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Page 1: World Bank Documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Sri Lanka Emergency Solid Waste Management Project (ESWMP) 1.1 Introduction and Background

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Page 2: World Bank Documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Sri Lanka Emergency Solid Waste Management Project (ESWMP) 1.1 Introduction and Background

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1 Table of Contents 2 Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................ 5

1 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Sri Lanka Emergency Solid Waste Management Project

(ESWMP) ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Introduction and Background........................................................................................................ 7

1.2 Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints ................................................ 8

1.3 The project objective and description ......................................................................................... 10

1.3.1 The project development objective (PDO) ......................................................................... 10

1.3.2 Project Components ............................................................................................................ 10

1.4 Objective of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) and Action Plan .................. 15

1.5 Due Diligence Principles ............................................................................................................ 16

2 Chapter 2: Introduction to Prevailing Environmental Conditions in Project Area .................. 18

2.1 Brief Description of Salient Features of the Colombo Metropolitan Region ............................. 18

2.1.1 Climate ................................................................................................................................ 18

2.1.2 Topography and Geology .................................................................................................... 18

2.1.3 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................... 18

2.1.4 Forest Cover ........................................................................................................................ 19

2.1.5 Environmental Sensitive/Important Areas already under Legal protection ........................ 19

2.2 Solid Waste Management in Colombo ....................................................................................... 19

3 Chapter 3: Environmental and Social Legislation, Regulatory and Institutional Framework in

Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................................... 21

2.1 Overview of Environmental Legislation ..................................................................................... 21

2.2 Detail Review of Key Environmental and Solid Waste Management Related Legislation ........ 21

3.1 Specific Laws and Regulations with Regard to SWM ................................................................ 30

3.2 Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for the SWM Sector in Sri Lanka ....................... 31

3.3 Environmental Standards Associated to SWM ........................................................................... 32

3.4 Assessment of Roles of Key Institutions Within the Solid Waste Management Sector ............. 33

3.5 Compliance with World Bank Operational Policies ................................................................... 37

3.5.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies .......................................................................................... 37

3.5.2 Compliance with OP 4.01 Annex C Environmental Action Plans (or Environmental

Management Plans) ............................................................................................................................ 39

3.6 Adequacy of GOSL Environmental Clearances ......................................................................... 40

3.6.1 WB ESH Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 41

4 Chapter 4: Generic Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts ...................................... 43

4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 43

4.2 Component Specific Environmental Impacts .............................................................................. 43

4.2.1 Component-1 ....................................................................................................................... 44

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4.2.2 Component-2 ....................................................................................................................... 46

4.2.3 Component-3 ....................................................................................................................... 46

4.3 Presentation of Generic Impacts Associated with project Interventions ..................................... 46

4.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts ................................................................................................ 46

4.3.2 Key Impacts Associated with the Operation of Solid Waste Management Facilities, Waste

Sorting Facilities, Transfer Station and Composing Plants. ............................................................... 48

5 Chapter 5: Environmental and Social Management Framework ............................................... 53

5.1 Environmental Screening of Identified Physical Subprojects ..................................................... 53

5.1.1 Screening Method ............................................................................................................... 53

5.2 Environmental Safeguard Assessments, Management and Monitoring Instruments .................. 55

5.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE) ....... 55

5.2.2 Site Contamination Audits .................................................................................................. 55

5.2.3 Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) ........................................................................ 57

5.2.4 Compliance Monitoring and Reporting .............................................................................. 58

5.2.5 Environmental Monitoring During Construction and Operation of SWM Facilities .......... 59

5.2.6 Requirements for Operational Monitoring of SWM Facilities, Sanitary Landfills and Post

Closure Environmental Monitoring of Closed Open Dumpsite and Closed Sanitary Landfill Facilities

60

5.2.7 Precautionary Procedure for Management of Chance Found Physical Cultural Resources 60

5.2.8 Project Level Environment Audit ....................................................................................... 61

5.2.9 Information Disclosure ....................................................................................................... 62

5.2.10 Grievance Redressal Mechanism ........................................................................................ 62

5.2.11 Consultation Plan ................................................................................................................ 62

5.2.12 Diagrammatic representation of Sequencing Environmental Management Steps .............. 63

5.3 Sequence and Action Plan of Safeguards instruments for subprojects to be financed under the

project. .................................................................................................................................................... 63

5.3.1 Timeframe for planning and carrying out safeguards assessment ...................................... 63

5.3.2 Project Components, Environmental Safeguards Requirements and Timeline for Planning

and Preparation ................................................................................................................................... 65

5.4 Clearance Procedures with IDA .................................................................................................. 68

5.5 Safeguards Training .................................................................................................................... 68

6 Chapter 6: Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of the Project ............................... 70

6.1 Overall Project Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................ 70

6.2 Institutional Arrangement for Implementation of the EAMF ..................................................... 72

6.3 The Roles and Responsibilities of IDA ....................................................................................... 75

6.4 Rough Cost Estimates of Safeguards Instruments ...................................................................... 75

7 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................. 77

7.1 Annex-1: Map Showing Locations of Key Project Sites ............................................................ 78

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7.2 Annex 2: Suggested Format for Environmental Screening Form ............................................... 79

7.3 Annex-3: Policy Framework: Environmental Assessment and Impact Mitigation .................... 87

7.4 Annex 4 : Basic Information Questionnaire for the CEA ........................................................... 93

7.5 Annex 5: Guidelines for Conducting Site Contamination Audits (SCAs) .................................. 96

7.6 Annex-6: Format for Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) ................. 100

7.7 Annex-7: Guidelines for Environmental Closure of Small Open Dump Sites (Less than 10 feet in

height and 500m in surface spread area) .............................................................................................. 103

7.8 Annex 8: Generic EMP for Environmental Closure of Large to Medium Open Dump Facilities

Using Capping System ......................................................................................................................... 107

7.9 Annex 9: Generic EMP for Construction and Operation of Composting/Organic Waste

Processing Facilities. ............................................................................................................................ 118

