsIþ edaymankar]btßmÖBIkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati sMedAbRBa¢abbBaðaeynD½r eTAkñúgeKaledAGPivDÆn_

shsSvtSr_km<úCa. elakRsI Cheryl Urashima TIRbwkSaKMeragCMnYybec©keTsrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu

enAkñúgRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn )anpþl;eyabl;Tak;TgnwgCMBUkTI2 nigTI3. elakRsI Lorraine

Corner TIRbwkSaesdækic©RbcaMtMbn;rbs;mUlniFishRbCaCatiedIm,IRsþI )anpþl;karENnaM nigeyabl;ya:geRcIn

enAkñúgdMNak;kalerobcMtak;EtgesckIþRBagr)aykarN_enH k¾dUcCakare)aHBum<pSay nigkarerobcMeKalneya)ay

segçb edayEp¥kelIlT§plénkarRsavRCav nigGnusasn_enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH.

elak Michael J. Brereton, Karen Emmons, Michael A. Cohen nig Michael Wild )anCYy

BinitüEksMrYl nigRsavRCav. elak GU‘c eso GñkbkERbRbcaMkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati )anbkERbr)aykarN_

enHeTACaPasaExµr. elak Boonruang Song-ngam CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcMRkahVik nigrcna

r)aykarN_ ehIyelakRsI Ann Bishop CaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkarBinitübBa©b;elIr)aykarN_enH nigkare)aHBum<

pSayCaPasaExµr nigGg;eKøs.

ÉksareRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarerobcMr)aykarN_enH )anmkBIRbPBCaeRcIn dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgTMB½r

Éksareyag. ÉksarenH RtUv)anBinitüedayelakRsI Susan R. Razzaz Caesdækic©viTU enAkñúgEpñkeynD½r

nigGPivDÆn_rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak elak Chaogang Wang m®nIþEpñkGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© énkariyal½y

FnaKarBiPBelak RbcaMRbeTscin nigelakRsI Dagmar Oberlies CaTIRbwkSaEpñkc,ab;rbs;KMerag GTZ

{elIkkMBs;siTi§rbs;RsIþ}.

Gñkeroberogr)aykarN_enH sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHkarCYy]btßmÖ nigkarKaMRTrbs;elakRsI Gs;elak

EdlmanraynamdUcteTA ³ elakRsI Nisha Agrawal RbFankariyal½yFnaKarBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa elakRsI

Dominique Ait-Ouyahia McAdams GtIttMNagkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati RbcaMkm<úCa nigCaRbFan

sMrbsMrYlRbB½n§shRbCaCati elak Ladislaus Byenkya-Abwooli tMNagrgkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati

RbcaMkm<úCa elak Urooj Malik RbFanFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu RbcaMkm<úCa elakRsI Ingrid Cyimana RbFan

kmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkénkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati elakRsI Shireen Lateef GñkÉkeTsEpñkGPivDÆn_

sgÁmkic© mkBInaykdæanGPivDÆn_RbkbedaynirnþrPaBRbcaMtMbn; énFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu.

RkumGñkerobcMr)aykarN_enH k¾TTYl)aneyabl;EklMGBIm®nIþFnaKarBiPBelak nigTIPñak;garshRbCaCati

nana. buKÁlikdéTeTot k¾)ancUlrYmBieRKaHeyabl; nigpþl;eyabl;pgEdr dUcCa elakRsI Yuriko Uehara

GñkÉkeTsCan;x<s;EpñkGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© énnaykdæanTenøemKgÁ rbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu elakRsI exg

sMva:n;da GñkÉkeTsEpñkeynD½rrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu elakRsI nil vNÑa m®nIþGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic©

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa elakRsI Henny Anderson TIRbwkSabec©keTsénGgÁPaBbec©keTs

tamdan nigviPaKPaBRkIRk ¬PMATU¦ viTüasßanGPivDÆn_ nigRsavRCavenAkm<úCa ¬CDRI¦ nigRkumrbs;

viii

elakRsI dUcCa elak sux Narin elakRsI vNÑ vINarI elakRsI eTB sar:avI elak Dib cn½ÞriTi§ elak Lay c½nÞ

nigelak hgS PUminÞ elak Tit vgS enAviTüasßanCatisißtiénRksYgEpnkar elakRsI bu:k NNþa GgÁkarcMerInRsIþ

elakRsI Joanne Morrison KMeragPaBCaédKUedIm,IGPi)alkic©mUldæan ¬kmµviFIsila¦ elakRsI b‘U cn§Ú GgÁkar

Padek elakRsI Ék supan;Na evTikaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al mij NavI GgÁkareynD½r nigkic©GPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa

Judy Ledgerwood salaPUminÞviciRtsil,³ elak Willi Zimmerman salaPUminÞ viciRtsil,³ mkBIkmµviFI

LMAP/GTZ elakRsI Liz Giles nigelakRsI eha plIø mkBIKMeragRbqaMgnwgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar elak

David Wilkinson TIRbwkSaÉkraCü KN³kmµaFikarTIRbwkSa EpñkeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_énRbB½n§

shRbCaCati elakRsI Beate Trankmann RbFankmµviFIGPi)alkic©énkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati elakRsI

Blandine Bouniol mkBIsalaPUminÞrdæ)al elakRsI Olga Torres GgÁkar Concern Worldwide elakRsI

Mirna Yacoub elakRsI Desiree Jongsma elak Nyunt Nyunt Li elak Graham Long nigelak

Chris Perry mkBI UNICEF elak Maha Ahmed mkBIkmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak evC¢bNÐit Juliet

Fleischl elakRsI Jenny Busch-Hallen evC¢bNÐit Severin Von Xylander evC¢bNÐit KwmsuvNÑ ya:danI

nigevC¢bNÐit Reiko Tsuyuoka mkBIGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak elakRsI Jesse Rattan GgÁkar CARE

elakRsI Geeta Sethi mkBI UNAIDS elak Chris Ward KMerageKalneya)ay elak Dave Quinn

RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati elakRsI Nelien Haspels GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati.

ix

matika

xøwmsarsegçb >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1

CMBUkTI1 ³ TMnak;TMngeynD½rkñúgTidæPaBesdækic©-sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 29

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 29

1>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 30

1>1>1 TMenomTMlab;RbéBNItwgruwg )aneFVI[narImanzan³kñúgsgÁm TabCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31

1>1>2 karEbgEckkMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugEtmankarERbRbYl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32

1>1>3 narI enAEtmanbnÞúkkargarF¶n;F¶rCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32

1>1>4 burs enAEtmansiT§ieRcInbMputkñúgkarsMercelIkic©karRKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 33

1>1>5 TMnak;TMngeynD½r rvagnarI nigburskMBugEtERbRbYl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 34

1>1>6 snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI¦ rgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r ¬GEM¦ nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_

eynD½r ¬GDI¦ sßitenAkñúgcMeNamsnÞsSn_ nigrgVas;EdlTabCageKbMputenAGasuI >>>>>>>>>>> 35

1>1>7 snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusSrbs;narI manTMhMFMCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 36

1>1>8 RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar sßitenAkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputenAkñúgshKmn_ >>>>>>>>> 37

CMBUkTI2 ³ TsSn³vis½yeynD½r enAelITIpSarBlkmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 43

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 43

2>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 43

2>1>1 kMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 44

2>1>2 GRtacUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµkMBugEtekIneLIg kñúgenaHGRtarbs;narImankMritx<s;

ebIeFobeTAnwgsþg;darkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46

2>1>3 yuvv½yPaKeRcIn minmankargareFVI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 48

2>1>4 GRtanarIeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsarmancMnYneRcIn b:uEnþGRtaburs

eFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar kMBugekIneLIg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 50

2>1>5 GRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér kMBugEtekIneLIg b:uEnþGtulüPaBeynD½renAEtekItman >>>>> 52

2>1>6 RbePTkargar nig]sSahkmµ EdlEbgEcktamePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 54

2>1>7 karKaMRTbnþicbnþÜccMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUc¼GaCIvkmµxñattUc

EdlBuMRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; mansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHnarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56

2>1>8 narI mancMnYntictYcenAkñúgkargarviC¢aCIv³ nigkñúgtMENgeFIVesckþIsMerc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56

xi

2>1>9 kMritvb,Fm’ manplb:HBal;elIR)ak;kMér nig »kaskargar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 57

2>1>10narITTYl)anR)ak;kMérticCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 58

2>1>11 yuvv½ykñúgcMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg kMBugmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 59

2>1>12 ]sSahkmµkat;edr man\T§iBly:agxøaMgkøaeTAelICIvitrs;enArbs;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 60

2>1>13 eKalneya)aykargar nigBaNiC¢kmµ man\T§iBlxusKñaelIburs nignarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 63

2>1>14 etItMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj EdlRtUv)anesñIeLIg pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;narIEdrb¤eT? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 66

2>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 67

CMBUkTI3 ³ narI ksikmµ nig FnFanCnbT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 71

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71

3>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72

3>1>1 narImantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgplitkmµksikmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 74

3>1>2 narImantYnaTIRbkbedayskáanuBlPaBya:gsMxan; kñúgkarkat;bnßyGsniþsuxes,óg >>>>>>>>>> 75

3>1>3 esvapSBVpSaymankMritGb,brma narITTYl)anesvapSBVpSayticCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 76

3>1>4 »kastictYckñúgkarTTYl)anFnFanFmµCati kMBugKMramkMEhgdl;karRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit >>> 79

3>1>5 eTaHbICamanc,ab;dIFIøfIµEdlykcitþTukdak;elIeynD½r b:uEnþnarIenAEtgayrgeRKaH

edaysarEtsiTi§narIkñúgkarTTYl)andI minRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 79

3>1>6 »kasTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú nigesvaminEmnhirBaØvtßú mankMrittictYcbMput >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 82

3>1>7 pøÚv nigKmnaKmn_CnbTCaGaTiPaBsMrab;narI nigburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 83

3>1>8 narIpþl;GaTiPaBelIkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 84

3>1>9 narIminmantMNagrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgtYnaTIeFIVesckIþsMerckñúgvis½yksikmµ nigCYrm®nIþraCkarsIuvil 85

3>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 86

CMBUkTI4 ³ KMlateynD½r enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 93

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93

4>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93

4>1>1 KMlateynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ekIneLIgeTAtamkMriténkarsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 94

4>1>2 karcuHeQµaHcUleronkMBugekIneLIgenAfñak;bzmsikSa nigmFümsikSabzmPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 95

4>1>3 karekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½sénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsImkBIXMuEdlRkIRkbMput >>>>>>>> 96

4>1>4 GRtaKg;vgS nigbBa©b;karsikSarbs;ekµgRsImankMritTabCagekµgRbus >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 97

4>1>5 mankarxVHxatRKUbeRgonxøaMgenACnbT CaBiessRKUbeRgonCanarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 99

4>1>6 KMlateynD½r nigPaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUl enAEtBMumankarpøas;bþÚr

enAkñúgkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 100

xii

4>1>7 GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitFøak;cuHenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi CaBiessekµgRbus >>>>>>>>>>> 101

4>1>8 mUlehtuEdlnaM[manKMlateynD½renAkMritmFümsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 102

4>1>9 KMlateynD½r manTMhMkan;EtFM enAkMrit]tþmsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 105

4>1>10 KMlateynD½renAkñúgGRtaGkçrkmµ ekIneLIgeTAtamGayurbs;RbCaCn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 106

4>1>11karbNþúHbNþalCMnajviC¢aCIv³enAmankMrit CaBiesssMrab;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 107

4>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 108

CMBUkTI5 ³ bBaðaeynD½r kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 115

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 115

5>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 115

5>1>1 narI)at;bg;]tþmPaBenAkñúglT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBCamUldæan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 117

5>1>2 lT§PaBTabkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaB manTMnak;TMngCitsñiTeTAnwgPaBRkIRk

nigkarGb;rMrbs;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 117

5>1>3 GRtamrNPaBmataenAkm<úCa KWmankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 119

5>1>4 sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narI mankMritTab >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 121

5>1>5 tMrUvkarEpnkarRKYsar nigkarBnüarkMeNItEdlminTan;eqøIytb enAEtmankMritx<s; >>>>>>>>>> 122

5>1>6 narImin)anTTYlkarEfTaMkñúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigeBlsMralkUnRbkbedaysuvtßiPaBeT >>> 125

5>1>7 kgVHbuKÁlikqµbCMnaj nigkarEbgEckbuKÁlikeBTümin)anRKb;RKan; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 125

5>1>8 yuvCnekµg²kñúgcMnYneRcInCagnarIRtUvsøab; b¤TTYleRKaHfñak;Cayfaehtu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 127

5>1>9 BikarPaB nigkarejónfñaMejón manplb:HBal;elIburseRcInCagnarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 127

5>2 yuT§saRsþ nig eKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 128

CMBUkTI6 ³ bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 133

6>1 sßanPaB bBaða nig ninñakar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 133

6>1>1 GRtaqøgfµI)anfycuHenAkñúgcMeNamburs cMENkenAkñúgcMeNamnarIvij GRtaenHenAefr >>>134

6>1>2 GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarIrksIupøÚvePT )anfycuHenAeBlEdlmankar

ekIneLIgnUvkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>136

6>1>3 GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_ mankarfycuHkñúgcMeNamnarIEdlTTYlesvaEfrkSaKP’ >>>>>> 137

6>1>4 pøÚvénkarcMlgemeraKeGds_ kMBugEtmankarpøas;bþÚr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 139

6>1>5 narIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal; nigminpÞal; enAEtRbQmmuxnwgkarqøgénemeraKeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 140

6>1>6 narIerobkarrYc RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;eRcIn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 140

6>1>7 TsSn³eynD½rminRtwmRtUv man\T§iBlelIkarRbRBwtþipøÚvePTrbs;burs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 141

xiii

6>1>8 narITTYlbnÞúkEfTaM nigKaMRTdl;GñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ nigGñkCMgweGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 141

6>1>9 lT§PaBTTYl)ankarBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_enAmankMrit >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 142


CMBUkTI7 ³ GMeBIhwgSaelInarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 147


7>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 147

7>1>1 karTTYlykGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 148

7>1>2 narIrgeRKaHedaykarbMBarbMBan BMumanpøÚvecj[putBIGMeBIhwgSaenH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>149

7>1>3 GMeBIrMelaP³ GMeBIhwgSakñúgbridæanénkarminykeTaséBr_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 150

7>1>4 CnrgeRKaHedaykarCYjdUr TTYlykkarsIþbenÞas >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 152

7>1>5 PaBRkIRk nigbBaðasgÁm naM[mankarekIneLIgénGaCIvkmµpøÚvePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 154

7>1>6 tRmUvkarGaCIvkmµrksIupøÚvePT ekIneLIg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 154

7>1>7 karpøas;bþÚrrUbPaBénkargarrksIupøÚvePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 155


CMBUkTI8 ³ sMelgrbs;narIenAkñúgqakneya)ay nig kareFVIesckþIsMerc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 161

kmú<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>161

8>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>162

8>1>1 rcnasm½<n§raCrdæaPi)al nigRbB½n§vimCÄkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>162

8>1>2 tMNagrbs;narICamFümenAkñúgsPa manticCagtMNagrbs;narICamFümRbcaMtMbn; >>>>>>>>>> 163

8>1>3 cMnYnnarIcUlrYmkñúgrdæsPa mankarekIneLIgtictYc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 164

8>1>4 bBa¢IKNbkS niglT§plénkare)aHeqñat >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 164

8>1>5 enAeBlRtUv)aneRCIstaMg narI KWCaGñkcUlrYmya:gskmµenAkñúgrdæsPa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>167

8>1>6 narIcMnYntictYcbMput kan;muxtMENgtamkarEtgtaMgedayKNbkSneya)ay

enAfñak;Cati nigextþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 168

8>1>7 narImancMnYnticbMput enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 169

8>1>8 narIRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarerIseGIgkñúgCYrm®nþIraCkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>170

8>1>9 kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³ - »kas b¤haniP½y? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 171

8>1>10 narICam®nþIraCkar xVHlT§PaBTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNaþl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 172

8>1>11lT§plénkarcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúgRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat;dMbUgbg¥s; BMuTan;)aneBjcitþenAeLIy178

8>1>12karcUlrYmrbs;narIenAfñak;PUmi manlkçN³l¥RbesIrbMput >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 180

8>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþraCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>181

xiv

8>2>1 EpnkarskmµPaBGPi)alkic© >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>181

8>2>2 eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_km<úCa ¬KGsk¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>182

8>2>3 yuT§saRsþbRBa¢abeynD½rrbs;kmµviFIsila >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 183

]bsm<½n§³ ebkçPaBnarIenAkñúgbBa¢IKNbkS kñúgkare)aHeqñateRCIstaMgtMNagraRsþ

enAExkkáda qñaM2003 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 184

CMBUkTI9 ³ karbRBa¢abeynD½r³ bribTsßab½n nig eKalneya)ay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 191

9>1 RkbxN½Ðc,ab; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 191

9>2 RkbxN½Ðsßab½n >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 193

9>2>1 RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 193

9>2>2 RkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCaedIm,IRsIþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 197

9>2>3 bTBiesaFn_rbs;RksYgBak;Bn½§kñúgkarbRBa¢abeynD½r >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>198

9>2>4 Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 199

9>3 eKalneya)ayCati nig dMeNIrkareFIVEpnkaryuT§saRsþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 200

9>3>1 EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic©elIkTI2 ¬SEDP II¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 201

9>3>2 yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬y>C>k>P¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 201

9>3>3 RkbxN½ÐkargarrYmbBa©ÚlKña – yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµdl;CnRkIRk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>203

9>3>4 eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtS_rkm<úCa ¬K>G>s>k¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 204

9>3>5 kareeRKagfvika nig karviPaCfvika >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 204

9>3>6 RbBn½§sißtiCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 205

CMBUkTI10 ³ esckIþsnñidæan nig Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>213

10>1 bBaðaRbQmTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;GMNackñúgvis½yesdækic© nwgekIneLIg

eRBaHGRtamnusSeBjv½ykan;EtekIneLIg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>214

10>1>1 caM)ac;RtUvbegIánkargarpøÚvkarEdlmanR)ak;kMérCabnÞan; edIm,IRsUbTajyk

kMlaMgBlkmµEdlkMBugekIneLIg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>214

10>1>2 CMerIskargarpøÚvkarmYycMnYnFM CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;burs nignarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>214

10>1>3 »kaskargarenAtMbn;CnbTmankMrit nigminGacbMeBjtamtMrUvkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>215

10>1>4 »kasekIneLIg b:uEnþnarIBMumansmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgcab;yk»kasTaMgenaH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>215

10>1>5 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>216

10>2 narICnbTBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)annUvFnFan nig esvakmµnana EdlGacCYyBYkeKkñúgkar

kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig karFana)annUvsniþsuxes,óg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>218

10>2>1 PaKeRcInénksikrenAkm<úCa KWCanarIEdlBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFanEdlBYkKat;RtUvkar > 218

xv

10>2>2 esvakmµCamUldæandUcCa pøÚvfñl; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk KWCaGaTiPaBsMrab;narI nigbursRkIRk >218

10>2>3 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>218

10>3 vismPaBeynD½rkñúglT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaB nig Gb;rM KWmansPaBF¶n;F¶rbMput

kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRkenAtamtMbn;CnbT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 219

10>3>1 vismPaBeynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM mansPaBF¶n;F¶rbMputenAtamtMbn;CnbT nig

kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 219

10>3>2 esvasuxPaBbc©úb,nñBMu)aneTAdl;tMbn;CnbT CaBiesseTAdl;narI nigekµgRsIenACnbT 220

10>3>3 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>220

10>4 RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaHTTYl)ankarKaMRTtictYc ehIyBMudwgfaRtUveTArkCMnYyenAkEnøgNa > 222

10>4>1 karcmøgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_kMBugkat;bnßy b:uEnþkarcmøgkMBugEtQaneTArk

RkumRbCaCnepSgeTotenAkñúgsgÁm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 222

10>4>2 GMeBIhwgSaelInarI ekIteLIgCaeRcInrUbPaB ehIyesvasMrab;CYyCnrgeRKaH

mantictYcb:ueNÑaH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 222

10>4>3 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>223

10>5 sßab½nsgÁm pøÚvc,ab; nig neya)ay bnþ[mankarerIseGIgeynD½r nig PaBgayrgeRKaH >>>>>>>>>225

10>5>1 bTdæansgÁm nig\riyabfEdlBak;Bn½§nwgeynD½r Gacman\Ti§BlGviC¢manelIburs nignarI >>> 225

10>5>2 karcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúgkareFIVesckIþsMerc enARKb;kMritTaMgGs; KWmansar³sMxan;

kñúgkarnaMmk nUvkarrIkcMerIn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>225

10>5>3 RbBn½§tulakar nigsßab½nGnuvtþc,ab; caM)ac;RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUvtamry³

karbegIánkarRtYtBinitü nigeFIVr)aykarN_GMBIskmµPaBrbs;xøÜn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>226

10>5>4 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>226

10>6 sßab½nenAEtRbwgERbgkñúgkarbRBa¢abeynD½r[manRbsiTi§PaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 227

10>6>1 GPi)alkic© nigkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúenATn;exSay KWCa]bsKÁcMbgkñúgkarbegIán

smPaBeynD½r >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 227

10>6>2 RbsiTi§PaBrbs;ynþkarbc©úb,nñ kñúgkarbBa©ÚlbBaðaeynD½r eTAkñúgdMeNIrkareFIVfvika

nigEpnkar KWenAmankMrit >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 227

10>6>3 ynþkarbRBa¢abeynD½renAkñúgRksYgBak;Bn½§enATn;exSay nigdMeNIrkartamEpñk²b:ueNÑaH >>>>>227

10>6>4 smtßPaBrbs;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn kñúgkarbRBa¢abbBaðaeynD½reTAkñúg

dMeNIrkarerobcMeKalneya)ay enATn;exSay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>228

10>6>5 Gnusasn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>228

xvi

xvii

RkahVik

RkahVik 1>1 ³ narI nigekµgRsI eFVIkareRcInem:agCagburs nigekµgRbus >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 33

RkahVik 1>2 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusStamePT nigcMNaysMrab;mnusSmñak;

eTAtambBa©PaKepSg²qñaM1999 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 37

RkahVik 1>3 ³ GRtaBlkmµkumar kñúgcMeNamkumarGayu 14-17qñaM

eTAtamePTénemRKYsar qñaM1999 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39

RkahiVk 2>1 ³ kMeNInkMlaMgBlkmµtamRkumGayu BIqñaM1997 dl; 2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 45

RkahVik 2>2 ³ karEbgEckkargarrvagtMbn;TIRkug nigCnbT enAqñaM1997 nigqñaM2001>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46

RkahiVk 2>3 ³ GRtacUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 47

RkahiVk 2>4 ³ cMnYnmnusSenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ tamRkumGayu nig ePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 47

RkahVik 2>5 ³ kMlaMgBlkmµkumarnigyuvCn enAkñúgTIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn nigtMbn;CnbT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 48

RkahiVk 2>6 ³ sßanPaBkargar tamePT nigRkum]sSahkmµcMbg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 50

RkahiVk 2>7 ³ GñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar BIqñaM1998 dl;qñaM2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51

RkahVik 2>8 ³ sßanPaBkargarkñúgvis½yepSg²eRkABIksikmµ tamTIkEnøg nigePT qñaM2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51

RkahVik 2>9³ PaKryénkMlaMgBlkmµkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 52

RkahVik 2>10³ GRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 52

RkahVik 2>11³ cMnYnGñkmankargarmanR)ak;kMéreFVI BIqñaM1998 dl; 2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 53

RkahVik 2>12³ kargartamRbePTmuxrbr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 55

RkahVik 2>13³ kMritvb,Fm’kan;Etx<s; TTYl)an»kaskargarkan;EteRcIn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 57

RkahiVk 3>1³ narIkñúgvis½yksikmµ³ CaksikrmancMnYneRcIn m®nIþkariyal½ymancMnYntic >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 86

RkahVik 4>1³ smPaBeynD½renAkñúgRKb;kMritTaMgGs;énkarGb;rM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 95

RkahVik 4>2³ GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit BIqñaM1996 dl; qñaM2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 96

RkahVik 4>3³ GRtaKg;vgSrbs;ekµgRbus¼ekµgRsIenAtamfñak; ¬ BIfñak;TI1 dl;fñak;TI7¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 98

RkahVik 4>4³ GRtasisSe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 99

RkahiVk 4>5³ cMnYnsisSEdl)ancuHeQµaHenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 100

RkahiVk 4>6³ kareRbobeFobGRtaekµgRbus CamYynwgekµgRsI eTAtamtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 101

RkahVik 4>7³ GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit enAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 102

RkahiVk 4>8³ smamaRtsisSnarI enAkMrit]tþmsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 105

RkahVik 4>9³ GRtaGkçrkmµ EbgEcktamGayu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 106

xviii

RkahVik 5>1³ lT§PaBTTYl)anesvaEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;narI tamkMriténR)ak;cMNUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 118

RkahVik 5>2³ lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaB eTAtamkMritsikSarbs;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 119

RkahVik 5>3³ kareRbobeFobGRtamrN³PaBmata nigTarkenAkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 120

RkahVik 5>4³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narIsMrab;sUcnakrmYycMnYn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 122

rUbPaB 5>5³ GRtakMeNItsrub EbgEckeTAtamextþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 123

rUbPaB 5>6³ kareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIt EbgEckeTAtamextþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 124

rUbPaB 5>7³ karsMralkUn EdlmanCMnYyBIqµbCMnaj >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 126

RkahVik 6>1³ GRtamnusSeBjv½yqøgemeraKeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>134

RkahVik 6>2³ cMnYnnarIEdlqøgemeraKeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>135

RkahVik 6>3³ cMnYnbursEdlqøgemeraKeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>135

RkahVik 6>4³ GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_ nigkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgcMeNamnarIrksuIpøÚvePTpÞal; > 137

RkahVik 6>5³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarIEdlTTYlkarEfrkSaKP’ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>138

RkahiVk 6>6³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgtMbn; kñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaHEdlTTYlkarEfrkSaKP’ >> 138

RkahVik 6>7³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 139

RkahVik 6>8³ pøÚvénkarcMlgemeraKeGds_eTAtameBlevla >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 139

RkahVik 8>1 ³ PaKryrbs;narIenAkñúgrdæsPa enAkñúgtMbn;naqñaM2002 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>163

RkahVik 8>2 ³ narICasmaCiksPa taMgBIqñaM1993 mk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 164

RkahVik 8>3³ PaKryénebkçPaBnarIenAkñúgkare)aHeqñateRCIserIstMNagraRsþ Exkkáda qñaM2003

enAtamextþ-Rkug ¬KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa KNbkSsmrgSIú KNbkSh‘Vúnsuinbuic¦ >>>>> 165

RkahVik 8>4 ³ ebkçPaBnarItamtMENgkñúgbBa¢IKNbkS Exmifuna qñaM2003>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 167

RkahVik 8>5³ narIkñúgmuxtMENgcat;taMgedayKNbkSneya)ay enAfñak;Cati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>169

RkahVik 8>6³ kar)a:n;RbmaNGMBIcMnYnnarIenAkñúgtMENgm®nþIraCkarCan;x<s; enAqñaM2003 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 171

RkahVik 8>7 ³ kareRbobeFobburs nignarIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’fñak;]tþmsikSa enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ > 173

RkahVik 8>8 ³ karcUlrYmrbs;burs nignarIenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþaldMbUgenAsalaPUminÞrdæ)al >>>>>>>>>>>>> 176

RkahVik 8>9 ³ karcUlrYmrbs;burs nignarIenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalbnþenAsalaPUminÞrdæ)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 176

xix

tarag

tarag 2>1 ³ kMlaMgBlkmµtamRkumGayu BIqñaM1997 dl; 2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>45

tarag 2>2 ³ GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIenAqñaM2001 ¬°kMlaMgBlkmµ¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 49

tarag 2>3 ³ em:ageFVIkar nigR)ak;kMérenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr enAtambNþaRbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYn >>> 62

tarag 3>1 ³ karEbgEckBlkmµkargareynD½r >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 77

tarag 4>1 ³ karEbgEckmUlniFicrnþsaFarN³ tamGnuvis½y ¬KitCa1000lanerol¦ ¬BILLION RIELS¦ > 109

tarag 5>1 ³ kMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RksYgsuxaPi)alenAqñaM1996-2001 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>126

tarag 8>1 ³ ebkçPaBnarIkñúgbBa¢IKNbkS nig PaKryebkçPaBnarI enAtamextþ-Rkug >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 166

tarag 8>2 ³ karbBa©ÚlnarIsmaCikrdæsPa eTAkñúgCYrKN³kmµkarrdæsPa Exmifuna qñaM2003 >>>>>>>>>>>>> 168

tarag 8>3 ³ sßanPaBrIkcMerInkñúgkarsMerc)aneKaledAsmFm’eynD½rénEpnkarskmµPaBGPi)alkic© >182

tarag 9>1 ³ KMeragGñkpþl;CMnYyEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenAkñúgRksYgk>n>G 2003-04 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 206

Baküsresrkat;

ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI

ART karBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_

ASDP kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmµ

ASEAN smaKmRbCaCatiGasuIPaKGaeKñy_ ¬Gas‘an¦

BMC mCÄmNÐlRKb;RKgfvika

BMI snÞsSn_m:asragkay

BSS GegáttamdankarRbRBwtþi

CAMBOW KN³kmµaFikarkm<úCaedIm,IRsþI

CAR RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al

CDHS GegátRbCasaRsþnigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa ¬sUmemIl NIS 2001a enAkñúgbBa¢IÉksareyag¦

CDRI viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa

CEDAW GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ecalral;TMrg;erIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT

CENAT mCÄmNÐlCatikMcat;CMgWrebg nigXøg;

CFR GRtasøab;edaykrNIeRKaHfñak;

CG RkumBieRKaHeyabl;

CHDR r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa

CMDGs eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_km<úCa

CNCW RkumRbwkSakm<úCaedIm,IRsþI

CNIP EpnkarvinieyaKGaharUbtßmÖkm<úCa

CNM mCÄmNÐlCatikMcat;CMgWRKuncaj;

CPA kBa©b;skmµPaBbEnßm

CSD RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic©

CSES GegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© km<úCa

CSW GñkrksuIpøÚvePT

DFID/UK RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati éncRkPBGg;eKøs

DAFF naykdæanksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

EFA karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

EMIS RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgkarGb;rM

EPZs tMbn;EkécñsMrab;karnaMecj

xxi

ESI sßitinigsUcnakrGb;rM

ESP EpnkaryuT§saRsþvis½yGb;rM

ESSP kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM

FAO GgÁkares,ógnigksikmµénGgÁkarshRbCaCati

FDI karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs

FFW GgárBlkmµ

FPL bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,óg

GAD/C eynD½r nig kic©GPivDÆn_ enAkm<úCa

GAP EpnkarskmµPaBGPi)alkic©

GDI snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_Tak;TgnwgeynD½r

GDP plitplkñúgRsuksrub

GEM rgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r

GNP plitplCatisrub

GS-CSD GKÁelxaFikarénRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic©

GSNA GKÁelxaFikardæanrdæsPa

GTZ shRbtibtþikarbec©keTsrbs;GaløWm:g;

HC mNÐlsuxPaB

HDI snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

HIV/AIDS vIrusEdlbMpøajRbB½n§PaBsaMuénragkaymnusS¼sheraKsBaØaénkarcuHexSay

RbB½n§PaBsaMurbs;mnusS

HP éRbsNIy_EpñksuxPaB

HPI snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusS

IDA CMgWesøksøaMgxVHCatiEdk

IEC Bt’man Gb;rM nigKmnaKmn_

IPRSP ÉksarbeNþaHGasnñsþIBIyuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

ISIC bTdæanGnþrCatiéncMNat;fñak;]sSahkmµ

ITN bNþajBüa)aledayeRbIfñaMkMcat;stVl¥it

KAPE smaKmkm<úCasMrab;karGb;rMenAbzmsikSa

LFS GegátkMlaMgBlkmµ ¬sUmemIl NIS 2001b nig NIS 2002 enAkñúgbBa¢IÉksareyag¦

MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

MDGs eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_

MIME RksYg]sSahkmµ Er: nigfamBl

MLMUPC RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

xxii

MMR GRtamrNPaBrbs;mata

MoC RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ

MoE RksYgbrisßan

MoEYS RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

MoH RksYgsuxaPi)al

MoI RksYgmhaépÞ

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xxiii

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xxiv

4


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enAkñúgbribTénkarpøas;bþÚrTisedA eTArkesdækic©TIpSarEdlkMlaMgBlkmµ mankarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s b:uEnþ

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6


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8


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ksikmµsMrab;TIpSar. narIPaKeRcIneFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar.

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mankMritvb,Fm’Tab eFVI[narITTYl)anBt’mantictYcTak;TgnwgbBaðadIFøI karlk;dUr nigsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI.

10


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12


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mYycMnYnedayEp¥kelITsSn³vis½yeynD½r. eTaHbICaraCrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy )anxitxMRbwgERbgrYmKña

kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðasuxPaBbnþBUCk¾eday k¾yuT§saRsþrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)al TMngCa {minbgðajGMBIbBaða

eynD½r} Edlmann½yfa KµankarykcitþTukdak;GMBIPaBxusKñarbs;burs nignarIkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaB

eLIy. lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBCamUldæan KWCabBaðaeynD½r EdltMrUv[manyuT§saRsþ viFankar nig

sUcnakr EdleqøIytbeTAnwgeynD½r.

6> eynD½r nig CMgWeGds_

karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ KWCakarKMramkMEhgmYyy:agF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa.

km<úCamanGRtaqøgemeraKhuIv¼eGds_x<s;CageKenAGasIuPaKGaeKñy_ eTaHbICaGRtarIkraldalénemeraKeGds_

mankarfycuHk¾eday. cab;taMgBIqñaM1997 mk GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_ enATUTaMgRbeTskñúgcMeNammnusS

eBjv½y )anfycuHCalMdab; eBalKWBI 3>9PaKry mkenARtwm 2>8PaKry. cMnYnGñkeTIbEtqøgemeraK

huIv¼eGds_fµI )anFøak;cuHCaerogral;qñaM kñúgcMeNamburscab;taMgBIqñaM1994 mk nigkñúgcMeNamnarIcab;taMgBIqñaM

1996 mk. cMnYnburs EdlmanpÞúkemeraKhuIv¼eGds_ )an nigkMBugfycuH cab;taMgBIqñaM1997mk cMENkÉ

cMnYnnarIEdlmanpÞúkemeraKhuIv¼eGds_vij EbrCabnþekIneLIgeTAvij ehIy\LÚvenH )ancab;epþImenAefr.

eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerIn CaBiesskñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðacMlgemeraKeGds_ rvagnarIrksIupøÚvePT nigGtifiCn

rbs;BYkeKk¾eday k¾enAmankarRBYy)armÖkan;EtxøaMgeLIgcMeBaHkMeNInGRtacMlgrvagbIþ nigRbBn§ rvagmþay

nigkUn. yuT§saRsþfµI KWCatMrUvkarbnÞan;cMeBaHmux sMrab;Tb;sáat;karcMlgenAkñúgRkummnusSTaMgenH b:uEnþCMerIsenA

14


RkumGñkEsVgrkkarKaMRTmtieynD½enAkm<úCa nigCaBiess RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn yl;eXIjfa

karbM)at;karP½yxøac nigGMeBIhwgSaenAkñúgpÞH nigshKmn_ KWCal½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;dMbUgmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_ EdleqøIy

tbnwgeynD½r. ehtudUecñH km<úCa)anbEnßmcMNucedAmYyeTot eTAkñúgeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI3 KWlub

bM)at;ecalral;TRmg;énGMeBIhwgSaelInarI³ GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar karrMelaPesBsn§v³ nigkarCYjdUrpøÚvePT.

edIm,IsMerccMNucedAenH caM)ac;RtUvmanGnþraKmn_bI. TImYy³ karbegáIt[manRkbx½NÐc,ab; KWCaktþacaM)ac;

Nas; b:uEnþRkbx½NÐc,ab;GacnwgminmanRbsiTi§PaB ehIyGacnwgbBa¢Únsarxus RbsinebIeKmin)anGnuvtþva[)an

RtwmRtUveTenaH. manEtkarbegIátc,ab;EdlGacGnuvtþ)an nigkarpSBVpSayc,ab;enH[)anTUlMTUlayb:ueNÑaH

EdlnwgGacykQñHelIvb,Fm’minykeTas)an.

TIBIr³ CakarcaM)ac;RtUvmanviFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar karrMelaPsn§v³ nigkarCYjdUrmnusS rYmTaMg

EpnkarskmµPaBTb;sáat; karEksMrYlkmµviFIsikSaedIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlbBaðaTaMgenH karerobcMkmµviFIenAfñak;XMu-sgáat;

sMrab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIhwgSaelInarI nigkarGb;rMtamrUbPaBepSgeTotenAkñúgRbB½n§pSBVpSaysaFarN³.

TIbI³ smahrNkmµsgÁm nigesdækic© nigkarsþarnItism,TaCnrgeRKaH RtUvEtedaHRsay[)an. karbNþúH

bNþaldl;buKÁliksuxaPi)al nigbuKÁlikEpñksgÁmkic© edIm,Ipþl;karRbwkSadl;CnrgeRKaH EdlkarbNþúHbNþalenH

eTIbEtcab;epþImenAkm<úCa dUecñHKYrEtBRgIk[)anTUlMTUlay. bc©úb,nñesvasMrab;CnrgeRKaH GnþraKmn_enAkñúg

shKmn_ edIm,IeFIVsmahrNkmµCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrcUleTAkñúgshKmn_ karbNþúHbNþalCMnajdl;

GtItnarIrksIupøÚvePT nigGnþraKmn_epSgeTot kMBugEtdMeNIrkarCalkçN³sakl,gEtb:ueNÑaH PaKeRcInKW

tamry³GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. skmµPaBTaMgenH caM)ac;RtUvBRgIkbEnßm nigykeTAGnuvtþbnþeTot.

8> sMelgrbs;narIenAelIqakneya)ay nig kareFVIesckþIsMerc

karvas;sÞg;GMBIkarpþl;GMNaceynD½renAkm<úCa bgðaj[eXIjfa RbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTs

EdlmankMriténkarpþl;GMNaceynD½rTabbMputenAGasIu enHqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjfa narImantMNagTabenAkñúgCYr

raCrdæaPi)al nigrdæsPa b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;eBlenH mankarrIkcMerInxøH²elIkarEbgEckGMNaceynD½r. bnÞab;BIkar

e)aHeqñatExvicäika qñaM1998 kñúgcMeNamrdæm®nIþcMnYn 25rUb mannarI 2rUb ehIykñúgcMeNamrdæelxaFikarcMnYn 50rUb

mannarI 4rUb. enHKWCakarrIkcMerInmYy ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgraCrdæaPi)alqñaM1993-1997 EdlmannarIEt

4rUbb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgmuxtMENgEdlRtUvEtgtaMg edayKNbkSneya)ay ehIyenAkñúgmuxtMENg rdæm®nþI

rdæelxaFikar b¤GPi)alextþ-Rkug KµannarIeT. enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatqñaM2003 narIcMnYn15rUb ¬12PaKry¦

RtUv)anCab;eqñatCasmaCiksPa kñúgcMeNamsmaCiksPaTaMgGs;cMnYn123rUb.

16


karbRBa¢abeynD½reTAkñúgRksYgnana TMngCadMeNIr)anedaymankarCMrujBIGñkpþl;CMnYy b¤dMeNIrkareday

RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn b:uEnþRksYgEdlCaGñkRbtibtþipÞal; manPaBm©as;kartictYc. eTaHbICaRksYg

mYycMnYn mankaryl;dwgx<s;GMBItRmUvkarkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaeynD½r b:uEnþRksYgTaMgenaH BMuTan;mansmtßPaB

kñúgkarGnuvtþn_kic©karenHenAeLIy.

RkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCaedIm,IRsIþ RtUv)anbegIáteLIgenAEx mIna qñaM2001 ehIymanParkic©kñúgkareFVIkarts‘Umti

karBinitütamdan nigkarvaytMélelIc,ab; bTbBaØtþi nigeKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæPi)al edayEp¥kelITsSn³

eynD½r RBmTaMgeFIVkarBinitütamdanelIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCatinana. RkumRbwkSaenH mansmaCikEdlCa

rdæelxaFikar mkBIRksYgcMnYn 14 dUecñH RkumRbwkSaenHmanskþanuBlkñúgkarman\T§iBleTAelIkarerobcM nig

karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIEdleqøIytbeTAnwgeynD½renAtambNþaRksYgTaMgenH.

tamry³dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic© nigyuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk RksYg

kic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn TTYl)an»kasCaeRcInkñúgkarpþl;Tinñn½ysMrab;karerobcMyuT§saRsþCati. GgÁkareRkA

rdæaPi)almYycMnYn k¾)anpþl;Tinñn½yCaeRcIn Tak;TgnwgeynD½rEdr. b:uEnþkarbBa©ÚleynD½reTAkñúgeKalneya)ay

KWmindUcKña enARKb;EpñkTaMgGs;eT ]TahrN_³ siT§ikan;kab;dIFIø kMENTMrg;vis½yc,ab; nigGPi)alkic© epþatkar

ykcitþTukdak;tictYcelIbBaðaeynD½r. karbnþtYnaTIrbs;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn nigGgÁkareRkA

rdæaPi)al kñúgkarBinitütamdan elIkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nwgCabBaðaRbQmmuxmYy.

EpnkarskmµPaBsþIBIGPi)alkic© EdlRtUv)ane)aHBum<pSayedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAqñaM2001 )andak;

bBa©ÚlsmFm’eynD½r CaEpñkmYyénEpñkGnþrvis½yTaMg5 nig)ankMNt;GMBITisedAsmFm’eynD½r Edlman

lkçN³TUlMTUlaycMnYn4 KW³

1¦ edIm,IGnuvtþ nigsMrbsMrYlkmµviFI sMedAelIkkMBs;siT§irbs;narInigkumar.

2¦ edIm,Iman\T§iBleTAelIkmµviFIkMENTMrg;nana edIm,I[kmµviFITaMgenaHBicarNa[)anl¥itl¥n; eTAelI

tMrUvkaredayELkrbs;narI nigkumar.

3¦ edIm,ITTYlsÁal;karrYmcMENkrbs;narICasmaCikeBjsiT§irbs;sgÁmCati nig

4¦ edIm,IvinieyaKelIkarelIkkMBs;tYnaTIdwknaMrbs;narI. mankarrIkcMerInelIvis½ymYycMnYn b:uEnþBMuTan;)an

begIáncMnYnnarIenAkñúgmuxtMENgCaGñkeFIVesckIþsMercenAeLIy.

edIm,IeFVIkarbRBa¢abeynD½reTAkñúgRksYgBak;B½n§ KWRtUvkareBlevlayUr. Tak;TgnwgGaTiPaB nigtMrUvkar

cMeBaHmuxepSg²eTot bBaðaeynD½rminRtUv)aneK[GaTiPaB ehIykargareynD½r PaKeRcInRtUv)andMeNIrkar

edaysarGñkpþl;CMnYyCaGñkCMruj. RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa KWCaRksYgEtmYyKt; EdlmanyuT§saRsþbRBa¢ab

eynD½rrbs;xøÜnpÞal; cMENkÉCMnaj nigsmtßPaBrbs;RksYgdéTeTot kñúgkarerobcM nigkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kargar

18


bBaðaRbQmcMbgmYycMnYnEdlRtUvedaHRsay edIm,IsMerc[)annUvsmPaBeynD½renAkm<úCa RtUv)anbgðaj

CUnenAkñúgCMBUkenH CamYynwgGnusasn_sMrab;CYydl;karkMNt;GaTiPaBskmµPaB EdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,I

edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH.

11>1 bBaðaRbQmTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;siT§iGMNacesdækic©ekIneLIg eRBaHGRtamnusS

eBjv½ykan;EtekIneLIg

caM)ac;RtUvbegáInkargarpøÚvkarEdlmanR)ak;kMérCabnÞan; edIm,IRsUbTajykkMlaMgBlkmµEdlkMBugekIneLIg

kMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugEtekIneLIgkñúgGRta 3>5PaKry ¬b¤mYyPaKbYnénRbCaCncMnYn 1lannak;¦

kñúg1qñaM b:uEnþkargarEdlmanR)ak;kMérmantictYcNas; nigBMuGaceqIøytbeTAnwgkMeNInénkMlaMgBlkmµ

)aneLIy. lT§PaBrbs;RbeTskñúgkarTak;TajvinieyaKbreTs KWCabBaðasMxan; b:uEnþfµI²enH mankar

bgðaj[eXIjfa mankarfycuHnUvkarvinieyaKedaypÞal;BIbreTs. GPi)alkic©Tn;exSay nigkarrIkraldal

énGMeBIBukrlYy KWCabBaðacMbgEdlbg¥ak;Twkcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaK.

CMerIskargarpøÚvkarmYycMnYnFM CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;burs nig narI

enAeBlEdlvis½yksikmµRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrBI ksikmµCalkçN³RKYsar eTACaksikmµTIpSar TaMgburs nig

narI kMBugQancUleTAkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér enAkñúgvis½yenH. eRkABIvis½yksikmµ man»kaskargar

fµImYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH sMrab;bursEdlCamuxrbrtamlkçN³ {RbéBNI} EdlpSaP¢ab;eTAnwgkarrMBwgTuk

ekIneLIg enAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar EdlenHKWCaRbPBénkarxkcitþya:gxøaMg. karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;narI

kñúgkargarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenAkñúgkargartamlkçN³ {RbéBNI} rbs;narI kan;EtekIneLIg kñúgxN³Edl

narIenAEtmankarTTYlxusRtUvelIkic©karpÞH nigkarEfTaMkUn b¤karmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug EdlenATIenaH

narInwggayTTYlrgeRKaHbMput edaysarkarekgRbvBa©½. narIBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúg

]sSahkmµkat;edr b:uEnþenHCakargarmineTogTat; ehIyGnaKtenABMuTan;c,as;las;enAeLIy. RbsinebI

]sSahkmµkat;edrenHRtUvbraC½y lT§plEdlnarITTYl)ankñúgvis½ykargarmanR)ak;kMér nwgRtUv)at;bg;

eTAvij. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHpgEdr ]sSahkmµkat;edrenH BMu)anpþl;kargardl;yuvCnekµg²eT ehIy

bursEdlmanv½yekµg BMucUlcitþeFIVkargarenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³EdlCakargarrbs; {burs} eToteLIy.

edaysarkarkat;rMsayTB½ kMENrTRmg;rdæ)al nigkareFIVÉkCnPavUbnIykmµesvakmµ eFIV[»kaskargar

enAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³Føak;cuH. PaBGt;kargareFIV KWCaktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[manGsniþsux nigGesßrPaB

sgÁm dUecñHsgÁmnwgRtUvRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaF¶n;F¶r ebIsinCamnusSv½yekµg CaBiessyuvCn BMuGacrkkargar

manR)ak;kMéreFIV)an.