7.10 Annex 10: Generic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Construction of Ancillary

Facilities as New Infrastructure and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Infrastructure. ............................... 142

7.11 Annex 11: Guidance Note on Selecting Mitigation Measures to be Included in the Environmental

Management Plan for Construction Projects in Sri Lanka ................................................................... 172

7.12 Annex 12: Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Burrow Pits .................................................... 181

7.13 Annex 13: Environmental Guidelines for Decommissioning and Demolition of Existing

Buildings ............................................................................................................................................... 183

7.14 Annex 14: Guidelines for Health and Safety of Workers, Communities and Visitors ............. 186

7.15 Annex 15: Chance find procedure for Physical Cultural Resources ......................................... 188

7.16 Annex-16: Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines ......................................................... 189

7.17 Annex 17: Special Monitoring Checklist for Ensuring Safe Conditions for Workers and Public.

221

7.18 Annex-18: Environmental and Social Monitoring Checklist for Project Activities as per EMPs

223

7.19 Annex 19: Generic Monitoring Plan for Environmental Parameters for Construction Phase of

Subprojects ........................................................................................................................................... 224

7.20 Annex 20: Requirements for Post Closure Environmental Monitoring of Environmentally Closed

Open Dump Sites .................................................................................................................................. 228

7.21 Annex 21: Guiding Principles for Development of Operational and Post Closure Environmental

Monitoring and Recording Plans for Sanitary Landfill Operations ...................................................... 231

7.22 Annex 22: Terms of Reference for Recruitment of Contractor Environmental Safeguard Officer

238

7.23 Annex 23: Terms of Reference for the Project Level Environmental Audit ............................ 239

7.24 Annex 24: Generic Session Plan for Project Implementation Agency Staff Training on EMF and

Environmental Safeguard Instrument Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting. ............................ 241

7.25 Annex 25: Example of Disclosure Advertisement for Safeguards Instrument ......................... 244

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2 Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIIB Asian Infrastructure Development Bank

BP Bank Policy

CCD Coast Conservation Department

CEA Central Environmental Authority

CMC Colombo Municipal Council

DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation

EA Environment Assessment

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

EMF Environmental Management Framework

EMP Environment Management Plan

ESSC Environmental Specialist and Safeguards Coordinator

EO Environmental Officer

ESWMP Emergency Solid Waste Management Project

FD Forest Department

FFPO Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GoSL Government of Sri Lanka

GPS Geographical Positioning System

GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

IA Implementing Agency

IDA International Development Association

IEE Initial Environment Evaluation

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KWP Kerawalapitiya Waste Park

LA Local Authority

LG Local Government

MoEMD Ministry of Environment and Mahaweli Development

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MPCLG Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoMPWD Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development

MCUDP Metro Colombo Urban Development Project

NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board

NEA National Environmental Act

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NWPEA North Western Provincial Environmental Authority

OP Operational Policy

PAP Project Affected Person

PDO Project Development Objective

PMU Project Management Unit

SCA Site Contamination Audit

SCDP Strategic Cities Development Project

SLLRDC Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation

SLR Sri Lanka Railways

SWM Solid Waste Management

WMA Waste Management Authority

UDA Urban Development Project

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1 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Sri Lanka Emergency Solid Waste

Management Project (ESWMP)

1.1 Introduction and Background

Disposal of municipal solid waste has become a national issue in Sri Lanka. The rapid growth of

urbanization leads to large quantities of solid wastes generated without proper management and sustainable

waste disposal measures. Open dumping remains the most common disposal measure in the country. There

are about 250 operational open dump sites around the country, among which 25 are in the Western Province.

Based on international experience, open dumping is not an appropriate and sustainable waste treatment

practice, which could cause contamination of soil and groundwater, threatening human health directly and

indirectly.

Based on government data, the whole country generates 6,000-7,000 tons of solid waste every day, and

more than 50% is generated in the Western Province. Within the Western Province, around 60% of the solid

wastes are generated by Colombo District (2000-2100 tpd1), followed by Gampaha District (900-1000 tpd),

and Kalutara District (350-400 tpd). While the overall waste collection rates are low in Sri Lanka, waste

collection efficiency in the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) area is relatively high at approximately

75%. However, the collection rate in the Colombo and Gampaha Districts averages about 54%. Waste

collection is door-to-door, curbside, and through few communal collection areas. The importance of waste

segregation at source, waste reduction and composting is well recognized and practiced, and efforts to stop

illegal dumping and waste separation at source have been made intermittently with mixed results. These

efforts have been intensified recently, with the CMC not collecting unsegregated waste. A limited amount

of sorting is done by the CMC to recover recyclable material for sale to waste traders. Collection is

privatized in all but three of the 47 wards.

Since current disposal is mostly open dumping, sector costs relate mainly to collection and transportation

activities. The sector is financed through a combination of general municipal revenue (property tax), waste

fees levied on the construction sector, and a central transfer (for salaries). The general population

(households) does not pay for waste services. The waste fee on businesses is not volumetric.

Responsibility for SWM is fractured. LGs under the purview of Provincial Councils, have the statutory

responsibility for provision of municipal services, including solid waste management, within their

jurisdictions, except for water supply and wastewater services2. Yet multiple authorities and agencies are

involved in facilitation and implementation of SWM investments and services including, (i) the Waste

Management Authority of the Western Provincial Council, develops high-level sectorial plans, operates

some facilities, including a 500 tpd controlled dumpsite at Karadiyana in the Gampaha District, which

levies a tipping fee; (ii) the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC) has

established the Kerawalapitya Waste Park, and is developing a 500 tpd composting facility; (iii) the

Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development (MOMPWD) has the mandate to implementation of large

capital investments, including solid waste management; (iv) the Ministry, Ministry of Provincial Councils

and Local Government (MPCLG) works with Provincial Councils to set policies, provide funds and support

to improve SWM in the Provinces; and (v) the Central Environmental Agency (CEA) set up and operates

the Dompe sanitary landfill.

1 tpd stands for tons per day. 2 The National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) is responsible for water supply and wastewater services in urban centers nationwide.

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There is a Regulatory Framework for Solid Waste Management. The SWM sector in the Western Province

is governed by the National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000, the National Solid Waste

Management Policy (2007). The Western Provincial Government has established the only Waste

Management Authority (WMA) in the country. The legal framework for SWM in the Western Province

Strategy (2020) embraces two key principles of 3R (reduce, reuse recycle), and ‘polluter pays’. The WMA

has developed sectorial plans for SWM for LGs to follow. However, LGs are unable to comply due to the

lack of long-term planning, weak management and finances. Plan implementation is coordinated by the

MOMPWD, MPCLG, and the Central Environmental Agency. Even though the legal and strategic

framework in place establishes the waste hierarchy and polluter pays principles, they are not followed.

There is no household tariff or other incentives, e.g., regulations, fiscal or economic means, to minimize

waste generation. There are no plans to introduce a waste tariff, and there is no integrated approach to solid

waste management, which is exacerbated of the multiple agencies involved.

After the waste landslide occurred at the Meethotamulla dump site in Colombo on April 14, 2017, GoSL

prioritized the waste agenda to find long-term sustainable solutions for waste disposal. The incident claimed

the lives of 32 people, left 8 people missing, and destroyed 79 homes, affecting lives of 264 families. The

Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development (MOMPWD) has been assigned to take responsibilities

of the emergency response after the above-mentioned incident, including the safely closure of collapsed

dump site, interim solution of the temporary waste diversion and disposal, and establishment of the

integrated solid waste management system for Colombo and Gampaha Districts, from the collection at

source to final deposal. The MPCLG has been assigned to establish the National Waste Management

Authority, which will be responsible for the nationwide waste management going forward through

MPCLG’s administrations to the provincial LGs.

Short-term Measures for Waste Disposal. After the collapse of the Colombo dumpsite, diversion of waste

to other existing dumpsites was considered, but ruled out due to community resistance to accept waste from

outside. Three short-term actions are planned to stop dumping waste in the sensitive wetlands in the shortest

possible, to limit the environmental damage that is taking place. Faced with no choice, the MOMPWD

allowed CMC to dump its non-biodegradable waste on the land adjacent to SLLRDC compost plant site as

a temporary measure, and the divert biodegradable waste to the Kerawalapitiya Waste Park compost plant,

as a temporary emergency measure, until permanent solutions are found, and to divert. GoSL recognizes

the consequences of this decision, with regard to the environmental damage taking place to the sensitive

wetlands, and has commenced several short-term and long-term actions to dispose solid wastes, which are

(i) a controlled landfill, with a mobile leachate treatment plant, with adequate capacity for about two years,

will be constructed at Kerawalapitiya Waste Park in approximately six months, and closed after the landfill

and rail connectivity are ready; and (ii) GoSL will make best efforts to have the first cell of the sanitary

landfill completed in about one year, and commence transport of waste by road to Aruwakkalu, until the

transfer station and rail infrastructure (locomotives, wagons, and containers) is ready. For this temporary

waste transport, a transfer station will be constructed at Kerawalapitiya Waste Park, and transportation will

be done using transport contractors, if feasible.

1.2 Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints

Collapse of the Meethotamulla Dumpsite. On April 14, 2017, a landslide of waste at the Meethotamulla

dumpsite occurred, after several days of heavy rain, which led to its collapse onto the adjacent community.

The collapse ultimately resulted in the death of over 30 people and directly affected 264 families. The

incident generated much anger, public outcry, and revived debate over the practice of open dumping of

waste, particularly in areas close to human settlements.

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History and Current Status of Meethotamulla Dumpsite. The Meethotamulla dumpsite is located in the

middle of a residential area of Colombo, in close proximity to houses and settlements. Since the mid-1990s

and until April 2017, the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) and one other Local Authority (LA) in the

MCR had used the Meethotamulla dumpsite to dispose of approximately 750 tonnes of waste daily, with

little environmental protection. The dumpsite is large, contains about 1.2 million cubic meters of dumped

waste over 20 acres, without an underlying barrier, leachate capture, landfill gas extraction, cover and

compaction. After more than two decades in operation, the dumpsite had far exceeded its capacity and the

waste pile was dangerously high, at 43 meters with steep slopes. The dumpsite had many risks, including:

stability, fire, biological and chemical contamination, and health and safety. The resulting contamination

continues to affect nearby surface water bodies and the surrounding soil. Health and safety risks were

associated with the presence of waste (gas, odors, etc.) as well as lack of safety equipment for informal

waste pickers. Following the April 2017 slope failure, there was an immediate need to stabilize the

Meethotamulla dumpsite to prevent additional waste landslides, which presented critical risks to the

population living in the immediate proximity of the site. The GoSL requested the World Bank to provide

emergency technical support with the stabilization and closure of the site, as well as with the overall

management of the waste stream.

Emergency Diversion of Waste. Overnight, the LAs that used Meethotamulla as their primary solid waste

disposal facility had no place to dispose their daily 750 tonnes of collected waste. The first alternative was

to temporarily divert waste to other existing dumpsites sites while a permanent solution was identified and

implemented. However, consultation with local communities resulted in strong citizen opposition, and

residents living near the open dumpsites forcefully prevented the disposal of waste from CMC. As all other

options were exhausted the GoSL decided to divert waste to the Karadiyana controlled dumpsite, the

Dompe pilot sanitary landfill, and Kerawalapitiya Waste Park (KWP). The Dompe pilot sanitary landfill

and Karadiyana dumpsite were able to take a small quantity of the waste. Hence, most of the waste was

diverted to KWP located 15 km north of Colombo on 28 acres of land close to the Muthurajawela wetlands,

and owned by the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC). A composting

facility was set up at KWP to process the separated biodegradable waste and the residual waste is being

disposed at the KWP and Dompe pilot sanitary landfill. Bank technical experts recommended, and GoSL

agreed, the construction of a temporary engineered disposal cell at KWP, with leachate treatment, to

mitigate potential environmental impacts at KWP on the sensitive wetlands. Residual waste accumulated

in the Kerawalapitiya Interim landfill platform site will be transported via vehicle to be disposed at the

Aruwakkalu Sanitary Landfill as soon as the first cell is completed. The transport will be conducted inline

with the operational Environmental

The Meethotamulla emergency catalyzed a strong, multi-agency effort to improve solid waste

management operations from generation to disposal. Insufficient waste disposal capacity at the only two

available sites in the MCR prompted the GoSL to promote a reduction of the volume of waste to be disposed

daily. A widespread campaign for waste segregation in MCR is being led by the national government in

association with local authorities, focusing on messaging that improperly segregated waste would not be

collected from residential or commercial premises.