20


11>2 narICnbTBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)annUvFnFan nigesvakmµnana EdlGacCYy

BYkeKkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarFana)annUvsniþsuxes,óg

PaKeRcInénksikrenAkm<úCa KWCanarI EdlBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFanEdlBYkKat;RtUvkar

eRkABIkargarpøÚvkar cMnYnGñkmankargareFVIEdlekIneLIg 80PaKry enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1993 dl;qñaM 1999

EdlesIµnwg 1>28lannak; ehIykñúgenaH 53PaKry CanarI enAkñúgvis½yksikmµ nigensaT. RbsinebI

ninñakarenH bnþekIneLIg eBlenaHesvakmµnana ¬RbwkSaeyabl; TIpSar nigbec©kviTüa¦ nigFnFanepSg²

¬\NTan dIFøI Tun¦ sMrab;ksikrEdlPaKeRcInCanarI caM)ac;RtUvBRgIk nigeFIV[kan;Etl¥RbesIrCagmun.

tamFmµta narImanlT§PaBTabCagburs kñúgkarTTYl)anesvapSBVpSaydIFø I nigFnFanepSgeTot.

narIhak;dUcCacUlrYmeRcInCagburs enAkñúgkargarEkécñmðÚbBIplitplksikmµ GaCIvkmµ ciBaw©mstV nig

skmµPaBepSg²eTot sMrab;karnaMecj.

esvakmµCamUldæandUcCa pøÚvfñl; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk KWCaGaTiPaBsMrab;narIRkIRk nigbursRkIRk

karxVHxatehdæarcnasm<n½§CamUldæan manplb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgenAkñúgsgÁm. kareTAErk¼dwkTwk RKan;Et

CabnÞúkelIeBlevlarbs;narIb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþkarxVHxatTwks¥atsMrab;eRbIR)as; KWeFIV[manbBaðasuxPaB

nigbNþal[tYelxénmrNPaBmata nigkumarmansPaBF¶n;F¶r. karpþl;Twks¥atsMrab;eRbIR)as; eFIV[

ekµgRsIman»kas)aneTAsalaeron ehIypøÚvfñl;l¥ nwgCYybegIánlT§PaBkñúgkareFIVdMeNIreTAsalaeron

nigmCÄmNÐlsuxPaB.

Gnusasn_

- caM)ac;RtUvbegIátviFIfIµ² kñúgkarpþl;esvakmµ karpSBVpSay nigBt’manksikmµdl;narI

- pþl;dl;narInUvlT§PaBEdlmankarFana nigmanlkçN³l¥RbesIrkñúgkarTTYl)andIFøI nig

FnFanFmµCati

- caM)ac;RtUvbnþvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<n½§CnbT Edl)aneFIVEpnkarenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,I

TTYlsÁal; nigedaHRsaytRmUvkarrbs;burs nignarI.

22


11>4 RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH TTYl)ankarKaMRTtictYc ehIyBMudwgfa RtUveTArkCMnYy

enAkEnøgNa

karcmøgemeraKeGds_¼CIgWeGds_kMBugkat;bnßy b:uEnþkarcmøgkMBugEtQaneTArkRkumRbCaCnepSgeTot

enAkñúgsgÁm

cMnYnnarI nigkumarIkm<úCa kan;EteRcIn kMBugRbQmmuxnwgkarqøgCMgWeGds_. enAkñúgRbeTsEdllT§PaB

TabkñúgkarTTYl)anBt’man karEfTaM nigkarKaMRT nigkarBüa)al \riyabfpøÚvePTrbs;bursEdlRbfuy

nwgeRKaHfñak; mankMritx<s; nigbBaðaeynD½renAkñúgvb,Fm’rbs;RbeTskm<úCa KWeFIV[narImankarlM)akkñúgkar

crcarCamYyburs[eRbIeRsamGnam½y ktþaTaMgenHeFIV[narICaGñkTTYlrgeRKaHedaysarkarqøgCMgWeGds_.

rUbPaBénkarcmøgCMgWeGds_kMBugEtpøas;bþÚr³ eRb:vaLg;bgðaj[eXIjnUvkarekIneLIgenAkñúgRKb;Rkum

TaMgGs; b:uEnþenAeBlCamYyKñaenHpgEdr narIEdlerobkarrYc nignarIEdlmanTMnak;TMngpøÚvePTyUrGEgVg

enAEtCaRkumEdlrgeRKaHbMput nigmankarekIneLIgya:grh½s. karcmøgBImþayeTATark BIbIþeTAPriya KW

kMBugEtekIneLIgya:gxøaMg. viFIsaRsþsMrab;Tb;sáat;karrIkraldalenAkñúgcMeNamRkumrgeRKaHTaMgenH

mankMrit b:uEnþRtUvkarcaM)ac;CabnÞan;.

RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn minmanlT§PaBTTYlfñaMBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_eT ¬ART-fñaMBnüar

karsøab;¦ b¤sUm,IEtkarBüa)alCMgWqøgepSg²eTot [)aneTogTat;k¾KµanEdr dUcCaCMgWrlaksYt CMgWraKrUs

nigCMgWBulGahar. karemIlEfTaMsmaCikRKYsarEdlTTYlrgeRKaH edaysarCMgWTaMgGs;enH KWCabnÞúkya:g

F¶n;F¶relIeBlevla nigFnFanrbs;narI EdleFIV[RKYsarkan;EtFøak;kñúgsPaBRkIRkeLIg. narITTYl)an»kas

tictYckñúgkarTTYl)ankarBüa)al kartamdan nigkarBieRKaHeyabl;.

karerobcMsßab½nbc©úb,nñ GacnwgKµanRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarTb;sáat; BIeRBaHfakarrIkraldalenH )anbþÚrBInarIrksIu

pøÚvePT eTAkñúgRkumepSg²eTotkñúgsgÁm RBmTaMgKµanRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarpSBVpSay [)anRKb;RKan;GMBIkarEfTaM.

GMeBIhwgSaelInarI ekIteLIgCaeRcInrUbPaB ehIyesvasMrab;CYyCnrgeRKaHmantictYcb:ueNÑaH

narI nigkumarIkm<úCa CaGñkrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar karrMelaPesBsn§v³ karbMBarbMBan

pøÚvePT nigkarCYjdUrBlkmµ b¤edIm,IbMerIkargarpøÚvePT. RkbxN½ÐpøÚvc,ab;Tn;exSay nigKµanRbsiTi§PaB

bNþal[manvb,Fm’minykeTas ehIyesvakmµ nigkarKaMRTminRKb;RKan;eFIV[CnrgeRKaH manCMerIs

tictYcb:ueNÑaH.

24


11>5> sßab½nsgÁm c,ab; nigneya)ay bnþ[mankarerIseGIgeynD½r nigPaBgayrgeRKaH

bTdæansgÁm nig\riyabfEdlBak;Bn½§nwgeynD½r Gacman\Ti§BlGviC¢manelIburs nignarI

bTdæansgÁm \riyabf nigktþavb,Fm’ CMruj[mankarqøgemeraKeGds_ GMeBIhwgSaeynD½r ¬karCYjdUr

mnusS GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar karrMelaP nigGaCIvkmµpøÚvePT¦ ehIyk¾CMruj[bursRbQmmuxnwgPaBgay

rgeRKaHpgEdr. tYnaTI nigvismPaBenAkñúgsgÁmenAEtbnþekItman eTaHbICaenAkñúgsgÁmEdlmanesdækic©

rIkcMerInk¾eday. karpøas;bþÚrCaviC¢man mincaM)ac;ykmkBIvb,Fm’xageRkAeLIy. enAkñúgsgÁmNamYyk¾eday

narI nigbursmanTsSn³xus²KñaGMBIbTdæan nig\riyabf. karEsVgrktulüPaBrvagTsSn³TaMgenH nwgCYy

lb;bM)at;ninñakarGviC¢man.

vismPaBEdlbNþalmkBI\riyabftamTMenomTMlab; cMeBaHtYnaTIeynD½r )anqøúHbBa©aMgya:gc,as;enA

kñúgkarEbgEckkargarrvagnarI nigburs nigzan³tYnaTIrbs;BYkeKenAkñúg]sSahkmµepSg². tamTMenomTMlab;

RbéBNI ekµgRbusRtUv)aneKCMrujelIkTwkcitþ[eTAsalaeron dUecñHekµgRbusGacmansmtßPaBTTYl)an

tYnaTIx<s;tambMNgenAkñúgsßab½nrdæaPi)al dUcCakarRKb;RKgrbs;bursenAkñúgCYrm®nIþraCkar nigtYnaTICaGñk

eFIVesckIþsMerc. karGb;rMrbs;ekµgRsI RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa minsUvmansar³sMxan;eLIy enAkñúgsgÁm

km<úCaEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmµ eRBaHfaekµgRsITaMgenaH eFIVkarEtenAkñúgvalERs emIlEfTaMpÞH nig

kUnekµg ehIyGaceFIVCaGñklk;dUrtUctacenAkñúgpSar b¤eFIVsib,kmµnana.

karcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúgkareFIVesckIþsMercenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; KWmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarnaMmknUvkarrIkcMerIn

karcUlrYmrbs;narIenAmancMnYntictYc enAkñúgRKb;kMritTaMgGs;énkareFIVesckIþsMerc³ kñúgsßab½nrdæaPi)al

rdæsPa tulakar nigenAfñak;XMusgáat; nigPUmi. lwÁkNakarcUlrYmrbs;narI BMuekIneLIgeTenaH bridæansgÁm

nigkarTTYlxusRtUvedIm,IsmPaBeynD½r nwgBMumankarpøas;bþÚreLIy. rdæaPi)al)andak;ecjnUveKaledAya:g

x<s;sMrab;narI enAkñúgtYnaTICaGñkeFIVesckIþsMerc EdlrdæaPi)alTMngCaBMuGacnwgTTYl)aneCaKC½yeLIy.

RbBn½§tulakar nigsßab½nGnuvtþc,ab; caM)ac;RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv tamry³karbegIán karRtYtBinitü

nigeFIVr)aykarN_GMBIskmµPaBrbs;xøÜn

eTaHbICabc©úb,nñmanRkbx½NÐpøÚvc,ab;smrmü edIm,IelIksÞÜysiTi§narI b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; enATn;exSay

vb,Fm’minykeTascMeBaHCnelIµsEdlRtUvecaTRbkan; nigkarpSMKMnitrbs;GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; eFIV[RbCaCn

RkIRk CaBiessnarI kan;EtgayTTYlrgeRKaH. enAkñúgbrisßanBukrlYy narITTYl)ankarKaMRTtictYcbMput

BIRbBn½§c,ab; ehIynarImanFnFantictYcbMput sMrab;dMeNIrkareTAtampøÚvc,ab;.

26


smtßPaBrbs;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§CnkñúgkarbRBa¢abbBaðaeynD½rRbkbedaynirnþr_PaBeTAkñúgdMeNIrkar

erobcMeKalneya)ayenATn;exSay

RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn )andMeNIrkarCaCMhan²kñúgkarbegIátbNþajkargar enAkñúgRksYg

Bak;Bn½§tamvis½y b:uEnþCnbegÁaleynD½rEdl)aneRCIserIs mantYnaTITab nigBMusUvman\Ti§Bl. eTaHbICa

CnbegÁaleynD½rTaMgenaH TTYl)an»kascUlrYmkñúgkarBiPakSaGMBIeKalneya)ay b:uEnþsmtßPaBrbs;

BYkeKkñúgkareFIV[man\Ti§BlRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB KWenAmankMrit edaysarBMuTan;mansmtßPaBkñúgkarviPaK

nigRtYtBinitüplb:HBal;rbs;eKalneya)ay nigc,ab;nana nigsmtßPaBkñúgkarEsVgrkkarKaMRTmti[man

karpøas;bþÚr.

Gnusasn_

- RtUvKaMRTya:gxøaMgkøadl;karxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IbegIánkarRKb;RKgkarcMNaysaFarN³

nigbegIánkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñkpþl;esva

- begIánynþkarkñúgkarbBa©ÚlbBaðaeynD½reTAkñúgdMeNIrkareFIVEpnkar nigfvika

- begIánkarRbmUl nigkarviPaKTinñn½y edIm,IeFIVkarBinitüelIeKaledAeynD½rRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB

- sßab½nBak;Bn½§KYrEtbegIátEpnkarbRBa¢abeynD½rrbs;xøÜnpÞal; edaymansUcnakrEdlGac

dMeNIrkarRtYtBinitü)an

- RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn KYrEtbnþksagsmtßPaBrbs;RksYgkñúgkarviPaKeKal

neya)ay nigkarts‘Umti kñúgkarbRBa¢abbBaðaeynD½r RbkbedaynirnþrPaBeTAkñúg

dMeNIrkarerobcMeKalneya)ay

- Gñkpþl;CMnYy KYrEtbnþeFIVkarkñúgPaBCaédKUCamYyRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn edIm,I

begIánshRbtibtiþkar nigRbsiTi§PaBkñúgRKb;kargarrYmTaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK.

27

TMnak;TMngeynD½r kñúgTidæPaBesdækic©-

sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’

CMBUkTI 1


1>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 30

1>1>1 TMenomTMlab;RbéBNItwgruwg )aneFVI[narImanzan³kñúgsgÁm TabCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31

1>1>2 karEbgEckkMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugEtmankarERbRbYl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32

1>1>3 narI enAEtmanbnÞúkkargarF¶n;F¶rCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32

1>1>4 burs enAEtmansiT§ieRcInbMputkñúgkarsMercelIkic©karRKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 33

1>1>5 TMnak;TMngeynD½r rvagnarII nigburskMBugEtERbRbYl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 34

1>1>6 snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI¦ rgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r ¬GEM¦ nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_

eynD½r ¬GDI¦ sßitenAkñúgcMeNamsnÞsSn_ nigrgVas;EdlTabCageKbMputenAGasuI >>>>>>>>>>> 35

1>1>7 snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusSrbs;narImanTMhMFMCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 36

1>1>8 RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar sßitenAkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputenAkñúgshKmn_ >>>>>>>>> 37

29

CMBUkTI 1 ³ TMnak;TMngeynD½r kñúgTidæPaBesdækic©-sgÁmkic©

nig vb,Fm’

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ1

sUcnakr tMél

plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬sMrab;mnusSmñak; KitCaduløaGaemrik¦qñaM2001 259

GRtakMeNInPaKryRbcaMqñaMénplitplkñúgRsuksrub 1990-2000 5

PaKryplitplkñúgRsuksrub tamvis½y

vis½yksikmµ 38

vis½y]sSahkmµ 23/5

vis½yesvakmµµ 35

PaKrykargartamvis½y qñaM2000

vis½yksikmµ 74

vis½y]sSahkmµ 8

vis½yesvakmµ 18

cMnYnRbCaCnkñúgCMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998 11>437>656nak;

PaKrynarIkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTaMgGs; 52

GRtakMeNInRbCaCnRbcaMqñaM-CMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998 2/5

GRtakMeNItqñaM2002 4

cMnYnRbCaCntamkar)a:n;sµanenAqñaM2006 16lannak;

PaKryRbCaCnenAtMbn;CnbT enAqñaM1998 84

PaKryRbCaCnGayueRkam 20qñaM 55

lMdab;fñak;énsnÞsSn_karGPivDÆn_mnusSqñaM2000 TI130 kñúgcMeNam 174

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSqñaM2000 0/543

GayumFüm - qñaM1998 54

PaKryRbCaCnEdlrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk qñaM1997 nig 1999 36

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½rqñaM1998 0/537

1 RbPB ³ RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© 2002 ³ yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 2003-2005. RksYgEpnkar-naykdæan

Epnkar nigBt’mansuxPaB qñaM1999 ³ ÉksarsþIBICMhrrbs;RkumBieRKaHeyabl;. GegátRbCaraRsþ nigsuxPaB 2001

CMerOn qñaM1998. raCrdæaPi)al qñaM2002 ³ EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic©elIkTI II qñaM2001-2005.

UNDP 2001 ³ r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS

30


1>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða

esaknadkmµenAcenøaHqñaM1970 nig 1975 nigs®gÁamGUsbnøayrhUtmkdl;edImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 man

plb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶ryUrGEgVgeTAelICIvitrbs;narI nigburskm<úCa. bBaØavnþExµr nigbreTsmYycMnYn ¬dUcCa

Pok qñaM1993 Ledgerwood qñaM1996 nig Kumar et al. qñaM2000¦ )aneFVIkarviPaKelIplb:HBal; Biess

eTAelInarI. esckþIsnñidæanrYmEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaybBaØavnþTaMgenH rYmman³

� s®gÁamry³eBlbITsvtSr_enAkm<úCa )anbnSl;TuknUvnarIeBjv½y ¬manGayuelIsBI 18qñaM¦ cMnYn 60-

65PaKryéncMnYnRbCaCnsrub. ktþaenH )aneFVI[tMélrbs;narIFøak;cuHedaysarcMnYnnarIEdldl;Gayu

RKb;kar maneRcInelIslb;kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 nigedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990. Ep¥ktamkarsnñidæan

rbs; Ledgerwood enAqñaM1996 zan³rbs;narIkñúgRKYsar)anFøak;cuH cMENkbursvijyl;eXIjfa xøÜnsßit

kñúgsßanPaBmYyl¥RbesIrkñúgkarcrcar. narIEdlKµanbþI RtUveKemIlgay nigrujRcan[rs;enAeRkAsgÁmExµr.

� rbbExµrRkhm ¬qñaM1975-1979¦ )anbMpøajecalsßab½nRKYsar edayBRgat;kumarBIRKYsarrbs;

BYkeK. rbbExµrRkhm )ancab;bgçMmnusS[erobkarTaMghVÚg²EdlkñúgenaH narI nigyuvCnRtUv)aneK

eRCIserIs[erobkaredaymin)ansÁal;KñamunesaH.

� bnÞab;BIkarcUlRKb;RKgénrbbsgÁmniym EdlmanevotNamCabEg¥k ¬qña M1979-1989¦

eKalneya)aypøÚvkar)anEcgfa narI nigbursmansiT§iesµIKña. KNbkSkumµúynIsþ )anelIksÞÜynarI

mYycMnYn[cUlkan;muxtMENg EdlmansiT§isMercelIkic©karnana. b:uEnþsßanPaBenH mankarpøas;bþÚr

kñúgGMLúgeBlGnþrkalQaneTArklT§iRbCaFibetyü edayeK)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa karcUlrYmrbs;

narIkñúgskmµPaBneya)ay )anfycuH ¬Ledgerwood qñaM1996¦.

� TnÞwmnwgeFVI[narIrgTukçevTna s®gÁamsuIvilk¾)anbegáIt[man»kasfµI² sMrab;narIcUlrYmkñúgvis½y

saFarN³pgEdr ¬kumar qñaM2000¦. edaysarkarEkNÐburs[cUlbMerIkñúgCYrkgT½B karsMlab;rgÁal

kMeNIntMrUvkarkMlaMgsMrab;eFVIs®gÁam nigkargarsþanItism,Ta narIRtUvbMeBjtYnaTIkñúgvis½yesdækic©

EdlBImunCakargarrbs;burs. kñúgCMrMuCnePosxøÜnEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAelITwkdIéf narIRtUv)an

elIkTwkcitþ[cUlsikSa kñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajkñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUl nigCMnajdéTeTot. rcnasm<½n§

rdæ)alénCMrMuCnePosxøÜn EdlsißtenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;TIPñak;garGnþrCati nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

)anelIkTwkcitþ[narI)ancUlbMerIkargarenAkñúgCMrMu EdlenHCakarpþl;PaBGg;Gacdl;narI enAeBlEdl

narIRtlb;mkkm<úCavijbnÞab;BIeBlbiTCMrMuCnePosxøÜn. karvivDÆn_TaMgGs;enH )anrYmcMENkeFVI[

mankarpøas;bþÚrelIRbéBNItYnaTIeynD½r nigkarEbgEckkMlaMgBlkmµ.

31

� karmkdl;énGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbcaMkm<úCa ¬UNTAC¦ nig TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_

enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 CanimitþrUbénsnþiPaB karvilRtlb;mkvijnUveKalKMnitsmPaBeynD½r nig

karbegáIteLIgnUvGgÁkarnarICaeRcIn ¬CamYynwgmUlniFifµI¦. karmkdl;énkgkMlaMgrkSasnþiPaB

GgÁkarshRbCaCaticMnYn 22>000nak; k¾)aneFVI[bBaðaeBsüacar manlkçN³kan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgEfm

eTotpgEdr. TahanminRKan;EtbegáIt[mantMrUvkarfµI cMeBaHRsIrksuIpøÚvePTb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg

)aneFVI[]sSahkmµePTEdlrksuIlak;kM)aMgtaMgBImunmkenaH manlkçN³Rsbc,ab;.

TMnak;TMngeynD½renAkm<úCa enAminTan;mankarEkERbb:unµaneT³ bTdæanvb,Fm’Exµr enAEtdak;narIenAkñúg

zan³TabCagbursenAkñúgsgÁm . bBaðaenH enAEtekItmaneTaHbICaCak;Esþg narIkMBugEtbgðaj[eXIjkñúgtYnaTI

ya:gsMxan;CaGñkrkcMNUlsMrab;RKYsar nig CakMlaMgclkrsMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©k¾eday.

1>1>1 TMenomTMlab;RbéBNItwgruwg )aneFVI[narImanzan³kñúgsgÁm TabCagburs

vismPaBeynD½rEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH KWCabTdæanvb,Fm’ nig RbéBNIEdlkMritelI

siT§ieRCIserIsrbs;ekµgRsI nignarI . sgÁmkm<úCa KWCasgÁmEdlmanlMdab;zananuRkm RBmTaMgmansBaØaN

GMNac nigzan³rwgmaMEdlkMNt;lkçN³l½kçx½NÐTMnak;TMngkñúgsgÁm. eTaHbICazan³rbs;buKÁlmñak;²enA

kñúgsgÁmRtUv)ankMNt;eTAtamGayu niglkçN³BiessrYmTaMgRTBüsm,tþipgk¾eday b:uEnþnarIRtUv)an

cat;Tukfa manzan³kñúgsgÁmTabCagburs ¬Gorman qñaM1999¦.

karerIseGIgeynD½r )ancak;rwsy:ageRCA nigkan;EtrwgmaMedaysar\riyabfsgÁm. RkmsIlFm’ b¤ehA

müa:geTotfa {c,ab;} Edlerobrab;GMBIcriyasm,tþismsYnrbs;narIExµr RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIsikSa

bzmsikSa. c,ab;enHEcgfa {narI RtUvecHrkSaPaBes¶óms¶at; nigminRtUvedIr[B¤sUrsMBt;dUcsøwkeQIRtUv

xül;bk;enaHeT. narI mankareGonxµas;eRcIn minsUvrevosrév nigRtUvkarkarBar. muneBlerobkar narI

minRtUvedIrecjeTANaq¶ayedayBMumansmaCikRKYsareTACamYyeLIy} ¬Ledgerwood qñaM1996¦ .

sgÁm minTTYlsÁal;narIExµr EdlerobkarCamYybursmankMritvb,Fm’TabCageT cMNucenH)anbg¥ak;

TwkcitþnarIkñúgkarbnþkarsikSa[)anx<g;x<s;. mankarlM)akcMeBaHnarIEdlmanmuxtMENgx<s;CagbþIrbs;xøÜn.

b:uEnþsgÁmGacTTYlyk)anenAeBlEdl narIRtUvcUlRbLÚkkñúgkargarCMnYjedIm,IciBa©wmRKYsar ehIyTuk

»kas[bþIrbs;xøÜneFVIkargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_tic Etmanzan³kñúgsgÁmx<s;kñúgCYrrdæaPi)al. b:uEnþcMNuc

EdlRcasmkvij minRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;eLIy. zan³kñúgsgÁmTabrbs;RbBn§ eFobCamYynwgzan³kñúg

sgÁmrbs;bþI RtUv)anbgðajCUntamry³]TahrN_ Edl)anBieRKaHeyabl;CamYynwgRkumnarI. enAkñúg

bTbBaØtirbs;RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al bþIEdlCam®nþIraCkarmansiT§iTTYl {R)ak;]btßmÖsMrab;GñkkñúgbnÞúk}

RbsinebIRbBnÞCaempÞH b:uEnþRbsinebIRbBnÞCam®nþIraCkarvij BMu)anTTYlR)ak;]btßmÖenHeT edayEp¥keTAelI

CMBUkTI 1 - TMnak;TMngeynD½r kñúgTidæPaBesdækic©-sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’

32


karsnµt;fa narIminEdlmanCMnajviC¢aCIv³ {x<s;} CagbþIrbs;xøÜneT. ]TahrN_mYyeTot Tak;TgnwgnarI

EdlmanmuxtMENgenAkñúgRkumRbwkSamUldæan ¬narImñak; sUm,IEtRtUv)anEtgtaMgCaGPi)alrgextþehIy¦

b:uEnþ)anlaElgBItMENgenHvij edaysarEtbþIrbs;xøÜn minCYyKaMRT .

1>1>2 karEbgEckkMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugEtmankarERbRbYl

TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIExµr )ancat;TukbursCaGñkrksuIciBa©wmRKYsar cMENknarIvij TTYlxusRtUvemIlEfTaM

kUn nigRKb;RKgpÞHsMEbg. KMnitTUeTATak;TgnwgkargarEdlnarI nigbursRtUveFVIbgðaj[eXIjfa bursRtUv

TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkargarFM² nigkargarEdlTamTar[man {smtßPaBbec©keTs}. b:uEnþtamkarGnuvtþn_

Cak;Esþg karEbgEckkargarenAtamRKYsar mankarpøas;bþÚr edaynarI TMngCacUlrYmkan;EteRcInkñúg kargarFM²

rYmTaMgkargarrbs;burspgEdr .

tamtfPaBCak;Esþg narIExµrmankarTTYlxusRtUvdUcbursEdr kñúgkarrksuIciBa©wmRKYsar CaBiesskñúg

RKYsarRkIRk dUcEdl)aneXIjtamry³karcUlrYmedayesµIPaBKñarbs;narIkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ ¬sUmemIlCMBUk

TI2¦. bTdæanvb,Fm’TUeTA )anCMruj[bursedIrrkkargarmanR)ak;kMéreFVI b:uEnþ)anraraMgmin[narIeFIVdUecñHeLIy.

eTaHbICamankarTTYlsÁal;kan;EteRcIneLIgfa narIGacTTYl)an»kaskargarmanR)ak;kMéreRcInCagburs b:uEnþ

RbCaCnenAEtmanGarmµN_fa ekµgRsIEdlrkkargareFVIenAeragcRkkat;edr KYrEteFIVkarenAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkeK

vijRbesIrCag . RKYsarEtgEtmanGarmµN_P½yxøacfa ekµgRsIEdleFVIdMeNIreTATIRkug nwgRtUveKe)akR)as;

nig)at;bg;RBhµcarIy_muneBlerobkar ¬ADB qñaM2001¦.

1>1>3 narI enAEtmanbnÞúkkargarF¶n;F¶rCagburs

ktþaTaMgGs;enH rYmcMENkeFVI[bnÞúkkargarrbs;narIkan;EtekIneLIg. GñkEdl)ancUlrYmpþl;kar

sMPasn_enAkñúgdMeNIrkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm ¬ADB qñaM2001¦ )anraykarN_fa narI

mantYnaTIkñúg nigeRkApÞHeRcInCagburs. narIRtUvPJak;BIdMeNkmunburs nigcUldMeNkeRkayburs. narITTYl

xusRtUvkargarpÞHcMnYn 90PaKry rYmTaMgkaremIlEfTaMGñkkñúgbnÞúkRKYsar nigGñkCMgWpgEdr. edaysarman

GRtakMeNItx<s; ehIymankMeNInRbCaCnkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 RbCaCnekµg²enAkm<úCa maneRcIn³ enAqñaM

1998 RbCaCnGayueRkam 15qñaM mancMnYn 43PaKry dUecñHGRtaGñkkñúgbnÞúkRKYsarmankMritx<s;EdlCa

ehtueFVI[bnÞúkkargarrbs;narIekIneLIg. smaCikRKYsar CaBiessnarI nigekµgRsI RtUvcMNayeBlevla

cMnYnBI 1 eTA 2em:agkñúgmYyéf¶ edIm,IeTAdwk b¤ErkTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar. narI nigekµgRsI eFVIkargar

eRcInem:agCagburs nigekµgRbus ¬sUmemIlRkahVik 1>1¦. eKsegáteXIjmankMeNInTMnak;TMngrvagkar

fycuHnUvmUldæanFnFanFmµCatienATUTaMgRbeTs nigkarekIneLIgnUvTMhMkargarRbcaMéf¶EdlnarIRtUveFVI

33

edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarCamUldæan. ktþaenH k¾man\T§iBlelIburspgEdr b:uEnþbursmanTMenarrYmcMENkkñúgkargar

tMrUvkarciBa©wmCIvitEtkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH dUcCakargarmineTogTat; b¤eTAtamrdUvkal.

narIcg;[bursCYybnÞúkkic©karpÞHrbs;xøÜn ³ 89PaKryénnarIEdl)aneFVIGegát yl;eXIjfa bþI rbs;BYkeK

KYrEtCYykargarpÞHrbs;BYkeK[)aneRcIn ¬karGegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBqñaM2000¦. lT§plBIkic©

BieRKaHeyabl;rbs;RksYgk>n>G CamYynwgnarICam®nþIraCkar k¾)anbBa¢ak;eLIgvijfa narIcg;[bursCYyeFIV

kic©karkñúgpÞHEdr .

RkahVik 1>1 ³ narI nigekµgRsI eFVIkareRcInem:agCagburs nigekµgRbus

RbPB³ CDHS qñaM2000

1>1>4 burs enAEtmansiT§ieRcInbMputkñúgkarsMercelIkic©karRKYsar

enAkñúgkarGegátdEdlenH narI ICaeRcInmanCMenOfa bursKYrEteFIVesckIþsMercelIkic©karsMxan;²

¬52PaKry¦ kUnRbusKYrEteronsURt[)aneRcInCagkUnRsI ¬59PaKry¦ ehIynarIEdlerobkarrYc minKYr

GnuBaØat[eFVIkarenAeRkApÞHeLIg ¬33PaKry ¦ ¬karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000¦.

narIRKb;RKgTaMgRsugelIFnFan b:uEnþsiT§ikñúgkareFIVesckIþwsMercenAmankMritenAeLIy ¬CDHS qñaM2000¦.

karsMerccitþeTAeFVIkar b¤mineFVIkarminEmnsßitenAelInarIEtmñak;ÉgenaHeT ¬9PaKry¦. narImYycMnYnman


34


RTBüpÞal;xøÜny:agtick¾mYymuxEdr EdlnarITaMgenaHmansiT§ilk;RTBüenaH edaymin)ac;sMukarGnuBaØatBIburs

¬28PaKry¦. karyl;dwgGMBIkmµviFI\NTanenAmankMrit ¬37PaKry¦ ehIycMeNHdwgTak;Tgnwgrebob

x©IR)ak;sMrab;cab;epþIm b¤BRgIkGaCIvkmµenAmankMritTabNas; ¬10PaKry¦.

narIBMu)anRKb;RKgelIkarlk;dIFøIeT eTaHbICab½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøImaneQµaHrbs;narI nigeQµaHbIþrbs;Kat;

k¾eday. tamkarvaytMélGMBIeynD½r EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAextþsVayerog nigéRBEvg ¬IFAD qñaM2003¦

)anbgðajfa bursenAEtmansiT§ikñúgkarsMercelIkarTij nigkarlk;dUrsMxan;²rYmTaMgkarTij niglk;dUrdIFøIpg.

b:uEnþnarIEdlrkR)ak;)anedayxøÜnÉg GacmansiT§ieRcInkñúgkareFIVesckIþsMercelIkarcMNayR)ak;enaH. enAqñaM

2000 kñúgcMeNamnarIerobkarrYc EdlrkR)ak;)anedayxøÜnÉgman 47PaKry )anraykarN_fa BYkeKCaGñk

sMercEtmñak;ÉgelIkarcayvayR)ak;EdlxøÜnrk)an cMENknarIcMnYn 50PaKry )anraykarN_fa Kat; nig

bþIrbs;Kat;CaGñksMercrYmKñaelIkarcayvayR)ak;enaH ¬CDHS- qñaM2000¦.

R)ak;rbs;narI RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;cayvaykñúgRKYsar eRcInCagR)ak;rbs;burs eBalKWR)ak;cMNUlCag

Bak;kNþalrbs;RKYsar CaR)ak;EdlnarIrk)an ¬IFAD qñaM2003¦. enHCabBaðasMxan;cMeBaHkarerobcM

Gnusasn_eKalneya)ay faetIRtUvepþateKaledAeTAelInarIya:gdUcemþc edIm,IGnuvtþeKaledAGPivDÆn_

shsSvtSr_TI1 EdlepþateTAelIkarlubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nigPaBGt;Xøan.

mankarniyayCaTUeTAfa narICaGñkRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;RKYsar nigmansiT§isMercelIkarcMNay

RbcaMéf¶sMrab;RKYsar. b:uEnþenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRkPaKeRcIn karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkareRbIR)as;fvikaRKYsard¾tictYc

enH[eqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;RKYsar BMuEmnCa {karpþl;GMNackñúgEpñkesdækic©} eLIy. Cajwkjab;

vaCaRbPBEdlbgár[manCMelaHkñúgRKYsar EdlnaM[ekItmanGMeBIhwgSa RBmTaMgCabnÞúkF¶n;F¶reTAelInarI

EdlnarIRtUvEtbMeBjkarxVHxat enAeBlR)ak;Edlbursrk)an minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karcMNaycaM)ac;.

1>1>5 TMnak;TMngeynD½r rvagnarI nigburskMBugEtERbRbYl

Bt’man b¤karviPaKGMBIeynD½rbursenAkm<úCa mantictYcb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_³ etItYnaTI nigGtþsBaØaN

rbs;burs mankarERbRbYly:agNaxøH? etIkarERbRbYlTIpSarBlkmµ nigrcnasm<½n§sgÁm manplb:HBal;

elIbursdUcemþc? etIkarRbRBwtþRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; bT]Rkidæ nigGMeBIhwgSa eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgkargar

CMgWeGds_ nigkareRbIR)as;eRKOgejón manplb:HBal;dUcemþcxøHelIburs ¬FnFanmnusS¦? etIGRtaGMeBI

hwgSakñúgRKYsar nigGMeBIhwgSapøÚvePTCasaFarN³ ¬rYmTaMgkarrMelaPsnÞv³pg¦ mankarekIneLIgEdrb¤eT?

ehIyRbsinebImankarekIneLIg etIbNþalmkBImUlehtuGVI?

35

eTaHbICamankaryl;dwgtictYcGMBIplb:HBal;énsßanPaBesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©eTAelIburs nigtYnaTI

nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeKk¾eday k¾mansBaØaénplb:HBal;rbs;sßanPaBesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©eTAelI

TMnak;TMngrvagburs nignarIpgEdr. ]TahrN_³ eyabl;rbs;narIenAkñúgkic©BieRKaHeyabl; sMrab;karvay

tMélenHbgðaj[eXIjfa kargarBak;kNþaleBl nigkar)at;bg;GMNacesdækic©rbs;burs EdlRtUv)anKitfa

edaysarEtkarbegIánkarpþl;GMNacesdækic©dl;narI RtUv)anbursmYycMnYncat;Tukfa CakarrMelaPeTAelI

bTdæaneynD½r. karxkcitþEdlekIteLIgedaysarbBaðaenH RtUv)anbgðaj[eXIjtamry³karekIneLIg

nUvr)aykarN_sþIBIGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar. b:uEnþkarekIneLIgénsV½yPaBesdækic©rbs;narI GaceFVI[narIman

lT§PaBcakecjBIGMeBIhwgSa b¤TMnak;TMngEdlmankarrMelaPbMBan nigecosputBIkargarEdlmankar

ekgRbv½Ba© nigRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; dUcCaGaCIvkmµpøÚvePTCaedIm.

tamkarGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB)anbgðajfa narIEdlcUlrYmsMPasn_cMnYn 86PaKryyl;eXIjfa

narIminKYrs‘URTaMGt;Fµt;nwgkarvaydM edIm,IrkSaRKYsar[Kg;vgSenaHeT. narI 89PaKry k¾yl;eXIjfa burs

minRtUvmanTMnak;TMngpøÚvePTCamYynarIepSgeRkABIRbBn§xøÜnenaHeT b:uEnþkrNIbursmanédKUeRcIn minRtwmEt

RtUv)anGnuvtþya:gTUlMTUlayb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgRtUv)aneKelIkElg[eTotpg ¬CDHS-2000¦.

kñúgxN³EdlsgÁmBMuTTYlykbBaðaenH b:uEnþbBaðabursmanédKUrYmePTeRcInenH k¾BMuRtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa

CabBaðaeynD½reLIy. b:uEnþbBaðaenHCabuBVehtucMbgnaM[mankarrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ nigkarCYjdUr

pøÚvePTedaybgçM Edlmanplb:HBal;elInarI nigekµgRsImYycMnYnFM.

1>1>6 snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI¦ rgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r ¬GEM¦ nig

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r ¬GDI¦ sßitenAkñúgcMeNamsnÞsSn_ nigrgVas;Edl

TabCageKbMputenAGasuI

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI¦ nigrgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r ¬GEM¦ RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,Ivas;sÞg;

karGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgRbeTs ¬UNDP qñaM1990¦. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI¦ KWCargVas;rYmmYy

sþIGMBIGayukal karGb;rM nigkMritCIvPaBrs;enA. rgVas;siT§iGMNaceynD½r ¬GEM¦ vas;sÞg;kMriténkarcUlrYm

rbs;narIeFobnwgburs enAkñúgskmµPaBneya)ay nigesdækic© cMENkvismPaBeynD½r RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMg

enAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r ¬GDI¦.

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r ¬GDI¦ rbs;km<úCaKW 0/427 EdlsßitenAkñúgcMeNamsnÞsSn_TabbMput

enAGasuI. snÞsSn_enHRbhak;RbEhlnwgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬HDI ³ 0/421¦ Edr KWkareRbobeFob

Gayukalrbs;narI CamYynwgvismPaBeynD½r kñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM nigkMriténGkçrkmµ. rgVas;siT§iGMNac

eynD½r ¬GEM¦ KW 0/283 eBalKWsßitkñúgcMeNamrgVas;TabbMputenAGasuIedaysar narI mantMNagrbs;xøÜn

TabenAkñúgsßab½nfñak;CatikñúgtYnaTIeFIVesckIþsMerc nigmuxtMENgviC¢aCIv³.


36


1>1>7 snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusSrbs;narImanTMhMFMCagburs

snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusS ¬HPI¦ vas;sÞg;PaBxVHxat Gayukal cMeNHdwg nigkMritCIvPaBrs;enA.

snÞsSn_enHCargVas;rYmmYy KitCaPaKryénRbCaCnEdlminmanGayukaldl; 40qñaM EdlminecHGkSr

minmanTwks¥ateRbIR)as; nigminmanlT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaB RBmTaMgPaKryénkumarGayueRkam

5qñaMEdlxVHTMgn;CamFüm nigxVHTMgn;xøaMg. dUcEdl)anrMBwgTuk ebIBicarNaeTAelIGRtamrNPaBTark nig

kumarEdlmankMritx<s; nigkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ RBmTaMgkgVHesvasaFarN³ ¬sUcnakrEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúg

karerobcMsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusS¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa km<úCamansnÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusSx<s; ebIeRbobeFob

CamYynwgRbeTsepSgeTotenAGasuI. manEtRbeTsbg;køaeds nig)a:KIsßanb:ueNÑaH EdlmansnÞsSn_

PaBRkIRkx<s;CagRbeTskm<úCa. PaBRkIRkmnusSenAkñúgcMeNamnarIExµr x<s;CagenAkñúgcMeNambursExµr

enAkñúgRKb;RkumtamkMriténesdækic©. vismPaBeynD½renAkñúgPaBRkIRkmnusS enAEtekItman sUm,IEtenAkñúg

cMeNamGñkmanbMput 20PaKry EdlenHbgðaj[eXIjfa kMeNInesdækic© nigkMritCIvPaBrs;enAl¥RbesIr

BMuGackat;bnßyvismPaBeynD½r Cas½VyRbvtiþ)aneLIy nigbgðaj[eXIjfa caM)ac;RtUvmanGnþraKmn_

eKalneya)ayCak;lak; edIm,Ikat;bnßyvismPaBeynD½renH ¬CHDR qñaM2000¦.

smµtikmµsMxan;mYyénkarviPaKeynD½renAkñúgbBaðaénPaBRkIRkKWfa PaBlMeGogéneynD½r man\T§iBl

elIyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk BIeRBaHbTBiesaFn_rbs;narI TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIPaBRkIRkxusBIburs.

minGacsnµt;)anfa FnFanTaMgGs;RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKña nigeRbIR)as;edayesµIPaBKñaenAkñúgpÞH nigRKYsar

eLIy. r)aykarN_sþIBIkarrYmcMENkrbs;narIkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ )anerobrab;fa {mankarerIseGIgbnþicbnþÜc

cMeBaHTarika nigekµgRsIkñúgkarEbgEckGaharcaM)ac; ¬dUcCa )ay¦ enAkñúgRKYsar b:uEnþmnusSRbuseBjv½y

cab;BIGayu 15qñaM nigelIsBIenH TTYl)anGaharcaM)ac;eRcInCagnarIeBjv½y>>> ehIymnusSRbusTTYl)an

muxmðÚbGaharsMrab;TTYlTaneRcInCagnarI dUcCasac; nigs‘utCaedIm ¬CHDR-qñaM1998¦. ehtudUecñH

narIGacnwgRtUvRbQmmuxnwgPaBGt;Xøan nigkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ eRcInCagmnusSRbus.

eKaledATImYy éneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_BiPBelak min)anbBa©ÚlsUcnakrsþIBIkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ

rbs;narIeT ehIybBaðakgVHGaharUbtßmÖenH k¾minRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgeKaledATIR)aMéneKaledAGPivDÆn_

shsSvtSr_BiPBelak EdlniyayGMBIIsuxPaBmataEdr. b:uEnþeKaledATIR)aMéneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_

km<úCa )andak;bBa©ÚlsUcnakrsþIBIsnÞsSn_m:asragkay ¬Body Mass Index¦ nigCMgWesøksøaMgxVHCatiEdk

rbs;narIEdlminmanKt’. karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa kMBugBinitüelIsUcnakrTaMgenH ehIy

RksYgsuxaPi)almancMNucedAmYysMrab;ktþaTaMgBIrenH ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI5¦. CakarsMxan;KWfa suxPaB

nigsuxumalPaBrbs;narIrYmTaMgGaharUbtßmÖpg RtUv)aneqIøytbenAkñúgbribTsiT§inarI nigBMuKYreqIøytbEtbBaða

suxPaBmata EdlepþatelInarICaGñkTTYlpl edaysarnarImantYnaTICaGñkbegáItkUn edaymin)anKitGMBI

tMélénsiT§irbs;narIenaHeT.

37

RkahVik 1>2 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkmnusStamePT nigcMNaysMrab;mnusSmñak;eTAtambBa©PaKepSg²

qñaM1999

RbPB³ UNDP BIkarGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic©qñaM1999

]TahrN_mYyeTotsþIBIplb:HBal;énPaBRkIRkeTAelIeynD½r KWfaGRtaBlkmµkumarenAkñúgcMeNam

ekµgRsIx<s;CagenAkñúgcMeNamekµgRbus ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI2¦³ ekµgRsI 50PaKry nigekµgRbus 36PaKry

enAkñúgRkum Gayu 14-17qñaM manGRtaBlkmµkumarx<s;bMputeBalKW x<s;CagRkumGayuepSg²eTot

¬CHDR qñaM2000¦. PaBRkIRk KWCabuBVehtucMbgmYyEdlnaM[manBlkmµkumar.

1>1>8 RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar sßitenAkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputenAkñúg

shKmn_

edaysarTinñn½ysþIBIPaBRkIRk RbmUl)anEtenARtwmkMritRKYsar dUecñHkarviPaKeynD½rmYycMnYn epþatEt

eTAelIkarviPaKTinñn½yRKYsar edayEp¥keTAelIePTénemRKYsar. r)aykarN_PaBRkIRkkm<úCaqñaM1999

¬RksYgEpnkarqñaM1999¦ bgðajfa eTaHbICasnÞsSn_rab;cMnYnGñkRkIRksMrab;RKYsar EdlmannarICaemRKYsar

¬34PaKry¦ mankMritTabCagsnÞsSn_rab;cMnYnGñkRkIRksMrab;RKYsarEdlman bursCaemRKYsarEtbnþicbnþÜc

b:ueNÑaH ¬36PaKry¦ b:uEnþPaBxusKñaEdlsMxan;enaH KWminEmnCasißtieT. r)aykarN_PaBRkIRk)ansnñidæan

fa {GRtaPaBRkIRkrvagRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar nigRKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar minxusKñaeT}.

Baküfa emRKYsar EdlRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as; edIm,Ivas;sÞg;plb:HBal;énPaBRkIRkelIeynD½r enA

mancMNucexSaymYycMnYn. narIPaKeRcInEdlCaemRKYsar CaRsþIemm:ay nigsißtenAkñúgRkummnusSEdlman


38


v½ycMNas;. enAkñúgRKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsarTaMgenH mansmaCikeBjv½yepSgeTotEdlCaGñkrk

cMNUl b:uEnþenAkñúgbribTkm<úCa smaCikRKYsarEdlmanv½ycas;CageK nigmankareKarBeRcInbMput RtUv)an

cat;TukfaCaemRKYsar. enHGacCamUlehtuEdleFVI[R)ak;cMNUlCamFümrbs;RKYsarEdlmannarICaem

RKYsar x<s;CagR)ak;cMNUlCamFümrbs;RKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar.

RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar manmYyPaKbYnénRKYsarTaMgGs;enAkm<úCa. s®gÁamGUsbnøayry³eBl

CaeRcInTsvtSr_ )aneFVI[narImYycMnYn køayCanarIemm:ay. narImYycMnYnRtUvbþIElg b¤e)aHbg;ecal. eTaHbICa

RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsarBMusUvRkIRkxøaMg b:uEnþRKYsarTaMgenHmantRmUvkar CYb]bsKÁ nigPaBgayrgeRKaH

mYycMnYn edayELkxusBIRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar. minEtb:ueNÑaHRKYsarTaMgenH RtUv)anshKmn_

kMNt;CaTUeTAfa CaRKYsarEdlsßitenAkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputenAkñúgshKmn_eTotpg. lT§plénkar

vaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm)anbgðajfa RkumEdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRkumgaynwgrgeRKaH

edaysarPaBRkIRkbMputenAtMbn;CnbT KWRsþIemm:ayEdlmankUntUc²kñúgbnÞúk ehIyKµankMlaMgBlkmµ

mnusSeBjv½yenAkñúgRKYsar. ®sþITaMgenH RtUvxitxMRbwgERbgrksuIciBa©wmRKYsaredayKµanCMnYy b¤karCYy

eRCamERCgEfTaMkUn²rbs;BYkeK BInrNaepSgeTotenAkñúgRKYsareLIy ¬ADB, qñaM2001¦.

narIemRKYsarEdleFVIkargarksikmµ TMngCamancMnYneRcInCagbursemRKYsar. b:uEnþRKYsarEdlmannarI

CaemRKYsar TMngCamankmµsiT§idIFøIticCag gaynwg)at;bg;dIFøIrbs;xøÜnenAeBlmanvibtþiesdækic©RKYsar nig

manGRtaBlkmµkumarx<s;CagRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar. kumarTaMgBIrePTEdleFVIkargarBlkmµ

TMngCaecjmkBIRKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar eRcInCagmkBIRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar³

kñúgcMeNamkumareFVIkargarBlkmµ ekµgRsI 60PaKry nigekµgRbus 48PaKry mkBIRKYsarEdlmannarI

CaemRKYsar ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgekµgRsI 43PaKry nigekµgRbus 34PaKry mkBIRKYsarEdlman

bursCaemRKYsar ¬CHDR sþIBIBlkmµkumar - UNDP qñaM2000¦. eTaHbICaGRtaBlkmµkumarenAkñúg

RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar minsUvxusKñab:unµanBIRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar b:uEnþRKYsarEdlman

narICaemRKYsar BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIynþkaredaHRsayEp¥kelIeynD½rdUcCa Blkmµkumar CaBiessBlkmµ

rbs;ekµgRsI.