Prevention of Further Disasters. The emergency waste management actions put in place by the GoSL

following the Meethotamulla collapse could have unintended consequences if collection and disposal do

not continue to be managed in a safe manner. Sri Lanka is particularly vulnerable to dengue epidemics

every year during the wet season. The risk of a dengue outbreak, for instance, is likely to be exacerbated

with interruption of waste collection, if waste is allowed to accumulate in neighborhoods or is illegally

dumped without safety precautions. There is also a risk that some of the existing dumpsites around the

region are increasingly used to illegally dispose of waste, increasing the risks of further human health

exposure and environmental degradation.

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Request for World Bank Technical Support. In April 2017, responding to an urgent GoSL request to

address the immediate emergency (the failure of the dumpsite and the lack of an alternate environmentally

adequate solid waste disposal facility), the Bank mobilized several technical and financial experts to assess

the damage and propose remedial actions for the Meethotamulla dumpsite. Experts provided technical

recommendations to address the following: (i) stabilization of the Meethotamulla dumpsite and prevention

of further collapses; (ii) emergency waste diversion strategy; and (iii) potential alternatives for permanent

disposal of solid waste in the MCR. While the Bank agreed with the GoSL on the urgent need to put in

place an adequate waste disposal facility, it also stressed the need to address the sector challenges for long-

term solutions, including legal, institutional, technical, financial, environmental, and behavioral aspects of

citizens that will ensure an integrated and sustainable solution.

Rationale for World Bank Assistance. The collapse of the Meethotamulla dumpsite highlighted the need

to take immediate action to safely manage waste, thereby preventing further environmental and human

health disasters. The GoSL declared sustainable management of solid waste a top national priority

including: (i) the stabilization and closure of existing dumpsites; (ii) the establishment of an adequate

sanitary landfill for the MCR; and (iii) the establishment of a governance structure (including financial

mechanisms) for the solid waste management sector. The GoSL requested assistance from the Bank to

address this priority. Having been involved for years in local service provision in Sri Lanka , specifically

in the solid waste management sector, and with deep knowledge of the challenges and opportunities, the

World Bank is well positioned to support the GoSL during this emergency. Moreover, the Bank’s

involvement at this stage, given the current strong GoSL support for an immediate solution for the sector,

will be critical for the long-term development of an integrated solid waste management sector. With the

World Bank’s support, it is likely that the sector challenges are approached in an integrated manner, and

that the focus will be not only on short-term solutions to the most visible issues, but also on enhancing the

governance of the sector to establishment of an effective and sustainable solid waste management system.

1.3 The project objective and description

1.3.1 The project development objective (PDO)

The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to address the solid waste emergency in the Metro Colombo

Area, and to build capacity for an integrated solid waste management system in Sri Lanka.

1.3.2 Project Components

Component 1: Emergency Response

1.1 – Safe Closure of Meethotamulla Dumpsite. The objective of this subcomponent is to eliminate or

reduce the remaining risks identified at the recently collapsed dumpsite. Remaining risks include (i) stability

risk, (ii) risk of fire, (iii) risk of biological and chemical contamination from leachate, and (iv) other health

and safety risks associated with the presence of waste (gas, odors, etc.). Risk elimination and reduction is

achieved by applying international standards for landfill closure3, by placing a closure cap system on the

compacted and regraded waste deposit. This approach, also called in-place reclamation, allows for

vegetation growth and may support post-closure passive end-use activities such as parks or recreation area

(further addressed by sub-component 2.2). Closure works consist of regrading and compacting 150,000 m3

of waste over a total of 1.1 million m3, to achieve the desired profile, and placing the final cover layer over

3 Roadmap for closing Waste Dumpsites -International Solid Waste Association - 2017

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a surface of 16 acres. Provision for leachate and landfill gas management is also included. This activity

does not involve any population resettlement.

1.2 Waste Diversion. This sub-component aims to develop emergency interim waste processing and

disposal capacity at Kerawalapitiya Waste Park (KWP), until the new landfill is constructed at Aruwakkalu.

The project will finance the construction of a two-year capacity landfill meeting minimum engineering

standards, equating to a volume of nearly 700,000 m3 of mixed waste. Since the site is located in a sensitive

environment (wetlands and potential visibility from main expressway), the total height of the waste deposit

is limited to 10 meters above ground, over a surface of 15 acres. Design is based on the construction of a

cell with a sheet pile curtain and a bentonite membrane at the base. The waste collected in this cell will be

residual waste and will be environmentally closed on site as soon as the first landfill cell in Aruwakkalu

has been completed.

Since the new facility is located in a wetlands area that is periodically inundated by seasonal rains, the need

to prevent contamination was identified as a major concern. The project includes procurement of a Mobile

Leachate Treatment Plant (MLTP), equipped with membrane filtration technology to treat leachate from

the landfill, and from the composting plant. This state-of-the-art unit may be relocated to other sites

including the new Aruwakkalu landfill or Kelaniya transfer station in the future.

This facility will also include with a composting platform for biodegradable waste, which is currently

collected separately in CMC. The capacity of the plant will be 300 tpd of biodegradable waste and will

consist of a 15-acre platform for aerobic windrow composting. The project will finance equipment required

for operating the site, comprising one windrow turner, equipment and dump trucks.

1.3 Rehabilitation of Karadiyana controlled dumpsite

The project includes support for rehabilitation and closure of the Karadiyana dumpsite. The project includes

a technical and environmental evaluation, followed by a rehabilitation program definition and

corresponding works. The program will primarily address immediate risks such as stability and surface

water contamination by leachate. The project will finance the rehabilitation works and closure of the

dumpsite.

1.4 Improvement of operations at Dompe landfill

Waste diversion activities seek full mobilization of existing waste treatment capacity. In this perspective,

the Dompe Landfill, a fully-fledged engineered facility commissioned in 2014 with financial assistance

from the Korean International Development Agency (KOICA), will be equipped with a 40-ton landfill

compactor. This equipment will improve compaction to increase capacity and effectively divert 50 tpd of

mixed waste until the new landfill is commissioned. The project will finance the purchase of 40-ton landfill

compactor, and other equipment necessary to improve operations.

1.5. Sanitary landfill at Aruwakkalu including two intermodal transfer stations

This subcomponent intends to provide long term waste treatment solutions by supporting the construction

of two intermodal transfer facilities in Kelaniya and Aruwakkalu, and a sanitary landfill. Both sites were

earmarked for the construction of truck-to-train and train-to-truck transfer, with a 1,200 tpd capacity and

7,900 yearly operating hours. In Kelaniya, the loading facility is composed of several elements: (i) tipping

floor and waste compressors, (ii) a platform for loading and unloading containers and (iii) dedicated railway

spurs and, (iv) an administration building. The facility will operate according to the following functional

sequence:

• Weighing of incoming waste collection vehicles;

• Emptying of vehicles on tipping floor;

• Compaction of waste into 20-foot container boxes by three compressors;

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• Unload empty containers from railway carriages by two bridge cranes;

• Load full container boxes onto railway carriages;

Dispatch train to Aruwakkalu.

At Aruwakkalu, the transfer station will be located 1/2 mile from the new landfill. Design capacity is similar

to Kelaniya and comprises the following elements (i) a platform for unloading full containers and loading

empty ones, (ii) a washing bay and (iii) a dedicated railway spur and (iv) administration building. Site

operation involves the following functional sequence:

• Unload full containers from train to trailers;

• Transport containers to landfill and empty container;

• Wash empty containers at washing bay;

• Reload empty clean containers on railway carriages;

• Dispatch train to Kelaniya for next loop.

Advanced Landfilling: The sub-component will also support the construction of a waste disposal facility

based on advanced landfilling techniques. The site is located 170 km North of Colombo city. The site is a

reclaimed limestone quarry, serving the cement plant, both owned and operated by Siam City Cement

Public Company Limited (INSEE). The design incorporates state-of-the-art detailing provisions for ground

and surface water protection as well as proper coordination with mining activities. The landfill will be

developed over a total footprint of 257,000 m2, of which 197,500 m2 will be used for waste storage. The

total capacity is 4,700,000 m3, leading to a lifespan of 11 years. The project will finance the construction

of the first cell to rapidly provide 2,700,000 m3 storage capacity over a total footprint of 185,000 m2. The

corresponding lifespan is calculated to be approximately 6 years. The landfill will also be equipped with a

leachate treatment plant of 200 m3 per day treatment capacity. Potential for future expansion of the landfill

exists, as mining activities progress.

1.6. Railway rolling stock and waste haulage equipment for intermodal transfer of waste to

Aruwakkalu

Rolling stock for transport of waste is funded by the project and consists of diesel locomotives and 28# flat

cars designed for intermodal applications. Each car can carry two 20-foot ISO containers corresponding to

a 40 ton payload. Rolling stock will be entirely managed by Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) under a separate

arrangement. A total of 120# 20-foot ISO containers will also be acquired as part of this sub-component.

The containers will be designed and reinforced to prevent deformation and ensure durability in respect of

the extremely demanding operating conditions. The maximum payload for each box is 20 tons.

1.7. Vehicles and haulage equipment to CMC to transport waste to Aruwakkalu until rail

connectivity is operational

Immediately after the commissioning of the first cell at Aruwakkalu landfill, mixed waste will no longer be

treated at Kerawalapitiya Waste Park, and will be transferred to the new facility by road. Since railway

transfer infrastructures will still be under construction, waste will be hauled in trucks. For this operation, a

fleet of 40# hook lift trucks equipped with hook lift hoists, and 40 hook lift containers of 30 m3 capacity,

will be purchased.

1.8. Construction Supervision Consultant

A provision for works supervision costs is included. This consultant will be financed by the GoSL. The

amount was estimated to be USD 4.0 million equivalent to 3% of the total value of works.

Component 2 – SWM Service and Operations Improvement

2.1 Waste collection, sorting, transport and processing for CMC

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The project intends to bring collection rate from the current average of 60% in the project area, up to 78%.

In the same perspective, composting and material recovery are respectively expected to go up from 20% to

40% and 3% to 7% of the waste collected, respectively. To attain these goals, collection equipment will be

deployed within the project area, to progressively increase collection rate and collection efficiency. Support

for separating, processing and recycling will be provided by constructing new small scale recovery facilities

at the local level, along with machinery and equipment required for processing and transport of recyclables.

Design of the new small scale facilities will be based on the existing sorting centers currently operating in

CMC.

The project will finance procurement of vehicles and equipment CMC for collection, transportation,

inspections, public awareness, comprising: household waste bins, 8 m3 and 12 m3 compactors; loaders, 10-

wheel tipper trucks, 3.5 m3 tipper trucks, inspection vehicles, baling machines for waste sorting centers,

equipment for public awareness campaigns.

2.2. Waste collection vehicles and processing facilities for nine SWM clusters in the Provinces, and

Metro Colombo LAs. The project will support waste minimization, collection and processing in SWM

clusters in the nine Provinces. Funds will be provided for the purchase of 100# tractor-trailers (with

compartments), and buildings for nine compost plants to be set up in the SWM clusters, and 35# 5m3

collection vehicles for 5 Metro Colombo LAs (Kelaniya, Kolonnawa, Kaduwela, Wattala and Peliyagoda).