39

RkahVik 1>3 ³ GRtaBlkmµkumar kñúgcMeNamkumarGayu 14-17qñaM eTAtamePTénemRKYsar qñaM1999

RbPB³ UNDP, CHDR, qñaM2000

RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar k¾BMuGacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_esµIKñaBIGnþraKmn_GPivDÆn_Edr. karviPaK

eynD½relIkmµviFIGgárBlkmµrbs;kmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak )anrkeXIjfa narIemRKYsarPaKeRcIn min

RtUv)anGnuBaØat[cUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIGgárBlkmµ nigdMeNIrkareFIVesckIþsMercnanaeT ¬WFP qñaM2001¦.

mUlehtuEdlraraMgmin[narIcUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIGgárBlkmµrYmman ]bsKÁCak;EsþgkñúgkareFIVdMeNIr nig

eBlevlarbs;narI RBmTaMg]bsKÁEpñkrcnasm<½n§kmµviFIKW³ karRKb;RKgkmµviFIGgárBlkmµenH man

TMnak;TMngeTAnwgzananuRkmpøÚvkarrbs;raCrdæaPi)al ehIyzananuRkmenH CazananuRkmEdlRKb;RKgeday

burs. r)aykarN_)ansnñidæanfa Tak;TgnwgkarcUlrYmrbs;narIRkIRk ]bsKÁEdlnarIRkIRkRbQmmux KWbBaða

GnuvtþCak;EsþgeRcInCag]bsKÁEpñkvb,Fm’. narIemRKYsar k¾RtUv)aneKpþac;ecjBIbNþajshKmn_ dUcCa

{RkummitþPaBburs} ¬male friendship circles¦ pgEdr nigminTTYl)anBt’manTak;TgnwgskmµPaB

GPivDÆn_kñúgmUldæan rYmTaMgkmµviFIGgárBlkmµpgEdr.

RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar RtUv)ankMNt;faCaEpñkmYyénRbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH enAkñúg

yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬NPRS¦ nigEpnkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© esdækic© R)aMqñaMelIkTI2 qñaM

2001-2005 ¬SEDPII¦. b:uEnþyuT§sa®sþ nigEpnkarenH min)ankMNt;GMBIkareqøIytb b¤skmµPaBCa

yuT§saRsþsMrab;edaHRsaytRmUvkarNamYy nig)anbgðajbnþicbnþÜcGMBIKMeragEdlsßitenAeRkamkar]btßmÖ

rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy b¤KMeragrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Edl)ankMNt;ykRKYsarTaMgenaHCaRkumeKaledA.


40


RKYsarEdlnarICaemRKYsar manlkçN³BiessénEpñksgÁmkic© nigesdækic©mYycMnYnEdlman\T§iBlelI

karGPivDÆn_rbs;BYkeK b:uEnþebIsinCaeyIgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;RtwmEteTAelIRKYsarTaMgenaH enaHeyIg

nwgBMuGac)anyl;dwgGMBIbBaðaeynD½r nigPaBRkIRkrbs;narIEdlrs;enAkñúgRKYsarmanbursCaemRKYsar

kMBugEtRbQmmuxenaHeT. narImancMnYn 50PaKry éncMnYnRbCaCnrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,óg

Gahar nigmancMnYn 51PaKry éncMnYnRbCaCnrs;enAcenøaHbnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar nigbnÞat;PaB

RkIRk. tamkar)a:n;sµan 82PaKry énnarIRkIRkrs;enAkñúgRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar. karkMNt;

RtYtBinitü nigedaHRsaybBaðaRkIRkenAkñúgRKYsar KWCakargarlM)ak. sUcnakrCatisþIBIPaBRkIRk erobcMeLIg

edayEp¥kelIRKYsar BMu)anbBa©ÚlsUcnakreqøIytbeTAnwgeynD½reT ¬elIkElgEtsUcnakrsMrab;RKYsar

EdlmannarICaemRKYsar¦. narIenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRkEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar k¾man tRmUvkareynD½rCak;lak;

nigsMxan;dUcKña man]bsKÁraraMg nigPaBgayrgeRKaHTak;TgnwgtYnaTI nigzan³rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgRKYsar nig

sgÁmpgEdr. kic©xitxMRbwgERbgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeTAelItRmUvkarCak;lak; nigPaBgay

rgeRKaHrbs;RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar narI nigekµgRsIenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRkEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar.

41

CMBUkTI 2

TsSn³vis½yeynD½r enAelITIpSarBlkmµ


2>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 43

2>1>1 kMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 44


ebIeFobeTAnwgsþg;darkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46

2>1>3 yuvv½yPaKeRcIn minmankargareFVI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 48

2>1>4 GRtanarIeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsarmancMnYneRcIn b:uEnþGRtaburs

eFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar kMBugekIneLIg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 50

2>1>5 GRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér kMBugEtekIneLIg b:uEnþGtulüPaBeynD½renAEtekItman >> 52

2>1>6 RbePTkargar nig]sSahkmµ EdlEbgEcktamePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 54

2>1>7 karKaMRTbnþicbnþÜccMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUc¼GaCIvkmµxñattUc

EdlBuMRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; mansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHnarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56

2>1>8 narI mancMnYntictYcenAkñúgkargarviC¢aCIv³ nigkñúgtMENgeFIVesckþIsMerc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56

2>1>9 kMritvb,Fm’ manplb:HBal;elIR)ak;kMér nig »kaskargar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 57

2>1>10 narITTYl)anR)ak;kMérticCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 58

2>1>11 yuvCnkñúgcMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg kMBugmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 59

2>1>12 ]sSahkmµkat;edr man\T§iBly:agxøaMgkøaeTAelICIvitrs;enArbs;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 60

2>1>13 eKalneya)aykargar nigBaNiC¢kmµ man\T§iBlxusKñaelIburs nignarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 63

2>1>14 etItMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj EdlRtUv)anesñIeLIg pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;narIEdrb¤eT? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 66

2>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 67

42


43

CMBUkTI 2 ³ TsSn³vis½yeynD½renAelITIpSarBlkmµ


sUcnakr tMél

PaKrynarIEdlskmµkñúgvis½yesdækic© 52

GRtanarIGayu 15qñaMeLIg enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµsrub 82

GRtanarI¼bursGayu 15-19qñaM enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ 72¼62

PaKrynarI¼bursEdleFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMér 14¼19

PaKrynarIenAkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMérsrub 43

PaKrynarIEdleFVIkargarksikmµmanR)ak;kMér 51

PaKrynarIEdleFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr 84

PaKrynarIEdleFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµepSgeTot 31

PaKrynarIEdleFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúgvis½yesvasaFarN³ 22

PaKrynarIEdleFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúgesvaepSgeTot 29

PaKryvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkñúgkMeNInénvis½y]sSahkmµ 94

PaBxusKñarvagPaKryR)ak;kMérrbs; burs nig narI 33


vismPaBeynD½r kMBugrIkraldalenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµ enARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. edaysar\riyabf

RbéBNIcMeBaHkarGb;rMrbs;ekµgRsI nigmuxrbr {smrmü} sMrab;narI nigburs)aneFVI[manvismPaBenHeLIg ehIy

bnþeFVI[manKMlateynD½renHenAkñúgvis½ykargar. karsMerc)annUvsmPaBeynD½r Cakic©karmYyEdllM)ak

Nas;enAkñúgbribTénkarpøas;bþÚrTisedAeTArkesdækic©TIpSar EdlkMlaMgBlkmµmankarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s

b:uEnþ»kaskargarfµImantictYc. eTaHbICamannarIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’x<s; GacTTYl)anmuxtMENgx<s;² k¾eday

k¾kMriténGkçrPaB nigkarGb;rMTabrbs;narI EdlmanCaTUeTAenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµbc©úb,nñ KWCa]bsKÁraraMg

dl;narIPaKeRcIn min[TTYl)an»kaskargar. sUm,IEtnarIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’x<s; k¾mantMNagtictYcenAkñúg

tMENgRKb;RKg nigtMENgeFIVesckþIsMercCan;x<s;. CakarcaM)ac; RtUvcat;viFankar[)anskmµCamun edIm,IelIk

kMBs;karpþl;GMNacxagesdækic©dl;narI ehIyBRgwgtYnaTI nigsßanPaBkñúgsgÁmrbs;narIkm<úCa.

1 RbPB ³ a CMerOnqñaM1998 b LFS GegátkMlaMgBlkmµqñaM2001 c

CDRI qñaM2003

44


karekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s nUvkMlaMgBlkmµsrub nigcMnYnyuvv½ycUleTAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ )andak;sMBaF

ya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIraCrdæaPi)al edIm,I[begáIn»kaskargarrkR)ak;kMér. eCaKC½ykñúgkarbegáIn»kaskargar

nwgkMNt;GMBITsSn³vis½yesdækic©rbs;km<úCa. b:uEnþnwgmanhaniP½yx<s; ebIsinCakic©xitxMRbwgERbgeFVI[man

kMeNInesdækic© nigbegáIt[mankargar emIlrMlgsßanPaBrgeRKaHrbs;narIenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ ehIynwgbnþ

b¤begáInvismPaBeynD½r.

kMlaMgBlkmµPaKeRcIn KWenAtMbn;CnbT. edaysarsmtßPaBmankMriténvis½yksikmµkñúgkarRsUbyk

kMlaMgBlkmµEdlecHEtekIneLIgenH )anCMruj[yuvv½yhUrcUlmkkñúgTIRkug EdlenATIenaH »kaskargarfµI²

k¾enAmankMritEdr. \T§iBlsgÁménkarmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug KWCabBaðamYyEdlkMBugEtmankar)armÖ edaysar

bBaðaenH man\T§iBlxusKñaeTAelIyuvnarI nigyuvCn. CakarcaM)ac;RtUvepþatkarykcitþTukdak;bEnßmeTot

eTAelIkarBRgIk»kaskargarenAtMbn;CnbT.

kñúgeBlknøgeTAfµI²enH mankarekIneLIgnUvkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñúgvis½ykat;edr b:uEnþGnaKtrbs;]sSah

kmµkat;edr enAminTan;c,as;las;enAeLIy. enAeBlEdlkm<úCa cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦

enAqñaMenH kalbriecäTputkMNt;énkic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐenAcugqñaM2004 ¬Multi Fibers Agreement¦

nwglubbM)at;ecalkUtasMrab;karnaMecjsMelokbMBak; BIkm<úCaeTAshrdæGaemrik. kalbriecäTputkMNt;énkic©

RBmeRBog EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHRKb;smaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakTaMgGs; EdlBImun)ankMNt;GMBIbrimaN

RkNat; nigsMelokbMBak;EdlRtUvnaMecjBITIpSarRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ eTARbeTsGPivDÆn_ EdlktþaenH)an

GnuBaØati[GñkplitEdlcMNayTab manlT§PaBRKb;ya:gBRgIkplitkmµ nig)anTajykvinieyaKenHBIRbeTs

km<úCa. mankarsnñidæanCaeRcIn GMBIplb:HBal;énkarERbRbYlelI]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;km<úCa. eTaHCay:ag

enHkþI karbiTTVareragcRkkat;edr KWCabBaðaeynD½rmYyCacMbgedaysareragcRkTaMgenH CaRbPBcMNUlsMxan;

rbs;yuvnarIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH.

muneBlmanvtþmanvis½ykat;edr bursmancMnYneRcInCagnarIenAkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér eBalKW Cag 2nak;

eFobnwg 1nak;. eRkABIksikmµ nigkargarmanR)ak;kMér narIbnþRbkbGaCIBpÞal;xøÜnenAkñúgshRKasxñattUc

minpøÚvkar b¤eFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar. eTaHbICashRKasxñattUc mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHnarI ¬nigburs

CaeRcIn¦ enARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;énRbeTsk¾eday b:uEnþeKsegáteXIjfa enAmankarykcitþTukdak;tictYcelIkar

GPivDÆn_vis½yenHenAeLIy.

2>1>1 kMlaMgBlkmµ kMBugekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s

bBaðacMbgbMputmYyEdlRbeTsCatikMBugEtRbQmmux KWkarekIneLIgnUvBlkrfµI²enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ

EdleTIbekItkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 ¬RkahiVk 2>1 nigtarag 2>1¦. tamkar)a:n;sµan kMlaMgBlkmµ

énRkum Gayu 20-24qñaM )anekIneLIg 66PaKry enAcenøaHqñaM1997 nig 2001 ehIycMnYnyuvv½yGayu

45

15-19qñaM enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ )anekIneLIg 58PaKry. smamaRtkMlaMgBlkmµeRkamGayu 25qñaM

)anekIneLIgBI 27 eTA 36PaKry kñúgGMLúgeBlCag 4qñaMknøgmkenH.

tarag 2>1 ³ kMlaMgBlkmµtamRkumGayu BIqñaM1997 dl; 2001

RkumGayu kMlaMgBlkmµ qñaM 1997 kMlaMgBlkmµ qñaM 2001 kMeNIn ¬°¦

15-19 661>422 1>043>163 58

20-24 626>565 1>042>364 66

25-29 783>999 641>633 -18

30-34 635>265 649>513 2

35-39 579>875 636>499 10

40-44 415>995 560>277 35

45-49 360>301 466>246 29

50-54 286>337 385>369 35

55-59 237>141 249>580 5

60-64 153>888 172>535 12

RkumTaMgGs; 4>740>788 5>847>179 23

RbPB³ CSES qñaM1997, LFS qñaM2001

RkahiVk 2>1 ³ kMeNInkMlaMgBlkmµtamRkumGayu BIqñaM1997 dl; 2001

RbPB³ CSES qñaM1997, LFS qñaM2001

CMBUkTI 2 - TsSn³vis½yeynD½renAelITIpSarBlkmµ

46


RkahVik 2>2 ³ karEbgEckkargarrvagtMbn;TIRkug nigCnbT enAqñaM1997 nigqñaM2001

RbPB³ CSES qñaM1997; LFS, qñaM2001

kMlaMgBlkmµmaneRcInelIslubenAtMbn;CnbT³ 85PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmµsrubrs;enAtMbn;CnbT

enAqñaM2001 ehIyenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµenAtMbn;CnbT man 53PaKry CanarI ¬RkahiVk 2>2¦.


ebIeFobeTAnwgsþg;darkñúgtMbn;

km<úCamanGRtakMlaMgBlkmµnarIcMnYn 82PaKry Edlx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn; ebIeRbobeFobeTA

nwgRbeTséfEdlman 64PaKry nig\NÐÚensuIEdlman 52PaKry ¬RkahiVk 2>3¦. GRtaenH )annigkMBug

ekIneLIg cab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 mk. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnGayucab;BI 10qñaMeLIgGRtakMlaMg

BlkmµnarI )anekIneLIgBI 55PaKry kñúgqñaM1993¼1994 eTAdl; 71PaKry kñúgqñaM2001. kñúgGMLúg

eBldUcKñaenH GRtakMlaMgBlkmµburs )anekIneLIgBI 58 eTA 72PaKry. sßitikMlaMgBlkmµk¾)anbgðaj

pgEdrfa GRtacUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµenAtMbn;CnbT x<s;CagenAtMbn;TIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn CaBiessGRtanarI.

47

RkahiVk 2>3 ³ GRtacUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgtMbn;

RbPB³ World Employment Report (ILO qñaM2001) LFS qñaM2001

RkahiVk 2>4 ³ cMnYnmnusSenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ tamRkumGayu nig ePT

RbPB³ LFS qñaM2001

narIman 52PaKryéncMnYnRbCaCnsrub ¬CMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998¦ enAkm<úCa nigman 52PaKryéncMnYn

RbCaCnEdlskmµkñúgvis½yesdækic© ¬LFS qñaM2001¦. eTaHbICaGRtakMlaMgBlkmµburs x<s;CagnarIenARKb;

RkumGayuBI25qñaMk¾eday k¾cMnYnd¾elIslb;rbs;narIenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnsrub EdlmanGayucab;BI 15 eLIg

)aneFVI[narImancMnYneRcInCagbursenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ enARKb;RkumGayuTaMgGs; cab;BI 15-54 elIkElgEt

RkumGayu 25-29.


48


narITMngCacUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµmunburs. GRtakMlaMgBlkmµekµgRsIGayu 15-19qñaM man 72

PaKry eBalKW x<s;CagekµgRbusEdlman 62PaKry ¬LFS 2001¦. enHbBa¢ak;fa smamaRtrbs;ekµg

RbusEdlenAbnþkarsikSa mankMritx<s;CagekµgRsI edaysarekµgRsIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa ehIycab;epþImcUl

eFVIkargar.

kMeNInkumar nigyuvCnenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ)anekIneLIg CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ¬RkahiVk 2>5¦.

karcUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ enAEtmankMritx<s;cMeBaHnarIkñúgRkumGayu 15-19qñaM TaMgenAkñúgTIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn

nigtMbn;CnbT. b:uEnþenAkñúgRkumGayu 10-14qñaM ekµgRbuscUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ mancMnYneRcInCag

ekµgRsIbnþic. cMNucenH hak;dUcCasmRsbeTAnwgninñakarcuHeQµaHcUleronenAmFümsikSa rhUtdl;qñaM

2001 ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI4¦.

RkahVik 2>5 ³ kMlaMgBlkmµkumarnigyuvCn enAkñúgTIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn nigtMbn;CnbT

RbPB³ LFS, qñaM2001

2>1>3 yuvv½yPaKeRcIn minmankargareFVI

tamr)aykarN_enAkñúgGegátkMlaMgBlkmµ)an[dwgfa GñkKµankargareFVIkñúgRkumGayu 15qñaMeLIg man

1/7PaKry enAqñaM2001 kñúgenaHnarIman 2/2PaKry ehIybursman 1/5PaKry ¬tarag 2>2¦. karkMNt;

GMBIninñakarGñkGt;kargareFVI TMngCamanlkçN³xusEbøkKñaeTAtamRbPBB’tman dUecñHeFVI[mankarlM)ak

kñúgkartamdanninñakarenH. CMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998 )anraykarN_GMBIGRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIsrub cMnYn

5/3PaKry ehIykarGegátkMlaMgBlkmµenAqñaM2000 )anbBa¢ak;fa GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI man 2/5PaKry

Edlbgðaj[eXIjBIkarFøak;cuHCaTUeTAnUvGRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI. eTaHbICamankarkMNt;xus²Kñak¾eday

49

k¾RbPBTaMgGs;)anbgðajfa GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIenATIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn x<s;CagenAtMbn;CnbT ehIyGRta

Gt;kargareFVIkñúgcMeNamnarI x<s;Cagburs. GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIkñúgcMeNamyuvCn k¾mankMritx<s;pgEdr.

kñúgGRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIsrubqñaM2001 manyuvCncMnYn 60PaKry ehIy 73PaKry énbursGt;kargar

eFVI sßitenAkñúgRkumGayu 15-24qñaM. GRtanarIGt;kargareFVI manenAkñúgRkumGayuCaeRcInxus²Kña ehIyman

GRtax<s;bMputenAkñúgRkumGayu 15-19qñaM nig 35-39qñaM ¬LFS qñaM2001¦.

tarag 2>2 ³ GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIenAqñaM2001 ¬ ° kMlaMgBlkmµ¦

kMlaMgBlkmµsrubGayu 15qñaMeLIg GayuBI 15 eTA 24qñaM

srub RsI Rbus srub RsI Rbus

CnbT 1/7 2/0 1/4 2/7 2/7 2/8

PñMeBj 1/8 2/2 1/4 4/6 4/2 4/8

TIRbCMuCn 1/7 2/1 1/9 4/5 4/5 4/8

km<úCa 1/7 2/2 1/5 3/0 3/0 3/0


GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIsrub hak;dUcCaminx<s;b:unµaneTenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµkm<úCa edaysarRbCaCn

PaKeRcIn minGacrs;enAedayGt;kargareFVI)aneT. karGt;kargareFVIkñúgcMeNamyuvCn nigkargarminRKb;

ema:g KWCabBaðad¾cMbg eTaHbICamanBt’mantictYcsþIBIbBaðakargarminRKb;ema:gk¾eday. sUcnakrmYysþIBITMhM

kargarminRKb;ema:genH GacCasmamaRténGñkmankargareFVI EdlmanlT§PaBeFVIkargareRkAem:agbEnßm

eTot. enAqñaM2001 cMnYn 30PaKry énGñkmankargareFVITaMgGs;)anraykarN_fa BYkeKGacmanlT§PaB

eFVIkargareRkAem:agbEnßm ehIycMnYn 9PaKryeTot kMBugEsVgrkkargareRkAem:ag. enAkñúgRbePTTaMgBIrenH

manGRtabursx<s;CagnarI ¬KW 36PaKry manlT§PaBeFVIkargareRkAema:g nig 12PaKry kMBugEsVgrk

kargareRkAema:g¦ ehIyGRtaenAtMbn;CnbT nigTIRbCMuCndéTeTot mankMritx<s;CagenATIRkugPñMeBj

¬eBalKW 8PaKry nig 3PaKry¦ ¬LFS qñaM2001¦. sUcnakrmYyeTot sþIBIGRtakargareRkAem:ag KWCakar

ERbRbYlsmamaRténkMlaMgBlkmµ enAkñúgkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar EdlnwgBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñk

xageRkayenH.


50


2>1>4 GRtanarIeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérenAkñúgRKYsarmancMnYneRcIn>>> b:uEnþGRtaburs

eFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar kMBugekIneLIg

tamkarGegátkMlaMgBlkmµqñaM2001 )an[dwgfa 53PaKryénnarIEdlskmµkñúgvis½yesdækic© nig

32PaKry énbursEdlskmµkñúgvis½yesdækic© )aneFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar. PaKeRcInénkargar

KµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar KWkargarkñúgvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT EdlkñúgenaH 47PaKry énnarI

EdlCakMlaMgBlkmµkñúgkargaresdækic© nig 29PaKryénbursEdlCakMlaMgBlkmµkñúgkargaresdækic©RtUv

)ancat;cUlCaGñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar ¬RkahiVk 2>6¦.

RkahiVk 2>6 ³ sßanPaBkargar tamePT nigRkum]sSahkmµcMbg

RbPB³ LFS qñaM2001

eTaHbICaGñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsarPaKeRcIn CanarIk¾eday k¾smamaRténkMlaMgBlkmµnarI

enAkñúgRbePTkargarenH )anfycuHkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAenH ¬RkahiVk 2>7¦ RbEhlbNþalmkBI

kMeNIn»kaskargarmanR)ak;kMérsMrab;narIenAkñúgvis½ykat;edr. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH smamaRténkMlaMg

BlkmµbursEdlsßitkñúgRbePTkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar )anekIneLIgKWqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjGMBIkgVH

»kaskargarsMrab;burs eRkABIkargarRKYsar.

sßanPaBkargarxusKñarvagnarI nigburs enAEtekItmanTaMgenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT nigTIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn

dUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgRkahVik 2>8. eRkABIvis½yksikmµ bursTTYl)ankargarmanR)ak;kMéreRcInCagnarI

¬52PaKryénkargareRkABIksikmµ¦ CaBiessenATIRkugPñMeBj ¬60PaKry¦. enATIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn

smamaRtrbs;narIenAkñúgkargarGaCIvkmµpÞal;xøÜn mankMritx<s;Cagburs ¬50PaKry¦ b:uEnþnarITMngCaeFVI

kargarGaCIvkmµpaÞl;xøÜn eRcInCagburs ¬45PaKry¦ enARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;. GRtanarIeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;

kMérkñúgRKYsar enAEtmankMritx<s;CagbursenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs; ¬22PaKry¦.

51

RkahiVk 2>7 ³ GñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar BIqñaM1998 dl;qñaM2001

RbPB³ CMerOn qñaM1998, CSES qñaM1999, LFS qñaM2000, LFS qñaM2001

RkahVik 2>8 ³ sßanPaBkargarkñúgvis½yepSg²eRkABIksikmµ tamTIkEnøg nigePT qñaM2001



52


RbPB³ CSES ¬qñaM1996/ qñaM1997/ qñaM1999¦/

CMerOn qñaM1998/ LFS ¬qñaM2000/ qñaM2001¦

RkahVik2>10³ GRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér

RbPB³ CSES ¬qñaM1996/ qñaM1997/ qñaM1999¦/

CMerOn qñaM1998/ LFS ¬qñaM2000/ qñaM2001¦

2>1>5 GRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér kMBugEtekIneLIg>>>b:uEnþGtulüPaBeynD½r

enAEtekItman

eTaHbICamankarekIneLIgk¾eday k¾TIpSarBlkmµmanR)ak;kMér enAEtmanTMhMtUcenAkm<úCa eBalKW man

»kaskargarmanR)ak;kMértictYcsMrab;burs b¤narI. manEt 16PaKry énRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlmankargar

eFVIb:ueNÑaH EdlCaGñkeFVIkarmanR)ak;kMér eBalKW burs 19PaKry nignarI 14PaKry ¬LFS, qñaM2001¦.

RkahVik2>9³ PaKryénkMlaMgBlkmµkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér

eTaHbICa\LÚvenH narIkMBugEtcUlrYmkan;Et

eRcInenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµmanR)ak;kMér ¬RkahiVk

2>9¦ ehIyGRtanarIkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMér)an

ekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal;k¾eday ¬Rkahi Vk

2>10¦ k¾kMeNIn»kaskargarmanR)ak;kMér

sMrab;narI PaKeRcInmanEtenAkñúg]sSahkmµ

kat;edrEtb:ueNÑaH ¬RkahiVk 2>11¦. kargarman

R)ak;kMérkñúgvis½yksikmµ )anekIneLIgsMrab;

TaMgnarI nigburs. kMeNInenH RbEhlCaman

TMnak;TMngeTAnwgkarERbRbYlEpñkplitkmµ

ksikmµTIpSarkñúgRTg;RTayFM nig¼b¤kMeNInkar

)at;bg;dIFø I. kargarmanR)ak;kMérkñ úgvis½y

esvakmµ mankarERbRbYlbnþicbnþÜc. kargarman

R)ak;kMérkñúgvis½yrdæ)alsaFarN³¼karBarCati

Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al¼sgÁmkic© mancMnYn 60

PaKry énkargarmanR)ak;kMérenAkñ úgvis½y

esvakmµ³ bursTTYl)ankargar 78PaKry én

kargarsrubenAkñúgvis½yTaMgbIenH. edaysar

mankMeNIntictYckñúgvis½yenH kñ úgry³eBl

b:unµanqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH »kaskargarfµI²EdlCa

kargarrbs;bursenAkñúgvis½yesdækic©mantictYc.

53

RkahVik 2>11 ³ cMnYnGñkmankargarmanR)ak;kMéreFVI BIqñaM1998 dl; 2001

sMKal;³ edaysarminmansßitisþIBIkargarenAkñúgCYrraCrdæaPi)al vis½yrdæ)al¼karBarCati Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al¼

sgÁmkic© RtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;CMnYs[ {vis½ysaFarN³} eTaHbICamankarTTYlsÁal;fa vis½yGb;rM

nig suxaPi)al kMBugEtRtUvkøayeTAÉkCnPavUbnIykmµkan;EteRcIneLIgk¾eday.

RbPB³ CMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998 nig LFS qñaM2000 nig qñaM2001

karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm ¬eday ADB qñaM2001¦ enARbeTskm<úCa )anpþl;nUvTinñn½y

KuNPaBmYycMnYnsþIBIvismPaBeynD½renAkñúgTIpSarkargarpøÚvkar. GñkcUlrYmkñúgRkumvaytMélPaBRkIRk

yl;fa man»kaskargarmanR)ak;kMértictYc sMrab;RbCaCnRkIRkTUeTA ehIy»kaskargarsMrab;narIRkIRkenaH

rwtEtmanticeTAeTot. tamTMenomTMlab;yuvCn RtUv)aneKCMruj[rkkargarmanR)ak;kMéreFVIEdltamFmµta

tMrUv[yuvCnmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug cMENknarIvijRtUv)aneKraraMg ehIy»kaskargarsMrab;narIekµg²

enAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr manlkçN³pÞúyeTAnwgTMenomTMlab;enH.

edayRsbeTAnwgsßitiCati GñkcUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkmanCMenOfa \LÚvenH»kaskargar

manR)ak;kMérsMrab;narIGacmaneRcInCagburs edayeyageTAtamkMeNIn]sSahkmµkat;edrEdleBlenaH

kMBugrIkcMerIn. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenaHpgEdr CacugbBa©b; GñkcUlrYmmaneyabl;fa kmµkreragcRkkat;edr

ekµg² GacnwgmansßanPaBl¥RbesIrCag RbsinebIBYkeKeFVIkarenAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkeK. enHKWedaysarmankar


54


P½yxøacfa RbsinebIekµgRsIeFVIdMeNIrmkTIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn BYkeKnwg {edIrxuspøÚv} ehIynwg)at;bg;RBhµcarIy_

muneBlerobGaBah_BiBah_ {RtwmRtUv} tamRbéBNI ¬ADB qñaM2001¦.

enAqñaM2001 mnusSCag 1 lannak;bnþiceFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMér. Tak;TgnwgkMlaMgBlkmµEdltamkar

)a:n;sµanfanwgekIneLIgBI 225>000-250>000nak;kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMxagmuxenH ¬Sok et

al, qñaM2001¦ GnaKtminc,as;las;én]sSahkmµkat;edr ¬Edlman 20PaKryénkargarmanR)ak;kMérsrub¦

karkat;rMsaykgT½B k¾dUcCakMENTMrg;rdæ)al ktþaTaMgenH nwgeFVI[mankarlM)akcMeBaHTIpSarkargarpøÚvkar

kñúgkarRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµ[)aneRcIn ebIsinBMumankarvinieyaKfµIRbkbedaynirnþPaBenaHeT. kic©xitxM

RbwgERbgkñúgkarbegáIt[mankargaredIm,IRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitCanirnþPaB sMrab;kMlaMgBlkmµkm<úCaPaKeRcIn

BMuKYremIlEtelIkargarkñúgvis½ypøÚvkarenaHeT.

2>1>6 RbePTkargar nig]sSahkmµ EdlEbgEcktamePT

RbmaNCa 70PaKryénkMlaMgBlkmµ RbkbkargarksikmµEdlCakargarsMxan;rbs;xøÜn. eRkABIvis½y

ksikmµ mankarEbgEckkargareTAtamePT edaynarIeFVIkargarnarItamTMenomTMlab;kñúgcMnYntictYc Edl

rYmman GaCIvkmµ sib,kmµ edr)a:k; nigsil,³. mankarBRgIk»kaskargareRkABIksikmµsMrab;burs nignarI

taMgBIqñaM1998 mk ¬RkahVik 2>12¦. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kMeNInkargarPaKeRcInsMrab;narI KWmanenA

kñúgkargarnarItamTMenomTMlab;b:ueNÑaH. eKsegáteXIjmannarImYycMnYntUcenAkñúg {kargarkariyal½y}

¬]TahrN_ ³ GñkRbkbkargarviC¢aCIv³ Gñkbec©keTs esµón¦ b¤enAkñúgtMENgeFIVesckþIsMercCan;x<s;. CMerOn

RbCara®sþ qñaM1998 )anpþl;nUvTinñn½yBisþarGMBIkargar EdlTinñn½yTaMgenH )anCYydl;karviPaKsuICMerAGMBI

vismPaBeynD½r kñúgvis½ykargar.

]TahrN_³ eRkABIkargarksikmµ³

� 33PaKry énnarIenAkñúgkargareRkABIksikmµ eFVIkargarmanR)ak;kMér.

� 49PaKry énkargareRkABIksikmµsMrab;narIKW RbkbGaCIvkmµ³ narI 22PaKry RbkbGaCIvkmµ

lk;raypÞal;xøÜn ehIy 17PaKry RbkbGaCIvkmµlk;dUrpÞal;xøÜnenAtamcieBa©Imfñl;. narI 6PaKry

CaGñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérsMrab;RKYsar edayRbkbGaCIvkmµlk;ray ehIy 4PaKryeTot

CaGñkeFVIkargarKµanR)ak;kMérsMrab;RKYsar edayRbkbGaCIvkmµCaGñklk;dUrenAtamcieBa©Imfñl;.

� kargarepSgeTotEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHnarIrYmman karkat;edr ¬3PaKry¦ karEkécñmðÚbGahar

¬3PaKry¦ tm,aj ¬3PaKry¦ nigsib,kmµ ¬1PaKry¦. eTaHbICamuxrbrTaMgenH Cakargar

sMxan; TMhMtUc eRkABIkargarksikmµk¾eday k¾kargarTaMgenH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa

CaRbPBcMNUlsMxan;TI2 sMrab;narI CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT.

55

RkahVik 2>12 ³ kargartamRbePTmuxrbr

RbPB³ CMerOnqñaM1998 - LFS qñaM2000 nig qñaM2001

pÞúyeTAvij enAkñúgCMerOnqñaM1998 kñúgcMeNambursEdleFVIkargarsMxan;eRkABIksikmµman 61PaKry

CaGñkeFVIkarmanR)ak;kMér. muxrbrsMxan;²epSgeTotsMrab;burs rYmman GñkebIkbryanynþ nigkarIm:asuIn

cl½t ¬7PaKryénkargar eRkABIksikmµ¦ CMnYykarenAtamhag nigGñklk;dUrenAtamTIpSar ¬7PaKry¦

Gñklk;dUrenAtamcieBa©ImpøÚv ¬3PaKry¦ QµÜjelahFatu nigeRKOgynþ ¬3PaKry¦ nigBlkr ¬3PaKry¦.

eTaHbICaBMuTan;manenAkñúgsißtikargarpøÚvkark¾eday k¾]sSahkmµpøÚvePTEdlkMBugEtrIkduHdalenH KWCa

bBaðamYytMrUv[mankarcab;GarmµN_CaBiess. tamkar)a:n;sµanmannarIcMnYn 100>000nak; kMBugeFVIkarkñúg

]sSahkmµpøÚvePTenAkm<úCa. dUcnarIdéTeTotkñúgEpñkkargarminpøÚvkarEdr narITaMgenH RbQmmuxnwgkar

rMelaPbMBan Edlmancab;BIkarebotebonyayI rhUtdl;kareFVIGaCIvkmµ nigGMeBIhwgSa.2 vis½ykargar

minpøÚvkar rYmTaMg]sSahkmµpøÚvePTpg minRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab;kargar b¤pþl;nUvkic©karBaredaysgÁm

eLIy. narIrksuIpøÚvePT EdlPaKeRcInRtUveKbgçM b¤lk;[eTAbMerIkargarEbbenH edaysarPaBRkIRk CaTUeTA

RtUv)anRKYsar nigshKmn_rbs;BYkeKminrab;rk ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI7¦.

2 Ep¥kelImtiEdlpþl;edayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiRbcaMTIRkug)agkk Exmkra qñaM2002


56


2>1>7 karKaMRTbnþicbnþÜccMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUc¼GaCIvkmµxñattUc Edl

BuMRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; mansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHnarI

karBiPakSaGMBIkarbegáItkargar nigkMeNInesdækic© TMngCaepþateTAelITIpSarkargarpøÚvkar ¬kargarman

R)ak;kMér¦ nigvis½yksikmµ. eKhak;dUcCaemIlrMlg GñkRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg CaBiessenAkñúg

shRKasxñattUc nigvis½yesdækic©minpøÚvkar. dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;taMgBIdMbUgrYcmkehIy eRkABIvis½y

ksikmµ bursTMngCaEsVgrkkargarmanR)ak;kMér ¬burs 52PaKry mankargareRkABIvis½yksikmµ¦ cMENk

narI TMngCaBak;B½n§eRcInnwgkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ¬narI 45PaKry énnarIEdleFVIkargareRkABIksikmµ¦

b¤kargarGaCIvkmµKµanR)ak;kMérkñúgRKYsar ¬22PaKry¦. GaCIvkmµelIvis½yminpøÚvkar CaRbPBcMNUlsMxan;

TIBIr sMrab;RKYsarCaeRcIn. GaRs½yehtuenH kgVHkarKaMRTcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUc KWCabBaða

eynD½rd¾cMbgmYy.

shRKasxñattUcTaMgGs;enAkñúgvis½yminpøÚvkar kMBugRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaRbhak;RbEhlKña³

� shRKasTaMgenaH BMuRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; eTaHbIGaCIvkmµTaMgenHTTYl)ankarRtYtBinitüxøH²Edr

b:uEnþBMusUvTTYl)ankarKaMRTeT.

� lT§PaBTTYl)an\NTanmankMrit CaBiessTunbgVilEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;begáIt nigBRgIkGaCIvkmµ.

� lT§PaBTTYl)anTIpSar b¤lT§PaBTTYl)anBt’manTIpSarmankMrit.

Caskl manbTBiesaFn_mYycMnYnFM EdlTak;TgnwgkarbegáItesvananaedIm,IedaHRsayRbePTbBaða

TaMgenH. b:uEnþkñúgxN³EdlGñkCMnajkñúgkarGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUcGnþrCati kMBugBiPakSaGMBIviFIeFVI[

esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmµEdlmanRsab; [kan;EtmannirnþrPaB nigBRgwgTIpSarsMrab;esvaTaMgenH mankar

GegátfµImYy EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ )anrkeXIjfa enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk

km<úCa karpÁt;pÁg;esvaRbePTTaMgenH mantictYcb:ueNÑaH.

2>1>8 narI mancMnYntictYcenAkñúgkargarviC¢aCIv³ nigkñúgtMENgeFIVesckþIsMerc

narIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’x<s; mansmtßPaBrkkargarkariyal½y)aneFVI. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday narIenA

EtmancMnYntic ehIyCaTUeTA min)anTTYltMENgeFIVesckþIsMerceT. narImancMnYntictYcenAkñúgkargarEdl

manzan³dUcCa kargarviC¢aCIv³ tMENgeFIVesckþIsMerc b¤tMENgRKb;RKg. RbEhlmYyPaKbIénGñkRbkb

muxviC¢aCIv³KWCanarI ehIymannarIEt 14PaKryb:ueNÑaHkñúgcMeNamGñktak;Etgc,ab; m®nþICan;x<s; nigGñk

RKb;RKg. narIcMnYnticCag 2PaKry Edlskmµkñúgvis½yesdækic© TTYl)ankargarenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³

dUcCa rdæ)alsaFarN³¼karBarCati Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al¼sgÁmkic© ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgburs Edlman

8PaKry ¬LFS qñaM2001¦¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI8¦.

57

2>1>9 kMritvb,Fm’ manplb:HBal;elIR)ak;kMér nig »kaskargar

CMerIskargarsMrab;burs nignarI RtUvkMNt;eTAtamkMritvb,Fm’rbs;BYkeK ¬Urashima qñaM2002¦.

kMritvb,Fm’enHrYmman karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ ¬BIbzmsikSarhUtdl;mhaviTüal½y¦ nigkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§.

GñkEdlminecHGkSr b¤mankMritvb,Fm’TabCagbzmsikSa mancMnYneRcInelIslubenAkñúgkargar

ksikmµ b¤ensaT EdlCamuxrbrsMxan;rbs;BYkeK. enAeBlEdleKmankMritvb,Fm’kan;Etx<s; »kasebIk

cMhrsMrab;kargarepSgeTot k¾maneRcInEdr ¬RkahVik 2>13¦. »kasenHmanenAkñúgvis½ykat;edr EdlTMng

Capþl;kargardl;narIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’x<s; ¬Sok et al qñaM2001¦.

eTaHbICamankMritvb,Fm’dUcKñak¾eday k¾CMerIskargarrvagnarI nigburs k¾enAEtmanPaBxusKñadEdl.

]TahrN_³ cMeBaHnarIEdlminEdl)ansikSa b¤e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSamuncb;salabzmsikSa kargarTUeTA

sMrab;BYkeKeRkABIkargarksikmµmandUcCa GñkCMnYykarlk;dUrenAtamhag nigGñklk;dUrenAtamTIpSar

Gñklk;dUrenAtamcieBa©ImpøÚv b¤kargarsib,kmµ. bursEdlmankMritvb,Fm’dUcKñaenH eFIVkargarCaGñkebIkbr

yanynþ kmµkrsMNg; kmµkr b¤CaTahan.

RkahVik 2>13 ³ kMritvb,Fm’kan;Etx<s; TTYl)an»kaskargarkan;EteRcIn

RbPB³ CMerOn qñaM1998

cMeBaHkMritvb,Fm’bzmsikSa »kaskargarmaneRcInsMrab;narI nigburs ehIysmamaRtburs nignarIenAkñúg

kargarksikmµ nigensaT)anFøak;cuH. cMeBaHnarI CMerIskargareRkABIkargarksikmµKW karlk;dUr nigsib,kmµ b:uEnþ

kargareragcRkdUcCa kargarenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr k¾ebIkcMhrsMrab;BYkeKpgEdr. bursEdlmankMritvb,Fm’

enAkMritenH eFIVkargarepSgmYycMnYndUcCa Gñklk;dUr b¤b:UlIs GñkebIkbryanynþ kmµkr b¤kargarsMNg;.


58


cMeBaHkMritvb,Fm’Edlx<s;CagenH »kaskargarsMrab;narI nigburs KWkargarkariyal½y. kñúgcMeNamGñk

mankMritvb,Fm’x<s; EdleFIVkargarkariyal½y narImansmamaRt ¬40PaKry¦ x<s;Cagburs ¬34PaKry¦

eTaHbICabursEdlmankMritvb,Fm’kMritenH mancMnYneRcInCagnarI ¬burs3¼narI1¦ k¾eday ¬CMerOn 1998¦.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgcMeNamm®nIþCan;x<s; nigGñkRKb;RKg cMnYnsmamaRtnarI nigbursEdlmankMrit

vb,Fm’x<s; mancMnYnesIÞrEtesµIKña eBalKW narI 6PaKry cMENkbursman 7PaKry. eRkABIkargarkariyal½y

CMerIskargarsMrab;narIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’x<s; KWdUcKñanwgCMerIskargarrbs;narIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’TabEdr

ehIyCMerIskargar sMrab;bursEdlkMritvb,Fm’x<s; dUcKñanwgCMerIskargarsMrab;bursEdlkMritvb,Fm’TabEdr³

GñkebIkbryanynþ kmµkrsMNg; kmµkr GñkCMnYykartamhag nigtamTIpSar b:UlIs b¤Tahan.

KMlateynD½rkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM CamUlehtucMbgcMeBaH»kaskargarrbs;narI. narIEdlmankMrit

vb,Fm’x<s; GacRbkYtRbECgCamYyburskñúgkarrkkargar. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday narIEdlmankMritvb,Fm’

x<s;mancMnYntic dUecñHnarIEdlGacRbkYtRbECg k¾mancMnYnticEdr. kareFIV[mansmFm’eynD½renAkñúgRbB½n§

Gb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarsMerc[)annUvsmPaBeynD½r enAkñúgvis½ykargarsMrab;ry³eBl

yUr. bBaðacMeBaHmux KWkarbegáIn»kaskargarsMrab;narIenAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ tMrUv[mankarykcitþTukdak;

EfmeTot eTAelIKMlateynD½renAkñúgGkçrPaB nigkarGb;rMEdlb:HBal;dl;CMerIskargar.

2>1>10 narITTYl)anR)ak;kMérticCagburs

CamFüm nigbnÞab;BI)anBinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_eTAtamGayu nigkarGbrMrbs;buKÁlmñak;² R)ak;kMérrbs;

burs mankMritx<s;CagR)ak;kMérrbs;narIcMnYn 33PaKry. R)ak;kMérxusKñaeRcInbMputrvagburs nignarI manenA

kñúgcMeNamGñkmankargareFVIsßitkñúgRkumGayu 15-29qñaM Edlmin)ansikSaTal;EtesaH ¬75PaKry¦

cMENkR)ak;kMérxusKñaticbMput KWenAkñúgcMeNamGñkmankargareFIVsßitkñúgRkumGayu 30-39qñaM Edlman

kMritvb,Fm’RtwmGnuviTüal½y ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM1999¦ Edlbgðaj[eXIjfa mankarerIseGIgya:gxøaMgcMeBaH

R)ak;kMérrbs;narI nigekµgRsI CaBiessenAelITIpSarBlkmµkm<úCa. R)ak;kMérCamFümRbcaMéf¶sMrab;burs

enAkñúgkargarensaT KWRbEhl 5>000erol ¬1/25duløa¦ cMENknarIGacrk)anEt 83PaKry éncMnYn

enaHb:ueNÑaH³ enAkñúgkargarEkécñRtIsac; bursGacrkR)ak;)an 4>150erol ¬1/13duløa¦ kñúgmYyéf¶ cMENk

narIrk)anEt 63PaKry éncMnYnenaHb:ueNÑaH ¬CDRI qñaM2003 ¦.

karvaytMélPaBRkIRkEdlmankarcUlrYm ¬ADB qñaM2001¦ enAkm<úCa)anrkeXIjfa enAkEnøgEdl

kargarmanR)ak;kMértictYc CaTUeTAnarITTYl)anR)ak;kMérticCagburs eTaHbICanarIeFIVkargardUcbursk¾eday.

bursrk)anR)ak;kMérrhUtdl; 5>000erol ¬1/25duløaGaemrik¦ kñúgmYyéf¶ edayeFIVCakmµkrFmµta cMENk

narIvij TTYl)anR)ak;kMérEt 2>500erolb:ueNÑaH sMrab;kargardUcKñaenH. enAkñúgkarvaytMélPaBRkIRk

bursmkBIRKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;enATUTaMgRbeTs Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkareFIVsmÖasn_)anyl;eXIjfa KMlatenH

ekIteLIg BIeRBaH³

59

� {mankargarmYycMnYnEdlnarI minGaceFIV)an}

� {narIsMrakeRcInkñúgeBleFIVkargarRbcaMéf¶}

� {vaminmanbBaðaGIVeT eRBaHR)ak;kMérTaMgenH nwgvilRtLb;cUleTAkñúghirBaØvtßúRKYsar}.

PaBxusKñaénR)ak;kMérEdlTak;TgnwgkMritvb,Fm’ mancMnYneRcInsMrab;narICagburs³ kñúgxN³Edlburs

mankMritvb,Fm’RtwmbzmsikSa TTYl)anR)ak;ebovtSr_RbcaMqñaM x<s;CagbursEdlmin)ansikSacMnYn 10

PaKry cMENkÉnarIEdl)aneroncb;bzmsikSa TTYl)anR)ak;ebovtSr_RbcaMqñaM x<s;CagnarIEdlmin)ansikSa

cMnYn 32PaKry. R)ak;ebovtSr_ rwtEtx<s;;CagenHeTAeTot cMeBaHGñkEdleroncb;mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

nigmhaviTüal½y eBalKW bursTTYl)an 42PaKry nignarITTYl)an 80PaKry ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg

ebovtSr_rbs;burs nignarIEdlmin)ansikSa ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM1999¦.

2>1>11 yuvCnkñúgcMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg kMBugmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug

TIpSarBlkmµenACnbTénRbeTskm<úCa manlkçN³minc,as;las; nigERbRbYly:agqab;rh½s. tam

r)aykarN_rbs;viTüasßankm<úCaGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS ¬CDRI - Chan et al qñaM1999 ¦ RbCaCnRkIRkRtUv

bgçMcitþBwgEp¥keTAelITIpSarBlkmµsMrab;muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK CaCagkargarksikmµlkçN³RKYsar.