The MPCLG has commenced procurement of the compost plant equipment under separate arrangements,

2.3. Bloemendhal dump site Closure including waste reduction. Bloemendhal dump site is no longer in

operation, but was identified as presenting potential risks of slope stability, ground and surface water

contamination, and atmospheric pollution. The situation is rendered more critical by the presence of a large

number of illegal settlers in the immediate vicinity. The objective of the subcomponent is to: (i) eliminate

or mitigate the risks associated with the site; and, (ii) develop a reclamation plan, in collaboration with

UDA, optimizing the re-use of reclaimed areas through a mixed development. This activity could benefit

from the proximity of the Harbour Rail Line, to remove and transport all or part of the waste to the new

Aruwakkalu landfill. The Project will finance all activities necessary to complete the reclamation i.e.

preliminary investigations, engineering design, social management and reclamation works. Other activities

of site planning and development for commercial or industrial redevelopment will not be financed under

this sub component The quantity of waste at Bloemendhal was calculated to be in excess of 700,000 m3

over a footprint of 13 acres.

2.4. Development of urban park on reclaimed land at Meethotamulla dumpsite. Following the closure of

the Meethotamulla dumpsite, a surface area of 16 acres will be available for redevelopment as park and

recreation area. This sub-component intends to further enhance the environmental and social performance

of the reclamation works by ensuring a strong buy-in from all key stakeholders. The Project will finance

rehabilitation works as well as a set of activities specifically designed to foster positive and appropriate

engagement of stakeholders for the proposed redevelopment, as well as direct involvement of local

communities and affected parties in site equipment and maintenance. More specifically, activities will seek

to (i) map stakeholders, (ii) initiate discussion of proposals, (iii) implement proposals, (iv) define

complementary activities such as training, equipment installation including minor works as well as site

maintenance.

Component 3 – Solid Waste Management Institutional Development

3.1 Comprehensive review of SWM sector, consultations and consensus building for sector reform

The component will finance the updating and strengthening the National Strategy for Solid Waste

Management (NSSWM) which was drafted as part of the National ‘Pilisaru’ Solid Waste Management

Project such as the GoSL’s Pilisaru Program. While most efforts have focused on the development medium

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and small scale facilities at the local level, the proposed instruments would focus on: (i) improved

diagnostics of SWM system nationwide; (ii) encourage regional integration of collection, transport, and

disposal systems; (iii) institutional modernization through the transfer of service provision to

professionalized operators via a series of stakeholders consultations; and (d) the promotion of waste

minimization and value recovery activities.

3.2. Support to SWM Institutions. The current institutional framework is built on the principle of separate

roles between the Central Government responsible for sector policy, regulation, and control through the

Central Environmental Authority, and LAs are responsible for the provision of public services with the

support of the National Solid Waste Management Support Center in the Ministry of Provincial Councils

and Local Government. This component would finance the establishment of an overarching entity providing

operational support in the objective of conducting necessary sectoral reforms for the implementation of the

National strategy for Solid Waste Management and participate in the development of an inter-agency

institutional structure for strategy, policy, planning and implementation of solid waste management, and

environmental controls. Following the recommendations of the SWM sector Study (3.1 above), the sub-

component will finance: consultant services support for (i) realigning institutional responsibilities;

developing sector specific standards, regulations and expertise; (ii) developing an information

communications technology performance management system with reporting mechanism; (iii) the

developing public education and enforcement programs, and (iv) building capacity of the newly formed

national agency regarding, inter alia, sectoral reforms, advanced technologies, private sector involvement,

sector financing and environmental monitoring.

3.3. Planning and Capacity Building in Local Authorities

The purpose of this subcomponent is to provide Local Authorities with tools for planning and

operationalizing the SWM strategies at the local and regional level. Activities focus on planning tools, and

practical use of these tools in municipal settings. Capacity building will describe the most adapted SWM

strategies, emphasizing the need for sustainable use of resources, seeking waste reduction, reuse and

recycling opportunities both at every level, while securing adequate resources through the development of

fiscal tools. Activities will seek participation of a wide range of stakeholders from municipal officials to

individuals, and take the form of workshops, formal training as well as on-the-job training. A series of site

visits will also be organized to provide concrete feed-back on similar activities.

3.4. Support to GoSL to engage private sector and job creation initiatives in SWM

Private sector participation is one of the main areas that the Government wants to strengthen. This sub

component will focus on identifying the critical factors for viable private sector and create enabling

conditions for the development of private initiatives seeking to capture the economies of scale and improved

efficiency associated with private operations and transfer the associated benefits to final users. Activities

include: (i) specifying technical and commercial norms for the management of solid waste services through

the use of specialized operators, modem management practices, and a full cost recovery tariff model; (ii)

finalizing and implement a comprehensive tariff model for the waste sector, with the objective to ensure

financial viability of the service leading to explicit incentives for waste reduction; (iii) facilitating pre-

feasibility studies for incorporating the private sector specifically disaggregating and calculating costs for

collection, transport and disposal functions in order to identify; (iv) encouraging the consolidation of service

provision by coordinating with large cities and LAs to create larger scale business opportunities where

probability of having both supply and demand relatively close will decrease transportation costs, and thus

increase its viability.

3.5. Audit of existing dumpsites nationwide and development of guidelines

This subcomponent intends to establish a national inventory of dumpsites in order to identify the risks

associated with each site and further develop a national closure and reclamation strategy, targeting dumps

the highest risk rating. Activities consist of collecting comprehensive baseline data for all identified

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dumpsites involving (i) topographical survey, (ii) landfill gas emissions, (iii) groundwater levels (iv) water

balance and, (v) slope stability. Information will be collated and made available to the public under the

form of GIS based maps and databases. The second activity consists of developing a national strategy and

guidelines for the management, closure and reclamation of dumpsites, including technical, environmental

and social guidelines to support implementation.

Component 4 – Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation.