RbsinebI»kaskargarkñúgmUldæanmanRKb;RKan; karmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug k¾mankMritTabEdr. RbsinebI

tMrUvkarBlkmµenAkñúgmUldæanmankMritTab karmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug KWCadMNaHRsayEtmYyKt; sMrab;

GñkEdlGt;kargareFIV.

tamCMerOnRbCara®sþqñaM1998 GñkmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkugcMnYnCag 80PaKry sßitkñúgGayueFIVkar

¬15-64 ¦. enAkñúgcMeNammkrkkargareFVIenATIRkugEdlmanGayu 15-19qñaM narImancMnYneRcInCagburs.

b:uEnþcMnYnnarIEdlmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug )anfycuH enAeBlEdlBYkeKQancUldl;Gayu 20-39qñaM.

tamlT§plénkarRsavRCavfµI² rbs;GgÁkar Oxfam hugkug WAC qñaM2003 tYelxenHbgðaj[eXIjfa

tMrUvkar nigkarecjeTAeFVIkarrbs;narIekµg²EdlminTan;erobkar mankMritx<s; ehIyTnÞwmnwgenH tYelxenH

k¾)anbgðaj[eXIjfa narI erobkarrYc nignarImankUn kMBugEtRbQmmuxnwglkçx½NÐesdækic© nigsgÁm.

sßitifµI²PaKeRcIn sIþBIcMnYnRbCaCnEdleFIVcMNakRsukBIPUmirbs;BYkeKeTATIRkug b¤eTAtMbn;CnbT

epSgeTot cab;taMgBIqñaM1998. eKmanCMenOCaTUeTAfa kareFIVcMNakRsukkMBugEtmankarekIneLIg ¬Oxfam

hugkug WAC qñaM2003¦. \LÚvenH narIEdlmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkugmankan;EteRcIn eTaHbICaCMerIs

kargarrbs;BYkeK KµanGVIeRkABIkargarkat;edr nig]sShkmµpøÚvePTk¾eday. Ep¥kelIkarGegátsþIBInarIenAkñúg

kargarTaMgenH )an)a:n;RbmaNfa mannarICag 250>000nak; )ancakecjBIPUmirbs;xøÜn edIm,IEsVgrkkargar

manR)ak;kMér kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmkenH.


60


ninñakarrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkkñúgkarcUleTAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµpøÚvkar EdlmanR)ak;kMér )ancab;epþImEkERb

TMenomTMlab;EbgEckkargareTAtameynD½r nig)annaMeTAdl;karcUlrYmkñúgkargarmanR)ak;kMérCapøÚvkar

enAelITIpSarBlkmµ edaybM)at;ecalrUbPaBcas;énkarEbgEckkargar nigkareFIVkargarRbvas;édenAtam

PUmi. kargarRbvas;éd ¬tamFmµta manrUbPaBCakarTUTat;tam\NTan¦ RtUv)anGnuvtþPaKeRcInedaynarI.

kargarmanR)ak;kMérkan;EtekIneLIg dUecñHkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;kargar[kan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBEfmeTot kan;Et

mansar³sMxan;sMrab;kmµkrenARKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énvis½yesdækic©.

{eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvecjBIPUmi BIeRBaHenATIenaHKµankargareFIVeT. b:uEnþeFVIEbbenH kMst;

Nas; edaysareyIgminGacrkSaTMnak;TMngedaygayRsYlCamYyRKYsar. eyIgmin

sÁal;GIV²enATIRkugFMenaHeT ehIyeyIggayRtUve)akR)as;edaymnusSGaRkk; rYmTaMgBYk

kMelaH²EdlekgykcMeNjBIesñha edayBYkeKeFIV[eyIg)at;bg;kitþ iys>>>

eyIgk¾RtUveFIVkargarCaeRcInem:ag ehIyminh‘antva:enAeBleyIgggwtmux b¤QW

eRBaHeyIgdwgfa enHCakatBVkic©rbs;eyIg}. enHCasMdIdkRsg;rbs;kmµkarInIeragcRk

kat;edrenAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytMélPaBRkIRk EdlmankarcUlrYm ¬ADB qñaM2001¦.

2>1>12 ]sSahkmµkat;edr man\T§iBly:agxøaMgkøaeTAelICIvitrs;enArbs;narI

dUcEdl)anBiPakSaxagedIm mankarERbRbYlénkarcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµpøÚvkar TnÞwmeBl

EdlmankarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½snUv]sSahkmµkat;edr. bc©úb,nñ mannarIekµg²RbmaN 180>000nak;

)ancUleFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edrCag 200kEnøg enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. kargarenH)anbegáIt[

man»kasesdækic©sMxan;²sMrab;narIekµg² EdlminFøab;mantaMgBImunBak;kNþalTsvtSr_ qñaM1990 mk.

karGegátmYy ¬Sok, et al,. qañM2001¦ EdleFVIeLIgeday CDRI )anbgðajfa kmµkreragcRkkat;edr

mankMritvb,Fm’x<s; mancMnYn 61 PaKry )aneroncb;bzmsikSa 31PaKry )aneroncb;GnuviTüal½y nig

8PaKry TTYl)ansBaØab½RtmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi.

]sSahkmµkat;edrman 94PaKryénkMeNIn]sSahkmµcab;taMgBIqñaM1998. ]sSahkmµkat;edrman

karekIneLIg edaysarmankic©RBmeRBogCamYynwgshB½n§GWr:ub nigedaysarshrdæGaemrik )anpþl;[

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa nUvzan³CaRbeTsEdlTTYl)ankarGnueRKaHbMputenAqñaM1997. enAqñaM1999

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik )ancuHkic©RBmeRBogpþl;kUtasMrab;karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;

CaBiess edaysarshrdæGaemrikmanbMNgcg;karBar]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;xøÜn. kic©RBmeRBogenH

)andak;bBa©ÚlTMnak;TMngkUtaEdlminFøab;manBImunmk sMedAGnuvtþsþg;darkargar nigbnþ rhUtdl;dMNac;qñaM

2004. edaycab;epþImBI)atédTeT eragcRk)anrIkduHdalkøayeTACa]sSahkmµEdlmanTwkR)ak; 1/2

61

Ban;landuløaGaemrikkñúgry³eBl 5qñaM edaypþl;kargar[RbCaCn)anCit 200>000nak; EdlRtUvcMNay

eTAelIR)ak;ExkñúgmYyEx²KW 12landuløaGaemrik CamFüm.

enAdMNac;qñaM2004 kic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐ ¬Multi Fibers Agreement¦ sMrab;karcUlCasmaCik

GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwglubecalkUtaTaMgGs;enAkñúgvis½ykat;edrsMelokbMBak;. smaCikPaBrbs;

RbeTscinenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nigkareFVIRbRktIPavUbnIykmµTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµrvag

shrdæGaemrik nigevotNam KWCakarKMramkMEhgy:agF¶n;F¶reTAelI]sShkmµkat;edrsMelokbMBak;rbs;

km<úCa. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasgÇwgfa nwgGacRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvinieyaKfµI² edayEp¥kelIkareKarBsiT§i

CamUldæanrbs;kmµkr nigkMBugEtksagekrþ×eQµaHrbs;xøÜn. kmµkrenAkñúgvis½ykat;edr TTYl)anR)ak;Exx<s;

ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkmµkrkñúgvis½ypøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkar nigm®nþIraCkar ¬RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ qñaM2001¦.

elIsBIenHeTot R)ak;ExGb,brimaenAkm<úCaeBalKW 45duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx ¬sMrab;kmµkrkat;edr¦

edayEp¥kelIkargar 48 em:agkñúgmYys)þah_ mankMritx<s;CagR)ak;ExenAkñúgRbeTsepSgeTot kñúgtMbn;Edl

CaédKURbkYtRbECgedayrYmTaMg bg;køaeds \NÐa nig\NÐÚensuI. b:uEnþGRtaenH mankMritTabCagGRtaenAkñúg

RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_CagRbeTskm<úCa dUcCa éfLg; CaedIm ¬sUmemIltarag 2>3¦.

dUckñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_déTeTotEdr kargarrbs;narIenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr RtUv)anelIkykmk

BiPakSay:agTUlMTUlayenAkm<úCa edaysarvamanplb:HBal;EpñksgÁm. eTaHbICaeragcRkTaMgenH )anpþl;

nUv»kaskargarfµI²dl;narI nigtMrUv[mankarRKb;RKgedayeKarBtam {RkmsIlFm’} eBalKW GnuelameTA

tamsþg;darkargark¾eday k¾eKsegáteXIjmanplb:HBal;GviC¢manmYycMnYn. eTaHbICakarGegátfµI²enH

¬Reed qñaM2001¦ rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ enAtameragcRkkat;edrenAkm<úCa rkBMuTan;eXIj

PsúþtagbBa¢ak;GMBIBlkmµkumar BlkmµedaybgçM b¤karebotebonpøÚvePTk¾eday k¾karGegátenH )anrkeXIj

krNIeFVIkarbEnßmem:agedaybgçM karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgshCIB nigkarTUTat;R)ak;ebovtSr_BMuRtwmRtUv.


62


karsikSaRsavRCavmYyrbs;GgÁkarEXr ¬CARE¦ Edl)aneFVIenAqñaM 1999 )anrkeXIjbBaðaRsedogKñaenH

ehIy)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa kmµkreragcRkkat;edrTaMgBIrePT manPaBsÞak;esÞIrminh‘anniyayGVITak;Tg

nwgbBaðaTaMgenHeT. karRsavRCavfµI²EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGgÁkar Oxfam Hong Kong nigGgÁkar

kmµviFIRsþIedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr ¬Womyn’s Agenda for Change¦ )anrkeXIjfa eTaHbICa]sSahkmµkat;edr

BitCa)anpþl;kargarmanR)ak;kMérenAeRkAPUmik¾eday k¾kmµkrRtUv)aneKemIlgay nigRtUveFV Ikar

kñúgsßanPaBlM)aklMbin³

� 50PaKryénkmµkreragcRk TTYl)anR)ak;ExticCag 45duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx ¬ebovtSr_

Gb,brima¦. CamFüm kmµkrTTYl)an 35duløaGaemrik.

� kmµkrTaMgGs; Edl)ancUlrYmeFIVsmÖasn_)anniyayfa BYkeKRtUveKbgçM[eFVIkarEfmem:ag.

� dMbUg narImancitþrMePIbrIkrayeday)ancakecjBIPUmirbs;xøÜn nig)anrYcputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;RKYsar

BYkeK b:uEnþeRkaymk BYkeKcab;epþImmanGarmµN_minl¥ nigenOyNay. b:uEnþ BYkeKBi)aknwgvil

Rtlb;eTAPUmirbs;BYkeKvijNas; edaysarRbCaCnkñúgPUmiGacKitfa BYkeK\LÚvenH køayCa

{narIminl¥ BIeRBaHBYkeK)aneTAPñMeBj nig)anrYmrs;CamYyburseTAehIy}.

tarag 2>3 ³ em:ageFVIkar nigR)ak;kMérenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr enAtambNþaRbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYn

R)ak;kMérGb,brimaEdl R)ak;ExCamFüm GRtaR)ak;kMér R)ak;kMérBI

em:ageFVIkar kMNt;edayc,ab; kñúgmYyEx tamem:ag Gb,brimaeTAmFüm

RbeTs qñaM tamc,ab; ¬KitCaduløaGaemrik¦ ¬KitCaduløaGaemrik¦ ¬KitCaduløaGaemrik¦ ¬KitCaduløaGaemrik¦

m:aeLsuI 1995 48 Kµan 296 1/42 Kµan

cin 1997 40 12-39 191 1/14 6-20

hVIlIBIn 1999 48 130 182 0/88 71

éfLg; 1999 48 93-109 106 0/51 88-103

RsIlgáa 1998 45 29-37 63 0/31 46-59

km<úCa 2000 48 50k 61 0/29 82

evotNam 2000 48 45 60 0/29 75

\NÐa 1999 48 6-54 57 0/27 11-95

\NÐÚensuI 2000 40 43x 46 0/25 94

bg;køaeds 1996 48 12-76 40 0/19 30-90

sMKal;³ k enAkñúgtaragenH R)ak;]btßmÖsMrab;karcUlrYmeBjeljcMnYn 5duløaGaemrik RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTA

kñúgGRtaR)ak;kMérGb,brima.

x R)ak;kMérGb,brimaenATIRkughSakarta.

RbPB³ CDRI; US DoL, Bureau of International Labor Affairs; the Indonesian DoM, qañM2001

63

� kar]btßmÖKaMRTdl;RKYsarrbs;BYkeK KWCasMBaFd_F¶n;F¶r³ 60PaKryénR)ak;EdlBYkeKrk)an RtUv

epJIeTARKYsarrbs;BYkeK edayBYkeKTukEtbnþicbnþÜcsMrab;TijGaharTTYlTan sMrab;karsñak;enA

karkMsanþ nigtMrUvkarepSgeTot.

� mankarekIneLIgnUvGMeBIqk;bøn;eTAelIkmµkreragcRk bgáreLIgedayCnBalEdlrg;caMenAxageRkA

eragcRkenAéf¶ebIkR)ak;Ex.

CamYynwgkMeNIn]sSahkmµkat;edr clnashCIBBaNiC¢kmµ k¾)anBRgIkpgEdr. \LÚvenH manshCIB

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shCIB. smaCikPaKeRcIn KWCakmµkreragcRkkat;edr eBalKW narIekµg²EdlmkBItamextþnana eFVIkar

enAkñúgRkug nigenACayRkugPñMeBj. eTaHbICa 90PaKryénsmaCikshCIBCanarIk¾eday k¾enAkñúgtMENg

dwknaMfñak;Cati mannarIEt 2nak;b:ueNÑaH ¬ILO qñaM2001¦. RbFan GnuRbFan nigGKÁelxaFikarshCIB

minEmnCaGñkeFIVkarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edreT. narIEdleFIVkarelIsBI 50em:agkñúgmYys)þah_ nigTTYl)an

R)ak; 50duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx kRmnwgmaneBlevlaTMenrsMrab;cUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBshCIBNas;.

narIkMrnwgsMuc,ab;sMrakedIm,IcUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBshCIBNas; BIeRBaHfa narIBMuRtUv)aneKGnuBaØati[eTAcUlrYm

kñúgskmµPaBshCIBTaMgenaHeT. manesckþIraykarN_fa kñúgkrNIxøH karcUlrYmkñúgsikçasalaGb;rMrbs;

shCIB naM[mankarbBaÄb;kmµkrBIkargar ¬Oxfam hugkug WAC qñaM2001¦.

2>1>13 eKalneya)aykargar nigBaNiC¢kmµ man\T§iBlxusKñaelIburs nignarI

karBiPakSaGMBIkargarBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarnaMecjenAkm<úCa )anepþatCaBiesseTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr

dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAxagedIm edaysar]sSahkmµenH RsUbyk 94PaKry énkMeNInenAkñúgvis½y

]sSahkmµtaMgBIqñaM1998 eBalKW mankMritx<s;CagBak;kNþalénkMeNInrYmBIqñaM1999 dl;qñaM2001

ehIy)anpþl;kargarmanR)ak;kMérdl;narIcMnYnRbmaN 180>000nak;. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eKRtUvkMNt;

BIlkçN³mYycMnYnTak;TgnwgkMeNInenH³ kMeNIn nigkarbegáIn[mankargarmanmUldæantUcceg¥ót.

]sSahkmµEdlmankarnaMcUlx<s; minmanTMnak;TMngenAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRsukeT ehIykarrIkcMerIn manEtenA

TIRkug EdlnaM[mankarmkrkkargareFVIenATIRkug. yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµdl;CnRkIRk nigeqøIytb

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epSgeRkABIksikmµ.

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snñisITshRbCaCatisIþBIBaNiC¢kmµ nigkic©GPivDÆn_ GgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµ

GnþrCati nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_rbs;shRbCaCati¦ kñúgeKalbMNgerobcM[manRkbx½NÐrYmmYy. TisedAén


64


Rkbx½NÐrYmenH KWedIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlkargarBaNiC¢kmµ eTAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_Cati edayrYmTaMgyuT§sa®sþCati

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enAkñúgKMeragvinieyaKEdl)anesñIeLIg CaBiessKuNPaB b¤bBaðaeynD½r enAkñúgkargarenH.

eTaHbICakarviPaKeynD½r minRtUv)aneKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarerobcMRkbx½NÐrYmenHk¾eday k¾manbBaða

eynD½rmYycMnYnRtUv)anelIkykmkBicarNa enAkñúgEpñknImYy²dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI. bBaðaEdl

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plitkmµsib,kmµ ksikmµEkécñ eTscrN_ nigesvaBlkmµ.

ksikmµEkécñ nigplitkmµsib,kmµ KWCakargarCaRbéBNIrbs;narI. narImancMnYnCagBak;kNþalén

kMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgEpñkEkécñmðÚbGahar. edaysar]sSahkmµenH RtUv)anBRgIk nigRtUv)aneFIVynþkmµ

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rIkcMerInxøaMgeLIgenH mansMNYrmYycMnYnRtUv)anelIkeLIg Tak;TgnwgbBaðananakñúgkarbegIátkargar CaBiess

kargarsMrab;narI. etIkargarfµIEdlRtUvbegIát mancMnYnb:unµan? etIkargarTaMgenH RtUvbegáItenAkñúgsßab½n b¤

vis½yNa? etI»kaskargarfµIenH nwgmanrUbragCakargarmankic©snüa kargarmanR)ak;kMér b¤CaGñkRKb;RKg

nigshRKin? kargareFIVedayeRbIeRKOgynþ KWCakargarCaRbéBNIrbs;burs etI]sSahkmµEkécñmðÚbGahar

tamlkçN³RbéBNI manplb:HBal;dUcemþcxøHeTAelInarI? etImanviFankarGIVxøHEdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,ICMruj

[kMlaMgBlkmµEdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenAkñúgvis½yTaMgenH manlT§PaBGPivDÆn_CMnaj nigplitpl

rbs;xøÜn edIm,ITTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkic©xMRbwgERbgGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµ?

tamkar):an;sµan narImancMnYn 75PaKry CakMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgkargarsib,kmµ. eRkABIGñkRbkbrbr

sib,kmµ EdlCakargarsMxan;rbs;BYkeK kargarsib,kmµenH k¾CaRbPBcMNUlsMxan;TIBIrsMrab;narIenAtMbn;

CnbTpgEdr. sMnYrRbhak;RbEhlEdlBak;Bn½§nwgksikmµEkécñ KWcaM)ac;RtUvEtelIkeLIgenAkñúgvis½y

sib,kmµenHpgEdr³ etImankargarfµIb:unµan? etIkargarfµITaMgenaH RtUvbegáItenAkñúgsßab½n b¤vis½yNa? etInwg

manlkçx½NÐkargardUcemþc? etInwgmanbBaðaGIVxøH cMeBaHGñkeFIVkargarenAkñúg]sSahkmµtamEbbRbéBNI?

dUcEdleK)andwgrYcehIyfa plitkmµsib,kmµRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaynarI ehIybursCaPñak;garskmµenAkñúg

karsMrbsMrYledIm,ITTYl)anvtßúFatuedIm nigTIpSar etItYnaTIeynD½r nigplRbeyaCn_ nwgRtUvEbgEckdUcemþc

enAeBlEdlvis½yenHmankarekIneLIg?

65

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edayskþanuBlPaBdl;vis½ymYycMnYneTot dUcCa ksikmµ ensaT nigsib,kmµ. enAkñúgEpñksNæaKar nig

ePaCnIydæanmYycMnYn mantulüPaBsmFm’rvagbuKÁlikburs nignarI. EteTaHCay:agNak¾eday narImYycMnYn

tUcb:ueNÑaH mankMritvb,Fm’ b¤CMnajPasabreTs sMrab;RbkYtRbECgedIm,IyktMENgx<s;² enAkñúgEpñk

sNæaKar b¤CaGñknaMePJóveTscr b¤enAkñúgTIPñak;gareTscrN_ ehIyPaKeRcInTTYl)ankargarCaGñkEfTaM

sMGatpÞH CaGñkbMerIenAtamePaCnIydæan CanarIeXasnaRsaebor nigtMENgCan;TabkñúgEpñkepSg². esva

dwkCBa¢ÚnCavis½ymYy EdlmanburseRcInbMput.

eTaHbICaraCrdæaPi)al kMBugEtelIkkMBs;eTscrN_vb,Fm’ nigeGkUeTscrN_k¾eday k¾ya:gehacNas;

EpñkmYyénkMeNInnaeBlbc©úb,nñenAkñúgvis½yenH manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgvis½yeTscrN_pøÚvePT. TnÞwmnwgenH

mankarekIneLIgnUvkarRBYy)armµN_fa km<úCaCakEnøgsMrab;GMeBIGnacarkumar ehtudUecñH kñúgxN³karGPivDÆn_

vis½yeTscrN_ nwgbegIát[man»kaskargarfµICaeRcIn b:uEnþhaniP½yfµI² k¾nwgekItmaneLIgpgEdr.

vismPaBEdlenAEtmanenAkñúglT§PaBTTYl)an»kasfµI² bNþalmkBIkMritvb,Fm’Tab nigCMerIskargar

Edlman]bsKÁedaysarvb,Fm’sgÁm )anraraMgnarImin[TTYl)antMENgkñúgvis½yenH.

skþanuBlPaBénkarnaMecjCapøÚvkarnUvesvaBlkmµ CaTUeTA RtUvCYbRbTH]bsKÁEpñkkMritvb,Fm’ nig

CMnaj edaynarIRtUv)at;bg;]tþmPaBkñúgEpñkenH. karnaMecjCapøÚvkarnUvkMlaMgBlkmµ EdlmankMritvb,Fm’

nigsmtßPaBPasabreTsTab GaceFIV[kMlaMgBlkmµTaMgenaH RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;kñúgkMritmYyx<s;

dUcCa karekgRbv½Ba© b¤kareFVIGaCIvkmµ nigkarrMelaPbMBan. karnaMecjkMlaMgBlkmµCalkçN³ minpøÚvkar

ekItmanCaTUeTA CaBiesskarnaMecjeTARbeTséfLg;. enHKWCa {GaCIvkmµpøÚvggwt} ehIyrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg

karCYjdUrmnusSqøgkat;RBMEdn nig {kare)akR)as;} kmµkrEdlsµ½RKcitþeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsfµI edIm,I

EsVgrkkargar[Føak;cUleTAkñúgesvKtiPaB ¬Taskr¦ b¤Føak;cUlkñúg]sSahkmµpøÚvePT. Tak;Tgnwgvis½y

eTscrN_ karnaMecjkMlaMgBlkmµ pþl;nUv»kaskargarfµI b:uEnþk¾manhaniP½yfµI²pgEdr.

edaysarCMnYybec©keTssMrab;karGPivDÆn_]sSahkmµTaMgenH mankarvivtþn_eTAmux CakarcaM)ac;RtUv

BinitüemIl[)anditdl;elITidæPaBeynD½renAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ. karFana[manlT§PaB

RbkbedaysmFm’kñúgkarTTYl)an»kaskargarfµI EdlekItecjmkBIkic©xitxMRbwgERbgGPivDÆn_vis½y

BaNiC¢kmµ TMngCatMrUv[mankarFana[narImanlT§PaBTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalsmRsb sMedACYy[narI

manlT§PaBcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgdeNIþm»kaskargarfµI² edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarGb;rM

]tþmsikSasMrab;narI nigkarBicarNaeLIgvijeTAelIfaetI\riyabfRbéBNI EdlTak;Tgnwgkargarrbs;

{burs} nig {narI} KYrEtGnuvtþEbbNa enAkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµEdlkMBugEtrIklUtlas;enH.


66


2>1>14 etItMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj EdlRtUv)anesñIeLIg pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;narI

Edrb¤eT?

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kMBugEteFVIkarcrcaCamYynwgPaKIéfLg; edIm,IbegáIt[mantMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj

¬EPZ¦ EdlGacehAfa tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI nigtMbn;esdækic©Biess. tMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj KWCadMeNIrkar

GnþrCati EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,ITak;TajvinieyaKTunbreTs[cUlmktMbn;Edlman]sSahkmµtictYc

b¤KµanesaH. RbeTsm©as;pÞH nwgpþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþBiessdUcCa karelIkElgBn§ nigkarBüÜrkarGnuvtþn_

c,ab;kargarkñúgRsuk ¬CapøÚvkar b¤minpøÚvkar¦ edIm,ITak;TajGñkvinieyaKTunbreTs [cUlmkkñúgtMbn;

]sSahkmµTaMgenH. enHGacCabBaðaeynD½rd¾cMbgeRBaHfa kmµkrPaKeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH manrhUtdl;

80PaKryenAkñúgRbeTsdéTeTot CanarI ¬AMRC qñaM1998 nig Daeren qñaM1997.

ktþad¾sMxan; nigRsYcRsavbMputéntMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj ¬EPZ¦ KWTMnak;TMng nigsþg;darkargar.

RbeTsCam©as;tMbn;]sSahkmµenH EdlrYmman bg;køaeds )a:Nam:a nigsuIm)aev: )aneRbIR)as;bTdæanBiess

¬mankMritTab¦ EdlGnuvtþEtenAkñúgtMbn;enaH edIm,ICMnYsc,ab;kargarkñúgRsuk ¬ILO qñaM1998¦. plvi)ak

cMeBaHnarIGacmanTMhMFMeFg edaysarnarIpþl;nUvkMlaMgBlkmµy:ageRcInenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH ehIysþg;dar

kargarTab Gacbgár[mankarlM)akkan;EteRcIn.

tMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj ¬EPZ¦ mincaM)ac;eFVIRbtibtþikar edayeRbIR)as;sþg;darkargarTab edIm,ITak;Taj

GñkvinieyaKenaHeT. r)aykarN_EdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ )ankt;sMKal;fa

eKGacbegáIt[mantMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj ¬EPZ¦ EdlnwgTak;TajvinieyaKbreTs edayRtUvkarBar

siT§irbs;kmµkrpgEdr ¬AMRC qñaM1998¦. enAkñúg]TahrN_EdlRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH

karrkSasßanPaBkargarl¥ RtUvpSaP¢ab;CamYynwgeKalneya)ay]sSahkmµc,as;las; karelIkTwkcitþ

ehdæarcnasm<½n§smRsb nigFnFanmnusS. GgÁkarkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati kMBugeFVIkarvaytMélGMBI

plb:HBal;EpñksgÁmkic©éntMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj ¬EPZ¦ enAekaHkug ehIyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alepSgeTot

kMBugEtBinitütamdankarerobcMsMeNIsMuepSgeTot sMrab;karbegáIttMbn;RbtibtþikarnaMecj ¬EPZ¦ enAkm<úCa.

67

2>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al

Rkbx½NÐm:aRkUesdækic©rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmkenH epþatCasMxan;eTAelIkarrkSa

esßrPaB karBRgwgvis½yFnaKar nigsßab½nhirBaØvtßú karGnuvtþn_viFankarkMENTMrg;sareBIBn§ karFana[mankar

RKb;RKgRtwmRtUvelIRTBüsm,tþirdæ nigkarbegáInkarvinieyaKsaFarN³ edIm,IGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþ

nigsgÁm nigFnFanmnusS. TisedAénkarGPivDÆn_Cati dUcEdl)anbgðajCUnenAkñúgyuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßy

PaBRkIRk nigEpnkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© esdækic© R)aMqñaMelIkTI2 BIqñaM2001-2005 epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelI

kMeNInesdækic© EdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlaylµmnwgdak;bBa©Úlvis½ynana EdlRbCaCnRkIRkTTYl)anmuxrbr

ciBa©wmCIvit karGPivDÆn_sgÁmnigvb,Fm’ nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatiRbkbedaynirnþPaB RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKg

brisßan[)anRtwmRtUv.

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa BwgEp¥keTAelIkMeNInesdækic©. yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anEcgfa³

{kMeNInesdækic©GacsMerc)an edaymin)ac;mankarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk b:uEnþkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk minGac

sMerc)anedayKµankMeNInesdækic©eT. kMeNInesdækic© KWCaGavuFmYyRbePTEdlman\T§iBlbMput sMrab;RbyuT§

nwgPaBRkIRk}. raCrdæaPi)al)anebþCJacitþGnuvtþeKalneya)ay EdlBRgwgesßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic© eFVIviPaCFnFan

eTAvis½ynanaEdlkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB nigCMruj[mankareFVIsmahrNkmµkm<úCa eTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak.

raCrdæaPi)al kMBugEtbnþGnuvtþyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµdl;CnRkIRk ehIykMBugEterobcMxøÜneRtomcUl

CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. raCrdæaPi)al k¾)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an

¬ASEAN Free Trade Agreement¦ EdltMrUv[mankarkat;bnßyBn§KyCabnþbnÞab; [dl;kMritsUnüenAtam

bNþaRbeTsGas‘anTaMg10. yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµdl;CnRkIRk manmUldæanelITsSn³KnøwHbI dUcCa³

1¦ karpøas;bþÚrtulüPaBénkarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIeKalneya)ay BIbBaðalT§PaBTIpSar nig

kMENTMrg;m:aRkUesdækic©sMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ eTACabBaðasmtßPaBpÁt;pÁg;mIRkUesdækic©.

2¦ karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;[)anxøaMgkøa eTAelIkarpþl;CMnYyKaMRTEpñkksagsmtßPaBdl;shRKas

naMecj nigkMritnaMecj ¬karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCnsMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ¦. nig

3¦ karsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkareFVIvimCÄkarsniTankmµ nigtamPUmisaRsþ elIGaCIvkmµnaMecjenAkm<úCa.

karelIkTwkcitþ nigkarTak;TajkarvinieyaK nigshRKinPaBkñúgvis½ynanaenACnbT RtUv)ancat;Tukfa

mansar³sMxan;Biess.


69

CMBUkTI 3

narI ksikmµ nig FnFanCnbT


3>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72

3>1>1 narImantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgplitkmµksikmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 74

3>1>2 narImantYnaTIRbkbedayskáanuBlPaBya:gsMxan; kñúgkarkat;bnßyGsniþsuxes,óg >>>>>>>>>> 75

3>1>3 esvapSBVpSaymankMritGb,brma narITTYl)anesvapSBVpSayticCagburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 76

3>1>4 »kastictYckñúgkarTTYl)anFnFanFmµCati kMBugKMramkMEhgdl;karRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit >>> 79


edaysarEtsiTi§narIkñúgkarTTYl)andI minRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 79

3>1>6 »kasTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú nigesvaminEmnhirBaØvtßú mankMrittictYcbMput >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 82

3>1>7 pøÚv nigKmnaKmn_CnbTCaGaTiPaBsMrab;narI nigburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 83

3>1>8 narIpþl;GaTiPaBelIkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 84

3>1>9 narIminmantMNagrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgtYnaTIeFIVesckIþsMerckñúgvis½yksikmµ nigCYrm®nIþraCkarsIuvil 85

3>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 86

70


71

CMBUkTI 3 ³ narI ksikmµ nig FnFanCnbT


sUcnakr tMél

PaKryénRbCaCnrs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRk 11/5

GRtaGñkenAkñúgbnÞúkRKYsarenACnbT 90

PaKryénnarICnbTeFIVkargarKµanR)ak;kMérsMrab;RKYsar 46

PaKryénnarICnbTeFIVkarkñúgvis½yksikmµ 89

PaKryénnarIeFIVkarkñúgvis½yksikmµlkçN³RKYsar 56

PaKryénnarIeFIVkarkñúgvis½yksikmµsMrab;lk;kñúgTIpSar 54

PaKryénnarIEdlTTYl)anplBIesvapSBVpSayksikmµ 10

PaKryénnarICaGñkpSBVpSayksikmµ 5-10

PaKryénnisiStnarIenAsklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmµ 17

PaKryénnarICaemRKYsarEdlKµandIERscMkar 21

PaKryén {RsIþemm:ayedaysarsRgÁam} EdlKµandIERscMkar 50

PaKryénkmµsiTi§dIFIø EdlmaneQµaHbIþ nigRbBn§ taMgBIqñaM2001 78

PaKryénkarcMNaykñúgRKYsarBIR)ak;cMNYlEdlnarIrk)an Cag50

R)ak;ebovtSrbs;narIeRbobeFobCamYyburskñúgkargarEkécñplitplRtI 63

PaKryénGñkxI©\NTanxñattUcCanarI 70-85

PaKryénRbCaCnEdlrs;enACnbT manTwks¥ateRbIR)as; 25

cMnYnem:agCamFümEdlnarIcMNayelIkardgTwkRbcaMéf¶ 1-2

PaKryénsmaCikKN³kmµaFikarTwks¥atkñúgPUmiCanarI 60

PaKryénRbCaCnenACnbTEdlmanbgÁn;Gnam½y 10

PaKryénCMnYyGPivDÆn_CapøÚvkar ¬ODA¦sMrab;vis½yksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbT qñaM2001 21

PaKryénfvikaCatisMrab;vis½yksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbT qñaM2002 4

cMENkénplitplksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT kñúgplitplsrubkñúgRsuk 33

1 RbPB³ Biddulph qñaM2000³ r)aykarN_sþIBIkar)at;bg;dI nigkarRsavRCavGPivDÆn_. Beresford et al. qñaM2003³ esdækic©maRkU

nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAkm<úCa. CSD qñaM2002³ yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk qñaM2003-2005. IFAPER qñaM

2002³ bBaðaeynD½renAkñúgkareFVIEpnkar nigfvika. RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2002a³ yuT§saRsþbRBa¢abeynD½rry³eBl

5qañM rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qañM2002-06. RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT qñaM2002³ narI nigkarbNþúHbNþal

sMrab;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT. RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn nig IOM qñaM2002³ kmµviFICYyRsþIemma:y³

karGegátGMBItRmUvkar nigFnFanr)aykarN_ nigkarviPaK. GgÁPaBbec©keTsRtYtBinitüPaBRkIRk ¬PMATU¦ qñaM2003.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa qñaM2002³ KNenyüCatikm<úCa. Walter, A qñaM2000 kareronsURtBIkmµviFIsmahrNkmµsnSMR)ak; nig

\NTanenAkm<úCa. kmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak qñaM2001³ karsikSaGMBIekµgRsI nigkarsikSa rbs;kmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak

72



kññúgeBlfIµ²enH vis½yesdækic©ekIneLIgEtenAkñúgTIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn b:uEnþesdækic©enACnbTmankarekIneLIg

bnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. RbCaCnRkIRkRbmaN 90PaKry rs;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlRkIRkbMput

KWCaksikr nigRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarTTYl)ankarGb;rMtictYc b¤KµankarGb;rMkñúgRbBn½§. RKYsarEdlRkIRkbMput

enAkm<úCaminmanRTBüsm,tiþGIVeLIy nigmankUneRcIn naM[smaCikkñúgbnÞúkmankMritx<s; ¬cMnYnkumareFobnwg

cMnYnGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsarmYy¦ eFIV[R)ak;cMNUlEdlsmaCikRKYsarmñak;²rk)an minRKb;RKan;sMrab;RKYsar.

GRtasmaCikkñúgbnÞúkenAtMbn;CnbT KWmancMnYn 90PaKry ¬Beresford et al, qñaM2003¦. sniþsuxes,óg

KWCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rsMrab;RbCaCnRkIRkbMput³ RbCaCncMnYn 36PaKry rs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRk EdlrkcMNUl

)anEt 0/46duløa kñúgmYyéf¶ nig 11PaKry rs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBxVHxatmðÚbGahar ¬GgÁPaBbec©keTs

RtYtBinitü nigviPaKPaBRkIRk - PMATU qñaM2003¦.

vis½yksikmµ KWCaexOnesdækic© ¬backbone¦ enAkm<úCa. RbCaCnmYyPaKFM enAEtBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmµ

sMrab;karRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit. ksikrPaKeRcInmandIERscMkartictYc EdlmanTMhMticCagBIrhicta. vis½yksikmµ

cUlrYmcMENk 33PaKry kñúgplitplsrubkñúgRsuk nigCaRbPBsMxan;Edlpþl;kargardl;kMlaMgBlkmµcMnYn

73PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmµsrub. eTaHbICavis½yksikmµ CaRbPBsMxan;énkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitrbs;RbCaCn

mYycMnYnFMk¾eday k¾vis½yenHekIneLIgRbcaMqñaM CamFümEt 3/6PaKryb:ueNÑaH - mancMnYnBak;kNþalénkMeNIn

plitplsrubkñúgRsuk kñúgbNþaqñaMfIµ²enH.

plitPaBksikmµ mankMritTabbMput rab;TaMgkMlaMgBlkmµ ¬RbEhl 166duløaGaemrikkñúgkmµkrmñak;kñúg

mYyqñaM¦ nigdI ¬480duløaGaemrikkñúg1hikta¦. plitPaBksikmµ gayrgeRKaHedaysarCMgW nigkarpøas;bþÚr

GakasFatukñúgkMritx<s;. mUlehtuxøH EdlbNþal[plitPaBksikmµmankMritTab mandUcCa³

- plitkmµ mankMritTab edaysarkarRsavRCav nigRbBn½§pSBVpSayenATn;exSay RbBn½§FarasaRsþ nig

RbBn½§RKb;RKgTwkenAminTan;RKb;RKan; stVl¥it nigCMgWstVciBaw©m KuNPaBRKab;BUCGn; plitkmµ

stVciBaw©m nigkarEkécñksikmµ enAmankarxVHxat plitplensaTminTan;mannirnþrPaB.

- plitkmµeRkayeBlRbmUlpl nigTIpSarenATn;exSay edaysarkar)at;bg;mankMritx<s; ¬edaysarkar

sþúkTukmin)anl¥ mankarxUcxat nigstVli¥tbMpøaj¦ cMeNHdwgGMBIkarEkécñ nigTIpSarenAmankMrittictYc

smaKmGaCIvkmµ nigksikrmancMnYntictYc xVHsßab½nKaMRT nigxVH»kasTTYl)anBt’manGMBITIpSar.

- karvinieyaKTun enAmankMritTab edaysardIFøImYycMnYn minmankmµsiTi§c,as;las; nigdImanTMhMtUc

minmanedImTun GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarCYldI karxVHxatBt’mansIþGMBIsßanPaBEpñkc,ab; nigeKalneya)ay.

73

- PaBgayrgeRKaH rbs;RKYsarenACnbT edaysarxVHBt’manGMBITIpSar eKalneya)ay nigkmµviFI RbBn½§

hirBaØvtßúenATn;exSay nigxVHxatesvahirBaØvtßú kareRbIR)as;éRBeQI karensaTkñúgshKmn_ nigFnFan

epSg²eTotenAtamXMuenAmankMrit dIFIømanmIn nigRbBn½§pþl;;Bt’manCamun GMBIeRKaHFmµCatienATn;exSay.

narI mancMnYnCagBak;kNþalkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµksikmµ ehtudUecñH kic©xitxMRbwgERbgbegIánplitPaBksikmµ

caM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak; nigeqIøytbeTAnwgbBaðaeynD½r. enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT manEtnarIcMnYn 4PaKry nigburs

cMnYn 10PaKry b:ueNÑaH RbkbkargarEdlmanR)ak;kMér. EpñkkargarpøÚvkar GacRsUbyk)anEt 5PaKry én

kMlaMgBlkmµsrubb:ueNÑaH. 94PaKry énkmµkrfIµcMnYn 250>000nak; EdlcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµ

ral;qñaM BwgEp¥keTAelIkargareRkApøÚvkar dUcCa kargarksikmµlkçN³RKYsar Edlplitkmµ nigR)ak;cMNUlman

kMritTab ¬can; qñaM2003¦. edaysarGRtakMeNItmankMritx<s;enACnbT nigGRtakMeNInRbCaCnnaeBlGnaKt

eFIV[mankarRBYy)armÖGMBIplitPaB nigdIEdlmankMrit nigpllM)ak kñúgkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitrbs;RbCaCn

CMnan;eRkay.

karrIkcMerInkñúgkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenACnbT RtUvraMgsÞH edayminmanehdæarcnasm<n½§RKb;RKan; ¬pøÚv

karEckcayTwk¦ esvasgÁm ¬karGb;rM suxaPi)al¦ nigesvaesdækic© ¬karpSBVpSayGMBIksikmµ karKaMRTEpñk

bec©keTs GPivDÆn_shRKashirBaØvtßú nigminEmnhirBaØvtßú¦. narI CYb]bsKÁeRcInCagburs edaysarEtkxVHesva

TaMgenH EdleFIV[narIminmanlT§PaBbegIánCaGtibrmanUvkMriténplitPaB nigtMéltbsñgeTAnwgBlkmµrbs;xøÜn.

enAeBlEdleFIVkarBinitüelIkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenACnbT sMxan;RtUvemIldl;RbéBNIénkareFIVERscMkar

rbs;ksikr. RbCaBlrdæenACnbTRtUvcMNayeBlCamFümBI 4 eTA 5Ex ¬ry³eBlticCagknøHqñaM¦ elIkargar

eFIVERs nigdaMdMNaMepSg²eTot nigrkR)ak;cMNUl)anEtmYyPaKbI énR)ak;cMNUlsrubrbs;BYkeK. ksikrlk;

plitplrbs;eKeTA[GñkCMnYj b¤m©as;ma:sIunkinRsUv. plitkmµRTg;RTaytUc nigCalkçN³RKYsar eFIV[Kat;BMuman

lT§PaBkñúgkarTamTartMél nigRtUvlk;plitplkñúgtMélTab. RbCaBlrdæ RbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit nigrkR)ak;cMNUl

edaysarkarensaT karedIrrkmðÚb nigrbs;rbrepSg²eToteRkABImðÚb RbkbrbrGaCIvkmµ nigkarlk;kMlaMgBlkmµ

edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUltamrdUvkal. ¬Achapya et al qñaM2002; Beresford et al, qñaM2003¦.

karekIneLIgénPaBesIÞrEtKµandIFIø KµandIFIø KYbpSM»kastictYckñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFanrYm dUecñH cMnYnmnusSEdl

kan;EtekIneLIg CaBiess narI nwgeFIV[RKYsarenACnbTminmanFnFanplitkmµGIV eRkABIkMlaMgBlkmµpÞal;rbs;xøÜn

nigminGacedaHRsaybBaðaPaBRkIRk)aneLIy lwÁkNaKµankarbegIánkargarbEnßmenACnbT eRkABIkargareFIVERs

cMkar ¬Beresford et al, qñaM2003¦.

GñkRsavRCavEdlkMBugeFIVkarRsavRCavGMBItYnaTIeynD½rkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati enAtMbn;bwgTenøsab

)anrkeXIjfa narI nigkumarIenACnbT cUlrYmcMENkeRcInCagburs nigkumarakñúgskmµPaBrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgEpñk

CMBUkTI 3 - narI ksikmµ nig FnFanCnbT

74


ksikmµ nigéRBeQI k¾dUcCaskmµPaBepSg²eTot b:uEnþburs TTYl)ankarRKb;RKg eRcInCagnarI elIplRbeyaCn_

énFnFanplitkmµTaMgenaH ¬GAD/C nig FAO, qñaM1999¦.

kar)a:n;RbmaNGMBIeynD½renAkñúgCMBUkenH nwgBinitüelIbBaðaeynD½rEdlBak;Bn½§nwgbBaðadIFIø esvaksikmµ

ehdæarcnasm<n½§ esvahirBaØvtßú nigesvaminEmnhirBaØvtßú Edlb:HBal;dl;»kasrbs;narI cUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBksikmµ

skmµPaBeRkABIERscMkar nigskmµPaBTIpSar EdlQaneTArkkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsniþsuxes,ógCaTUeTA.

etIGIVCabBaðakgVl;rbs;narI nigbursenACnbT ?

karBieRKaHeyabl;mYycMnYnsIþBI {karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkedIm,IRsIþ} RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkar

cMerInRsIþ CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CaEpñkmYYyéndMeNIrkarerobcMtak;EtgyuT§saRsþfñak;Catikat;bnßy

PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa. lT§plénkarBieRKaHeyabl;CaTUeTAenAkñúgextþcMnYn6 )anbgðaj[eXIjfa narI

nigburs manbBaðakgVl;Rbhak;RbEhlKña EdlkñúgenaHmanbBaðaCaGaTiPaB 5 dUcCa sniþsuxes,óg

pøÚvKmnaKmn_enACnbTminl¥ Twkmins¥at karTTYl)andI b:uEnþKµankmµsiTi§ nigdImanmIn. karBieRKaH

eyabl;bEnßmCamYynarIenAfñak;XMu nigPUmi kñúgextþkMBg;cam )an[GaTiPaBelIkarsagsg;pøÚvsaFarN³

ehIyburs[GaTiPaBelIkarCIkGNþÚgTwk EdlGNþÚgTaMgenaHnwgGacCIkelIdIÉkCn. ¬RksYg

kic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn qñaM2003b¦

3>1>1 narImantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgplitkmµksikmµ

73 PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmµ eFIVkargarksikmµ. Cit 80PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmµTaMgenaH eFIVkargar

ksikmµlkçN³RKYsar EdlmannarI 56PaKry CakMlaMgBlkmµkñúgkargarksikmµCalkçN³RKYsar nig

54PaKry enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµkargarksikmµTIpSar. PaKeRcInénnarITaMgenH CaGñkeFIVkargarKµanR)ak;kMér

kñúgRKYsar ¬LFS, qñaM2001¦. narICaemRKYsarPaKeRcIn eFIVkargarksikmµ ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgburs

CaemRKYsar ehIynarICaemRKYsarTaMgenH minmandIERscMkar b¤mandItictYc. narI mantYnaTIya:gsMxan;enA

kñúgvis½yksikmµ b:uEnþnarIman»kastictYckñúgkarTTYl)anFnFan nigRTBüsm,tiþEdlGacCYybegIán

skþanuBlPaBrbs;narI [GacbegIánplitPaB sniþsuxes,óg[kan;Etl¥RbesIr nigQaneTAkat;bnßy

PaBRkIRk.

75

3>1>2 narImantYnaTIRbkbedayskáanuBlPaBya:gsMxan; kñúgkarkat;bnßy

Gsniþsuxes,óg

eynD½r sniiþsuxes,óg nigPaBRkIRk CabBaðaEdlBak;B½n§Kña. kar)a:n;RbmaNGMBIPaBRkIRkedaymankar

cUlrYm ¬FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu qñaM2001¦ )ankMNt;niymn½yPaBRkIRk KWkarminmanGgár nigmðÚbGahar

RKb;RKan;kñúgry³eBlkñúgmYyqñaM ¬12Ex¦ nigCaPaBGt;XøanCanic©kal kñúglkçxNÐraMuér: EdlBYkeKminGac

eKcrYc elIkElgEtsMrab;ry³eBlbeNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. edaysarPaBGt;Xøan RbCaCnRkIRk BMuGac

bMeBj)antamtRmUvkarrbs;xøÜneLIy dUcCa lT§PaBedIm,IbBa¢ÚnkUnTaMgGs;eTAsalaeron cMNaycaM)ac;

sMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarbMeBjkatBVkic©xagEpñkvb,Fm’RbéBNI ¬FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu qñaM2001¦.

RbCaCn EdlrgeRKaHedayGsniþsuxes,ógraMuér: rYmman ksikrCalkçN³RKYsar GñkKµandIFIø b¤mandIFIøtictYc

RkumRbCaCnRkIRkenAtamTIRbCMuCn nigRkumgayrgeRKaHepSg²eTot. sniþsuxes,ógmYyry³eBlxIø

b:HBal;dl;RbCaCnEdlkMBugRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHFmµCati dUcCa TwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üt. karviPaKeynD½r

enAkñúgEpñksniþsuxes,óg rYmmanBIrEpñk³ plb:HBal;xus²KñaénGsniþsuxes,ógeTAelI narI nigburs nigtYnaTI

rbs;narI nigburskñúgkarrkSasniþsuxes,ógRKYsar. 11PaKry énRbCaCnkm<úCars;enAeRkambnÞat;énkar

xVHxates,óg ¬PMATU qñaM2003¦ . b:uEnþkarvas;sÞg;enH min)anbgðajGMBIPaBxusKña énkarrgeRKaH

rbs;narI nigburseLIy. dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgCMBUkTI1 narIeRbIR)as;es,ógsMxan; ¬Ggár¦ nigmðÚbGahar

bnÞab; ¬sac; nigs‘ut¦ ticCagburs. RksYgsuxaPi)alkMBugBinitüeXIjfa narImansnÞsSn_ma:sragkayTab

nigmanGRtaCMgWesøksøaMgxVHCatiEdkkMritx<s;. enHmann½yfa narI GacnwggayrgeRKaHedaysarPaB

Gt;Xøan nigGsniþsuxes,óg manlkçN³xusBIburs ¬sUmemIlCMBUk5¦.

karBiPakSaGMBIsniþsuxes,óg )anepþatelIPaBxusKñarvag »kasTTYl)anes,óg niges,ógEdlman.

karsikSanaeBlfIµ²enHbgðaj[eXIjfa extþ-RkugcMnYnCitBak;kNþalkñúgcMeNamextþ-RkugcMnYn 24 KWCa

tMbn;Edlmanes,ógtictYcbMput. eTaHbICaenAkñúgextþEdlplit)anRsUveRcInCageK k¾manXMucMnYn 30PaKry

RbQmmuxnwgkarxVHxates,ógraMuér: ¬y C k P qñaM2002a¦. RbeTskm<úCa GacplitRsUvelIsBItRmUvkarCa

erogral;qñaM cab;taMgBIqñaM1995 nigGacnaMecjeTAeRkApgEdr dUecñHbBaðaes,ógEdlman minCabBaðaGIVeLIy.

b:uEnþbBaðaenaHKWkarBRgwglT§PaBrbs;RKYsarnImYy² kñúgkarTTYl)anes,ógEdlman tamry³karBRgwg

lT§PaBrbs;RKYsarkñúgkarTijes,ógTaMgenaH. edIm,IeFIV[sßanPaBenHRbesIreLIg RtUvkarcaM)ac;nUv

yuT§saRsþedIm,IbegIánplitPaBrbs;RKYsar ¬tamry³»kasTTYl)andIFIø nigedImTunepSg²¦ b¤begIáncMNUl

RKYsar. dUcEdl)anerobrab;BImunrYcmkehIyfa cMNUlCagBak;kNþalEdlnarIrk)an RtUvcMNaysMrab;RKYsar

ehIynarI nigkumarI cUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBrkR)ak;cMNUleRcInCagburs nigkumara. enHmann½yfa yuT§saRsþ

edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBGt;Xøan nigGsniþsuxes,óg RtUvpþl;GaTiPaBelIkarpþl;GMNacEpñkesdækic©rbs;narI

nigkarbegIánkaryl;dwgrbs;narI GMBIsuxPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖ eRBaHfa narI edIrtYya:gsMxan;bMputkñúgkarpþl;

mðÚbGahar nigGaharUbtßmÖRKb;RKan; enAkñúgRKYsar.


76


kñúgqñaM1997 RKYsarenACnbT )ancMNay 71PaKry énkarcMNaysrubRbcaMExelImðÚbGahar. GRta

RbCaCnRkIRkbMputcMnYnBak;kNþal )ancMNay 20-30PaKryéncMNaysrubRbcaMExrbs;xøÜnsMrab;

TijGgár. dUecñHehIy eKalneya)ayEdlGnueRKaHdl;tMélGgár nwgCYybegIánkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarRkIRk

¬Beresfordet al, qñaM2003¦.

3>1>3 esvapSBVpSaymankMritGb,brma narITTYl)anesvapSBVpSayticCagburs

eTaHbICacMnYnPaKeRcInénksikr nigkmµkrkñúgEpñkeRkApøÚvkar CanarI b:uEnþnarIcMnYnticbMput )anTTYlpl

RbeyaCn_BIesvaksikmµ esvakmµ nigRTBüsm,tiþepSg²eTot Bak;Bn½§nwgkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenACnbT.

CaTUeTAesvapSBVpSayGMBIksikmµ enAmankMritTabbMput. kñúgqñaM2002 manEtksikrcMnYn 20>000nak;

b:ueNÑaH ¬esIµnwg 0/7PaKryénksikrTaMgGs;¦ cUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBpSBVpSay. tamry³lT§plenH

eyIgnwgRtUvkarry³eBl 65qñaM edIm,I[ksikrcMnYnBak;kNþalénGRtasrubcMnYn 2/6lannak; enAkm<úCa

TTYl)anesvapSBVpSayksikmµ ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2003b¦. »kasTTYl)anesvapSBVpSay

EdlmanKuNPaB KWCabBðaaF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHksikrCaburs nignarI. narI TTYl)an»kastictYcNas; kñúgkarTTYl

)anesvapSBVpSay nigkarbNþúHbNþalEdlmantictYcenH. elIsBIenH tamkar)a:n;RbmaN mannarIcMnYnEt

10PaKry b:ueNÑaH CaGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIesvapSBVpSay. karpSBVpSayBt’manedIm,I[ksikrTTYl

)anesvapSBVpSayksikmµ enAmankMritbMput. edayEpñkelIBt’manTTYl)an nigkarBiPakSaCamYytMNag

sßab½nrdæaPi)al nigPñak;garGñkpþl;CMnYy EdleFIVkarkñúgvis½yenH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvmUlehtumYycMnYn

EdleFIV[narITTYl)anesvapSBVpSaytictYc dUcCa ³

� karRsavRCav nigkarpSBVpSayGMBIksikmµ min)anepþatelIskmµPaBrbs;narICaksikr. burs nignarIman

CMnajkargarxus²Kña ¬tarag3>1¦. CaTUeTA kargarrbs;bursCakargarEdlBak;Bn½§nwgkareRbIkMlaMg

kay b¤kareRbIbec©keTs nigeRKOgm:asIun. ]TahrN_ ³ kñúgkargareFIVERs narITTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcM

BUCRsUv nigsÞÚg ¬karRtaMBUC dkesµA Tukdak;RsUv nigRBYsBUCRsUv¦ dkesµA nigkargarRtYtBinitüstVli¥t

EdlminRtUvkarbec©keTsx<s;. bursTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarP¢Ürras;dI FarasaRsþ )aj;fñaMsmøab;stVli¥t

nig)aj;CI ¬Norris et al., qñaM2001¦.

77

tarag 3>1 ³ karEbgEckBlkmµkargareynD½r

kargar narI burs

kargarplit

kargareFIVERs

erobcMdIFIø + ++

p¥ab;RsUvBUC + _

eraysMGatRsUvBUC + _

erobcMTukdak;BUCRsUv ++ _

e)acesµA ++ +

RBYsBUCRsUv ++ +

sÞÚg ++ +

beBa©j bBa©ÚlTwk + ++

karRKb;RKgERs + ++

dak;CI + +

RcUtRsUv ++ +

e)akRsUv + +

ciBaw©mstV

ciBaw©mRCUk man; ++ +

ciBaw©meKa + ++

kat;esµAsMrab;cMNIstV + +

daMbEnø nigdMNaMhUbEpø ++ +

kargarKµanR)ak;kMér

rkGusdut ++ +

dgTwk + ++

kat;edr b:HsMelokbMBak; + _

erobcM nigeFIVmðÚb ++ +

sMGatkñúgpÞH nigTIFøapÞH + _

emIlEfTaMkUn ++ +

kargarsrub

++ eFIVkargareRcInCageK 10 5

+ eFIVkargarCamFüm 12 12_ eFIVkargartictYc 0 5

sMKal;³ karviPaKenHmin)anbBa©ÚlkargareRkABIeFIVERscMkar Edlburs nignarIcUlrYmya:gskmµ nigmantYnaTIxus²Kña.

¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI2¦

RbPB ³ Ep¥kelIkarBiPakSatamPUmikñúgextþsVayerog nigéRBEvg EdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIgCaEpñkmYyénebskkmµerobcMKMerag

kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbTrbs; IFAD ÉksarRsavRCavTI2 karviPaKeynD½r nigkarbRBa¢abeynD½r qñaM2003


78


� ksikrRtUveFIVdMeNIrCamFümcMgay 9 KILÚEm:Rt BIPUmieTARsuk edIm,ITTYl)anesvapSBVpSay. sMrab;ksikr

RkIRkbMput cMgayBIPUmieTARsukCamFüm 13KILÚEm:Rt. manEtPUmicMnYn 3PaKryb:ueNÑaH manGñk

pSBVpSayGMBIksikmµ nigPUmicMnYn 7PaKry manesva\NTan. edaysarbBaðasuvtßiPaB narI mankar

raErkkñúgkareFIVdMeNIr ehIyelIsBIenH narImantYnaTIkñúgkardaMsø nigemIlEfTaMkUnEdleFIV[narI mankar

lM)akkñúgkarcakecjBIpÞHry³eBlelIsBIBIr b¤bIem:ag.

� edaysarTMenomTMlab;RbéBNI buKÁlikpSBVpSayCabursPaKeRcIn mankarlM)akkñúgkareFIVTMnak;TMng

edaypÞal;CamYynarICaksikr. CaTmøab; burs CaGñkTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal nigesvapSBVpSay b:uEnþ

RbBn§CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkargarTaMgenaH. karepÞrcMeNHdwgfIµBIbIþeTAdl;RbBn§ kMrnwgmanRbsiTi§PaB

Nas;. Pñak;garpSBVpSayCanarI GaceFIVkarTMnak;TMngya:ggayRsYlCamYyksikrCanarI. RbeTskm<úCa

k¾dUcCaRbeTsepSg²enAkñúgBiPBelakEdr tamkar)a:n;RbmaN mannarIcMnYnEt 5 eTA 10PaKry Ca

Pñak;garpSBVpSayksikmµ ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002¦. Pñak;garpSBVpSayCanarI mancMnYntic ebI

eRbobeFobeTAnwgcMnYnnarIcUlrYmkñúgvis½yksikmµ ¬Cag 50PaKry¦ GaceFIV[ksikrnarImankarlM)ak

kñúgkarTTYl)anBt’mancaM)ac; edIm,IbegIánplitkmµksikmµ EdlkargarenHCakarTTYlxusRtUvya:gsMxan;

rbs;narI. bBaðaenH eFIV[narICaksikr BMumanlT§PaBtamTan;karGPivDÆn_kñúgvis½yenHnaeBlGnaKt

¬ADB, qñaM2003¦.

� karpSBVpSayBt’man eRcInEterobcMeLIgsMrab;RbCaBlrdæEdlecHGkSr2. enAkm<úCa mannarIcMnYn 71

PaKry nigburscMnYn 50PaKry CaGnkçrCn ¬UNDP/UNESCO, 2000¦. cMNucenHmansar³sMxan;

Nas;sMrab;karerobcMKMerag nigkarEckcayesvapSBVpSay³ karbNþúHbNþal nigkarpSBVpSayBt’man

RtUverobcMedIm,I[ksikrEdlmankarGb;rMtictYc b¤KµankarGb;rMGacTTYlyk)an. sMrab;narIEdlminGac

eFIVdMeNIrq¶aydUcburs )ansMNUmBr [mankariyal½ysMrab;pþl;Bt’manGMBIplitkmµksikmµ karEkécñ

ksikmµ nigTIpSar nigsMNUmBr[mankarpþl;Bt’man[)andl;TIkEnøgEdlnarIrs;enA edayminRtUv

snñidæanfa narInwgGaceFIVdMeNIrmkcUlrYmRbCMu karbNþúHbNþal nigskmµPaBepSg²eTot)anenaHeT

¬ADB, qñaM2003¦.

{RKan;Et´minecHGan nigsresr minEmnmann½yfa ́ minGaceron tamry³karsegát

BIGIVEdlRtUveFIVenaHeT. enAeBlenaH ´GacykGIVEdl´)aneron mksakl,genA

tamkEnøgCak;Esþg nigBinitüemIlfaetImeFüa)ayenaHGaceRbIR)as;)anEdrb¤eT>>>>.

vaminCakarcaM)ac;[manburskñúgPUmiTTYlkarbNþúHbNþal ehIybnÞab;mk [burs

2 qñaMmunÉksarcMnYn57>889 RtUv)anEckcay. mankarpSBVpSaytamviTüúcMnYn 10dg nigTUrTsSn_ 11dg ¬RksYgksikmµ

rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT 2002¦. enACnbTRKYsarcMnYn 41° manviTüúeRbI nig 20° manTUrTsSn_eRbI - GegátsgÁmkic© esdækic©

enAkm<úCa qñaM1999¦.

79

TaMgenaHmkbeRgon´eT BIeRBaHBYkKat;minEmnCaGñkeFIVkargarenHpg} narImñak;enA

extþsVayerog )anGHGagenAkñúgdMeNIrkar)a:n;RbmaNPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm

¬ ADB qñaM2001¦.

3>1>4 »kastictYckñúgkarTTYl)anFnFanFmµCati kMBugKMramkMEhgdl;kar

RbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit

narI nigkumarenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRkKµandIFIø CaBiess RKYsarEdlnarICaemRKYsar eTArkxüg RtI Gusdut vlø×

nigedImeQIepSg²eTot sMrab;eRbIR)as; niglk;. skmµPaBTaMgenH mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHsniþsux

es,ógrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk b:uEnþkMBugrgnUvkarKMramkMEhgBIPaBhinehacénbridæan nigkarRKb;RKgmin)an

l¥rbs;shKmn_eTAelIFnFanFmµCati ¬Kim et al, qñaM2003¦. tamry³karsikSakñúgeBlfIµ²enH GMBI

eynD½r nigksikmµkñúgextþéRBEvg nigsVayerog )anbgðaj[eXIjfa RKYsarEdlnarICaemRKYsarenAkñúg

tMbn;CnbT BwgEp¥kesIÞrEtTaMgRsugelIkarRbmUlFnFanéRBeQI sMrab;ykmkdUrCamYyGgár. narIkan;Et

mankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYlplBIFnFanFmµCati rYmpSMnwgkarKµandIFIø dUecñHnarInwgCYbkarlM)akya:gxøaMgcMeBaH

bBaðasniþsuxes,óg ¬IFAD, qñaM2003¦.


edaysarEtsiTi§narIkñúgkarTTYl)andI minRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak;

karRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenACnbT KWBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIdIFIø nigFnFanFmµCatiepSg²eTot. dUecñHkar

)at;bg;»kasTTYl)anFnFanTaMgBIrenH bNþal[manPaBRkIRk nigGsniþsuxes,ógraMuér: b¤mYyry³eBl

¬Kim et al, qñaM2003¦. enAkñúgkarsikSaGMBIdIFIørbs;GgÁkar Oxfam )aneFIVkarsaksYrshKmn_[kMNt;

niymn½yénPaBRkIRk lT§plbgðaj[eXIjfa PaBKµandI b¤mandItictYc CalkçN³vinic½©ycMbgmYyénPaB

RkIRk. PaBKµandI nigesIÞrEtKµandI KWCasUcnakrénPaBRkIRkenACnbT.

vismPaBkñúgkarEbgEckdIFIø³ m©as;dIcMnYn 20-30PaKry kan;kab;elIdIcMnYn 70PaKry cMENkÉ

RbCaBlrdæRkIRkbMputcMnYn 40PaKry kan;kab;dIEt 10PaKryb:ueNÑaH ¬Beresford et al, qñaM2003¦.

RbEhl 20PaKry énRKYsarenACnbT minmandI nig 25 PaKry énRKYsarCnbTmandIEdlmanTMhMtUcCag

0/5 hikta dIEdlmanTMhMtUcCag 1hikta cat;Tukfa minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitRbkbeday

nirnþrPaB. 45PaKryénRKYsarenACnbT RtUv)ancat;Tukfa minmandI b¤esIÞrEtKµandI niggayrgeRKaH

edaysarGsniþsuxes,ógbMput. tamkar)a:n;RbmaN kar)at;bg;dI kMBugEtekIneLIgRbEhl 2PaKry

erogral;qñaM ¬Kim et al, qñaM2003¦.


80


mandItictYc KµandI nigGRtaplitplRsUvminGMeNaypl CaktþabNþal[mankarxVHxatRsUvsMrab;

RKYsarenARKb;kMrit. TMhMdItUcminGacTak;TajvinieyaKTun nigminpþl;plitPaBx<s;. ksikrmYycMnYnKµan

meFüa)ay b¤Kµanbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúRKb;RKan;edIm,IvinieyaKTun nigTTYl)anplBIdI EdlmanTMhMtUc

enaH)aneLIy. dUecñH ksikrEdlmandITMhMtUcTaMgenaH TTYl)anplitPaBTab nigrkR)ak;cMeNj)antic

¬Kim et al, qñaM2002¦.

edaysar\Ti§BlénsRgÁamCitbITsvtSr_ nigkarpøas;bþÚrlMenAdæankñúgRsuk eFIV[kMENTRmg;dIFIømankar

lM)akya:gxøaMg. karRKb;RKgdIFIøenAkm<úCa RtUv)anpøas;bþÚredayTMenareTArkkareFIVkmµsiTi§dIFøI CaRTBüsm,tiþ

ÉkCn elIkElgEtkñúgsm½ykalGaNaniKm. kmµsiTi§dI nigEpnTIsurieyadI RtUv)anbMpøajecalenAkñúg

TsvtSTI70. dIRtUv)anEbgEckenAedImTsvtSTI80 karEbgEckenH)anpþl;siTi§ mankMritkñúgkareRbIR)as;dI

b:uEnþminmankmµsiTi§eT. siTi§rbs;buKÁlkñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiTi§dI RtUv)anbegIáteLIgvijenAqñaM1989

ehIyc,ab;PUmi)alRtUv)anbegIáteLIg nigGnuvtþenAqñaM1992. RbBn½§BIrRtUv)anbegIáteLIg KWkarTTYl)an

kmµsiTi§dIFIøtamTMenomTMlab; nigtamRbBn½§pøÚvkarEdlRbCaCnRtUvcMNayR)ak;CaeRcIn EdlPaKeRcInCakar

cMNayeRkApøÚvkar edIm,ITTYl)ankmµsiTi§dIFIøCapøÚvkar. RkwtüRkmminc,as;las; nigkarGnutþn_eRcInEbbbT

kñúgkarcuHbBaI¢dIFIøbNþal[manGMeBIBukrlYy eyagtamkarvaytMélEpñksgÁmkic© EdleFIVeLIgkñúgqñaM1999

kñúgkarerobcMKMeragerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFIø ¬LMAP¦ edaymankar]btßmÖBIFnaKarBiPBelak

shRbtibtiþkarbec©keTsGalWøm:g; ¬GTZ¦ nigrdæaPi)alhVaMgLg;. RbCaCnEdlTTYl)an»kastictYcbMput

kñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiTi§dIFIø KWCaRbCaCnRkIRk nigKµanlT§PaBkñúgkarTamTarsiTi§rbs;xøÜn dUcCanarICaedIm.

karvaytMélEpñksgÁmkic©rbs;KMeragRKb;RKg nigrdæ)aldIFøI )anrkeXIjfa narI CaBiess narICaemRKYsar

gayrgeRKaH edaysarminmaneKykcitþTukdak;eTAelIsiTi§rbs;Kat; CaBiess edaysarkarxVHxatkar

yl;dwgGMBIsiTi§dIFIø nignItiviFIcuHeQµaHkmµsiTi§dIFIø ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002h¦.

kareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµkñúgqñaM1989 nigPaBRcbUkRcbl;EdlCalT§plénkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI edaysar

dMeNIrkarcuHeQµaHminc,as;las; eFIV[plb:HBal;CaGviC¢mandl;siTi§narIelIkmµsiTi§dIFIø CaBiessnarICa

emRKYsar ¬Kusakabe et al. qñaM1995¦. kMENTRmg;dIFIø RtUv)aneKriHKn;fa manplb:HBal;edayGectnaelI

RKYsarEdlnarICaemRKYsar ¬EdlmansmaCikeBjkMlaMgBlkmµcMnYntic¦ BIeRBaHfakarEbgEckdIsMrab;eFIV

ksikmµGaRs½yelITMhMénRKYsar. ehtudUecñHehIyeFIV[RKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar TTYl)andIERsEdl

manTMhMtUceBkminGacplites,óg[)anRKb;RKan; bnÞab;mkCMBak;bMNuleK lk;dI nigGs;dIERs. {RsIþ

emm:ayedaysarsRgÁam} mandItictYcCagRbCaCnTUeTA³ kñúgcMeNamRsIþemm:ayEdlmandIcMnYn 84 PaKry

mandIticCag0/5hikta. RsIþemm:ayedaysarsRgÁamCitBak;kNþal BMumandI ¬Harding qñaM2000¦.

tamkarsikSarbs; Oxfam Gg;eKøs)anrkeXIjfa RKYsarEdlKµandIPaKeRcIn KWCaRKYsarEdlmannarICa

emRKYsar. tamry³KMrUénkarGegátRKYsarmYykñúgcMeNamRKYsarcMnYnR)aMbI BMumandI b:uEnþtYelxrbs;RKYsar

EdlmannarICaemRKYsarKW 21 PaKry b¤RKYsarmYykñúgcMeNamRKYsarcMnYnR)aM. karGegátrbs;kmµviFIes,óg

81

GaharBiPBelak eFIVeLIgkñúgqñaM1997 bgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaRKYsarEdlmannarICaemRKYsar cMnYnBIrdgeRcIn

CagRKYsarEdlmanbursCaemRKYsar )anlk;dIrbs;xøÜn. PaKeRcInKWCa {karlk;edaybgçM} eRBaHRKYsarRtUv

bgçMcitþlk;dIrbs;xøÜn CMgW KWCamUlehtucMbgénkarlk;dI ¬Biddulph, qñaM2000¦.

narICaemRKYsar RbQmmuxnwgkarlM)akCaeRcInBak;Bn½§nwgbBaðadIFIø. siTi§narIkñúgkarkan;kab;dI enA

Tn;exSay edaysarnarImanzan³TabenAkñúgRKYsar ehIybB¢aIsiTi§kan;kab;dImanEteQµaHrbs;bursCaem

RKYsar. kñúgkrNIElglH bIþsøab; b¤RKYsarEbk)ak; narIGacnwg)at;bg;siTi§kan;kab;dIrbs;xøÜn EdlenH CaTUeTA

bNþal[narI nigkumarFøak;kñúgPaBRkIRk.

cab;taMgBIqñaM1993 mk kmµsiTi§dIFIøcMnYn 620>000 RtUv)anecj[eRbIR)as; b:uEnþPaKeRcInmanEteQµaH

rbs;bursCaemRKYsar. c,ab;PUmi)alfIµ RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM2001 rYmmanviFankarmYyedIm,IFana[)anfa

manTaMgeQµaHnarI nigbursenAkñúgkmµsiTi§dI. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk kmµsiTi§dIfIµcMnYn 80>000 RtUv)anecj

[eRbIR)as;eTAtamnItiviFIfIµ. tamkarGegátnaeBlfIµ²enH bgðaj[eXIjfa kñúgcMeNamkmµsiTi§cMnYn 20>000

kmµsiTi§fIµmanRbmaN 78PaKry EdlmaneQµaHTaMgnarI nigbursenAkñúgRKYsar ¬LMAP qñaM2003¦.

eTaHbICakardak;eQµaHTaMgBIrnak; narI nigbursenAkñúgkmµsiTi§dIFIøenHbgðaj[eXIjfa RbBn§mansiTi§

Rsbc,ab;elIdITaMgenaH b:uEnþTMenomTMlab;énkarGnuvtþn_ nigkarBRgwgc,ab; min)anTTYlsÁal;siTi§TaMgenH

[)aneBjeljeLIy. eTaHbICanarImansiTi§elIdIFIø b:uEnþkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg siTi§TaMgenH GacRtUv)aneK

minTTYlsÁal;edaysarktþasgÁm nigvb,Fm’EdlmanPaBlMeGogeynD½r. tamkarsikSamYy )an[dwgfa

narI Cajwkjab;caM)ac;RtUvsMukarGnuBaØatBIbIþ kñúgkarbBa©ÚleQµaHrbs;xøÜnkñúgkmµsiTi§dI. CaeKalkarN_ ebIsin

CanarI nigburs)anrYmKñacuHbBa¢IkmµsiTi§dIFIø PaKITaMgBIr RtUvcuHhtßelxaenAeBleFIVkareTVrkmµsiTi§dIenaH

b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg eKalkarN_enHenATn;exSay ehIynarIgayrgeRKaHkñúgkar)at;bg;siTi§kñúgkareFIV

esckIþsMerc nigTuk[bIþeFIVesckIþsMerc ¬IFAD, qñaM2003¦. CaFmµta enAkñúgRKYsar bursmanGMNackñúgkar

sMerccitþeRcInCagnarI EdlktþaenHeFIV[bursmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarlk;dUrdI edayKµankarRBmeRBog

BIRbBn§. kñúgkrNIenH narInwgRbQmmuxnwgkar)at;bg;»kaskñúgkartv:acMeBaHkarsMerccitþrbs;PaKIEtmçag

Edl)anlk;dI eFIV[narIminRtwmEt)at;bg;FnFan edIm,IRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitrbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg

min)anTTYlnUvR)ak;kMérBIkarlk;dIenHeTotpg. edaysarGkçrPaBrbs;narIenAmankMritTab narI)at;bg;»kas

kñúgkarTTYl)anBt’manRKb;RKan;GMBIbBaðadIFIø karlk;dUrdI nigsiTi§.

enAkñúgrcnasm<n½§sßab½nBak;Bn½§ nigbBaðadIFIø BMuTan;mantMNagnarIedIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_rbs;narI

enAeLIyeT dUcCa RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)ayPUmi)al KN³kmµaFikarsuvieyadI edIm,IdMeNaHRsaybBaðavivaT

dIFIø nigRbFanXMu. eBlfIµ²enH KMerag LMAP )anpþl;Gnusasn_fa edIm,ICMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúg

KN³kmµaFikarextþ nigsurieyadIRsuk nigelxaFikardæansurieyadI RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

KYrEtpþl;GaTiPaBKaMRTya:gehacNas;mannarI cMnYn 30PaKry enAkñúgCYrKN³kmµaFikarTaMgenH.


82


sm,TandIrdæ kMBugRtUv)aneKykeTABiPakSaenAfñak;Cati edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaKµandI nig)at;bg;dI.

enAkm<úCa mandIRKb;RKan;sMrab;bMeBjesckIþRtUvkarrbs;RKYsar Edl)at;bg;dIFIønaeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬So et al,

qñaM2002¦. b:uEnþminGaceFIVkarsnµt;fa narInwgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_esIµPaBenAkñúgkMENTRmg;enHeLIy

ebIsinCaKµanviFankarEdlmaneKaledAc,as;las; edIm,IFana[)anfa kMENTRmg;enHmankarBicarNaKitKUr

dl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;narI. kargarenH TamTar[mankarsikSac,as;las;fa dITMenrsMrab;EbgEckdl;

RKYsarEdlKµandIenaH Gac[RKYsarTaMgenHRbkbrbrksikmµedaynirnþrPaB ehIyetIRKYsarRkIRkTaMgenaH

nwgeRCIserIsrs;enAkñúgdITMenr EdlbMrugnwgEckcaydl;Kat;Edrb¤eT.

dI KWCaFnFansMxan;mYy b:uEnþkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT k¾GaRs½yelIedImTun nigesvaepSg²eTot

edIm,IbegIánplitPaBrbs;dIkñúgkMritGtibrma nigpþl;RbPBrkR)ak;cMNUldl;RbCaCn EdlKµandIEdlkMBugEt

ekIneLIg.

3>1>6 »kasTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú nigesvaminEmnhirBaØvtßú mankMrittictYcbMput

kmµviFI\NTan mandMeNIrkarl¥enAkm<úCa b:uEnþminTan;RKbdNþb;)anTUlMTUlayenAeLIy. sßab½npøÚvkar

minGacpþl;esvadl;RbCaCnRkIRk)anenAeLIy. Gñkpþl;esva\NTanxñattUcBak;kNþalpøÚvkarCak;Esþg

KWCaGñkpþl;esvahirBaØvtßú ¬PaKeRcInCa\NTan¦ enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT. Rkbx½NÐc,ab;fIµmYy RtUv)anbegIáteLIg

sMrab;sßab½nhirBaØvtßúxñattUcenAkm<úCa b:uEnþ»kasrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT kñúgkarTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú

enAEtmankMrittictYcbMput. bc©úb,nñPñak;garpþl;esvacMnYnR)aM køayeTACasßab½nhirBaØvtßúCapøÚvkar nigpþl;esva

RbEhl 85PaKry énesva\NTansrub. manPñak;garpþl;esvacMnYn 48 epSgeTot CaGñkpþl;esva eday

)ancuHeQµaHRtwmRtUv. Pñak;garpþl;esvaTaMgenH RKbdNþb;RbEhl 20PaKry énRKYsarsrub b:uEnþkar

RKbdNþb;enHminmanlkçN³esIµKñaeLIy - ]TahrN_ RsukxøHBMumanesva\NTanmYyesaH cMENkRsukxøH

manbIbYn. tamry³karsikSarbs; CDRI nig Oxfam Gg;eKøs nighugkug kmµviFI\NTanEdlminman

kardak;eKaledARtwmRtUv eRcInEtpþl;eRKaHfñak;Cagkarpþl;pll¥ edayeFIV[GñkxI©R)ak;RkIRk KµanlT§PaB

GacRKb;RKgbMNul)an ehIynaMeTArkkar)at;bg;dIFIø. GRtakarR)ak;rbs;Gñkpþl;esvaÉkCnmankMritx<s;

b:uEnþGñkxI©R)ak;BMumanCMerIsepSgBIenH.

enAkñugkmµviFI\NTanPaKeRcIn tamkar)a:n;RbmaN mansmaCikcMnYn 70-85PaKry CanarI ¬Walter,

qñaM2000¦. edaysarnarICaGñkTTYlxusRtUvEpñkhirBaØvtßúenAkñúgRKYsar nigRtUv)aneKTukcitþpþl;esva

\NTan dUecñHeFIV[narIWPaKeRcInCaGñkxI©R)ak;. tamkar)a:n;RbmaN narICasmaCikEdlmansmamaRtx<s;enA

kñúgkmµviFI\NTan b:uEnþnarIBMusUv)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkareFIVesckIþsMerc ehIynarI TTYl)anEtR)ak;km©IEdl

mancMnYntictYc ¬Catalla, qñaM2001¦.

83

mankmµviFI\NTanmYycMnYn epþateKaledAEtelInarI edIm,Ipþl;GMNacdl;narI kñúgkareFIVesckIþsMerceday

xøÜnÉgCaCagBwgEp¥kelIkarsMerccitþrbs;smaCikkñúgRKYsar. enAeBlEdlnarIEdlCaemRKYsar RtUv)aneK

bBa©ÚlCasmaCikkmµviFI\NTan narITaMgenaHTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_TaMgEpñk\NTan nigsgÁm. kñúgkmµviFI

EdlmaneKaledAelIburs nignarI kñúgkarTTYl)anR)ak;kMcI edayEp¥kelIPaBTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgrbs;buKÁl

nImYy² nigCMnajkñúgkarcrcar narICasmaCikTTYl)anEtR)ak;km©IEdlmancMnYntictYc nigmineTogTat;

dUcburs. müa:geTotCaTMenomTMlab; RKYsarEtgEt[burseTAcUlrYmkñúgkic©RbCMueFIVesckIþsMercsMxan;²

dUecñHeFIV[narI nigCaBiess narICaemRKYsar mankarlM)akkñúgkarcUlrYm. plRbeyaCn_énkmµviFI\NTan

EdlRKb;RKgminl¥ KWenAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;Gñkman b¤bursEdlmanGMNac dUecñHeBlxøHmin)anrab;bBa©ÚlnarI

nigbursRkIRkeLIy ¬Walter, qñaM2000¦.

manesvaepSg²eTotEdlmansar³sMxan; ¬esIµ b¤elIsBIesva\NTan¦ cMeBaHnarIRkIRk dUcCa kmµviFI

snSMR)ak;EdlGac[narImanlT§PaBRKb;RKgcMNUlpÞal;xøÜn nigkñúgRKYsarEdlCasMNaj;suvtßiPaBmYy

GacykeTAeRbIR)as; edIm,IedaHRsaykñúgkal³eTs³manvibtiþ. esvaepSg²eToteRkABIhirBaØvtßú mandUcCa

karbNþúHbNþalCMnajGPivDÆn_shRKasxñattUc k¾mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarbegIán cMNUleRkABIrbreFIVERscMkar

nigTIpSar. karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm bgðaj[eXIjfa narImancMNab;GarmµN_elIkmµviFI

\NTan nigsnSMR)ak; nigmanEpnkarCak;lak;kñúgkarcMNayR)ak;TaMgenH b:uEnþmanEtmYyPaKbIénGñkpþl;

cemøIyb:ueNÑaH TTYl)an»kasTaMgenH ¬ ADB, qñaM2001¦.

3>1>7 pøÚv nigKmnaKmn_CnbT CaGaTiPaBsMrab;narI nigburs

pøÚv nigKmnaKmn_CnbT CarYm RtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaGaTiPaBsMrab;burs nignarI ¬ADB qñaM2001 cMerInRsIþ

qñaM2002¦. ehdæarcnasm<n½§minTan;RKb;RKan; eFIV[mankarlM)akkñúgkareTAdl;TIpSar salaeron nigKøInik

suxPaB nigrkcMNUl)anTab mðÚbGaharmantMélx<s; karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsI mankMritTab nig

GRtasøab;rbs;matamankMritx<s;. ehdæarcnasm<n½§minTan;RKb;RKan; eFIV[kardwkCBa¢ÜnmantMélx<s;enAkm<úCa

plitplxøHminGacdwkCBa¢Ún)an BMumanTIpSar nigmantMélTab eFIV[Gsniþsuxes,ógkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg.

kareFIVdMeNIr nigkardwkCBa¢Ún RtUv)anEbgEckesIµ²Kñarvagburs nignarI b:uEnþk¾manlkçN³xusKñaEdrdUcCa³

narIeFIVdMeNIreRcInCagburs dwkCBa¢Únrbs;F¶n; nigcMNayeBleRcInkñúgkardg¼ErkTwk nigeTApSaredayBMuman

pøÚvl¥sMrab;kareFIVdMeNIr. bursminsUveFIVdMeNIreRcIndUcnarI b:uEnþkareFIVdMeNIrrbs;bursmanry³eBlyUr nig

cMNayeBlevlaeRcIn dUcCa eTAensaTRtI RcUtRsUv nigkargarepSg²eTot eRkABIEpñkksikmµ ¬RksYg

GPivDÆn_CnbT¼ILO, qñaM2000¦. edaysarbBaðasuvtßiPaBkñúgkareFIVdMeNIr nigtYnaTITTYlxusRtUvenAkñúg

RKYsar kareFIVdMeNIrcMgayCit KWCaktþasMxan;EdlnarIGacman»kasTTYl)anTIpSar nigesvanana.


84


3>1>8 narIpþl;GaTiPaBelIkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at

enAkm<úCa manEtRbCaCn 29PaKry b:ueNÑaH TTYl)anTwks¥atsMrab;eRbIR)as; - RKYsarenATIRkug b¤

TIRbCMuCncMnYn 53PaKry nigRbCaCnenACnbTcMnYn 25PaKry ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2003¦. tamkar

)a:n;RbmaNbgðaj[eXIjfa RbCaCnkm<úCa cMNayry³eBlmYy b¤BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ edIm,IeTAErk¼dwkTwk

ehIyPaKeRcIn narICaGñkeFIVkargarenH ¬karBieRKaHeyabl;rbs;RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT¦. narITaMgGs;Edl

)ancUlrYmkñugkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm )anniyayfa enAkñúgrdUvR)aMg kñúgmYyéf¶² Kat;RtUv

cMNayeBlCaeRcIn kñúgkareTAdgTwksMrab;daMsør e)akexaGav nigsMrab;gUt KWCitesIµBIrdgéneBlevla

EdlRtUvcMNaykñúgrdUvvsSa ¬ADB, qñaM2001¦. karvaytMélPaBRkIRk k¾)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaBxusKña

éneynD½rkñúgkarpþl;GaTiPaBelIesvapÁt;pÁg;TwkenAkMritshKmn_. narI cg;[manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkar

TTYl)anTwks¥atsMrab;pwk daMsør niggUt narImincg;cMNayeBlevlaeRcIneTAdgTwksMrab;tRmUvkarRbcaMéf¶

eLIy. eBlevlacMNayelIkardgTwk minEmnCabBaðakgVl;cMbgcMeBaHburseLIy. burs)anesIñsMu[begIát

RbBn½§FarasaRsþsMrab;eRsacRsBRsUv nigdMNaM b:uEnþBMuEmnsMrab;ksikmµCalkçN³RKYsar Edlnwgpþl;pl

RbeyaCn_dl;narIeLIy. RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT kMBugGnuvtþkmµviFIpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at EdlFana[)anfa mannarI

bIrUb nigbursBIrrUb CasmaCikKN³kmµkarTwks¥atkñúgPUmi nigFana[manRbPBTwks¥atkñúgrvagcm¶ayBI

100 eTA 150Em:Rt.

cm¶aykñúgkareTAErk¼dwkTwk nigtMélrbs;Twk suT§Etb:HBal;dl;»kaskñúgkarTTYl)anTwks¥atsMrab;

eRbIR)as;. bBaðakgVl;Edl)anelIkeLIgKWfa ebIsinCaGñkeRbIR)as;Twk RtUvcMNayR)ak;eRcIneTAelIesva

pÁt;pÁg;TwkÉkCn RKYsarRkIRkEdlKµancMNUl nwgmineRbIR)as;esvaenaHeLIy. kñúgkrNIenH bnÞúkrbs;narI

kñúgkareTAdgTwk minGackat;bnßy)aneLIy. dUecñHKYrEtGnuvtþkmµviFIEklMGfIµ pþl;Twk edayminKitéfø

dl;RbCaCnRkIRk nigrkR)ak;cMNUl BIkartemøIgéføTwk cMeBaHshRKasÉkCn.

manEtRbCaCn 18 PaKryb:ueNÑaH manbgÁn;Gnam½yeRbIR)as; RbCaCnenATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCncMnYn 58

PaKry nigtMbn;CnbT 10 PaKry. karsikSanaeBlfIµ²enH rbs;kmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak )anbgðaj

[eXIjnUvbBaðaEdlBak;Bn½§Kña rvagsalaEdlKµanbgÁn;dac;edayELksMrab;ekµgRsI nigvtþmansikSa

rbs;ekµgRsI ¬WFP, qñaM2001¦ ¬sUmemIlCMBUk4¦. »kasTTYl)anTwks¥at nigbgÁn;Gnam½yeRbIR)as;

b:HBal; CaeRcIndl;bBaðasuxPaBrbs;narI kumar nigRKYsarrbs;eK.

85

3>1>9 narIminmantMNagrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgtYnaTIeFIVesckIþsMerc kñúgvis½yksikmµ nig

CYrm®nIþraCkarsIuvil

PaKeRcInénksikr KWCanarI b:uEnþnarICaksikrmYyPaKtUcb:ueNÑaH CaGñkTTYl)anplBIesvaksikmµ nig

CaGñkpþl;esvaksikmµ. karcUlrYmcMENkya:gsMxan;rbs;narIenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT

mancMnYnxusKñanwgkarcUlrYmcMENkrbs;narIkñúgkareFIVesckIþsMerc nigCYrm®nIþraCkarsIuvil. narImancMnYn

Cag50PaKry énGñkRbkbrbrksikmµlkçN³RKYsar nigksikmµsMrab;TIpSarsrub b:uEnþnarICam®nIþraCkar

enAkñúgRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaTmanEt 20PaKryb:ueNÑaH ehIyPaKeRcInsißtkñúgtYnaTI

Epñkrdæ)al. mannarI cMnYntictYcb:ueNÑaH sißtkñúgtYnaTICaGñkeFIVesckIþsMerc b¤TMnak;TMngedaypÞal;

CamYyksikr. dUcEdl)anerobrab;xagelI Edltamkar)a:n;RbmaN KWmanEt 5 eTA 10PaKryénPñak;gar

pSBVpSayksikmµsrubCanarI ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002¦. kñúgqñaMsikSa2002-2003 nisiStnarImanEt

17PaKrykñúgcMeNamnisiSt srubenAsaklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmµcMkardUg ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg

qñaMsikSa2001-2002 )anekIneLIgcMnYn 6PaKry ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2003¦. karekIneLIg

enH edaysarsaklviTüal½yPUminÞ ksikmµ )anGnum½teKalneya)aymYy edIm,ICMrujelIkTwkcitþ[man

ya:gehacNas; nisiStnarIcMnYn 30PaKry ¬KMerag LMAP, qñaM2003¦.

tamry³karGegátnaeBlfIµ²enH bgðaj[dwgfa m®nIþraCkarCanarIenAkñúgRksYgksikmµrukçaRbm:aj; nig

ensaTmYycMnYnFM min)anTTYl»kasbNþúHbNþalenAeLIy. karGegát)anbgðaj[eXIjfa m®nIþraCkar

narI enAfñak;extþmancMnYnEt 2PaKryb:ueNÑaH manbriBaØabR½t nigcMnYn 19PaKrymin)anbBa©b;bzmsikSa.

eRkayeBlEdlm®nIþraCkarnarITaMgenH TTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal manEt 19PaKryb:ueNÑaH )anTTYltYnaTI

x<s; TTYl)ankareKarB nigkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkCMnaj viC¢aCIv³bEnßm ¬RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT

qñaM2002a¦.


86


RkahiVk 3>1³ narIkñúgvis½yksikmµ³ CaksikrmancMnYneRcIn m®nIþkariyal½ymancMnYntic

3>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al

vis½yksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbT mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarrIkcMerInEpñk

esdækic© b:uEnþviPaCfvikaCatidl;vis½yenH mancMnYntictYc. ksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbTKWCaGaTiPaBBIrkñúg

cMeNamGaTiPaBcMnYnbYn enAkñúgyuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic© elIkTIBIr

b:uEnþ enAkñúgcMENkénkarcMNaysrubnaeBlfIµ²enH sMrab;qñaM2003 ksikmµman 2/3PaKry nigGPivDÆn_CnbT

man 1/1PaKry ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkarcMNayelIkarkarBarCati nigsniþsuxmancMnYn 22PaKry ¬Beresford

et al, qñaM2003¦. viPaCfvikaCatisMrab;vis½yksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbTkñúgqñaM2002 mancMnYn 4PaKry

Gb;rM 18PaKry nigsuxaPi)al 11PaKry ¬yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk TMB½r164¦. karviPaCCMnYy

GPivDÆn_breTskñúgry³eBldb;qñaMknøgmkmandUcCa³ 9/5PaKry sMrab;Gb;rM 14PaKry sMrab;suxaPi)al

7/5PaKry sMrab;ksikmµ nig 13PaKry sMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬CDC, qñaM2002¦.

RksYgksikmµrukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT nigRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT KWCaRksYgEdleFIVkargaredaypÞal;kñúgkar

GPivDÆn_ksikmµ nigesdækic©CnbT. enAmanRksYgmYycMnYneTot edIrtYya:gsMxan;kñúgkargarenHEdr dUcCa

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ RksYgbrisßan RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tþúniym RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn nigRksYg

erobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;. RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ edIrtYya:gsMxan;kñúgyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmµCYy

CnRkIRk EdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIksiBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarEkécñksipl Cavis½ysMrab;kMeNInesdækic©Rbkb

edayskþanuBlPaB. sßab½n nigynþkarEdlKaMRTvis½yksikmµ dUcCa kmµviFIpSBVpSay RbQmmuxya:gF¶n;F¶r

nwgbBaðahirBaØvtßú rYmman R)ak;ebovtStictYcsMrab;buKÁlik nigynþkarKNenyüPaBenATn;exSay ¬RKb;naykdæan

TaMgGs;énsßab½nrdæmansßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña¦. CalT§pleFIV[sßab½nTaMgenH xVHxatbuKÁlikEdlman

87

CMnaj nigGRtaGvtþmanrbs;buKÁlikmankMritx<s; CaBiess enAtamCnbT CakEnøgEdlRtUvkarbuKÁlikmkbMerI

kargarbMput. karGnuvtþn_skmµPaBenAmankMrit GaRs½yedaymankarKaMRTBIKMeragGPivDÆn_Cak;lak;mYycMnYn.

KMeragmYycMnYnenAkñúgRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT )anbBa©ÚlsmasPaKeynD½r nigGnuvtþTTYl)an

eCaKC½y ]TahrN_dUcCa³

� KMeragsmahrNkmµénkarRKb;RKgktþacéRgRsUvkñúgRsuk³ 44PaKry énksikrsrubcMnYn 4>137

EdlTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal CanarI. GRtaeCaKC½ymankMritx<s;enH edaysarEteBlevlaénkar

bNþúHbNþalmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;narICaksikr kareRCIserIsRKUbNþúHbNþalCanarI karpþl;kar

bNþúHbNþalbegIánkaryl;dwgGMBIeynD½r dl;RKUbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs; nigbegIánkarxitxMRbwgERbgCMruj

elIkTwkcitþ[narI)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal.

� KMeragbegIánKuNPaBksikmµ ¬AQIP-mUlniFiGURsþalI¦³ KMeragenH)anbegIáteKalneya)ay nig

yuT§saRsþeynD½r nigkarGPivDÆn_ EdlTamTar[mankarKitKUrdl;bBaðaeynD½renAkñúgRKb;dMNak;kal

énKMerag nigRtUvykcitþTukdak;edIm,IFanafa burs nignarI)ancUlrYmenARKb;kMriténkareFIVEpnkarkar

Gnuvtþn_ nigvaytMélskmµPaBKMerag k¾dUcCaCYrKN³kmµkareFIVesckIþsMerc smaKm nigRkumkargar.

� KMeragpSBVpSayksikmµkm<úCa-GURsþalI ¬CAAEP-mUlniFiGURsþalI¦³ PaKryrbs;GñkpSBVpSayCanarI

)anekIneLIgdl; 18 PaKry enAkñúgRsukeKaledA nigskmµPaBBiessepSg²eTot RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,I

CYysMrYldl;narICaksikrEdlmankMritGkçrkmµTab. 15PaKry énksikrsrubEdlTTYl)anesva

pSBVpSay BIPñak;garpSBVpSay KWCanarI.

� KMeragécñRbDitplitplksikmµ ¬APIP-FnaKarBiPBelak¦³ RbEhl 41PaKryénGñkcUlrYmkñúg

kmµviFIBiesaFn_kñúg nigeRkAERsdl;ksikr karbNþúHbNþalksikr nigkarbgðajCanarI. 90PaKry én

buKÁliknarITaMgGs; TTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal.

� KMerageRsacRsBGaharUbtßmÖ nigsuxPaB ¬WIN_FAO¦³ )anbNþúHbNþalksikrcMnYn 239nak;

elICMnajplitkmµRKYsar ¬sYnbEnøRKYsar dMNaMsMrab;lk;dUr ciBaw©mstV nigkarRKb;RKgTwk¦ kñúgcMeNam

ksikrTaMgGs; ksikrnarImancMnYn 187nak; ¬78PaKry¦. ksikrcMnYn188 ¬narI 80PaKry¦ TTYl

)ankarbNþúHbNþalsIþBIkarRKb;RKgstVli¥t kñúgkardaMduHbEnø nigksikrcMnYn 150nak; ¬narI59PaKry¦

GMBIkarRKb;RKgstVli¥tkñúgkarRbmUlplRsUv. KMeragenH k¾)ansMrbsMrYlkñúgkarbegIátRkumksikrcMnYn

10Rkum EdlmannarICaGñkdwknaM. shKmn_ksikr GñkeRbIR)as;TwkcMnYn15 ¬5shKmn_ dwknaMeday

narI¦. RkumksikrGñkeRbIR)as;TwkcMnYn16 ¬RkumcMnYn 15dwknaMedaynarI¦. GñkcUlrYmkñúgKMeragenARKb;

kMrit )ancUlrYmkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIeynD½r.