4.1. Public Awareness and Citizen Engagement Programs.

This subcomponent will finance a well-planned and professionally implemented communication program

aimed at ensuring that project opportunities are well understood by the various stakeholders and that there

is enough support at all levels for the sectoral reforms to be smoothly carried through. The component will:

(a) support the implementation of Citizen Engagement mechanisms, which will include the concept of co-

responsibility among citizens, private operators, and government entities for solid waste service delivery to

stakeholders. In particular, community-based monitoring tools (scorecards, web -based reporting

mechanisms such as the use of text messaging and social media platforms) to ensure accountability by

allowing the reflection of users’ different interests during project activities under preparation and

implementation; (b) support communication programs to encourage waste minimization, source separation,

and value recovery, built on the current source separation of biodegradable waste which showed notable

traction across the country and in Colombo Metropolitan area;(c) provide incentives required to motivate

social change based on a specific baseline with clear objectives, indicators, and target segmentation to

understand the perceptions and predispositions of stakeholders groups, of factors affecting their behavior .

4.2. Consultant Support for Project Design, Implementation, and Capacity Building for PMU and

PIAs. Consultant services support to: (i) the PMU for project implementation including: project

management, financial management, design preparation and review, construction supervision, progress

reporting, project monitoring and evaluation, technical and financial audit of PIA implementation and

expenditures, and preparation of a management service contract(s) for Aruwakkalu Landfilll and waste

transfer system; and (ii) PIAs for design, subcomponent implementation monitoring and reporting. Services

would be provided by consulting firms and individuals.

4.3. Support for safeguards implementation an compliance monitoring, and incremental operating

costs of the PMU and PIAs. This subcomponent will support for independent compliance monitoring of

safeguards implementation, and incremental operation costs including day-to-day operating cost of the

PMU and all PIAs for training of staff; office equipment; vehicle maintenance, seminars, travel, etc.

1.4 Objective of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) and

Action Plan

Projects and Programs financed with IDA resources need to comply with World Bank Operational

Policies. Therefore, components and related activities eligible for funding under this project will be

required to satisfy the World Bank’s safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental

legislation of the GoSL.

However, since details of sites and specific investments of the project are not available at this stage,

site-specific Environmental and Social Assessments cannot be conducted. What is possible at this stage

would be to carry out an identification of generic issues that are typically associated with activities that

would potentially be funded by the project and apply the information to site specific environmental

assessments, as and when the need arises.

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Therefore, the purpose of this document is to outline a framework for environmental assessment and

management, giving details of potential environmental issues and guidelines on what type of

environmental assessment tools to be applied for various sub-project activities. This will serve as the

basis in the preparation of, site-specific specific Environmental Assessments (EAs) and/or

Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). As stated earlier, it is being submitted in lieu of a project

environmental and social assessments and has formed the basis for appraising the environmental and

social aspects of the project. It will be made available for public review and comment in appropriate

locations in Sri Lanka and in IDA’s Public Information Center in accordance with World Bank’s policy

of Access to Information.

It is expected that detailed environmental assessments for sites and/or for activities will be carried out

(in accordance with this Framework) by the implementing agencies and will be reviewed and cleared

by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) where applicable, or any other agency, as applicable,

under prevailing national environmental legislation in Sri Lanka.

In addition, for all physical activities, prior to the approval of disbursement of funds, IDA will also

clear all safeguards documentation including site specific EAs and EMPs.

The objectives of this Environmental Management Framework and Action Plan are:

a. To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental and social

planning, review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under the

Project

b. To carry out a preliminary assessment of environmental and social impacts from

project investments and propose generic mitigation measures.

c. To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting

procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related

to subprojects

d. To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to

successfully implement the provisions of the EMF

e. To provide practical resources for implementing the EMF

f. To outline and sequence safeguard activities that will commence with project

implementation

1.5 Due Diligence Principles

This EMF considers and incorporates principles of due diligence that will be applied during project

preparation and implementation in managing potential environmental and social risks that may be

encountered. The key due diligence principles are as follows:

Principle 1: Review and Categorization. All physical interventions will be subject to a social and

environmental review and shall be categorized based on the magnitude of potential impacts and risks in

accordance with environmental and social screening criteria.

Principle 2: Environmental Assessment. As per the GoSL regulatory requirements, where necessary Initial

Environmental Evaluations (IEEs) or Environmental Impact Assessments (ESIAs) will be undertaken to

address, as appropriate, the relevant social and environmental impacts and risks. The Assessment will also

propose mitigation and management measures relevant and appropriate to the nature and scale of the

proposed project as described earlier.

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Principle 3: Applicable Environmental Standards. The EMF will refer to the applicable World Bank

Operational Policies and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, as well as policies and

standards of the GoSL. The Assessment will establish the project's overall compliance with, or justified

deviation from, the respective World Bank Operational Policies, Performance Standards and EHS

Guidelines where applicable. The Assessment will address compliance with relevant Maldivian laws,

regulations and permits that pertain to social and environmental matters.

Principle 4: Environmental and Social Management System. For all physical activities, an Environmental

Management Plans (EMPs) and monitoring indicators will be developed which addresses the relevant

findings, and draws on the conclusions of the assessments. The EMPs will describe and prioritize the actions

needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures necessary to manage

the impacts and risks identified in the assessments. These actions will be costed and reflected as part of the

contractual documents of the civil works contracts.

Principle 5: Consultation and Disclosure. For all activities affected communities will be consulted within

a structured and culturally appropriate manner. If principle project activities or subproject activities are

assessed to have significant adverse impacts on affected communities, the process will ensure their free,

prior and informed consultation as a means to establish whether those activities have adequately

incorporated affected communities’ concerns. In order to accomplish this, this framework as well as all

other safeguard instruments will be made available to the public by the borrower for a reasonable minimum

period. The process will be documented and account will be taken of the results of the consultation,

including any actions agreed resulting from the consultation. For projects with adverse social or

environmental impacts, disclosure will occur early in the assessment process, and on an ongoing basis.

Principle 6: Grievance Redress Mechanism. To ensure that consultation, disclosure and community

engagement continues throughout project implementation, a grievance redress mechanism will be

established, scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project or subproject, as part of the management

system. The grievance redress mechanism will allow for concerns and grievances about the project‘s social

and environmental performance raised by individuals or groups from among project‐affected communities

to be received and to facilitate resolution of those concerns and grievances.