88


buKÁlikédKUshkarrbs;KMeragenAkñúgRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT )anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalGMBI

bBaðaeynD½r EdlRsbeTAnwgbribTenAkñúgKMeragrbs;xøÜn ¬rYmTaMgCnbegÁaleynD½rBIrrUb EdlTTYl)ankar

bNþúHbNþalBIRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn¦. karekIneLIgnUvkaryl;dwgGMBIeynD½r nigkarebþCJacitþkñúgkar

bRBa¢abeynD½rrbs;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT )anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjenAkñúgeKaledAényuT§saRsþCati

kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. elIsBIenH RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT )anbegIátRkumkargareynD½rEdlman

tYnaTIya:gsMxan; kñúgkarsMrbsMrYlskmµPaBBak;Bn½§nwgeynD½renAkñúgRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT nig

man»kaskñúgkarpøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_rvagKMeragnana nigKaMRTdl;kareronsURtrbs;sßab½n elIbBaðaeynD½r nig

kic©GPivDÆn_ksikmµ. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday naeBlbc©úb,nñenH smaCikRkummankaryl;dwgGMBITsSn³

eynD½r nigCMnaj viPaKeynD½renAmankMrit. R)ak;km©IfIµrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu dl;kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½y

ksikmµ (ASDP) nwg rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarKaMRTdl;karksagsmtßPaBrbs;RkumeKaledAeynD½rénRksYgksikmµ

rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaT nigkarbegIát nigkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþbRBa¢abeynD½r. kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmµ

k¾nwgrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgviFankar mYycMnYn edIm,IbegIánkarbRBa¢abeynD½rdUcCa³

� R)ak;km©Iry³eBl5qñaM TamTar[rdæaPi)albegIátnUvesvarkkargarCapøÚvkar sMrab;nisiStEdlbBa©b;kar

sikSaEpñkksikmµEdlRtUv)anRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbm:aj; nigensaTTTYlykCam®nIþraCkarrbs;RksYg.

esvakargarenH nwgcab;epIþmdMeNIrkarenAfñak;RsukCaGb,brmacMnYn3qñaM. R)ak;km©InwgRtUveRbIR)as;

CaR)ak;ebovtS k¾sMrab;]btßmÖdl;nisiStbBa©b;karsikSaTaMgenaHcMnYn 60nak; EdlkñúgenaHBak;kNþal

RtUvEtCanarI.

� kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmµnwgpþl;karpSBVpSay nig\NTandl;RkumksikrkñúgextþcMnYnbYn ehIy

RkumksikrTaMgenaH RtUvmancMnYnksikrburs nignarIesIµKña. KMeragnwgpþl;karbNþúHbNþalGMBIeynD½r

dl;buKÁlikkmµviFI nigksikr.

� RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn nwgCasmaCikmYyrUbenAkñúgelxaFikardæan. mnIÞrkic©karnarI nigGtIt

yuT§CnenAkñúgextþEdlkmµviFIenHdMeNIrkar nwgCasmaCikKN³kmµkarkargar edIm,IGPivDÆn_shRKas

ksikmµ (agro-enterprise). esvakmµshRKasksikmµ nwgRtUv)anbegIáteLIg enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlRsIþ

kñúgkic©GPivDÆn_.

RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT k¾)andMeNIrkargarRbhak;RbEhlenHEdr edayRksYg)anGnum½tskmµPaBpþÜcepIþm

mYycMnYnedIm,IeFIVsmahrNkmµbBaðaeynD½reTAkñúgkmµviFIrbs;RksYg. RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT mantYnaTITTYl

xusRtUvkñúgkarKaMRTdl;KN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_PUmi nigTamTar[mannarIya:gticcMnYn 40PaKry CasmaCikenAkñúg

KN³kmµaFikarenH ¬sUmemIlCMBUk8¦. RksYg k¾)anerobcMesckþIRBageKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþTwks¥at

nigGnam½y EdlepþateTAelIsar³sMxan; kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwgesckIþRtUvkarrbs;narI nigburs nigFana[mannarI

CasmaCikmYYyPaKFM enAkñúgCYrKN³kmµkarTwks¥atkñúgPUmi.

89

karsnñidæanBak;Bn½§nwgbBaðavinieyaKTunsaFarN³ mankMritTabenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ KWfavis½yÉkCn nwg

vinieyaKTunkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ksikmµ nigvis½yCnbT kñúgeKalbMNgbegIánkarnaMecjb:ueNÑaH. eTaHbICaya:gNa

k¾eday k¾vis½yÉkCnminR)akdfa Gac b¤manqnÞ³nwgplitplitplesdækic©saFarN³ EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;kar

GPivDÆn_CnbTkñúgRTg;RTayFM nigRbkbedaynirnþrPaBenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTotminR)akdfa vis½yÉkCn nwg

epþatsar³sMxan;rbs;xøÜnedaysµRK½citþ eTAelIkarGnuvtþn_eKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsmPaBeynD½r kargar

TaMgenH EdlBMuGaceqIøytbeTAnwgrcnasm<n½§esdækic©TIpSarCas½VyRbvtiþ)aneLIy. dUecñHehIymankarBiPakSa

GMBIPaBcaM)ac;EdlraCrdæaPi)al RtUvpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkvinieyaKÉkCn edIm,IFanafaeKaledATaMenH

CacMNucsMxan;rbs;yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_esdækic© Bak;B½n§nigvis½yÉkCn.

karekIneLIgénkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasgÁm Gacnwgminpþl;lT§pltamkarcg;)an ebIsinCaRbCaCn manCIvPaBRkIRk

KµanlT§PaBcab;ykplRbeyaCn_BIesvaTaMgenaH. karFøak;cuHénkarvinieyaKTun kñúgkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvitenA

CnbT nwgb:HBal;dl;lT§plénkarvinieyaKTunkñúgvis½ysgÁm dUcCa suxaPi)al nigGb;rMCaedIm. kic©xitxM

RbwgERbgedIm,IbegIánR)ak;cMNUlCnbT nwgeFIV[tRmUvkaresvasgÁmekIneLIg EdlenHnwgpþl;lT§plCaviC¢man

kñúgEpñksuxPaB nigkarGb;rMrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. krNIenHGacCakarBit kñúgkal³eTs³EdltMélénesvaEdlnarI

nigkumarIRtUvkar manlkçN³GnueRKaHdl;narI nigkumarI ¬kMNt;tMél¦ eRbobeFobCamYynwgtMélsMrab;burs nig

kumara ¬Beresford et al, qñaM2003¦.


90


eKaledA nigsUcnakreqIøytbeTAnwgeynD½rsMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT nig

vis½yksikmµ enAkñúgyuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk y>C>k>P qñaM2003-2005

� CMBUksIþBIkarGPivDÆn_ksikmµenAkñúg y>C>k>P )andak;ecjnUveKaledACak;lak;mYycMnYn Bak;Bn½§nwg

karcUlrYmrbs;narIenAkñúgesvaksikmµ. eKaledATaMgenaH rYmman karbBa©ÚlnarIcMnYn 30-50PaKry

eTAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalPñak;garpSBVpSayksikmµ nigbsueBTü nigkarbNþúHbNþalepSg²eTot kñúgkar

eRbIR)as;eRKOgm:asIunksikmµ karRKb;RKgdImanCIvCati nigkarGPirkSkareRbIfñaMsMlab;stVli¥tRbkb

edaysuvtißPaB IPM plitkmµ nigGaCIvkmµksikmµ plitkmµbEnø nigkardaMbEnøCalkçN³RKYsar

karEkécñ mðÚbGaharBIplitplksikmµ.

� CMBUksIþBIkarGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn )ansMNUmBr[karpSBVpSayksikmµEdlepþateKaledAelIksikrCa

Gñkplit nigGñklk;dUrtamTIpSar KYrEtbBa©ÚlkmµviFIpSBVpSay BiessGMBIeynD½r edayepþatelInarI

EdlCaGñkedIrtYya:gsMxan;kñúgkargareFIVERstamlkçN³RbéBNIensaT ¬dUcCakargarbnÞab;BIensaT

nigTIpSar¦ nigGñklk;dUrenATIpSar.

� CMBUksIþBIvimCÄkar nigkarbegIánGPi)alkic©mUldæan )ansMNUmBr[mankarbegIátshCIBksikmµ

sakl,genAkñúgKN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_PUmi edIm,IbegIánkñúgkarsþúkTukes,ógRbkbedayesßrPaB nig

kMNt;tMélsMrab;plitpl nigsmaCik 45PaKry kñúgKN³kmµaFikarKYrEtCanarI.

� CMBUksIþBIkarFana[)annUvsniþsuxes,ógmaneKaledACayuT§saRsþ edIm,IbegIánsniþsuxes,óg CaBiess

sMrab;narI nigkumarRkIRk nigEcgfa kmµviFIBiesssIþBIsniþsuxes,óg RtUvFana[mannarI 50PaKryCaGñk

TTYlplBIkmµviFITaMgenH pþl;karbNþúH bNþalEpñkksikmµedayGnuvtþpÞal;kñúgERs dl;ksikrcMnYn

40 PaKry nigksikr cMnYn 50PaKry nwgTTYlplBIkmµviFIciBaw©mstV.

� CMBUksIþBIkarGPivDÆn_pøÚv nigKmnaKmn_ dak;eKaledA[mannarIcMnYn 45PaKry CaGñkTTYl)ankargareFIV

enAkñúgKMeragsagsg;pøÚv.

� CMBUksIþBI karbegIán»kasTTYl)andIFIø karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk nigkarGPivDÆn_FarasaRsþ nigTwks¥at

nigGnam½y min)anbBa©ÚllkçN³BiessNamYyGMBInarI b¤eynD½reLIy.

CMBUksIþBIkarbegIánsmFm’eynD½r manEcgdUcteTA³ siTi§esIµPaBrbs;narI nigGtItyuT§CnenAkñúgkarTTYl)an

FnFan nig»kasesdækic© karcUlrYmedaysmFm’enAkñúgdMeNIrkar eFIVesckIþsMercfñak;Cati kareFIVEpnkarGPivDÆn_

nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. begIát»kasepSg²kñúgkarRbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit nigbegIánsmtßPaBrbs;shRKin nig

kmµkrnarI. begIán»kasrbs;narIkñúgkarTTYl)andIFIø. pþl;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþaldl;shRKasxñattUc. erobcM

smaKmksikredaymansmaCikPaBnarIcMnYn 50PaKry. ynþkarKaMRTsMrab;narIkñúgshCIBBaNiC¢kmµ nigCMnYj.

91

CMBUkTI 4

KMlateynD½r enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93

4>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93

4>1>1 KMlateynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ekIneLIgeTAtamkMriténkarsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 94

4>1>2 karcuHeQµaHcUleronkMBugekIneLIgenAfñak;bzmsikSa nigmFümsikSabzmPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 95

4>1>3 karekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½sénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsImkBIXMuEdlRkIRkbMput >>>>>>>> 96

4>1>4 GRtaKg;vgS nigbBa©b;karsikSarbs;ekµgRsImankMritTabCagekµgRbus >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 97

4>1>5 mankarxVHxatRKUbeRgonxøaMgenACnbT CaBiessRKUbeRgonCanarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 99


enAkñúgkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 100

4>1>7 GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitFøak;cuHenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi CaBiessekµgRbus >>>>>>>>>>> 101

4>1>8 mUlehtuEdlnaM[manKMlateynD½renAkMritmFümsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 102

4>1>9 KMlateynD½r manTMhMkan;EtFM enAkMrit]tþmsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 105

4>1>10 KMlateynD½renAkñúgGRtaGkçrkmµ ekIneLIgeTAtamGayurbs;RbCaCn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 106

4>1>11karbNþúHbNþalCMnajviC¢aCIv³enAmankMrit CaBiesssMrab;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 107

4>2 eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 108

93

CMBUkTI 4 ³ KMlateynD½r enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM


sUcnakr tMél

karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsIenAfñak;bzm qñaM2002 ¬PaKryénkumarrvagGayu6-11qñaM¦ 84

karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsIenAfñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi qñaM2002

¬PaKryénkumarrvagGayu12-17qñaM¦ 16

GRtaGkçrCnmnusSeBjv½ynarI 1998 41

cMnYnsalaeronkMritbzmsikSa 5>741

cMnYnsalaeronkMritmFümsikSa 534

cMnYnsalaeronmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi 163

cMnYnRKUbeRgonsrub 70>608

PaKryénRKUbeRgonCanarI 38

cMnYnsisSEdlRKUmYynak;beRgon 46

PaKryénfvikaCatisMrab;vis½yGb;rM 18/2


bBaðaeynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM RtUv)anerobcMCaÉksarya:gc,as;las;. ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgsþg;darkñúgtMbn;

kMritGb;rMTUeTArbs;burs nignarIenAkm<úCaenAmankMritTabbMput ehIyenHKWCabBaðaRKw³cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_enAkñúg

RbeTs. eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInCak;EsþgenAkñúgry³eBlbIbYnqñaMknøgmkenHk¾eday b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCa nig

saFarNrdæRbCamanitLav enAEtmanGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronTabenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuxagekIt.

karTTYl)ankarGb;rM KWCabBaðaeynD½rd¾sMxan;mYy bursmancMnYneRcInCagnarI )anTTYlkarGb;rM. KMlat

eynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM kan;EtmanTMhMFMenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRk nigenAtamtMbn;CnbT.

1 RbPB³ RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2002³ RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM

CMerOn qñaM1998/

RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2002³ karBinitüeLIgvijénkmµviFIsikSavis½yGb;rM qñaM2002

94


KMlateynD½renAkñúgkarGb;rM pþl;plvi)akdl;narIkñúgkarTTYl)an»kaskargar ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI2¦.

ebIsinCanarITTYl)ankarGb;rM narIGacmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgCamYyburskñúgkarTTYl)an»kaskargar.

tamry³sißtiEdlTTYl)anbgðaj[eXIjfa narIEdlmankarGb;rM eFIV[mankarGPivDÆn_rIkcMerInkñúgEpñkCaeRcIn.

eRkABICYybegIánplitPaBkñúgvis½yesdækic©rbs;narI GRtasøab;rbs;kumar nigmþay nigTMhMRKYsar RtUv)ankat;bnßy

GaharUbtßmÖ nigsuxPaBenAkñúgRKYsar manlkçN³l¥RbesIr rYmTaMgkarTb;sáat;karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_

nigFana[)anfa mnusSCMnan;eRkay nwgTTYl)ankarGb;rM ¬UNDP, qñaM2003¦. CMBUkenH nwgepþatelIbBaða

eynD½rkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMCaTUeTA.

RbeTskm<úCa maneKaledAsMerc[)annUvkarGb;rMbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSaCasklkñúgqñaM2010 edaykar

Gnuvtþn_kmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. kmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña pþl;karGb;rMCamUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM eday

rab;BIfñak;bzmsikSa BIfñak;TI1 dl;fñak;TI6 nigmFümsikSa BIfñak;TI7 dl;fñak;TI9. karykcitþTukdak; nigkar

viPaCFnFan KWCaeKaledA edIm,IQaneTAsMerceKaledArbs;kmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.

enAkm<úCa karGb;rMKWCaEpñkcMbgenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ elIkElgEtfñak;]tþmsikSa ¬karBinitüeLIgvij

énkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM qñaM2002¦. karGb;rMKWRtUv)anpþl;CUnedayminKitéføsMrab;RbCaCnTaMgGs; b:uEnþkar

Gnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg KWenAEtmankarbg;éføCapøÚvkar nigeRkApøÚvkarmYycMnYn.

4>1>1 KMlateynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ekIneLIgeTAtamkMriténkarsikSa

enAkm<úCa KMlatrvagekµgRbus nigekµgRsIkan;EtekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal; enAeBlEdlBYkeKQaneTA

dl;kMritsikSakan;Etx<s;. enAfñak;metþyü nigbzmsikSa karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRbus nigekµgRsIman

cMnYnswgEtesIµKña b:uEnþenAfñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi2 ebIekµgRbusmancMnYn 100nak; ekµgRsImanEt 63nak;

b:ueNÑaH ¬sUmemIlRkahVik 4>1¦ )ancuHeQµaHcUleron. enAfñak;mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi nigfñak;]tþmsikSa

ekµgRbusmancMnYn 100nak; )ancuHeQµaHcUleron cMENkÉekµgRsImanticCag 50nak; )ancuHeQµaHcUleron

¬EMIS, qñaM2001¼2002¦. mUlehtuénGRtaxusKñaenH nwgBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkbnÞab;.

2 Tinñn½yTaMgGs;enAkñúgCMBUkenH dkRsg;ecjBIRbBn½§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM ¬EMIS¦ erobcMral;qñaMedayRksYg G>y>k sMrab;RKb;

kMritsikSa nigkarBinitüeLIgvij kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMqñaM2002 elIkElgEtmankar EcgxusBIenH

95

RkahVik 4>1³ smPaBeynD½renAkñúgRKb;kMritTaMgGs;énkarGb;rM

sMKal;³ Tinñn½yfñak;]tþmsikSa kñúgqñaMsikSa2002¼2003

RbPB³ EMIS, qñaM2001¼2002 naykdæan]tþmsikSa RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

4>1>2 karcuHeQµaHcUleronkMBugekIneLIgenAfñak;bzmsikSa nigmFümsikSabzmPUmi

enAfñak;bzmsikSa GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitrbs;ekµgRbus nigekµgRsI KWmancMnYnRbhak;RbEhlKña³

kñúgqñaMsikSa 2002-2003 manekµgRbuscMnYn 90PaKry nigekµgRsIcMnYn 84PaKry )ancuHeQµaHcUleron

¬RkahVik 4>2¦. eTaHbICaGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitenATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn nigCnbT enAkMritbzmsikSa

minxusKñak¾eday k¾GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitenAtMbn;dac;RsyalmancMnYnTabKW 71PaKry. KMlateynD½r

enAkñúgtMbn;dac;RsyalmanTMhMBMusUvFMb:unµaneT edaysarEtkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsImancMnYn 67

PaKry. b:uEnþtamtYrelxfIµ²enH sIþGMBIkarcuHeQµaHcUleronBitbgðaj[eXIjfa KMlateynD½rkMBugEtrYmtUc

edaysarGRtaekµgRsIcuHeQµaHcUleron mankMritx<s;CagekµgRbusbniþcbnþÜc ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa¦.

kñúgkMLúgqñaM1998 nigqñaM2002 smamaRtekµgRsIcUleronfñak;bzmsikSaekIneLIg 3PaKry.

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit enAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi mancMnYnTab ¬RkahVik4>2¦. enAkm<úCa ekµg

1nak; kñúgcMeNamekµg 5nak; nigekµgRsI 1nak; kñúgcMeNamekµgRsI 6nak; kñúgRkumEdlmanGayuRbhak;

RbEhlKña )ancuHeQµaHcUleronkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal

ticCagGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronenATIRkugcMnYnmYykñúgcMeNamkumar100nak;. enAtMbn;CnbT KMlateynD½r

enAkñúgGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit KWmankMritx<s;CagenATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn ekµgRbus 19PaKry ekµgRsI

13PaKry.

CMBUkTI 4 - KMlateynD½r enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM

96


RkahVik 4>2³ GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit BIqñaM1996 dl; qñaM2001

RbPB³ RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

4>1>3 karekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½snUvkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsImkBIXMu

EdlRkIRkbMput

kñúgkMLúgeBl2 b¤3qñaMenH cMnYncuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRbus nigekµgRsIRkIRkenAfñak;bzmsikSa nig

mFümsikSabzmPUmi )anekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal;. cMnYnkumarcuHeQµaHcUleronenAfñak;bzmsikSamkBI

bNþaXMuEdlCaXMuRkIRkbMput ekIneLIgRbEhlBI 300>000nak; kñúgqñaM1999 eTA 423>000nak; kñúgqñaM

2001. enHbgðaj[eXIjfa karcuHeQµaHcUleron)anekIneLIgcMnYn 13PaKry enAqñaM2000 nig 24

PaKry kñúgqñaM2001. enAkñúgXMubBa©PaKmanbMput karcuHeQµaHcUleron)anekIneLIgcMnYn 5PaKry kñúgqñaM

2000 nig7PaKry kñúgqñaM2001. GRtaekIneLIgminsUvxusKñab:unµaneT rvagGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;

ekµgRsI eFobeTAnwgGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRbus enAkñúgXMubBa©PaKmanbMput b:uEnþkarcuHeQµaHcUl

eronrbs;ekµgRsIenAkñúgXMubBa©PaKRkIRkbMput ekIneLIgkñúgkMritx<s;CagekµgRsImkBImCÄdæanepSg²eTot.

kñúgqñaM2001 GRtaekIneLIgénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs; ekµgRsImkBIXMubBa©PaKRkIRkbMputKW 26PaKry

EdlkñúgqñaM2000 manEt 15PaKry ¬ESSP Review, qñaM2002¦.

enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi cMnYnkumarcuHeQµaHcUleron mkBIXMubBa©PaKRkIRkbMputekIneLIgBI 11>800nak;

kñúgqñaM1999 dl; 20>000nak; kñúgqñaM2001. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrubenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi bnþekIneLIg

enARKb;bBa©PaKTaMgGs; EdlkñúgenaHbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput manGRtaekIneLIgx<s;bMputKW 38PaKrykñúgqñaMsikSa

97

2001-2002. enAkñúgRKb;bBa©PaKTaMgGs; karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsI enAfñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi

ekIneLIgya:gxøaMgenAkñúgbNþaqñaMknøgmk. karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsIbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput ekIneLIg

BIrdg BI 3>302nak; kñúgqñaMsikSa1999-2000 dl; 6>547 kñúgqñaMsikSa2001-2002 KWGRtaekIneLIg

30PaKry kñúgrvagqñaMsikSa1999-2000 nigqñaMsikSa2000-2001 nig 50PaKry kñúgrvagqñaMsikSa

2000-2001 nigqñaMsikSa2001-2002 ¬ESSP Review qñaM2002¦. Tinñn½yTaMgenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa

kmµviFIkMBugkat;bnßyKMlateynD½r nigPaBxusKñaénRkumEdlmanR)ak; cMNUlxusKña kñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM

b:uEnþkarcuHeQµaHcUleronTUeTA nigkarcuHeQµaHcUleronBitrbs;ekµgRsI enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi enAmankMritTab

Nas;. sisSmkBIbBa©PaKRkIRkbMputmanEtcMnYn 6PaKryb:ueNÑaH eronenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi ebIeRbobeFob

eTAnwgsisSmkBIbBa©PaKmanbMput KWmancMnYn 37PaKry.

4>1>4 GRtaKg;vgS nigbBa©b;karsikSarbs;ekµgRsI mankMritTabCagekµgRbus

enAkm<úCa GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit minEmnCarUbPaBmYyeBjeljénkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMeLIy

BIeRBaHfa karcuHeQµaHcUleronBit bBa©ÚlTaMgsmamaRténsisSEdlmanGayuelIs CaBiessenAkMritmFüm

sikSabzmPUmi. karcuHeQµaHcUleronEdlmanGayuelIs bNþalmkBIkarcab;epIþmcUleronyWt GRtaRtYtfñak;

x<s; nigkareronminCab;lab; CaBiesscMeBaHsisSnarI ¬Bredenburg et al., qñaM2003¦. kñúgqñaMsikSa2001-

2002 ekµgRsIcMnYn 29PaKry nigekµgRbuscMnYn 32PaKry Edl)ancuHeQµaHcUleronenAkMritbzmsikSa

nigekµgRsIcMnYn 36PaKry nigekµgRbuscMnYn 46PaKry Edl)ancuHeQµaHcUleronenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi

KWmanGayuelIs ¬EMIS, qñaM2002¦.

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronenAkMritbzmsikSarbs;ekµgRsI nigekµgRbusmancMnYnRbhak;RbEhlKña b:uEnþGRta

d¾x<s;énsisSe)aHbg;karsikSakMritx<s; nigGRtaKg;vgSkMritTab enAEtCabBaðaeynD½rd¾sMxan;enAkMritbzm

sikSa nigmFümsikSabzmPUmi. GRtaKg;vgSmankMritxus²KñaeTAtam naykdæan epSg² enAkñúgRksYgGb;rM

yuvCn nigkILa. ]TahrN_ kñúgqñaMsikSa2001-2002 RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa )anraykarN¾fa ekµgRsI

cMnYn 48PaKry nigekµgRbuscMnYn 51PaKryénekµgRsI-RbusTaMgGs; Edl)ancuHeQµaHcUleronenAfñak;TI1

)anbBa©b;fñak;TI6. Tinñn½yepSg²eTot BIelxaFikardæanGb;rM sMrab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgqñaM2002 ¬Bredenburg

et al., qñaM2003¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaKg;vgSkñúgqñaMsikSadEdl ekµgRsImancMnYn 57PaKry nigekµgRbus

mancMnYn 61PaKry.

kñúgqñaM2002 tamkarviPaKCaRkummYyEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumkargareynD½rrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig

kILa sMrab;ry³eBl7qñaM cab;epIþmBIqñaMsikSa1995-1996 )anbgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaKg;vgSrbs;ekµgRbus

KW34PaKry ekµgRsIKW32PaKry enAfñak;TI5 ekµgRbus30PaKry ekµgRsI27PaKry enAfñak;TI6 nig

ekµgRbus26PaKry ekµgRsI21PaKry enAfñak;TI7 ¬sUmemIlRkahVik 4>3¦.


98


eCaKC½ymYyEdlCalT§plénkarGnuvtþn_kmµviFI nigeKalneya)ayfIµ²enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM kñúgry³eBl

2qñaMknøgmkenH KWkarkat;bnßyGRtasisSeronRtYtfñak;enAkñúgRKb;kMrit nigRKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;. karkat;bnßyenH

CalT§plénkarGnuvtþn_dMeNIrkarfñak;bMb:nbEnßm sMrab;sisSEdlRbLgFøak;enA kñúgeBlvisSmkal nigmanR)ak;

]btßmÖelIkTwkcitþCaBiesssMrab;RKU. karFøak;cuHénGRtasisSeronRtYtfñak; nwgbegIán[mansmPaBeynD½r

enAkñúgkarGb;rM. karkat;bnßyeBlevlaEdlmincaM)ac;sMrab;ekµgRsI GacbBa©b;karsikSaCamUldæanRKw³ KWCYykat;

bnßyeBlevla nigR)ak;EdlRtUvcMNaysMrab;eron CaBiessekµgRsIEdlmanGayueRcIn. kareronRtYtfñak;

RtUvcMNayTaMgeBlevla nigluykak;CaeRcIn. karcuHeQµaHcUleronEdlmanGayuelIs Gacnwgkat;bnßy)an

edaykarGnuvtþn_kmµviFI nigeKalneya)ayfIµ² enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM.

GRtaekµgRsIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAkMritbzmsikSa KWkñúgcenøaH 13 nig 14PaKry kñúgkMLúgeBl 8qñaM

knøgmkenH ¬Bredenburg et al., qñaM2003¦. GRtaekµgRbuse)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa mankMritTabCagekµgRsI

kñúgkMLúgqñaM1993 dl;2001 KWkñúgrvag 8 eTA 12PaKry. enAfñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi GRtasisSe)aHbg;

ecalkarsikSa Føak;cuHya:gxøaMg ¬RkahiVk4>4¦. GRtaekµgRbus nigekµgRsIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSamanKMlattUc.

RkahVik 4>3³ GRtaKg;vgSrbs;ekµgRbus¼ekµgRsIenAtamfñak; ¬ BIfñak;TI1 dl;fñak;TI7¦

RbPB³ Bredenburg et al., qñaM2003

eTaHbICaGRtae)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa)anFøak;cuH enAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmik¾eday k¾KMlateynD½r

EdlenAEtmanenAkñúgRKb;kMritTaMgGs;énkarsikSa bgðaj[eXIjfa enAmanktþaepSg²eTotEdlbnþraMgsÞH

dl;karbBa©b;karsikSaCamUldæanRKw³rbs;ekµgRsI dUcCatMélénkarsikSa cm¶ayBIpÞHeTAsalaeron nigkar

TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkargarpÞH.

99

mFümsikSabzmPUmi

RkahVik 4>4³ GRtasisSe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi

RbPB³ Bredenburg et al., qñaM2003

4>1>5 mankarxVHxatRKUbeRgonxøaMgenACnbT CaBiessRKUbeRgonCanarI

yuT§viFIKnøwHmYyedIm,IbegIánkarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;ekµgRsIenAkñúgkarsikSaCamUldæanRKw³ KWkarbegIáncMnYn

RKUbeRgonCanarI. cMnYnRKUbeRgonenAfñak;bzmsikSa )anekIneLIgcMnYn 7PaKry taMgBIqñaM1993 mk ehIy

RKUbeRgonenAkMritmFümsikSaekIneLIgcMnYn 23PaKry kñúgrvagqñaM1996 nig 2001. karekIneLIgéncMnYn

RKUbeRgon eFIV[mankarekIneLIgénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronenAkMritbzmsikSa mancMnYn 67PaKry nigkMritmFüm

sikSamancMnYn 124PaKry. CalT§pl eFIV[pleFobsisS nigRKUbeRgon (PTR) ekIneLIgya:gxøaMg.

enAkñúgqñaM2002 Ep¥ktamsißtiBIrdæaPi)al pleFobsisS nigRKUbeRgonKW 56¼1 enAkMritbzmsikSa Edl

bgðaj[eXIjnUvkarxVHxatRKUbeRgon KWmankMritx<s;enACnbT nigtMbn;dac;Rsyal b:uEnþmanPaBl¥RbesIr

enAkMritmFümsikSa EdlmanpleFobsisS-RKU 22¼1 ¬Bredenburg et al. qñaM2003¦.

RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa maneKaledAbegIánsmPaBeynD½rkñúgcMeNamRKUbeRgon Edlmankar

ekIneLIgmYycMnYntUcenAfñak;Cati cab;taMgBIBak;kNþalTsvtSqñaM1990. smPaBeynD½r)anekInBI 0/49

eTA 0/64 ¬RKUbeRgonCanarI eRbobeFobnwgRKUbeRgonCaburs1rUb¦ kñúgcMeNamRKUbzmsikSa nigekIneLIgBI

0/37 eTA 0/42 kñúgcMeNamRKUmFümsikSa ¬Bredenburg et al., qñaM2003¦. tYrelxfñak;Cati GacnwgeFIV[

mankaryl;RclM³ eRBaHfaenATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCnGRtaRKUbeRgonCanarI eRbobeFobCamUyRKUbeRgonbursKW

elIsBI 1nak; b:uEnþenAtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;dac;Rsyal KWmankMritTabNas;. mUlehtucMbgEdlbNþal[

RKUbeRgonCanarImancMnYnticenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT KWfamannarICnbTkñúgcMnYnticb:ueNÑaH)andak;Bakü nigman


100


kMritvb,Fm’Tab minGaceFVICaRKUbeRgon cMENkÉnarITIRkugEdlCaRKUbeRgon mankarRBYy)armÖGMBIsniþsux

enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ehIyR)ak;elIkTwkcitþmancMnYntictYcsMrab;Tak;TajRKUenATIRkug [eTAbeRgonenA

CnbT. RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa )anpþl;CaR)ak;elIkTwkcitþ edIm,ITak;TajRKUeTAbeRgonenAsalaeron

enACnbT nigGnuvtþkarbeRgoneRcInfñak; ¬eRbIR)as;FnFanEdlman[)anRKb;RKan;¦. b:uEnþyuT§saRsþenH

hak;dUcCaminsUvman\Ti§Blb:unµaneT eRBaHkarGnuvtþn_manRTg;RTaytUc ¬Breden-burg et al., qñaM2003¦.


enAkñúgkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

cMnYnekµgRbus nigekµgRsI Edl)ancuHeQµaHcUleronenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi)an nigkMBugekIneLIg

¬RkahiVk 4>5¦. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday lT§plénkarkat;bnßyKMlateynD½r nigRkumcMNat;fñak;tamR)ak;

cMNUlEdlTTYl)anenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi mindUcKñanwglT§plTTYl)anenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

eLIy. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronenAkñúgbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput ekIneLIgBI 1 eTA 2PaKry kñúgrvagqñaM1999 dl;

2001 b:uEnþGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronkñúgbBa©PaKmanbMput Føak;cuHBI 63 mk 57PaKry. cMnYnekµgRsIenAkMrit

mFümsikSaTutiyPUmiekIneLIg CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT b:uEnþpleFobrvagekµgRbus nigekµgRsIenAEtman

kMritTab nigenAEtKµankarpøas;bþÚr kñúgry³eBl7qñaMknøgmkenH. Tinñn½ydMbUgsMrab;qñaMsikSa 2002-2003

)anbgðaj[eXIjfa enAedImqñaMGacnwgmankarFøak;cuH b:uEnþnwgekIneLIgenAqñaM2003 ¬RkahiVk4>6¦.

RkahiVk 4>5³ cMnYnsisSEdl)ancuHeQµaHenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi


101

RkahiVk 4>6³ kareRbobeFobGRtaekµgRbus CamYynwgekµgRsI eTAtamtMbn;


4>1>7 GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitFøak;cuHenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi CaBiessekµgRbus

karcuHeQµaHcUleronBitenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmiekIneLIgkñúgqñaM1999 ehIybnÞab;mk Føak;cuHTaMg

GRtarbs;ekµgRbus nigekµgRsI ¬RkahiVk 4>7¦ b:uEnþGRtarbs;ekµgRbusFøak;cuHelOnCag. bc©úb,nñGRtacuH

eQµaH)anekIneLIgEtbnþicbnþÜcelIsBIqñaMsikSa 1996-1997 Etb:ueNÑaH CaBiessGRtacuHeQµaHcUleron

rbs;ekµgRsI EdlBImunmankarekIneLIgkñúgcMnYntictYc. mUlehtuénGRtaTabenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

RtUv)anBnül;edayEpñk²b:ueNÑaH. Cak;EsþgRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa )aneRbIR)as;mYyPaKFMénFnFan

rbs;RksYg nigepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarBRgIkkarGb;rMCamUldæan b:uEnþRksYgykcitþTukdak;tictYcenA

kMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi.


102


RkahVik 4>7³ GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit enAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi


4>1>8 mUlehtuEdlnaM[manKMlateynD½renAkMritmFümsikSa

kar)a:n;RbmaNrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigGñkpþl;CMnYy )anrkeXIjnUvmUlehtumYycMnYn

EdlnaM[manKmøateynD½r enAkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleron EdlmandUcxageRkamenH³

tMélcMNayelIkarsikSa

tamkarsikSaCaeRcInbgðaj[eXIjfa bBaðaGsmtßPaBrbs;RKYsarkñúgkarcMNayedaypÞal; nigeday

RbeyalelIkarsikSa KWCamUlehtucMbgEdlekµgRsIminGaceTAsala)an. cMNayCaRbcaMrbs;EpñkÉkCn

elIvis½yGb;rMsaFarN³mancMnYn 64PaKry éncMNaysrubCaRbcaMelIvis½yGb;rM. karcMNayÉkCnsMrab;

kumar1nak;enAkñúgkMritbzmsikSa mancMnYn 79PaKry éncMNayTuneRkABImðÚbGahar sMrab;mnusS1nak;

rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkbMputcMnYn 20PaKry. cMNaykñúg1nak;sMrab;fñak;mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa KWeRcInCag

2eTA 7dg éncMNaysMrab;kareRbIR)as;eRkABImðÚb rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkbMput cMnYn 20PaKry ¬Vinky

qñaM2002/ ÉksarsIþBIkarBinitüelIcMNaysaFarN³ kñúgCMBUksIþBIvis½yGb;rM¦.

eTaHbICatMélpÞal;énkarsikSamantMéldUcKñasMrab;ekµgRbus nigekµgRsIk¾eday k¾CaTUeTA«Bukmþay

Kitfa karsikSasMrab;ekµgRsIRtUvcMNayeRcInCag nigTTYl)anplticCagekµgRbus. enAkñúgkal³eTs³Edl

RKYsarRkIRkKµanlT§PaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IbBa¢ÚnkUnTaMgGs;[eTAeron RKYsarTaMgenaH eRcInEtbBa¢ÚnkUnRbus

103

[eTAeron. enAkñúgRKYsarPaKeRcIn ekµgRsIRtUvcMNayeBlevlaeTAeronrbs;xøÜn mkCYyeFIVkargarERscMkar

emIlEfTaMbgb¥ÚntUc² nigkargarpÞHepSg² dUecñHmþayrbs;nag GaceTARbkbrbrrkR)ak;cMNYlsMrab;RKYsar.

edaysarburseRcIneFIVkargarEdlTamTarkMlaMgxøaMg b¤eRbIm:asIun kMlaMgBlkmµrbs;ekµgRbus minsUvykeTA

CYyCMnYskMlaMgBlkmµrbs;«Bukrbs;xøÜn dUckMlaMgBlkmµrbs;ekµgRsI EdlGacykeTACMnYskMlaMgBlkmµ

rbs;mþayCajwkjab;enaHeT. »kaskargarekIneLIgeTAtamGayurbs;smaCikRKYsar CaBiessenAeBlman

kargarrkR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsar dUcCaeragcRkkat;edr Edlpþl;»kasrkR)ak;cMNUlkan;EteRcIn CaCag

kareTAsikSa.

cm¶ayBIpÞHeTAsalaeron

cm¶aypøÚveTAsalaeron enAEtCa]bsKÁkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMkMritmFümsikSa. RKYsarmYycMnYnFM

rs;enAcm¶ay1KILÚEm:RtBIsalabzmsikSa b:uEnþmanEt 0/05PaKry énPUmiTaMgGs; mansalamFümsikSa

bzmPUmimYy nig 0/01PaKry mansalamFümsikSaTutiyPUmimYy ¬RksYgEpnkar/ qñaM1997¦. kñúgrvag

qñaM1997 dl; qñaM2002 minmankarsagsg;salaeronfIµeT.

39PaKry énsisSfñak;TI6 EdlmanlT§PaBGaccUleronkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi rs;enAcm¶ay

ya:gticNas; 3KILÚEm:RtBIsalaeron nigcMnYn 10PaKry rs;enAcm¶ayya:gehacNas; 10KILÚEm:Rt

BIGnuviTüal½yEdlenACitbMput ¬mUlniFiCb:unsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigmUlniFi ADB, qñaM2001¦.

edayKuNPaBrbs;pøÚvenACnbTminl¥ cm¶ayeTAsalaeronKWCa]bsKÁya:gFM enAkñúgcMeNamsisSPaKeRcIn

EdlKµansUm,IEtkg;sMrab;kareFIVdMeNIr. ekµgRbusGacrs;enAkñúgvtþ enAeBlbnþkarsikSaenAkMritmFümsikSa

b:uEnþKµanRbBn½§CYydl;karsñak;enArbs;ekµgRsIeLIy. eTaHbICacm¶ayeTAGnuviTüal½yminCaq¶ayb:unµan

k¾eday k¾«BukmþaymankarRBYy)armÖGMBIsuvtßiPaBragkay nigsIlFm’rbs;ekµgRsI enAeBledIreTAsalaeron

¬Velasco, qñaM2001 nigmUlniFiCb:unsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigmUlniFi ADB, qñaM2001¦. karsÞg;mti

mYyenAqñaM1998 bgðaj[eXIjfa 62PaKryénempÞH niyayfa Kat;mankarRBYy)armÖGMBIsniþsuxrbs;

kUnRsIKat;enAeBleFIVdMeNIreTAsalaeron. PaKryenHmankMritx<s;enATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn ¬57PaKry¦

CagenAtMbn;CnbT ¬38PaKry¦ ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigGgÁkar CARE¦.

karxVHbgÁn;Gnam½y

enATUTaMgRbeTs salabzmsikSacMnYn 65PaKry nigviTüal½ycMnYn 13PaKry KµanbgÁn;Gnam½y

¬EMIS, qñaM2001¦. sßanPaBenH eFIV[manbBaðaxµas;eGon CaBiessMrab;ekµgRsICMTg;. GRtacuHeQµaH

cUleronhYsGayumankMritx<s; dUecñHkarxVHbgÁn;Gnam½y nigb:HBal;dl;karcuHeQµaHcUleronkMritbzmsikSa.


104


xVHRKUbeRgonCanarI nigRKUCaKMrUl¥

karxVHRKUbeRgonCanarI nigKMrUl¥CanarI CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT KWCaktþabEnßmEdleFIV[narIminmankar

elIkTwkcitþkñúgkareTAsalaeron. tamry³ Bredenburg et al. qñaM2003 bgðaj[eXIjfa {enABIeRkay

]bsKÁEpñkesdækic©elIkarsikSarbs;ekµgRsI KWmanKMnit nig\riyabfrbs;sgÁmcMeBaHzan³ smtßPaB nig

bBaØarbs;burs ¬ekµgRbusmankMritx<s;Cag¦. \riyabfTaMgenH bnþekIteLIgminRtwmEtkñúgcMeNam

«Bukmþayb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾ekIteLIgenAkñúgcMeNamRKUpgEdr. dUecñHbrisßanEbbenH KWGacBRgwgTsSn³

vis½yGMBIKMrUeynD½r}.

kmµviFIsikSa esovePAsikSa nigktþakñúgsalaepSg²eTot Edlbnþ[man\riyabfminsmrmücMeBaH

eynD½r kMBugRtUv)aneFIVkarRsavRCav nigepþatkarykcitþTukdak;ya:gxøaMg. ]TahrN_ PaKeRcInénkarerobcM

esovePAsikSabc©úb,nñ min)andak;bBa©ÚlnUvbBaðaGMBIeynD½reLIy ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2001¦.

karniymbBa¢ÚnkUnRbus[eTAeron

karsikSarbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigGgÁkar CARE kñúgqñaM1998 bgðaj[eXIjfa empÞHcMnYn

46PaKryyl;Rsbfa ekµgRbusmanbBaØaCagekµgRsI nig 61PaKryniyayfa karGb;rMsMrab;ekµgRbus

sMxan;CagekµgRsI. lT§pldUcKñaRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxaPi)alenAkm<úCa nig

karsikSaepSg² eTaHbICaenAkñúgkarGegátTaMgenaH «Bukmþayniyayfa Kat;k¾cg;[kUnRsIrbs;Kat;TTYl)an

karsikSaEdr ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigGgÁkar CARE¦.

ekµgRsICaGñkemIlEfTaMbgb¥Ún

ekµgRsIPaKeRcIn TTYltYnaTICaGñkemIlEfTaMRKYsar enAeBlRKYsarmanbBaðaGIVmYy ¬Velasco, qñaM

2001¦ ]TahrN_ eBlRKYsarmanCMgW b¤søab;edaysarCMgWeGds_ b¤CMgWepSg²eTot EdltRmUv[RKYsarRtUv

TajkumarecjBIsalaeron CaBiessekµgRsI ¬KN³kmµkarGWr:ub qñaM2002¦. CacugeRkay ekµgRsIRtUv

cakecjBIsalaeronTaMgenAv½yekµg eRBaHekµgRsI ¬b¤«Bukmþay¦ sMerccitþfa BYkeKRtUverobkar.

{bBa¢ÚnkUnRbusrbs;GñkeTAsalaeronEdlenAq¶ayBIpÞH RbsinebIGñkmanR)ak;>>>

enHKWCaeyabl;l¥Nas; ehIyBYkeKGacmanGnaKtl¥RbesIr b:uEnþetInwgmanerOgGIV

ekIteLIgcMeBaHkUnRsI ebIGñkbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTAq¶ay? RbEhlvaGacRtlb;mkPUmivij

edaymanépÞeBaHpgk¾mindwg. enARsukExµrKµannrNamñak; bBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTAeron

enAq¶ayeLIy} bursmñak;rs;enAkñúgextþkNþal pþl;karsMPasn_enAkñúgr)aykarN_

karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm ¬ADB, qñaM2001¦.

105

4>1>9 KMlateynD½r manTMhMkan;EtFM enAkMrit]tþmsikSa

RbCaCnkm<úCacMnYnEt 0/2PaKryb:ueNÑaH )ancUleronenAkMriteRkaymFümsikSa ¬CMerOn qñaM1998¦.

eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday karcuHeQµaHcUleronenAmhaviTüal½y)anekIneLIgtaMgBIqñaM1999 enAeBlEdl

rdæaPi)alGnuBaØat[manmhaviTüal½yÉkCn. mhaviTüal½yÉkCnmYycMnYn mansaxaenATIRkugPñMeBj nig

enAtambNþaextþ.

edaysarEtekµgRsIEdl)anbBa©b;fñak;mFümsikSa mancMnYnticCagekµgRbus dUecñHsisSRbusmancMnYn

PaKeRcInenAkMrit]tþmsikSa. smPaBeynD½renAkMrit]tþmsikSa nwgminGacTTYl)aneCaKC½yeLIy lÁwKNa

minmanekµgRsIcMnYneRcIn bBa©b;karsikSaenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi nigTutiyPUmienaHeT. CakarBitNas;

EdlkarrIkduHdalénmhaviTüal½yÉkCnkñúgkMLúgeBl bIbYnqñaMknøgmkenH TaMgenAPñMeBj nigtambNþaextþ

nana )anCYybegIánkarpþl;esvasikSafñak;]tþm EdlBImunmanEtenAkñúgsalardæenAkñúgTIRkug. karGPivDÆn_enH

)anCYydl;ekµgRsI eTaHbICakarcUleronrbs;ekµgRsIenAkMrit]tþmsikSa mankarekIneLIgtictYck¾eday.

ekµgRsIEdlman]bsKÁedaysarbBaðasniþsux nigbBaðaeFIVdMeNIrmkPñMeBj manlT§PaBbnþkarsikSaenAkñúg

extþrbs;xøÜn.

kñúgry³eBlbIbYnqñaMknøgmkenH smamaRtsisSnarI )anekIneLIgRbEhl 27PaKry enARKb;viTüasßan

TaMgGs; ¬RkahiVk 4>8¦. Psþútag KWkarekIneLIgenAkñúgviTüasßan]tþmsikSacMnYnBIrEdlBImun PaKryén

sisSnarImancMnYnticbMput³ KWviTüasßanbec©kviTüaPMñeBj nigsalaPUminÞksikmµ.

RkahiVk 4>8³ smamaRtsisSnarI enAkMrit]tþmsikSa



106


4>1>10 KMlateynD½renAkñúgGRtaGkçrkmµ ekIneLIgeTAtamGayurbs;RbCaCn

Gkçrkmµ KWBak;Bn½§CamYynwgkarTTYl)an»kasesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. ]TahrN_ karTMnak;TMng

pSBVpSayBt’manGMBIksikmµ manTMenareTArkRbCaCnEdlecHGkSr ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002i¦ dUecñH

yuT§viFITMnak;TMngpSBVpSayBt’manenH minGaccUleTAdl;narI nigbursenACnbTEdlminecHGkSr)aneLIy

¬CSES, qñaM1999¦. KMlateynD½rkñúgGRtaGkçrkmµkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnGayuBI15 eTA24qñaM )annwgkMBug

Føak;cuHCabnþbnÞab; ehIytamry³Tinñn½ybc©úb,nñbgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaGkçrkmµrbs;ekµgRbusKW 87PaKry

nigekµgRsI 77PaKry. ebIsinCaninñakarbc©úb,nñenH bnþrhUtKMlateynD½r nwgRtUv)anlubbM)at;kñúgeBl

qab;²enH. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCaminTan;TTYl)aneCaKC½y[manGRtaGkçrkmµ 100

PaKrykñúgcMeNamRkumenH ehIytYrelxfñak;Cati min)anbgðajGMBIKMlatenAtamextþ nigtamtMbn;eLIy.

kñúgcMeNamnusSeBjv½y narICaGnkçrCnenAEtmancMnYneRcInCagburs ehIyKMlatkan;EtFMsMrab;narI

v½ycMNas; ¬RkahiVk 4>9¦.

GRtaGkçrkmµCak;EsþgGacnwgTabCagtYrelxbgðajenAkñúgRkhiVk 4>9. kar)a:n;RbmaNnaeBlfIµ²enH

bgðaj[eXIjfa burscMnYn 25PaKry nignarIcMnYn 45PaKry ¬esIµnwg36 CaTUeTA¦ CaGnkçrCnTaMgRsug

burs 26PaKry nignarI 28PaKry ¬esIµnwg27PaKryCaTUeTA¦ CaBak;kNþalGkçrCn. bUkEpñkTaMgBIr

bBa©ÚlKñaeXIjfa burs50PaKry nignarI71PaKry enAkm<úCaKWCaGnkçrCn ¬UNDP/UNESCO, qñaM 2000¦.

GRtaGnkçrkmµx<s; CaBiess narIv½ycMNas; eFIV[mankarlM)aksMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCa.

narIEdlCaGnkçrCn minmanlT§PaBcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa nigTTYl)anplesIµKña dUcGñk

déTeToteLIy. eBlfIµ²enH Epnkarrbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,Ikat;bnßyGnkçrPaB min)anykcitþTukdak;elI

kmµviFIGkçrkmµ sMrab;narIv½ycMNas;[)anRKb;RKan;enAeLIy.

RkahVik 4>9³ GRtaGkçrkmµ EbgEcktamGayu

RbPB³ CMerOn qñaM1999

107

4>1>11 karbNþúHbNþalCMnajviC¢aCIv³ enAmankMrit CaBiesssMrab;narI

km<úCa )andMeNIrkarya:gskmµnUvkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbBn½§ ¬NFE¦ taMgBITsvtSqñaM1980 EdlkmµviFIenH

dMeNIrkaredaynaykdæanBiessmYyenAkñúgRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa. kñúgkMLúgTsvtSqñaM1990 RksYg

G>y>k epþatkarykcitþTukdak;EtelIkmµviFIGb;rMkñúgRbBn½§ CaBiesskarGb;rMCamUldæanedayminykcitþ

Tukdak;elIkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§. kñúgqñaM1994 vinieyaKsrubkñúgkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ mancMnYnticCag

1PaKry énkarvinieyaKTunsrubelIvis½yGb;rM ebIeFIVkareRbobeFob kMritbzmsikSaTTYl)an 54PaKry

nigkMrit]tþmsikSaTTYl)an 12PaKry ¬Breden- burg et al, qñaM2003¦.

eTaHbICavinieyaKkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbBn½§ )anekIneLIgtaMgBIqñaM1996 CaBiess edaysarmanmUlniFi

RbeTsGñkpþl;CMnYy b:uEnþkarvinieyaKTunsMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbBn½§enH manEt 3PaKryénkarvinieyaKTun

srubelIvis½yGb;rMkñúgqñaM1999. karvinieyaKTunsaFarN³elIkarGb;rMeRkARbBn½§ minmankarGPivDÆn_eLIy

kñúgkMLúgTsvtSqñaM1990 ¬Bredenburg et al, qñaM2003¦. kñúgkMLúgeBlenaH tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)alKWkar

sMrbsMrYlenAkñúgkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ EdlTTYlkar]btßmÖ nigdMeNIrkaredayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. kmµviFI

enH ebIkcMhrdl;GnkçrCneBjv½yTaMgBIrePT b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg sisSPaKeRcInCanarI nigya:gehac

Nas; sisScMnYn1PaK4 manv½yekµgEdlmanGayu ticCag18qñaM ¬Desiree Jongsma, qñaM2003/

karTMnak;TMngBt’manpÞal;xøÜn¦.

tamkar)a:n;RbmaNrbs; ILO GMBIeynD½r nigkarbegIánkargar ¬Urashima, qñaM2002¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa

TMhM nigvisalPaBEdlmankMrit enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalCMnajenATUTaMgRbeTs manplb:HBal;dl;narIya:g

F¶n;F¶r. eTaHbICamCÄmNÐlRsIþkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ epþateKaledApþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;narI ehIyGgÁkar

eRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYn )anepþatkarykcitþTak;dak;CaBiesselIRkumnarIgayrgeRKaH ¬]> edaysarGMeBI

hwgSakñúgRKYsar KµanpÞHsMEbg Gñklk;dUrtUctac.l. b:uEnþTMhMénkmµviFITaMgenH enAmankMrit. PaKeRcInén

CMnajEdlpþl; KWCaCMnajRbéBNI {narI} ¬]> kat;edr G‘utsk; t,aj¦. karbNþúHbNþalPaKeRcIn dMeNIrkar

enAkñúgmCÄmNÐl dUecñHeFIV[narIPaKeRcInmankarlM)akkñúgkarmkcUlrYmkarbNþúHbNþal. kMriténkar

ecHGkSr nigkarGb;rMTab KWCa]bsKÁeFIV[narIIminGaccUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal. kmµviFIGkçrkmµ kMrnwg

RtUv)aneKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCMnajNas; ¬ILO, qñaM2001¦.


108



kñúgkMLúgqñaM 1999 dl; 2002 RksYgG>y>k )anbegIátRkbxN½ÐeKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþelIvis½yGb;rM

edaymanGaTiPaBGPivDÆn_tamvis½yTUeTA eKaledAGnuvis½y nigEpnkarcMNayry³eBlmFüm elIvis½yGb;rM

sMrab;qñaM2001-2005. RksYgG>y>k )anbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþGb;rM ¬ESP¦ qñaM2001-2005 nigkmµviFI

KaMRTvis½yGb;rM ¬ESSP¦ qñaM2002-2006 edaymankarBiinitüeLIgvij nigvaytMéledayGñkBak;Bn½§epSg².

naeBlfIµ²enH rdæaPi)alk¾)anerobcMEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña qñaM2003-2015 Edl)anpSBVpSay

enAExmifuna qñaM2003.

kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM epþatelIkareFIVkMENTRmg;sMxan;² elIkmµviFIskmµPaBCaGaTiPaBcMnYn 12 ¬PAP¦

kñúgeKalbMNgbegIán»kasTTYl)ankarGb;rM sMrab;RkumEdlgayrgeRKaHTaMgGs;. kmµviFI PAP epþatelIkarCYy

RbCaCnRkIRk nigbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarebþCJacitþrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwgbBaðapþl;CUn nigtRmUvkar

kñúgkarsikSa nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬Bredenburg et al, qñaM2003¦. b:uEnþkmµviFITaMgenH RtUv)anerobcMeLIg

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða»kasTTYl)ankarGb;rMCaTUeTA min)ansMedAelIGtulüPaBeynD½rkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM

CaBiessekµgRsIeLIy. RksYgcat;TukbBaðaeynD½rCabBaðaGnþrvis½yenAkñúgRKb;vis½yTaMgGs; nig)anbBa©Úl

bBaðaeynD½r eTAkñúgEpnkarCatikmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬Bredenburg et al, qñaM2003¦. enAqñaM2001

RksYg G>y>k )anbegIánRkumkargareynD½r edIm,IeFIVkarsMrbsMrYlya:gCitsiñTCamYyGñkpþl;CMnYy nigédKU

shkarGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. RkumkargareynD½r)anbegIányuT§saRsþbRBa¢abeynD½r rYmman³

� FananUv»kasesIµKñakñúgkarTTYl)ankarsikSasMrab;ekµgRsI

� begIánsmFm’eynD½rkñúgkarRKb;RKg nigkarEckcayesvaGb;rM nig

� BRgwgsmtßPaBbec©keTs edIm,IbRBa¢abeynD½reTAkñúgkarerobcMkmµviFI nigeKalneya)ayGb;rM.

rdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;fa karGb;rM KWCavis½yGaTiPaB1 kñúgcMeNamvis½yGaTiPaB4 ¬vis½yepSg²eTot

KWsuxaPi)al GPivDÆn_CnbT nigksikmµ¦ nig)anbegIánkarviPaCfvikaCaRbcaMsMrab;vis½yGb;rMBI 13/6PaKry

kñúgqñaM2000 eTA 15/7PaKry kñúgqñaM2001 nig 18/2PaKry kñúgqñaM2002 ¬RksYg G>C>k 2002b¦

nigmanKMeragnwgbegIánbEnßmRbEhl 1PaK5 énfvikaCaRbcaM kñúgqñaM2005.

fvikaCaRbcaMsMrab;karGb;rMCamUldæan RtUv)aneRKagnwgbegIánbEnßmeTVrdgBI 180Ban;lanerol kñúgqñaM2001

eTA 377Ban;lanerol kñúgqñaM2005 ¬tarag4>1¦. cMNayelIkarGb;rMCamUldæan RtUv)aneRKagkñúgcMnYnrvag

70 dl; 78PaKry éncMNaysrubelIvis½ysaFarN³ edayRsbeTAtamGaTiPaBenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ

Gb;rM. cMENkfvikaminEmnCaR)ak;ebovtSr_rbs;vis½yGb;rMnwgekInBI 26PaKry eTA 42PaKry kñúg rvagqñaM

2001 dl; 2005. cMNucsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;ehriBaØb,Tandl;EpnkaryuT§saRsþGb;rM KWkarbegIánTMhM nig

cMENkéncMNayminEmnCaR)ak;ebovtSr_ kñúgkarFana[)annUvkarrIkcMerIn CanirnþrnUvKuNPaBénkarGb;rM.

109

tarag 4>1³ karEbgEckmUlniFicrnþsaFarN³ tamGnuvis½y ¬ KitCa1000lanerol¦ ¬ BILLION RIELS ¦

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

rdæ)al 33>6 42>0 51>3 61>2 74>0

metþyüsikSa 3>5 4>2 5>0 6>0 7>1

Gb;rMCamUldæan 180>2 266>6 327>5 356>3 376>8

cMNayelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ 133>8 179>8 199>4 210>4 219>1

minEmnCaR)ak;ebovtSr_ ¬rYmTaMgkarRbLg¦ 46>4 86>8 128>1 146>0 157>7

mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi 14>3 17>3 32>0 44>0 65>0

Fñak;eRkaymFümsikSa 12>2 13>3 14>4 15>9 17>9

Total 243>8 343>5 430>2 483>4 540>9

RbPB³ RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa qñaM2001b

yuT§saRsþsMrab;begIánkarGb;rMCamUldæan³

� kat;bnßycMNayrbs;«BukmþaysisSelIkarGb;rMCamUldæan edaylubbM)at;karbg;éfø cMeBaHkarcuHeQµaH

cUleron nigkarpþl;fvikadMeNIrkarsalaeron. yuT§saRsþenH RtUv)anGnuvtþtaMgBIExtula qñaM2001 b:uEnþ

dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcmkehIyfa kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg minGacecosputBIkarcMNaypøÚvkar nig

eRkApøÚvkarmYycMnYneLIy.

� begIánGRtaeLIgfñak;cab;BIfñak;TI1 dl;TI6 nigGRtaqøgPUmisikSaBITI6 eTATI7 tamry³karebIkfñak;bMb:n

BRgwgviFankaredIm,IeFIV[vtþmanrbs;sisS nigRKUkan;EtRbesIreLIg kñúgkalviPaKsikSamanPaBTn;Pøn;

¬bn;Ebn¦.

� kat;bnßyGRtasisSe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa cab;BIfñak;TI1 dl;fñak;TI12 tamry³karminKitéfø karpþl;

GaharUbkrN_dl;sisSRkIRkbMput nigtamyuT§saRsþpþl;karelIkTwkcitþbEnßm ]>kmµviFIpþl;GaharUbtßmÖ

tamsalaeron nigkarEfTaMsuxPaBsisS edayrYmCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigGñkcUlrYmdéTeTot.

� begIán»kaskñúgkarcUleronfñak;TI1 nigbegIán»kasdl;sisSEdl)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa [cUleron

fñak;TI4 dl;fñak;TI6 tamry³karbegIátfñak;eRtomsMrab;cUleronfñak;TI1 TUTaMgRbeTs nigkarBRgIkkmµviFI

smahrNkmµ.

� sagsg;fñak;eronfIµ nigpþl;bnÞb;eronbEnßm nigdMeNIrkarbeRgonfñak;KYbenAkñúgPUmi nigXMu Edlsalaeron

manminRKb;kMritbzmsikSa.


110


� begIánRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkareFIVEpnkarGb;rM nigkarBRgaybuKÁlikbeRgon minbeRgontamry³ ¬1¦ rdæaPi)al

)anyl;RBmelIbTdæanbEnßmbuKÁliikRsbtampleFobsisSRKU nigpleFobfñak;RKU ¬2¦ esckIþENnaM

GMBIkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikCMnajsMrab;salaeron nig ¬3¦ BRgwgynþkarGnuvtþbTdæannana. eKaledAenH

sMedAkat;bnßyGRtapleFobsisS-RKU [mkenARtwm 48nak; kñúgqñaM2003.

� lT§PaBTTYl)ansmÖar³pÁt;pÁg;Edl)aneRCIserIs nigesovePAsikSasMxan;² tamry³karpþl;fvikaBI

raCrdæaPi)alRbcaMqñaM[)anRKb;RKan;.

� FanakarpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgonenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal nigRKb;CnCatiPaKtic[)anRKb;RKan; tamry³kar

eRCIserIsKrusisSenAkñúgtMbn;enaH pþl;karelIkTwkcitþCaBiess nigl½kçx½NÐeRCIserIsKrusisS KrunisitS

nigry³eBlénkmµviFIbeRgon.

GnþraKmn_Biess RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IbegIánsmPaBeynD½r³

� edaysarcm¶aypøÚveTAsala KWCa]bsKÁcMbgsMrab;ekµgRsI dUecñHkarbegIáncMnYnsalaeron enAkñúgtMbn;

CnbT nwgGacbegIáncMnYnsisScUleronenAkMritmFümsikSa. RksYgG>y>k manEpnkarsagsg;

GnuviTüal½ycMnYn 285 enAtMbn;CnbT EdlminTan;manGnuviTüal½yenAeLIy. salaeronfIµTaMgenH

nwgGacTTYlsisSfIµ)ancMnYn 44>000nak; kñúg1qñaM ehIysalaeronTaMgenH nwgminq¶aysMrab;sisS

TaMgGs;enaHeT. ya:gehacbMputGnuviTüal½yTaMgenaH sißtkñúgcm¶ayesIµKñanwgcm¶ayeTAsala

bzmsikSaEdlmanenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTTaMgenaH.

� GaharUbkrN_epþateKaledAelIekµgRsI. kmµviFIsakl,gmYy )andMeNIrkarkñúgqñaM2000 CakmµviFIGaha

rUbkrN_sMrab;ekµgRsI TTYl)aneCaKC½yTaMgkarbegIánkarcuHeQµaHcUleron nigkarenAeronCab;lab;.

kmµviFIenaHRKb;RKgedayGgÁkar NGO kñúgRsuk KWsmaKmkm<úCa sMrab;karGb;rMenAbzmsikSa ¬KAPE¦

)an]btßmÖdl;RKYsarRkIRk edIm,IGacbnþbBa©ÚnkUncUleronfñak;eRkaybzmsikSa. EpñkelIeCaKC½y

enAkñúgkmµviFIenH FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu shkarCamYymUlniFICb:unedIm,Ikarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

nwgCYyRksYgGb;rMkñúgkar]btßmÖ dl;karBRgIkkmµviFIfñak;Cati pþl;GaharUbkrN_dl;ekµgRsI dl;viTüal½y

cMnYn75. kmµviFIenH nwgdMeNIrkarsakl,genAkñúgGnuviTüal½ycMnYn 100 nigBRgIkeTARKb;GnuviTüal½y

TaMgGs;kñúgqñaM2003. kñúgry³eBlyUr ¬2006-2010¦ nwgmansisSkan;EteRcInGacbnþdl;fñak;

eRkaymFümsikSa ehIyeBlenaHkmµviFI nwgbnþRKbdNþb;elIfñak;eRkaymFümsikSaeTot. kmµviFI

GaharUbkrN_enH TTYl)ankar]btßmÖBImUlniFiCb:unsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlmanTMnak;TMng

CamYykmµviFIvis½yGb;rMrbs; ADB . elIsBIenH mankmµviFIGaharUbkrN_RTg;RTaytUcmYycMnYneTot

dMeNIrkar ¬enAeRkARksYgG>y>k¦ eday UNICEF, CARE nigsmaKmkm<úCasMrab;karGb;rMenA

bzmsikSa ¬KAPE¦.

111

� viTüal½yEdlmanRsab;cMnYn 45kEnøg nwgRtUv)anBRgIkbEnßm edIm,ITTYlsisSmkBItMbn;CnbT.

eTaHbICaminTan;mankareFIVKMeragBisþarCak;lak; nigeFIVKMeragGMBItMélcMNayk¾eday k¾EpnkarenH

manKMeragnwg]btßmÖdl;kareFIVdMeNIr nigkarsñak;enAsMrab;sisS. edaysarbBaðacm¶aypøÚvKWCa]bsKÁ

cMbgdl;karsikSarbs;ekµgRsI karbegIáncMnYnfñak;eronGacnwgminCYyeFIV[sßanPaBrbs;ekµgRsI

)anl¥RbesIreLIy.

edIm,IeqIøytbeTAnwgsmFm’eynD½rkñúgqñaM2001 RksYgG>y>k )anbegIátkariyal½ykmµviFIGb;rMBiess

enAkñúgnaykdæanmetþyüsikSa nigbzmsikSa. kariyal½yenHmantYnaTITTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarelIkkMBs;»kas

TTYl)ankarsikSaesIµKñasMrab;ekµgRsI CnCatiPaKtic RbCaCnRkIRk nigCnBikar.

kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMqñaM2001 )anbBa©ÚlkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbBn½§BIrdac;edayELkBIKña³ karGb;rMeRkARbBn½§

CaFmµta nigkmµviFIry³eBlxIø maneKalbMNgbBa©ÚnsisSEdle)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa fñak;TI4 dl;TI6 mkcUl

eronenAkñúgkarGb;rMkñúgRbBn½§vij. elIsBIenH naykdæanGb;rMeRkARbBn½§ manEpnkarBRgwgsmtßPaBdl;RbBn½§

sikSa edaykarbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon nigRtYtBinitükmµviFITaMgBIrenH. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday minmanfvika

sMrab;kmµviFIkñúgqñaM2001eT ehIykmµviFI ESSP qñaM2002 )anBinitüEklMGeLIgvijelIeKaledA nigfvikarbs;

kmµviFI. enAkñúgkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbBn½§ RksYgG>y>k manEpnkarbegIánkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAtMbn;CnbT

nigbegIátmCÄmNÐleronsURtenAtamshKmn_ edaypþl;fñak;Gkçrkmµdl;mnusSeBjv½y ¬Bredenburg et al.,

qñaM2003¦.


112


113

CMBUkTI 5

bBaðaeynD½r kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 115

5>1 sßanPaB ninñakar nig bBaða >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 115

5>1>1 narI)at;bg;]tþmPaBenAkñúglT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBCamUldæan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 117

5>1>2 lT§PaBTabkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaB manTMnak;TMngCitsñiTeTAnwgPaBRkIRk

nigkarGb;rMrbs;narI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 117

5>1>3 GRtamrNPaBmataenAkm<úCa KWmankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgtMbn; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 119

5>1>4 sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narI mankMritTab >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 121

5>1>5 tMrUvkarEpnkarRKYsar nigkarBnüarkMeNItEdlminTan;eqøIytb enAEtmankMritx<s; >>>>>>>>>> 122

5>1>6 narImin)anTTYlkarEfTaMkñúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigeBlsMralkUnRbkbedaysuvtßiPaBeT >>> 125

5>1>7 kgVHbuKÁlikqµbCMnaj nigkarEbgEckbuKÁlikeBTümin)anRKb;RKan; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 125

5>1>8 yuvCnekµg²kñúgcMnYneRcInCagnarIRtUvsøab; b¤TTYleRKaHfñak;Cayfaehtu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 127

5>1>9 BikarPaB nigkarejónfñaMejón manplb:HBal;elIburseRcInCagnarI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 127

5>2 yuT§saRsþ nig eKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 128

115

CMBUkTI 5 ³ bBaðaeynD½r kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al


sUcnakr tMél

GRtamrNPaBmataenAqñaM1994-2000 ¬kñúgcMeNam 100/000 kMeNItrs;¦ 437

GRtamrNPaBTarkenAqñaM1995-2000 ¬kñúg 1000 kMeNItrs;¦ 95

GRtakMeNItsMrab;narImñak;kñúgqñaM2002 4

GayumFümrbs;narIqñaM1998 ¬cMnYnqñaM¦ 58

kareFIVviPaCfvika KitCaPaKryénplitplkñúgRsuksrubsMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaB kñúgqñaM2002 1>2

fvikaCatisMrab;vis½ysuxaPi)al KitCaPaKryénfvikaraCrdæaPi)al 10>9

cMnYnGñkCMgWEdlsßiteRkamkarBüa)alrbs;evC¢bNiÐtmñak; qñaM1998 6/808

cMnYnGñkCMgWEdlsßiteRkamkarEfTaMBüa)alrbs;buKÁliksuxaPi)almñak; qñaM1998 598


karpþl;esvasuxPaBRbkbedayKuNPaBdl;RbCaCnkm<úCa KWCabBaðaRbQmmuxd¾cMbgmYy EdlTak;Tgnwg

kic©GPivDÆn_. burs nignarI manGayumFümTab ¬KWbursman 54>5qñaM nignarIman 58>3qñaM¦ EdlbNþalmkBI

GRtamrNPaBTark nigkumarmankMritx<s; GRtamrNPaBmatamankMritx<s; nigGRtad¾x<s;énkrNICMgWEdlGac

bgáar)andUcCa CMgWRKuncaj; nigCMgWrebgCaedIm. kñúgcMeNamTark 10nak; manTarkmñak;søab;eRkamGayumYyxYb

ehIykgVHGaharUbtßmÖ nigkarQWfáat; KWCabBaðaEdlekItmanCaTUeTA. esvasuxPaBEdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH

min)aneqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCneT ehIylT§PaBTTYl)anesvaenH nigbBaðahirBaØvtßúrbs;RbCaCn

RkIRk enAEtCabBaðacMbg ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM2002a¦. tamlT§plénkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa

¬FnaKarBiPBelak nigRksYgEpnkarqñaM1999¦ )an[dwgfa manRbCaCnRkIRkEt 12PaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlTTYl

)ankarelIkElgkarbg;éføesvasaFarN³ ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRkumbBa©PaKEdlmancMNUlx<s;bMputmancMnYn

26PaKry. cMNaysMrab;RKYsarKWman 73PaKryéncMNaysrubsMrab;suxPaB EdlCasmamaRtmYyx<s;bMput

enAelIBiPBelak ¬EpnkarCayuT§sa®sþrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)alqñaM2003-2007 elx1-4/ elx3 énRkbx½NÐ

cMNayry³eBlmFümrbs;RksYgsuxaPi)al¦.

1 RbPB³ karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa qñaM2000

CMerOnRbCara®sþTUeTA qñaM1998

RksYgsuxaPi)al qñaM2003³ karBinitüeLIgvijRbcaMqñaM elIvis½ysuxaPi)al

116


vibtþisuxPaBGacbMpøajRKYsarRkIRkeBalKW kñúgry³eBlknøgeTAfµI²enH RbCaCncMnYn 46PaKry )an)at;bg;

dIFIørbs;xøÜn edaysarEtCMBak;bMNuleK b¤cgkarR)ak;eKykmkemIlCMgW ¬eyagtamkarGegátEdlRtUv)aneFIV

eLIgedayGgÁkar Oxfam km<úCa ¬Oxfam Cambodia¦ nigRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT enAqñaM2000¦. karbg;éføeRkA

pøÜvkar tMéldwkCBa¢Ún nig»kasrkR)ak;cMNUl )aneFIV[RKYsarRkIRkkan;Et)at;bg;lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaB.

KuNPaBTab nigPaBminGacTukcitþ)an enAEtbnþraraMgdl;kareRbIR)as;esvasuxPaB.

enAqñaM1997 RksYgsuxaPi)al )anGnuvtþkarTUTat;éføRbIR)as;esva kñúgeKalbMNgkat;bnßykarbg;éføeRkA

pøÜvkar rkcMNUl nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaBesva. GñkCMgWEdlminmanlT§PaBbg;éføesvasuxPaBRtUv)anelIkElg

karbg;éføesvanana. tamkarGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgkarelIkElgenH enABMuTan;)anGnuvtþcMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRkTUeTAeT

ehIykarbg;éføeRkApøÚvkarenAEtBMuTan;)anlubbM)at;ecal sUm,IEtenAtammnÞIreBTü EdlmankarRtYtBinitü

y:agditdl;k¾eday. elIsBIenHeTotmankarRBYy)armÖfa RbB½n§bg;éføesva )aneFVI[buKÁlikbEgVrGaTiPaB

eq<aHeTArkGnþraKmn_ rkR)ak;cMNUl CaCagRbsiT§iPaBénkarBüa)alGñkCMgWdUcCa karEfTaMbgáarCaedIm

¬Medecins San Frontier qñaM2000¦. bBaðamYyTak;TgnwgRbB½n§enHKW siT§iTTYl)ankarelIkElgkarbg;éfø

esva GaRs½yeTAelIbuKÁlik mnÞIreBTüCaGñksMerc Edl)ancat;TukkarelIkElgkarbg;éføenHfa Cakarxatbg;

EpñkhirBaØvtßúrbs;mnÞIreBTü.

narIExµrRbQmmuxnwgbBaðasuxPaBbnþBUC narIExµrTMngCaminTTYl)anGaharUbtßmÖRKb;RKan; ehIyTMngCagay

qøgemeraKhuIveRcInCagburs. elIsBIenHeTot manP½sþútagkan;EteRcIneLIgEdlbBa¢ak;fa narIkñúgGRtamYyd_x<s;

gayTTYlrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhwgSaRKb;RbePT. P½sþútagk¾)anbgðajpgEdrfa bursmanlT§PaBeRcInCagnarI

kñúgkarTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaB ehIyfvikaCaeRcInrbs;RKYsar RtUv)ancMNayeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;

burseRcInCagnarI eTaHbICatMrUvkarEpñksuxPaBrbs;narImanx<s;Cagburs eRBaHfa narImantMrUvkarbEnßmeTot

kñúgkarEfTaMsuxPaBbnþBUCrbs;BYkeK. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday tMrUvkarrbs;narIenAEtmanTMhMFMeFg Cagburs

eTaHbICabursGacRbQmmuxnwgbBaðasuxPaBmYycMnYn dUcCa CMgWRKuncaj; nigeRKaHfñak;epSgeTotk¾eday.

TMnak;TMngrvagbBaðasuxPaBrbs;burs nignarI manTMnak;TMngnwgtYnaTIrbs;eynD½r dUcEdl)ankMNt; sMrab;burs

nignarI enAkm<úCa nigzan³Tabrbs;narIenAkñúgRKYsar. EpñkenH BiPakSaelIbBaðaeynD½rTak;TgnwgkarEfTaM

suxPaB. KYrkt;sMKal;fa TidæPaBeynD½rTak;TgnwgCMgWeGds_ nigGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar RtUv)anelIkykmk

BiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkedayELkBIKñaBIeRBaHfa eKRtUvBinitüemIl[)anl¥itl¥n; edayehtufa bBaðaTaMgenH BMuEmnEt

CabBaðasuxPaBmYymuxb:ueNÑaHeT.

117

5>1>1 narI)at;bg;]tþmPaBenAkñúglT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBCamUldæan

enAkm<úCa lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBCamUldæan KWCabBaðaPaBRkIRkpg nigbBaðaeynD½rpg. esckþI

RBagr)aykarN_sþIBIkarBinitüelIcMNaysaFarN³ enAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al)an[dwgfa bursTTYl)an

plRbeyaCn_eRcInCagnarI BIkarcMNayelIsuxPaB ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002b¦. enAkm<úCa GRta

eRbIR)as;esvaevC¢sa®sþ nigcMNayeTAelIbBaðasuxPaBsMrab;burs nignarI KWRbhak;RbEhlKña. b:uEnþeTaHCa

y:agNak¾eday RbsinebIBicarNaeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBbnþBUC tMrUvkarEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;narI KWmanTMhM

FMeFgCagburs. ehtudUecñH GRtaeRbIR)as; nigcMNayesµIKñabgðaj[eXIjfa narI TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_

EpñksuxPaBticCagburs.

tamkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkEdlmankarcUlrYm )an[dwgfa manPaBlMeGogEpñkeynD½r enAkñúgrebob

EdlshKmn_RkIRkeFVIkaredaHRsaybBaðasuxPaBrbs;narI. GñkcUlrYmsMPasn_mYycMnYn)anniyayfa

RbsinebIbursk¾QW ehIynarIk¾manCMgW RKYsarTMngCabBa¢ÚnburseTAmnÞIreBTüCaCagbBa¢ÚnnarI BIeRBaHfa narI

RtUvenAcat;EcgkñúgRKYsar ¬FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI qñaM2001¦.

{eyIgminGaceFIVGIV)anedayKµanRsIþenAkñúgRKYsareLIy eTaHbIRsIþmanCMgWCaTMgn;k¾eday

BIeRBaHRsIþCaGñkempÞH>>>. b:uEnþeyIgk¾mincg;bBa¢ÚnnrNamñak;;eTAmnIÞreBTüEdlenAq¶ay

enaHeLIy BIeRBaHTIkEnøgTaMgenaHk¾minl¥Edr}. sMdIrbs;bursmñak; rs;enAextþrtn³KIrIEdl)an

elIkeLIgenAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytMélPaBRkIRkEdlmankarcUlrYm ¬ADB qñaM2001¦.

5>1>2 lT§PaBTabkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaB manTMnak;TMngCitsñiTeTAnwg

PaBRkIRk nigkarGb;rMrbs;narI

tamkarGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa ¬CDHS qñaM2000¦ narICag 95PaKry RtUv)anraykarN_

fa manbBaðamYy b¤eRcInTak;TgnwglT§PaBTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;BYkeK. bBaðaTUeTAbMputenaH

KWkarKµanlT§PaBbg;éføesvaEfTaMsuxPaB ¬tamkarGegátmannarIcMnYn 88PaKry¦. cMNayTaMgenH rYmman

éføeRbIR)as;esva nigcMNayminpÞal;mYycMnYneTot dUcCa karcMNayelIkareFVIdMeNIrCaedIm. cMgayeTA

mNÐlsuxPaB nigcMNayelIéføeFVIdMeNIrRtUv)annarICag 40PaKry Edl)ancUlrYmGegátknøgmk

cat;Tukfa Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHBYkeK. kñúgcMeNamnarIEdleRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB mannarI 80PaKry )an

eRbIR)as;R)ak;snSM cgkarR)ak;BIGñkdéT b¤lk;RTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnedIm,Ibg;éføesvasuxPaB. tamkarGegát

mYyEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAqñaM2000 )an[dwgfa RbCaCnRbmaN 46PaKry )an)at;bg;dIFIørbs;xøÜn kñúg

ry³eBlknøgeTAfµI²enH edaysarCMBak;bMNuleKeBalKW cgkarR)ak;BIGñkdéT ykeTAbg;éføesvasuxPaB

rbs;BYkeK ¬RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; nigGgÁkar Oxfam nig

KN³kmµkarshRbtibtiþkarkm<úCa ehAkat;fa CCC¦.

CMBUkTI 5 - bBaðaeynD½r kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al

118


narIRkIRkPaKeRcIn manlT§PaBTabkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaB enAmun nigkñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH

nigeBlsMralkUn. narImanépÞeBaHenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRk TTYl)anesvaEfTaMsuxPaBBIbuKÁlikeBTüCMnaj

kñúgeBlsMralkUn ticCagnarIenAkñúgRKYsarFUrFarRbmaN 4dgknøH EdleFIV[BYkeKRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;

énkarsøab;kñúgkMritx<s; ¬RkahiVk 5>1¦. narIenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRk TTYl)ankarEfTaMtictYc TaMgenAkñúgTIRkug

nigenACnbT ¬CDHS qñaM2000¦. karcMNayKWCa]bsKÁcMbg kñúgkareRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB.

RkahVik 5>1³ lT§PaBTTYl)anesvaEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;narI tamkMriténR)ak;cMNUl

RbPB³ National Health Survey, qñaM1998

narIEdlmankMritsikSaTab TMngCaTTYl)anesvaEfTaMsuxPaBtictYc CaBiessesvaEfTaMrkSaKP’ nig

CMnYyBIbuKÁlikeBTüEdlmankarbNþúHbNþalRtwmRtUv kñúgeBlsMralkUn ¬RkahiVk 5>2¦. narIPaKeRcInEdl

min)aneronsURtesaH)anniyayfa karcMNayKWCa]bsKÁmYykñúgkareRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB ¬CDHS

qñaM2000¦. narIRbEhlBak;kNþal kñúgcMeNamnarIEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarGegát ehIyEdlmankMritsikSa

Rtwmfñak;bzmsikSa )anraykarN_fa cMNayelIkareFVIdMeNIr KWCabBaðamYysMrab;BYkeK ebIeRbobeFobCamYy

nwgnarIcMnYn 1¼4 ¬mYyPaKbYn¦ EdlmankMritsikSaRtwmmFümsikSa b¤k¾elIsBIenH.

119

RkahVik 5>2³ lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaB eTAtamkMritsikSarbs;narI

RbPB³ CDHS, qñaM2000

5>1>3 GRtamrNPaBmataenAkm<úCa KWmankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgtMbn;

tamkareRbobeFobGRtamrNPaBmataenAkm<úCa CamYynwgRbeTsCitxag )anbgðajfa narIExµrPaK

eRcIn RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;dl;CIvitkñúgkMritmYyx<s; EdlbNþalmkBIkarmanépÞeBaH nigbBaðaepSgeTot

EdlTak;TgnwgkarsMralkUn ¬RkahiVk 5>3¦. narIExµrRbmaNCa 2>000nak; søab;)at;bg;CIvitCaerogral;qñaM

edaysarkarmanépÞeBaH nigbBaðaEdlTak;TgnwgkarsMralkUn ¬kar):an;sµanedayEp¥kelIGRtamrNPaB

mata nigGRtakMeNItminRKb;Ex¦ rYmTaMgkarsøab;EdlbNþalmkBIkarrMlUtkUn karFøak;Qam nigCMgWRBay

RkLaePøIg. karsøab;PaKeRcIn KWbNþalmkBIbuBVehtuEdlGacbgáar b¤Tb;sáat;)an ehIykarsøab;enH manpl

b:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIcMNUl nigsuxumalPaBrbs;RKYsar. kñúgry³eBl 7qñaM muneBlmankarGegát

RbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000 kñúgcMeNamnarIExµr 5nak;Edlsøab;)at;bg;CIvit manmñak;søab;edaysar

bBaðaTak;TgnwgkarmanépÞeBaH b¤karsMralkUn. kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 GRtamrNPaBmataenAkm<úCa

)anFøak;cuH. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agNak¾eday k_GRtaenHenAEtmankMritx<s;dEdl edaytamkar):an;sµankñúg

cMeNamnarIcMnYn 100>000nak; Edl)anpþl;kMeNItdl;Tark mannarIcMnYn 437nak; )ansøab;. mrNPaB

mata KWCasUcnakrd_sMxan;bMputmYyTak;TgnwgsuxPaBnarI. sUcnakrenH qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIlT§PaB

TTYl)an nigvtþmanesvasuxPaB EdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkMritvb,Fm’rbs;narI nigpþl;nUvBt’man

y:agTUlMTUlay Tak;TgnwgkarEbgEcgFnFanrbs;rdæ nigFnFanrbs;RKYsarsMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;narI

CaBiess esvaEfTaMbgáar. enAkm<úCa GRtamrNPaBmatakñúgkMritmYyx<s; k¾bgðaj[eXIjfa karykcitþ

Tukdak; nigkar[tMéleTAelIsuxPaBrbs;narI enAmankMritTab.


120


Tinñn½ysþIBIGRtamrNPaBmata minTan;TTYl)anBItamextþenAeLIyeT. bu:EnþnarIEdlrs;enAtam

shKmn_kñúgtMbn;dac;Rsyal nigenAtamCnbT RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;søab;kñúgeBlmatuPaBkñúgkMritmYy

x<s; edaysarenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH BMusUvmanesvasuxPaBeT.

CMenORbéBNITak;TgnwgkarmanépÞeBaH karsMralkUn nigkarEfTaMTarknigkumar CYnkalsgát;F¶n;eTAelI

karGnuvtþn_tamTMenomTMlab;RbéBNI EdlTMenomTMlab;mYycMnYn Gacbgá[maneRKaHfñak;. RKYsaryl;fa

karmanépÞeBaH nigkarsMralkUnKWCaerOgFmµta dUecñHRKYsarminykcitþTukdak;CaBiess b¤k¾xVl;xVayGIVeLIy.

narIPaKeRcIn enAEteFIVkargareRcInem:ag kñúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigeRkayeBlsMralkUnrYc edayCaerOy²RtUv

elIkvtßúF¶n;² b¤eFVIkargarEdlRtUvbeBa©jkMlaMgBlkmµxøaMgkøaeTotpg. CMenORbéBNI k¾)anraraMgnarImin[

eRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMrkSaKP’ nigkarCYyeRCamERCgBIRKUeBTüCMnajkñúgeBlsMralkUn. BMuTan;mankarsikSa

RsavRCav[)anc,as;las; eTAelICMenORbéBNITaMgenHeT dUecñHkarRsavRCavbEnßm RbEhlCaGacpþl;nUv

Bt’manbEnßm Tak;TgnwgmUlehtuénkarniymeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBtamk,ÜnburaN.

RkahVik 5>3³ kareRbobeFobGRtamrN³PaBmata nigTarkenAkñúgtMbn;

RbPB³ FnaKaBiPBelak qñaM2002³ bBaðaeynD½renAkñúgkareFVIEpnkar nigkarcMNay

eRkABICMenORbéBNI ktþaepSgeTotdUcCa KuNPaBTabénesvaEfTaMsuxPaB sßanPaBminl¥énpøÚvfñl;

enACnbT nigkgVHmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún RBmTaMgkgVHlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥ateRbIR)as; )anrYmcMENkeFIV[

GRtamrNPaBmatamankMritx<s;. enAEpñkbnþbnÞab;enH eK)anBinitüemIlbuBVehtupÞal;mYycMnYneTotdUcCa

kgVHGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narI CaBiess kñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigGMLúgeBlbMe)AedaHkUn kgVHlT§PaB

TTYl)anesvaBnüarkMeNIt nigBt’manTak;TgnwgkareFVIEpnkarRKYsar karpÁt;pÁg; nigesvaRBmTaMgkgVH

lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBmata nigesvaEdlmanKuNPaB.

GRtamrNPaBmatakñúgkMeNIt

100>000nak;

GRtamrNPaBTarkkñúgkMeNIt

100>000nak;

121

5>1>4 sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narI mankMritTab

GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB ¬CDHS qñaM2000¦ )aneFIVkarviPaKeTAelIsßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narI

edayBinitüemIlkarTTYlTanmIRkUCIvCati b¤kgVHGaharUbtßmÖTUeTA ¬RkahiVk 5>4¦. eyagtamrgVas;Tm¶n;

ragkay nigPaKryénnarIEdlRkin nig¼b¤manCMgWesøksøaMg xVHCatiEdk smamaRtnarIEdlxVHGaharUbtßmÖ

mankMritx<s;. tamkarGegátGMBIGaharUbtßmÖCati EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGgÁkar Hellen Keller GnþrCati

enAqñaM2001 )an[dwgfa BI 1-7PaKryénnarImanépÞeBaH nignarIbMe)AedaHkUn manCMgWxVak;man;EdlCaeraK

sBaØadMbUgénkgVHCIvCati{Ga}. tamkarsikSaRsavRCavmYy EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgextþRBHvihar k¾)anbgðaj

[eXIjpgEdrfa karciBa©wmbI)ac;ekµgRsI xusBIkarciBa©wmbI)ac;ekµgRbus EdlnaM[ekµgRsIRbQmmuxnwgkgVH

GaharUbtßmÖkñúgkMritmYyx<s; eTaHbICalT§plénkarGegátenH minGacqøúHbBa©aMgTidæPaBenATUTaMgRbeTs)an

k¾eday ¬Taylor qñaM2003¦. kgVHGaharUbtßmÖenAkñúgcMeNamnarI nigkumar KWCalT§plénkarTTYlTan

GahartictYcBMuRKb;RKan; nigCMgW ¬EpnkarvinieyaKGaharUbtßmÖkm<úCa qñaM2003-2007¦. kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ

eFIV[manCMgWkan;EteRcIn ehIysarFatuciBa©wmsrIragÁ RtUv)anbMpøajecalkñúgeBlmanCMgW. sarFatuciBa©wm

srIragÁrbs;narI RtUvbMpøajecalkñúgkMritmYyx<s; kñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigeBlsMralkUn luHRtaEtnarI

TTYlGaharEdlsMbUrCIvCati eTIbGacbMeBj)andUcedImvij.

mUlehtucMbgEdlnaM[mankgVHGaharUbtßmÖ rYmman Gsnþisuxes,óg ¬xVHes,ógBIr-bIEx kñúg 1qñaM

RKYsarCaeRcIn minman)ayTTYlTanRKb;RKan;¦ kgVHlT§PaBeRbIR)as;Twks¥at nigkgVHGnam½y ¬Gahar

mins¥at¦ nigkgVHGaharsMbUrCIvCatiTTYlTankñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigbMe)AedaHkUn. Tinñn½ysIþBIkar

eRbIR)as;es,ógenAtamRKYsarenAkm<úCabgðajfa narITMngCaTTYlTanGahardUcCa )ay s‘ut nigRtI kñúgcMnYn

mYyticCagrbs;bþIBYkeK CaBiesskñúgeBlxVHxates,óg. lT§plénkarsikSaRsavRCavenH smRsbeTAnwg

lT§plénkarsikSaRsavRCavGMBIkareRbIR)as;es,ógenAtamRKYsar EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg enAkñúgRbeTsepSg

eTotCaeRcIn EdlbursEtgEtTTYl)anGahareRcInCagnarI edaysarnarImanzan³ kñúgsgÁmTabCagburs

RBmTaMgmanCMenOfa bursRtUvkarGahareRcInCag b¤faburseFIVkarxøaMgCagnarI dUecñHBYkeKsmnwgTTYlrbb

GahareRcInCag.


122


RkahVik 5>4³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narIsMrab;sUcnakrmYycMnYn

sMKal;³ IDA = CMgWxVHCatiEdk

RbPB³ karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB qñaM2000 ¬DHS qñaM2000¦

enAkm<úCa GRtakMeNItx<s; nigzan³kñúgRKYsarTabrbs;narI eFVI[sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;narIman

kMritTab.

5>1>5 tMrUvkarEpnkarRKYsar nigkarBnüarkMeNIt EdlminTan;eqøIytbenAEtman

kMritx<s;

GRtakMeNItsrubenAEtmanGRtax<s; eTaHbICaGRtaenH )anFøak;cuHenATUTaMgRbeTskñúgry³eBl 10qñaM

knøgmkenHk¾eday. CamFüm narImñak;mankUncMnYn 4nak; b:uEnþtYelxenH GacxusKñaCamYynwgtYelxenA

tamextþ. ]TahrN_ ³ GRtakMeNItenAPñMeBj mankarFøak;cuHy:agelOn b:uEnþenAtamextþmYycMnYn dUcCa

rtn³KIrI nigmNÐlKIrI GRtakMeNItmankarekIneLIg ¬EpnkaryuT§sa®sþénvis½ysuxaPi)al qñaM2003-

2007¦ ¬rUbPaB 5>5¦. tamkarGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB ¬CDHS¦ qñaM2000 )anbgðajfa narI

RbmaN 8PaKry kñúgRkumGayuBI 15-19qñaM Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarGegát KWCamþay b¤CanarImanépÞeBaH

cMENkenAextþmNÐlKIrI nigrtnKIrIvij manrhUtdl; 20PaKryÉeNaH.

123

eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInxøH² kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAenHk¾eday k¾lT§PaBeRbIR)as;esvaBnüarkMeNIt

enAmankMritenAeLIy. mannarIEt 24PaKryb:ueNÑaH EdleRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIt ehIymannarIEt

19PaKryb:ueNÑaH Edl)aneRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNItEbbTMenIb ¬CDHS qñaM2000¦. tMrUvkaresva

EpñkEpnkarRKYsarEdlminTan;)aneqøIytbmankMritx<s;eBalKW mannarI 33PaKry )anniyayfa BYkeK

cg;kMNt;cMnYnkUn b¤k¾cg;BnüarkMeNIt. eTaHbICamankarBiPakSaKñatictYcrvagbIþ nigRbBn§k¾eday k¾karBnüar

kMeNIt TMngCamankarTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTA. karGegátEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayRksYgsuxaPi)al )anbgðaj

fa narIcMnYn 68PaKry manCMenOfa BYkeK nigbIþrbs;BYkeK )anRBmeRBog[man karBnüarkMeNIt ehIynarI

84PaKryeTot )anniyayfa BYkeK)ansMerccitþedayxøÜnÉg b¤mankarcUlrYm BIbþIrbs;BYkeKelIkar

eRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIt ¬rUbPaB 5>6¦.

rUbPaB 5>5³ GRtakMeNItsrub EbgEckeTAtamextþ

RbPB³ karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000 ¬CDHS, qñaM2000¦


124


rUbPaB 5>6³ kareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIt EbgEckeTAtamextþ

RbPB³ karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000 ¬CDHS, qñaM2000¦

GRtaeRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIItTab k¾mann½yfa narIExµrPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;viFIBnüarkMeNIttam

EbbbUraN EdlmaneRKaHfñak;bMput edIm,IbBaÄb;karmanépÞeBaHmintamEpnkar. RbEhl 1¼3 ¬mYyPaKbI¦

énkarrMlUtkUn RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAtampÞH. karrMlUtkUntamviFIEbbenH KWCabuBVehtucMbgmYy EdleFVI[

GRtamrNPaBmatamankMritx<s;enAkm<úCa ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2002a¦.

BakücrcamGaram nigTsSn³P½nþRcLMcMeBaHmeFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIttamEbbTMenIb enAEtekItman

kñúgcMeNamnarI² ehIyGñkEdl)anEsVgrkesvaBnüarkMeNIt RtUvRbQmmuxnwg]bsKÁmYycMnYn dUcCa

karmak;gayCaedIm edaysarmnusSPaKeRcInmanCMenOfa manEtnarIrksIupøÚvePTeT EdleRbImeFüa)ay

BnüarkMeNIt b¤mann½yfa manEtbIþRbBn§EdlminTukcitþKñaeTEdleRbIviFIenH. bNþajGñksµ½RKcitþnarI

Edl)anpþl;karGb;rMdl;shKmn_ ¬ehIyCaerOy² rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarpþl;karRbwkSa karBieRKaHeyabl;

nigkarENnaMGMBIviFIBnüarkMeNIt¦ RtUv)anykmkGnuvtþsakl,g b:uEnþCakarcaM)ac;RtUveFIVkarvaytMél nig

BRgIk[)anTUlMTUlayenATUTaMgRbeTs.

125

5>1>6 narI min)anTTYlkarEfTaMkñúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nigeBlsMralkUn Rbkbeday

suvtßiPaBeT

karEfTaMrkSaKP’ karsMralkUnRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nigkarEfTaMRkayeBlsMralkUn CaEpñksMxan;én

esvasuxPaB edIm,ICYyse®gÁaHCIvitmþay. karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa ¬CDHS¦ qñaM2000

)an[dwgfa mannarIEt 38PaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlTTYl)anesvaEfTaMrkSaKP’ kñúgry³eBl 5qñaMknøgmkenH.

lT§PaBeRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMrkSaKP’ CaBiessenAtamtMbn;CnbTmankMritticNas;³ narIcMnYnBak;kNþal

enACnbT TTYl)anesvaEfTaMrkSaKP’ dUcnarIenATIRkugEdr. enAextþdac;RsyaldUcCa extþrtnKIrI nig

mNÐlKIrI kñúgcMeNamnarI 6nak; mannarIEt 1nak;b:ueNÑaH EdlTTYlesvaEfTaMrkSaKP’. kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM

muneBlmankarGegátrbs;RksYgsuxaPi)al kñúgcMeNamnarIEdl)ansMralkUnrYcTaMgGs; mannarIcMnYn 20

PaKry )anelbfñaMCIvCatiEdk narI 30PaKry TTYl)ankarcak;fñaMkarBarettaNUs 2 b¤eRcIndg ehIyman

narIEt 2PaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlTTYl)anfñaMkarBarCMgWRKuncaj;.

tamkarGegátrbs;RksYgsuxPi)al)an[dwgfa mannarIEt 32PaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlTTYl)anCMnYyBIqµb

CMnajkñúgeBlsMralkUn ebIeRbobeFobeTAtamextþ manKMlatKYr[kt;sMKal; ¬rUbPaB 5>7¦. karsMralkUn

RbmaNCa 85PaKry enAkm<úCa RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAtampÞH ehIykarsMralkUnCaeRcIneTot eFVIeLIgeday

qµbbUraNb:ueNÑaH.

RbEhlBak;kNþalénnarIExµr minTTYl)ankarEfTaMrkSaKP’eT. karedkGaMgePIøgenAeBlsMralkUn

¬narIRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayRkNat;ekþA]Nð² eRkayBIsMralkUnrYcehIy eKgCitePøIg b¤ eKgelIERKEdlman

RkalkenÞldak;elIePøIgFüÚgekþA]Nð²dutenABIeRkam¦ RtUv)aneKGnuvtþCajwkjab;³ narIcMnYn 88PaKryman

TMlab;edkGaMgePøIg Ep¥ktamkarGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCaqñaM2000 edaymannarI 2¼3

¬BIrPaKbI¦ edkGaMgePøIgry³eBlBI 2 eTA 3éf¶. kñúgGMLúgeBlenH tamFmµtanarI minRtUv)anGnuBaØat

[gUtTwkeT ehIyTarkRtUveKbBa©úkTwklaysár b¤TwkTeT.

5>1>7 kgVHbuKÁlikqµbCMnaj nig karEbgEckbuKÁlikeBTümin)anRKb;RKan;

vis½ysuxaPi)al manbuKÁliktictYc nigBMumanCMnajRKb;RKan;. enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþCatiqñaM 2003-

2007 rbs;xøÜn RksYgsuxaPi)al)anebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþalCamUldæan edIm,IbegIáncMnYnqµb nigbMb:n

cMeNHdwgedIm,IBRgwgsmtßPaB nigCMnajdl;qµbEdlFøab;)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalrYcehIy. eTaHbICaman

karbNþúHbNþalEbbenHk¾eday k¾kñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMknøgmkenH cMnYnKilanub,dæak¼Kilanub,dæakyikar

nigqµbenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al )anFøak;cuH 8>4PaKry. karbNþúHbNþalenAEtCabBaðaRbQmmuxmYy ehIy

qµbEdlTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal k¾enAxVHxatCMnajcaM)ac;mYycMnYneTotEdr.


126


rUbPaB 5>7³ karsMralkUn EdlmanCMnYyBIqµbCMnaj

RbPB³ karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000 ¬CDHS, qñaM2000¦

tarag 5>1³ kMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RksYgsuxaPi)alenAqñaM 1996-2001

1996 1998 2000 2001 PaKryén

karERbRbYl

evC¢bNÐit 1>247 1>711 1>878 2>055 65°

eBTüCMnYykar 1>458 1>699 1>608 1>425 -2°

Kilanub,dæakmFüm nigqµbmFüm 5>685 6>214 6>039 6>126 8°

Kilanub,dæakbzm nigqµbbzm 5>945 5>475 5>149 4>979 -16°

buKÁlikepSgeTot 1>259 1>494 1>322 1>342 7°

cMnYnbuKÁliksuxaPi)alsrub 15>594 16>593 15>996 15>927 2°

buKÁlikepSgeTot 2>639 2>283 1>964 1>883 -29°

buKÁliksrubenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al 18>233 18>876 17>960 17>810 -2°

RbPB³ naykdæanGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSénRksYgsuxaPi)al

127

qµbEdleTIbEtbBa©b;karsikSa TMngCaminRBmeTAeFVIkarenACnbTeT CaBiesstMbn;dac;Rsyal nig

tMbn;q¶ay²eRBaHfa eKminGacrkR)ak;)aneRcIn nigkarRBYy)armÖGMBIbBaðasnþisux. karBinitü nigkarpþl;esva

enAmUldæan minmanPaBeTogTat;eT edaysarkgVHfvika nigcMgaypøÚvBIPUmieTAmNÐlsuxPaBq¶ay.

5>1>8 yuvCnekµg²kñúgcMnYneRcInCagnarIRtUvsøab; b¤TTYleRKaHfñak;Cayfaehtu

manTinñn½y b¤karviPaKtictYcNas; EdlepþateTAelIbBaðasuxPaB nigeRKaHfñak;epSg²Edlburs nignarI

RbQmmux. enAkm<úCa bursqab;søab;CagnarI. GayumFümKitcab;BIeBlekItKW 58>3qñaM cMeBaHnarI nig

54/1qñaM cMeBaHburs ¬CMerOnqñaM1999¦. bursEdlsøab;enAGayu 15- 49qñaM mancMnYneRcInCagnarI³ GRta

mrNPaBbursenAGayu 15-49qñaM KW 4/8nak;kñúg 1>000nak; cMENkÉnarIvijmanEt 3/5nak;kñúg 1000nak;.

bursEdlTTYleRKaHfñak;Cayfaehtu mancMnYnesµInwg 2dgéncMnYnnarIEdlbgðaj[eXIjfa bursTMng

CamankarRbRBwtþEdlRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;x<s;. 1PaKryénbursTaMgGs;TTYlrgeRKaHfñak;kñúgry³eBl

12Exmun ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgnarIEdlmanEt 0>5PaKryb:ueNÑaH ¬karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenA

km<úCaqñaM2000¦. buBVehtuEdlbNþal[søab; nigmaneRKaHfñak;manlkçN³xusKñaeTAtamePT³

� buBVehtucMbgbMputTImYyEdlbNþal[søab; b¤rgrbYs KWeRKaHfñak;cracr.

� cMeBaHburs buBVehtucMbgbMputTIBIrEdlbNþal[søab; b¤rgrbYs KWkarFøak;BIelIedImeQI b¤BIGaKar.

� bursEdlsøab;edaysarRKab;mIn mancMnYneRcInCagnarI 4dg.

� bursEdlRtUvsøab; b¤rgrbYsedaykar)aj;Rbhar mancMnYntictYc.

5>1>9 BikarPaB nigkarejónfñaMejón manplb:HBal;elIburseRcInCagnarI

bursBikarrUbragkay mancMnYneRcInCagnarI 2dg ¬Casrub 2PaKryéncMnYnRbCaCnsrub RtUvBikar

rUbragkay¦. PaBxusKñaxøaMg KWedaysareRKaHfñak;edaysarRKab;mIn nigeRKaHfñak;edaysarRKab;kaMePøIg.

karsøab; nigBikarPaBrbs;burs k¾manplb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK. karxVHmnusSRbus

eBjv½yEdlmankMlaMgBlMmaMmYnenAkñúgRKYsar eFVI[smaCikRKYsar)at;bg;»kasrkcMNUl nigcUlrYmkñúg

CIvPaBshKmn_ nigkareFVIesckþIsMerc.

Tinñn½ysIþBIkareRbIR)as;bMBaneRKOgejóneTAtamePT minTan;manenAeLIy. b:uEnþyuT§sa®sþCatikat;

bnßyPaBRkIRk )anelIkeLIgBIkarekIneLIgnUvkareRbIR)as;fñaMejón CaBiesskñúgcMeNamyuvCn EdlTamTar

[mankarykcitþTukdak;[)anxøaMgkøabEnßmeTot.


128


5>2 yuT§saRsþ nig eKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al

RksYgsuxaPi)al )anerobcMyuT§sa®sþTUTaMgvis½ysMrab;qñaM2003-2007 EdlepþateTAelIkarelIkkMBs;

suxPaBmþay nigTark. yuT§sa®sþTaMg 8 EdlmanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpñknana

énkarpþl;esvasuxPaB karpøas;bþÚrkarRbRBwtþi karelIkkMBs;KuNPaB karGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS hirBaØb,Tan

suxaPi)al nigkarGPivDÆn_sßab½n. mankarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIsmFm’suxPaB siTi§kñúgkarTTYl)an

esvasuxPaB nigkarpþl;esvadl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk. karBinitüvaytMélRbcaMqñaMrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)alenAqñaM

2003 )anBinitüemIlcMNuceKalsMrab;vas;sÞg; nigsmiT§iplEdlsMerc)ank¾dUcCa EpñknanaEdlRtUvepþatkar

ykcitþTukdak;.

taMgBIeBlcab;epþImenAqñaM1996 mk RksYgsuxaPi)al)anpþl;mUlniFieTA[skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBenA

fñak;BIrKW mNÐlsuxPaB nigmnIÞreBTübEg¥kRsuk. yuT§sa®sþbc©úb,nñ epþateTAelIkarBRgwgRbB½n§EdlmanRsab;

edIm,I[mNÐlsuxPaBTaMgGs; manlT§PaBGacpþl;kB©ab;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbzm ¬MPA¦ cMENkmnIÞreBTü

bEg¥kRsukTaMgGs; Gacpþl;kBa©b;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbMeBjbEnßm ¬CPA¦. kBa©b;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaB

bzm nigkBa©b;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbMeBjbEnßm epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItMrUvkar KaMBarmata nigTark.

Ep¥ktamfvikaqñaM2002 kñúgcMeNammnIÞreBTüextþ nigRsukcMnYn 48kEnøg mnÞIreBTücMnYn 40PaKry Gacpþl;

kBa©b;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbMeBjbEnßm cMENk 82PaKry énmNÐlsuxPaBcMnYn 991kEnøg Gacpþl;kBa©b;

skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbzm. kBa©b;skmµPaBKaMRTsuxPaBbzm epþatCasMxan;eTAelI suxPaBkumar GaharUbtßmÖ

suxPaBmata nigkarkMcat;CMgWqøg ¬CaBiessCMgWeGds_¦ nigkñúgkrNIF¶n;F¶rRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAmnIÞreBTü.

eRkABIRbB½n§BhuBüa)alrbs;mNÐlsuxPaB nigmnÞIreBTü kmµviFIBiessmYyEdlmanTisedAelIkkMBs;

suxPaBmata nigTark ¬GnuvtþedaymCÄmNÐlCatiKaMBarmata nigTark¦. kmµviFIenH epþateTAelIEpñksMxan;²

4 dUcCa GaharUbtßmÖ karBnüarkMeNIt karcak;fñaMbgáar nigCMgWrlakpøÚvdegIðm. kmµviFICati)anebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþal

dl;buKÁlikmNÐlsuxPaB nigbuKÁlikmnÞIreBTü ehIy)ansMrbsMrYldl;karGnuvtþn_kargarkñúgEpñkTaMg4enH.

kmµviFIenH min)anpþl;esvaNamYyedaypÞal; b¤k¾pþl;R)ak;ebovtSr_ dl;buKÁlikEdlmanParkic©EfTaMGñkCMgWenAkñúg

EpñkTaMg4enHeT.

enAkm<úCa hirBaØb,TansuxaPi)ald¾elIslub RtUvFøak;cUleTAkñúgEpñkÉkCnedaymnusSmñak; RtUvcMNay

24duløarGaemrik kñúg 1qñaMeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBenAkñúgEpñkenH. cMNayRbcaMqñaMeTAelIsuxaPi)alsaFarN³

mankMritTab³ fvikaEdlRtUvEbgEckeTA[vis½ysuxaPi)almanEt 1PaKryénplitplkñúgRsuksrubb:ueNÑaH.

enAqñaM2001 raCrdæaPi)al)ancMNay 98>2landuløaGaemrik kñúgenaHCMnYybreTsman 65>3landuløa

Gaemrik. minmankarEbgEckfvikaCaeTogTat;BIfñak;kNþal eTA[fñak;extþ nigfñak;RsukeT. 53PaKry

énfvikasrub sMrab;vis½ysuxaPi)al RtUv)anpþl;CUneTA[mnÞIrsuxaPi)alextþ. ebovtSr_enAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al

129

mankMritTab. enAcenøaHBIqñaM1999 dl;qñaM2001 R)ak;ebovtSr_)anFøak;cuH eFobeTAnwgcMNaysrubelIEpñk

suxPaB. enAqñaM2001 R)ak;ebovtSr_mancMnYnticCag 10PaKryéncMNayEdlCakMritmYyTabCageKbMput

enAkñúgBiPBelak. tamkareRbobeFob enAevotNamEdlCaRbeTsCitxag R)ak;ebovtSr_man 23PaKry

cMENkenAbg;køaedsman 45PaKry ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM2001- HEU nig MAU qñaM2001¦. R)ak;ebovtSr_

enAEtmankMritTab eTaHbICakarTUrTat;éføesvaBIGñkeRbIR)as; nigR)ak;]btßmÖmYycMnYnk¾eday ¬sMrab;karpSBVpSay

B’tman nigskmµPaBepSgeTot¦ sMrab;bEnßmeTAelIR)ak;ebovtSr_suT§elIsBIkMritenHk¾eday. eTaHCay:agNa

k¾eday mankarelIkTwkcitþtictYcsMrab;karbMeBjkargar ehIybuKÁlikCaeRcIn min)anbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜneT.

TnÞwmnwgenH edaysarEtR)ak;ebovtSr_Tab buKÁlikCaeRcIn )anqk;»kasEdleKalneya)ay )anGnuBaØat[

BYkeKGacsMuc,ab;sMrakrhUtdl; 4qñaM edayminTTYlebovtSr_BIrdæedIm,IeFVIkar b¤ebIkGaCIvkmµenAkñúgEpñkÉkCn.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kñúgGMLúgeBlenH muxtMENgrbs;BYkeKRtUvTukTMenr.2

yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTTYlsÁal;fa {karbgáarTb;sáat;PaBRkIRk k¾dUcCakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

BwgEp¥kCasMxan;eTAelIkMENTMrg;RbB½n§TUrTat; nigelIkElgkarbg;éføesva nigkarpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anesva

EfTaMsuxPaBEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;dl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk}. edIm,IsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ RksYg

suxaPi)alRtUvFanafa esvaRtUv)anpþl;CUndl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk rYmTaMgkarEbgEckFnFanCafµIeLIgvij edIm,I[

)aneTAdl;tMbn;PUmisa®sþEdlmanRbCaBlrdæRkIRkeRcIn. yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk )anerobrab;GMBI

skmµPaBBRgIk nigelIkkMBs;kareRbIR)as;esvasuxPaBenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH begáInlT§PaBTTYl)an niglT§PaB

eRbIR)as;esvasMxan;² nigpþl;Bt’manCMruj[mankarcUlrYmkan;EteRcIn nigpþl;siT§iGMNac[dl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk

edIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIs[)anRtwmRtUv.

2 TMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜn - Juliet Fleishi m®nþIbec©keTsrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakqñaM2003.


131

CMBUkTI 6

bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133

6>1 sßanPaB bBaða nig ninñakar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133












133

CMBUkTI 6 ³ bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_


sUcnakr tMél

GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_TUTaMgRbeTs ¬PaKry¦ 2>6

cMnYnGñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ b¤ manCMgWeGds_enAqñaM2002 157/483 nak;

cMnYnnarIEdlpÞúkemeraKeGds_ b¤manCMgWeGds_enAqñaM2002 75/448 nak;

6>1 sßanPaB bBaða nig ninñakar

tamesckþIraykarN_)an[dwgfa enAkmú<uCamankrNIqøgemeraKeGds_¼eGds_dMbUgenAqñaM1991 ehIyGRta

énkarqøgemeraKenH )anekIneLIgya:gelOnkñúgTsvtSr_enaH. tamkar)a:n;sµan GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_enAkm<úCa

mankMritTabKW 8PaKry Edlbgðaj[eXIjfa bBaðaenHTMngCamankarekIneLIg ¬Ep¥ktamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_

mnusSenAkm<úCaqñaM2001¦. enAkm<úCa manGRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_¼eGds_x<s;CageKbMputenAkñ úg

GasIuGaeKñy_ eTaHbICaGRtarIkraldalenH )anfycuHkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAenHk¾eday. karrIkraldal

énemeraKenHPaKeRcIn KWqøgtamry³karrYmePT.

cab;taMgBIqñaM1997 mk GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½yTUTaMgRbeTs)anfycuH

CalMdab; ¬RkahiVk 6>1¦ eBalKW BI 3>3PaKry mkenARtwm 2>6PaKry ¬Ep¥ktamr)aykarN_qñaM2001 rbs;

GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ nigmCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuTænWgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIrEs,k nigkameraK¦. cMnYnGñk

pÞúkemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_)anfycuHBI 210>000nak; enAqñaM1997 mkenARtwm 157/483nak; enAqñaM2002

kñúgenaHmanburs 82>037nak; nignarI 75>448nak; ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. edayELk eKsegáteXIjman

karrIkcMerInya:gxøaMg nUvkarTb;sáat;karqøgemeraKeGds_enAkñúgcMeNamnarIrksIupøÚvePT nigGtifiCnrbs;BYkeK.

RbtibtþikarenH sMerc)aneCaKC½ytamry³kmµviFIbegáInkaryl;dwgGMBIkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y lT§PaB

eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y nigKuNPaBkarpþl;karBüa)alCMgWkameraK karFana[mankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;PaKI

Bak;B½næ ¬]TahrN_ ³ m©as;pÞHbn nignKr)al¦ nigkarRKb;RKgkmµviFIRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBenApÞHbn.

1 RbPB ³ mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIEs,k nigkameraK qñaM2002³ karGegáttamdankarRbRBwtþi ninñakar

BIqñaM1997-2001

134


eTaHbICaGRtaGñkqøgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ mankarfycuH EdlCalT§plénkarfycuHénGRtaGñkqøgfµI

nigedaysarGñkCMgWeGds_mun²)ansøab;)at;eTAk¾eday k¾karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ enAEtKMramkMEhg

cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ Gacmankarvivtþn_

ya:gelOnEdlminGac)a:n;sµan)anCamun ¬UNGASS qñaM2003¦. edayELk narIGacRbQmmuxnwgkarqøgén

emeraKeGds_enAkñúgcMNgTak;TgyUrGEgVgkñúgGaBah_BiBah_ nigeRkAGaBah_BiBah_ ¬UNGASS qñaM2003¦.

CakarcaM)ac;RtUvmanyuT§sa®sþbgáarfµI edIm,IeFVI[ninñakarénkarIkraldalbnþFøak;cuHteTAeTot. CacugeRkayenH

mnusSmYycMnYnFMenAkm<úCa manpÞúkemeraKeGds_ ehIykarBRgIklT§PaBeRbIR)as;esvaEfTaM esvaKaMRT nig

karBüa)alsMrab;burs nignarITaMgenaHKWCatMrUvkarbnÞan;.

RkahVik 6>1³ GRtamnusSeBjv½yqøgemeraKeGds_

RbPB³ mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ esIrEs,k nigkameraK ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦

6>1>1 GRtaqøgfµI)anfycuHenAkñúgcMeNamburs cMENkenAkñúgcMeNamnarIvij

GRtaenHenAefr

cMnYnGñkeTIbqøgemeraKeGds_fµIkñúgmYyqñaM² hak;dUcCamankarfycuH taMgBIqñaM1994 mk kñúgcMeNam

burs nigtaMgBIqñaM1996 mkkñúgcMeNamnarI ¬HSS qñaM2002¦. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k_Tinñn½ysþIBIGñk

EdlqøgfµIenAmankMrit edaysarminmankarGegáttamdanenAkñúgcMeNam bursEdlrYmePTCamYynwgburs

b:uEnþkarGegátRTg;RTaytUcmYyEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGgÁkar suxPaBRKYsarGnþrCati ¬Family Health

International¦ )anbgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ kñúgcMeNambursman 14

PaKry. cMnYnbursEdlkMBugpÞúkemeraKeGds_ RtUv)anFøak;cuHtaMgBIqñaM1997 mk cMENkÉcMnYnnarI Edlqøg

135

emeraKeGds_bnþekIneLIg ehIykMBugEtcab;epþImenAefr ¬RkahiVk 6>2 nig6>3¦. enAkm<úCa RkumEdl

RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;x<s;mandUcCa narIrksIupøÚvePT nigGtifiCnrbs;BYkeK. karGegátGRtaénkar

qøgemeraKeGds_ RbmUl)anBt’manBIRkummYycMnYndUcCa nKr)al eyaFa nignarIrksIupøÚvePT RBmTaMgnarI

EdlTTYlkarEfTaMrkSaKk’.

RkahVik 6>2³ cMnYnnarIEdlqøgemeraKeGds_

RbPB³ karGegáttamdankarqøgemeraKeGds_qñaM2002 ¬HIV sentinel survey, qñaM2002¦

RkahVik 6>3³ cMnYnbursEdlqøgemeraKeGds_


CMBUkTI 6 - bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_

136


edIm,IBnül;GMBIkarrIkcMerInkñúgkarTb;sáat;karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ kñúgry³eBl 10qñaMknøgmkenH

kfax½NÐeRkay²enH epþateTAelInarIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal; nignarImanépÞeBaHEdlTTYlesvaEfrkSaKP’.

6>1>2 GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarIrksIupøÚvePT )anfycuHenAeBlEdl

mankarekIneLIgnUvkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y

enAkm<úCa karcMlgemeraKeGds_BInarIrksIupøÚvePTeTAGtifiCn mansmamaRtx<s;enATsvtSr_qñaM1990.

enAqñaM1998 CitBak;kNþalénnarIrksuIpøÚvePT manpÞúkemeraKeGds_. karFøak;cuHénGRtaqøgEdlKYYr[

kt;sMKal;enaH KWenAkñúgcMeNamnarIrksuIpøÚvePTeBalKW BI 42>6 enAqñaM1998 mkenARtwm 28>8 enAqñaM

2002. karsøab;rbs;GñkCMgWeGds_ GacCaEpñkmYyénkarFøak;cuHGRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_ b¤CMgWeGds_

¬CHDR qñaM2001¦. b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½yTaMgePJóv nignarIrksuIpøÚvePT )anekIneLIgCalMdab;

rhUtCitdl; 90PaKry enAqñaM2002 ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. edayEp¥ktamr)aykarN_EdlTTYl)an

kñúgry³eBl 5qñaMknøgmkenH kmµviFIeRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y )anCMruj[mankarRBmeRBogelIkareRbI

viFIsa®sþkarbgáaremeraKeGds_enAtampÞHbn EdleFVI[mankarekIneLIgya:gelOnnUvkareRbIR)as;

eRsamGnam½y ¬RkahiVk 6>4¦. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k_enAEtmanr)aykarN_EdlKYr[cab;GarmµN¾fa

GtifiCn)anvaydMnarIrksIupøÚvePT EdlTTUcsuM[BYkeKeRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y.

eyIgKYrEtmankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHkarrIkraldalénCMgWeGds_ BIeRBaHfa narIekµg² nignarIrksuIpøÚvePT

fµI²CaeRcIn )ancUleTAkñúg]sSahkmµePT. CakarcaM)ac;RtUvbnþkarGb;rMGMBIkarbgáaremeraKeGds_.

elIsBIenHeTot tRmUvkarkarrksuIpøÚvePTenAeRkApÞHbnenAEtbnþekItman ehIykarP½yxøacqøgemeraKeGds_

k¾kMBugEtrIkraldalxøaMgkøaEdr. kareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgcMeNamnarIrksuIpøÚvePTminpÞal; ¬narIekµg²

EdleFVICaGñkeXasnaRsaebor ¬RsILg;es¦ GñkcMerogxar:aGUex.l. b:uEnþbMerIesvapøÚvePT¦ manRbEhlEt

56PaKryb:ueNÑaH dUecñHCakarcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarGb;rMbEnßmeTot edIm,IbegáInkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½yenAkñúg

RkumTaMgenH ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. bBaðaEdlKYr[RBYy)armÖEdrenaH KWmanr)aykarN_Tak;TgnwgGMeBI

hwgSa nigkarrMelaPrbs;RkumbgFMeTAelInarIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal; nigminpÞal;EdlraraMgdl;kareRbIR)as;eRsam

Gnam½y ¬PSI qñaM2002 nig GAD-C qñaM2003¦.

{xJMúeFVICanarIrksuIpøÚvePTedIm,IciBa©wmRKYsar´. KµanGVIepSgeTotEdl´GaceFIV)anenaHeLIy

ebIBMuenaHeTRKYsarxJúMnwgQWcab;. xJMúmanCMgWeGds_ ehIyGacsøab;muneBlEdlRKYsar

rbs;xJM úGacEfrkSaxøÜnÉg. enHKWCasßanPaBKYr[xøacNas; b:uEnþ´minGaceFVIGVI)an

eLIy>>>´Kitfa enHKWCasßanPaBrbs;GñkRkIRkCaeRcIn}. enHCasMdIrbs;narImñak;Edl

manGayuCag 20qñaM enAkñúgr)aykarN¾sþIBIkarvaytMélPaBRkIRk ¬ADB qñaM2001¦.

137

RkahVik 6>4³ GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_ nigkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgcMeNamnarIrksuIpøÚvePTpÞal;

sMKal;³ BSS mann½yfa karGegáttamdankarRbRBwtþi


6>1>3 GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_ mankarfycuHkñúgcMeNamnarIEdlTTYlesva

EfrkSaKP’

GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarIEdlTTYlesvaEfrkSaKP’ CaBiesskñúgRkumGayu 15-24

qñaM RtUv)ancat;TukfaCakarqøgfµI nigCaclnaénkarrIkraldalcUleTAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTUeTA. mCÄmNÐl

CatiRbyuTænwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIrEs,k nigkameraK ¬qñaM2002¦ )an)a:n;sµaneXIjfa narImanépÞeBaH

RbEhl 45PaKry TTYl)anesvaEfrkSaKP’ ¬ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgtYelxrbs; CDHS qñaM2000

EdlmanEt 38PaKry¦. GRtaénkarqøgemeraKhIuv kúñgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaH EdlTTYl)anesvaEfrkSa

KP’ hak;dUcCaenAefr eBalKW 2>6PaKry ¬sUmemIlRkahiVk 6>5¦.


138


RkahVik 6>5³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarIEdlTTYlkarEfrkSaKP’

RbPB³ mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ esIrEs,k nigkameraKqñaM2002 ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦

GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaH xusEbøgKñaBIextþmYyeTAextþmYyeTot ehIyextþ

EdlenACitRBMEdnRbeTséf ¬RkahiVk 6>6¦ manGRtaénkarqøgx<s;CageKbMput edaysarextþTaMgenaHman

kmµkr nigBlkrEdleFVIeTsnþrRbevsn_ nigRbCaCncl½teRcIn. RbCaBlrdæExµrcMnYn 5mWunnak; eFVIkarenAkñúg

RbeTséfdUcCa kmµkrsMNg; ksikr b¤GñkedIrk)a:l;smuRT ¬GgÁkar PATH )anelIkeLIgBIbBaðaenHkñúg UNGASS

qñaM2003¦. enAextþrtnKirI GRtaénkarqøgk¾mankMritx<s;Edr edaysarEtmanRbCaCncl½tenATIenaH.

RkahiVk 6>6³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgtMbn; kñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaHEdlTTYlkarEfrkSaKP’


139

GRtaénkarqøgkñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaH mankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgRkumGayu 15-19qñaM ¬RkahVik 6>7¦.

RkahVik 6>7³ GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNamnarImanépÞeBaH

6>1>4 pøÚvénkarcMlgemeraKeGds_ kMBugEtmankarpøas;bþÚr

eTaHbICapøÚvénkarcMlgemeraKeGds_ kMBugFøak;cuH b:uEnþ karcMlgBImþayeTAkUn nigkarcMlgBIbþIeTARbBn§

BMu)anFøak;cuHeLIy ehIynarI nigkumarcMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg CaCngayrgeRKaHedaysarkarqøgemeraK

eGds_.

RkahVik 6>8³ pøÚvénkarcMlgemeraKeGds_eTAtameBlevla



140


6>1>5 narIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal; nigminpÞal; enAEtRbQmmuxnwgkarqøgénemeraKeGds_

tamkar)a:n;sµanenAkm<úCa sþIBIcMnYnnarIrksIupøÚvePT mancMnYnxus²Kña b:uEnþtamRbPBrbs; UNDP qñaM

2001 )an)a:n;RbmaNfa mannarIrksIupøÚvePTcMnYn 100>000nak;. narIrksuIpøÚvePTPaKeRcIn RtUveKbgMç

b¤e)akR)as;[Føak;cUleTAkñúgmuxrbrenH. eTaHbICaBMuTan;manTinñn½yCak;Esþg b:uEnþmankarRBYy)armÖfa narI

v½yekµgkan;EteRcIneLIg kMBugFøak;xøÜnRbkbrbrrksIupøÚvePT. edayEp¥kelIlT§plénGegát sþIBIkarRbRBwtþi

¬BSS qñaM2000¦ )anbgðajfa smamaRtd¾FMmYyénburskñúgRkumEdlRbQmmuxnwg eRKaHfñak;x<s; ¬dUcCa

eyaFa nKr)al nigGñkrt;m:UtUDub¦ )aneTArknarIrksIupøÚvePTmþgmáalkúñgCIvitrbs; BYkeK 17-30 PaKry

kñúgqñaMknøgeTA nig 8-20PaKry kñúgExknøgmk.

tamlT§plénkarRsavRCavfµI² ¬PSI qñaM2002¦ k¾)anbgðajpgEdrBIsßanPaBmYycMnYnEdlnaMeTAdl;

karrksIupøÚvePT rYmTaMgTMnak;TMngyUrGEgVgCamYy {sgSar}. TMnak;TMngCasgSar KWEp¥keTAelIkMriténkar

Tukcitþ nigkarRslaj;KñaeTAvijeTAmk edaymankarsnµt;GMBI {TMenomTMlab;erobkarEtRbBn§mYy b¤bþImYy}

rbs;narI nigbursEdlRtUverobkarCamYynwgnrNamñak; ¬PSI qñaM2002¦.

ktþaTaMgenH )anbgá[mankarlM)akcMeBaHnarIrksuIpøÚvePTpÞal; nigminpÞal; kñúgkarcrcaCamYyburs[

eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgeBlrYmePT. yuT§nakareXasnasgÁm hak;dUcCa)anrYmcMENkbegáInkar

eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgcMeNamGtifiCn nignarIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal; nigminpÞal; dUecñHcaM)ac;RtUvxitxM

RbwgERbg[mankarbnþ nigbegáInkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y kñúgcMeNamGtifiCn nignarIrksIupøÚvePTpÞal;

nigminpÞal;.

6>1>6 narIerobkarrYc RbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;eRcIn

narIerobkarrYc RbQmmuxnwgkarqøgénemeraKeGds_kan;EteRcIneLIg ehIyenAkñúgRkumenHehIyEdl

emeraKeGds_ mankarrIkraldaly:agelOn. kareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½ykñúgcMeNamnarIerobkarrYc manEt

1PaKryb:ueNÑaH. eRsamGnam½yBak;B½n§eTAnwgkgVHkarTukcitþ karminesµaHRtg; nigCMgW³ karsuM[bþIeRbI

eRsamGnam½y mann½yfa sgS½yfabþIminesµaHRtg;. karBiPakSaGMBIkarBnüarkMeNItenAkúñgcMeNamnarI

erobkarrYcmankMritTab edaynarIPaKeRcIn)anBiPakSaGMBIkarBnüarkMeNItCamYybþIrbs;xøÜn Etmþg b¤BIrdg

kñúgmYyqñaM b¤Gt;esaH ¬karGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCaqñaM2000¦. karpSBVpSayGMBIkareRbIR)as;

eRsamGnam½yenAmankMrit.

141

6>1>7 TsSn³eynD½rminRtwmRtUv man\T§iBlelIkarRbRBwtþipøÚvePTrbs;burs

TsSn³eynD½rminRtwmRtUvTak;TgnwgsuxPaBpøÚvePT nigkarRbRBwtþpøÚvePT eFVI[emeraKeGds_ kan;Et

rIkraldalxøaMgeLIgenAkm<úCa. sgÁmkm<úCa minGnuBaØat[manskmµPaBrYmePTmuneBlerobkareT ehIy

RBhµcarIy_rbs;narI RtUv)ancat;TukfaCarbs;caM)ac;muneBlerobkar. tMélenAkñúgsgÁmrbs;narIExµr KW

PaBrmüTm karecHsþab;dMbUnµan nigkarminykcitþTukdak;xagpøÚvePT. narIEdl)at;bg;RBhµcarIy_muneBl

erobkar RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa {RsIEdl)at;bg;kitþiys} ehIymanekrþ×eQµaHminl¥. TnÞwmnwgenH bursExµr

mYycMnYncat;TukkareTArknarIrksIupøÚvePT nigkarrYmePTeRkAGaBah_BiBah_ CaEpñkmYyénskmµPaBFmµta

rbs;mnusSRbus ¬GAD-C qñaM2003¦ EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;enAeBlcakecjq¶ayBIpÞH nigCaEpñkmYy

énlkçN³rbs;mnusSRbus. kareTArknarIrksIupøÚvePT tamkarbbYlrbs;mitþPR½kþ mankMritx<s;enAkñúg

cMeNamRkumbursmYycMnYn. kar[niymn½yGMBIePTRbus )anCMruj[mnusSRbusmaneRbobCag manGMNac

nigrYmePTCamYynarIminerIsmuxEdleFVI[narI mankarlM)akkñúgkarcrcaGMBIkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y.

ehtudUecñH edIm,ITb;sáat;karrIkraldalemeraKeGds_[manRbsiT§iPaB GnþraKmn_nana RtUvedaHRsaybBaðaGMBI

niymn½yénPaBCamnusSRbuseBjlkçN³ nigbTdæansgÁmTak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtþipøÚvePTrbs;mnusSRbus.

6>1>8 narI TTYlbnÞúkEfTaM nigKaMRTdl;GñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ nigGñkCMgweGds_

tamFmµta bnÞúkEfTaMkumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_ RtUvFøak;eTAelImþaymIg nigCIdUn edayBYkKat;RtUv

cMNayeBlevla nigFnFanbEnßm CaBiessenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRk. narIerobkarrYcEdlqøgemeraKeGds_BIbþI

ehIyCMgWrbs;bþIxøÜnkMBugvivtþn_eTAPaBF¶n;F¶r RtUvCab;rvl;EtnwgkarEfTaMbþI ehIyTnÞwmnwgenHEdr narITaMgenaH

k¾ecHEtFøak;xøÜnQWF¶n;eTA² edaysarCMgWmankarvivtþn_kñúgsBa’gÁkayrbs;BYkeK. eTaHbICaminmanTinñn½y

sIþBIekµgRsIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa edIm,ImkenAEfTaMsmaCikRKYsarEdlmanCMgWeGds_k¾eday k¾lT§plén

karRsavRCavCaeRcIn)anbgðajfa bBaðaenH)anekItmaneLIgCaTUeTA ¬Bredenburg et al qñaM2003 nig

Velaso qñaM2002¦. RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn minmanlT§PaBTTYlfñaMBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_eT

¬ART-fñaMBnüarkarsøab;¦ b¤sUm,IEtkarBüa)alCMgW[)aneTogTat; k¾KµanEdr. cMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn

karBü)alCMgW»kasniymdUcCa CMgWrlaksYt CMgWraKrUs nigCMgW Toxoplasmosis RtUveFIVeLIgEtenAtampÞH.

CMgWTaMgGs;enH TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;[)anxøaMgkøa nigkarEfTaMCaRbcaMBIsMNak;narI nigekµgRsI

enAkñúgRKYsar.


142


6>1>9 lT§PaBTTYl)ankarBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_enAmankMrit

fñaMBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ GacrkTij)anenAtam»sfsßannana nigBIGñklk;dMuenATIRkugPñMeBj

nigkEnøgepSgeTot edaymincaM)ac;manevC¢bBa¢a. tMélfñaMBnüakarsøab;enH ERbRbYlkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaM

knøgmkenH. bc©úb,nñ tMélfñaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_Edldak;lk;enAtam»sfsßannanakñúgTIRkugPñMeBj )an

ekIneLIgBI 40duløaGaemrik eTA 50duløaGaemrik kñúg1Ex cMENkkarsikSaRsavRCavGMBItMélfñaM EdlRtUv)an

eFIVeLIgkñúgqñaM2002 )anbgðajfa tMélenAelITIpSarsMrab;Büa)alry³eBlmYyExKW 60duløaGaemrik

EdlnwgGaceLIgrhUtdl; 600duløaGaemrik sMrab;fñaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ EdlpSMeLIgedayfñaMbIRbePT

¬Triple Therapy¦ ¬RbB½n§shRbCaCatiqñaM2002¦. tMéld¾x<s;EbbenH Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa

PaKeRcIn. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYn kMBugpþl;fñaM ART dl;GñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ nigGñkCMgWeGds_ Edl

tMrUv[BYkeKbg;R)ak;bnþicbnþÜc b¤min)ac;bg;R)ak; b:uEnþkmµviFIenH minTan;dMeNIrkarTMlMTUlayenAeLIy.

eTaHbICafñaMBüa)alRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ ART manenACnbTk¾eday k¾enAeRkamRbB½n§suxaPi)al

bc©úb,nñ narIBMusUvTTYl)ankarBüa)alenHeT eRBaHfa CaTUeTA narIBMusUvmanlT§PaBTTYl)aneRbIR)as;esva

suxPaBeT. elIsBIenHeTotnarICaeRcIn min)aneTAeFVIetsþQamrkemeraKeGds_eT rhUtdl;dMNak;kal

vivtþn_cugeRkayénCMgW Edlmann½yfa narIGacnwgBMu)anTTYlkarEfTaM nigkarKaMRTRtwmRtUvenAkñúgdMNak;kal

dMbUgénCMgWeT ¬RbB½n§shRbCaCati qñaM2002¦. karRBYy)armÖmYyeTot KWfakareRbIR)as;fñaMRbqaMgnwg

emeraKedGds_ minRtwmRtUvtamkalkMNt; b¤kareRbIR)as;fñaMEkøgkøay GaceFVI[mankarekIneLIgnUvPaB

sMnwgfñaM ¬RbB½n§shRbCaCati qñaM2002¦. narIRkIRkmankMritvb,Fm’Tab Edlrs;enAtMbn;dac;Rsyal

TMngCagayTTYlrgeRKaHbMput .

kareRbIR)as;fñaMbgáaremeraK NWvIra:BIn ¬nevirapine¦ manRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarkat;bnßykarcMlgBImþay

eTAkUn. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday narImanépÞeBaH nignarIqøgTenørYc enAEtmanbBaðaTak;TgnwglT§PaBTTYl

)anfñaM nigesvaBüa)alenH.


enAqñaM1991 raCrdæaPi)al )anbegáIteLIgnUvkmµviFICatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ ehIyeRkaymkenAqñaM1994

KN³kmµaFikarextþ-RkugRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ k¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgpgEdr. knøgeTAfµI²enH raCrdæaPi)al)an

begáIteLIgnUvGaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ ¬NAA¦ nigmCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIrEs,k

nigkameraK ¬NCHADS¦ edIm,Itamdan nigRKb;RKgkarrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_enATUTaMgRbeTs.

GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ KWCasßab½nBhuvis½ymYy EdlmantMNagmkBIRksYgBak;B½n§TaMgGs;cMnYn 26.

143

GaCJaFrenH manParkic©sMrbsMrYlRKb;skmµPaBsMxan;²rbs;RksYgBak;B½n§ erobcMGnusasn_ eKalneya)ay nig

Fana[mankarpøas;bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmknUvBt’man nigpSBVpSayBt’man. GaCJaFr)anxitxMRbwgERbgerobcMyuT§viFI

Bhuvis½y EdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay ]TahrN_³ RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigRksYg

karBarCati manEpnkarCayuT§saRsþsMrab;edaHRsaybBaðaeGds_. RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn k¾kMBugEt

GnuvtþskmµPaBRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ ehIyRksYgsgÁmkic©kargarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta k¾man

Epnkarcab;epþImGnuvtþskmµPaBdUcKñaenHEdr. mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIrEs,k nigkameraK

TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbB½n§BinitütamdansuxPaBRbCaCn nigerobcMEpnkar nigkmµviFIsMrab;bgáaremeraKeGds_¼

CMgWeGds_.

EpnkarCayuT§saRsþqñaM2001-2005 sMrab;bgáar nigEfTaMGñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_¼GñkCMgWeGds_ nigCMgW

kameraK RtÚvkarfvikaRbEhl 6/5landuløaGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlRtUvpþl;CUntamry³vis½ysuxaPi)al edIm,I

KaMRTdl;skmµPaBnana. GñkCMnYyeTVPaKI TIPñak;garBhuPaKI nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYn mankmµviFIbgáar

emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ nigkMBugrg;caMmUlniFibEnßm CaBiess sMrab;karEfTaM nigKaMRT. EpnkarCatisMrab;pþl;

lT§PaBTTYl)ankarEfTaM karKaMRT nigkarBüa)alCaRbB½n§ RtUv)anbegáIteLIg rYmTaMgkarpþl;fñaM ART eday\t

Kitéfø. eTaHbICacMnYnGñkTTYl)ankarBüa)aleday\tKitéfø kMBugEtekIneLIg b:uEnþkarrIkcMerInmantictYcb:ueNÑaH.

RksYgsuxaPi)al edIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;esvaTak;TgnwgkarRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_. enAfñak;extþ-Rkug

mnÞIrsuxaPi)al nigKN³kmµaFikarRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_RbcaMextþ-RkugnimYy² )anerobcMeKalneya)ay RBmTaMg

sMrbsMrYl nigGnuvtþskmµPaBbgáarnana.

edayBinitüeXIjmankarcMNayx<s;eTAelICMgWraMuér:sMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk CaBiessnarI yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßy

PaBRkIRk )ankMNt;nUvGaTiPaB 4 sMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkdUcCa ³

1¦ BRgIkRbB½n§EfTaM[dl;RkumGñkRkIRkbMput edIm,[BYkeKmanlT§PaBTTYl)ankarBüa)alsmRsb

kñúgtMélmYyTab.

2¦ GnuvtþkmµviFIbgáarenAkñúgshKmn_ensaT nigkmµkr¼BlkreTsnþrRbevsn_.

3¦ Fana[mankarebþCJacitþBIGñkneya)aysMxan;² cMeBaHkarbgáaremeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ nigkarEfTaM

GñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_¼GñkCMgWeGds_. nig

4¦ BRgwgkareFVIvimCÄkarfvika nigBRgwgrcnasm<½n§extþ-Rkug nigRsuk-x½NÐ.


131

CMBUkTI 6

bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_

km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133

6>1 sßanPaB bBaða nig ninñakar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133












132


133

CMBUkTI 6 ³ bBaðaeynD½r nig CMgWeGds_


sUcnakr tMél

GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_TUTaMgRbeTs ¬PaKry¦ 2>6

cMnYnGñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ b¤ manCMgWeGds_enAqñaM2002 157/483 nak;

cMnYnnarIEdlpÞúkemeraKeGds_ b¤manCMgWeGds_enAqñaM2002 75/448 nak;

6>1 sßanPaB bBaða nig ninñakar

tamesckþIraykarN_)an[dwgfa enAkmú<uCamankrNIqøgemeraKeGds_¼eGds_dMbUgenAqñaM1991 ehIyGRta

énkarqøgemeraKenH )anekIneLIgya:gelOnkñúgTsvtSr_enaH. tamkar)a:n;sµan GRtaqøgemeraKeGds_enAkm<úCa

mankMritTabKW 8PaKry Edlbgðaj[eXIjfa bBaðaenHTMngCamankarekIneLIg ¬Ep¥ktamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_

mnusSenAkm<úCaqñaM2001¦. enAkm<úCa manGRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_¼eGds_x<s;CageKbMputenAkñ úg

GasIuGaeKñy_ eTaHbICaGRtarIkraldalenH )anfycuHkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAenHk¾eday. karrIkraldal

énemeraKenHPaKeRcIn KWqøgtamry³karrYmePT.

cab;taMgBIqñaM1997 mk GRtaénkarqøgemeraKeGds_kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½yTUTaMgRbeTs)anfycuH

CalMdab; ¬RkahiVk 6>1¦ eBalKW BI 3>3PaKry mkenARtwm 2>6PaKry ¬Ep¥ktamr)aykarN_qñaM2001 rbs;

GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ nigmCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuTænWgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIrEs,k nigkameraK¦. cMnYnGñk

pÞúkemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_)anfycuHBI 210>000nak; enAqñaM1997 mkenARtwm 157/483nak; enAqñaM2002

kñúgenaHmanburs 82>037nak; nignarI 75>448nak; ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. edayELk eKsegáteXIjman

karrIkcMerInya:gxøaMg nUvkarTb;sáat;karqøgemeraKeGds_enAkñúgcMeNamnarIrksIupøÚvePT nigGtifiCnrbs;BYkeK.

RbtibtþikarenH sMerc)aneCaKC½ytamry³kmµviFIbegáInkaryl;dwgGMBIkareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y lT§PaB

eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y nigKuNPaBkarpþl;karBüa)alCMgWkameraK karFana[mankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;PaKI

Bak;B½næ ¬]TahrN_ ³ m©as;pÞHbn nignKr)al¦ nigkarRKb;RKgkmµviFIRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBenApÞHbn.

1 RbPB ³ mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIEs,k nigkameraK qñaM2002³ karGegáttamdankarRbRBwtþi ninñakar

BIqñaM1997-2001

134


eTaHbICaGRtaGñkqøgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ mankarfycuH EdlCalT§plénkarfycuHénGRtaGñkqøgfµI

nigedaysarGñkCMgWeGds_mun²)ansøab;)at;eTAk¾eday k¾karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ enAEtKMramkMEhg

cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa ¬NCHADS qñaM2002¦. karrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ Gacmankarvivtþn_

ya:gelOnEdlminGac)a:n;sµan)anCamun ¬UNGASS qñaM2003¦. edayELk narIGacRbQmmuxnwgkarqøgén

emeraKeGds_enAkñúgcMNgTak;TgyUrGEgVgkñúgGaBah_BiBah_ nigeRkAGaBah_BiBah_ ¬UNGASS qñaM2003¦.

CakarcaM)ac;RtUvmanyuT§sa®sþbgáarfµI edIm,IeFVI[ninñakarénkarIkraldalbnþFøak;cuHteTAeTot. CacugeRkayenH

mnusSmYycMnYnFMenAkm<úCa manpÞúkemeraKeGds_ ehIykarBRgIklT§PaBeRbIR)as;esvaEfTaM esvaKaMRT nig

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