Principle 7: Monitoring and Reporting. All EMPs will be monitored based on the monitoring schedule

identified in the EMP by the relevant responsible party. The Environmental Specialist of the Project

Management Unit (PMU) will be responsible to ensure the monitoring activities have taken place including

his/her monitoring and consolidate monitoring report is prepared bi-annually.

Principle 8: Training. Training to ensure project staff, staff of civil contracts and other parties who would

play a role in managing environmental and social impacts will be necessary to ensure successful

implementation of this EMF. Necessary budget should be allocated to carry out the training plan.

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2 Chapter 2: Introduction to Prevailing Environmental Conditions in Project

Area

2.1 Brief Description of Salient Features of the Colombo Metropolitan Region

The Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR) is located along the western coast of Sri Lanka and includes the

Colombo District of the Western Province. It dominates the settlement system of Sri Lanka with the Capital

city of Colombo and a network of sprawling urban and sub-urban areas proliferating around the center of

Colombo. It includes the legislative capital, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte and is the most densely populated

area of the Island. It is also the foremost administrative, commercial, and industrial area and the hub of the

transport network of Sri Lanka. Urban settlements outside this area are much smaller and less diversified

in functions.

The present population, as per the census conducted in 2012, is about 2.5 million living in the Metro

Colombo Area and its suburbs with a large population influx in to the city due to it being the main financial,

education, administrative and entertainment center. While the Western Region only constitutes about 6%

of the total land area in Sri Lanka, it accommodates the highest population, which is about 28% of total

population of Sri Lanka.

2.1.1 Climate The entire western region, including the CMR belongs to the wet zone except for a small area, close to the

Northern boundary (which is a part of the Intermediate Zone). The average annual air temperature ranges

from 26.2-29.7 0C. The average annual minimum and maximum temperature varies from 22.2-26.7 0C and

29.9-32.7 0C, respectively. The period between November to January and April to June are considered as

the coolest and hottest periods of the Region. Mean annual rainfall in the CMR ranges from 1,500 to over

4,500 mm.Over 70% of rainfall is received from the South-West Monsoon and Second Inter Monsoon. The

Western Region is usually wet and humid, where the mean monthly day time and night time relative

humidity of the Region ranges from 68-77% and 83-91%, respectively.

2.1.2 Topography and Geology The western region covers a flat area along the coastline, with areas of undulating terrain towards the eastern

and southern part. Paddy fields, marsh land, coconut and rubber plantations dominate the landscape of the

region. The city center of the CMR is heavily build up with many high-rise buildings with the area spreading

out. The geology of the Region is dominated by Precambrian rocks of the South- Western group, consisting

of Schists, Gneisses, well as Migmatite and Granitic Gneisses. Redyellow Podzolic soils are the main soil

type in the Western Region, with sub-groups. Soil in the Colombo and Gampaha districts include the sub-

group with soft or hard laterite rolling and undulating terrain. The ill-drained lands in the lower coastal

plain of the Region include wetland areas, coastal peat bog and half-bog soils with flat terrain (i.e. in

Muthurajawela and Attidiya marshes). The beach areas from Negombo to Mount Lavinia consist of a

narrow stretch of Latesols and Regosols on Old Red and Yellow sands. Narrow strips of Alluvial Soils

occur along the floodplains of Kelani River, Dandugam Oya and Kalu River.

2.1.3 Hydrology Out of the total extent of the Western Region, 91 km2 (2.5%) is occupied by inland water bodies. The

Kelani river basin borders the CMR to the north with the rivers sea outlet located in Modara in the north of

Colombo. The Ecological Features and Sensitive Habitats in Western Province Biogeography Sri Lanka is

divided in to 15 bio-regions (MFE, 1999) based on climate, geo-physical conditions and the distribution

patterns of fauna and flora. The inland area of the Western Province belongs mainly to the lowland wet

zone bioregion (region 4 with an altitudinal variation of 0-1,000 m, annual rainfall of 2,500-5,000 mm,

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tropical lowland wet evergreen forest and a high percentage of endemic species among both fauna and

flora) while a small fraction in the Northern region falls within the intermediate zone (region 3). The coastal

zone belongs to the Chilaw to Hikkaduwa bio-region (region 12 with coastal marshes, lagoons, estuaries,

pockets of mangroves, rocky habitats, sandstone reefs and sandy beaches).

2.1.4 Forest Cover Out of all nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the Western Province has the lowest natural forest cover

(7%). The total forest cover Colombo is 2085ha which includes natural forests, plantation forests and

mangrove forests. These figure converts to 3.11% of forest cover in the Colombo District respectively.

2.1.5 Environmental Sensitive/Important Areas already under Legal

protection Some of the areas in the CMR are legally protected under the Forest Ordinance, Fauna and Flora Protection

Ordinance and the National Environmental Act. There are 4 Sanctuaries located in the Colombo District,

namely the Bellanvila Attidiya Sactuary, Muthurajawela Wetland Sancturay and the Sri Jayawardenapura

Kotte Sanctuary which are declared under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance and come under the

jurisdiction of the Department of Wildlife Conservation under the Ministry of Sustainable Development

and Wildlife. In addition to the above, several environmentally sensitive areas have been declared as

Environmental Protection Areas under the National Environmental Act. These include the Muthurajawela

Wetland Buffer Zone, Thalangama Tank, Walauwatta Wathurana Wetland, and Bolgoda North and South.

The project will be implemented predominantly within the Western Region of Sri Lanka though the precise

locations where the various project activities will be carried out, is not known. Broadly, the dump-sites,

transfer stations, and the waste diversion sites, will all be in the Western Province (mainly, Colombo and

Gampaha districts), while the new sanitary landfill, and transfer station/unloading facility will be

constructed in Arruwakalu which is located in Puttalam District (170 km north of Colombo). The

Aruwakkalu site is a naturally recovering sparse and open shrub forest on an abandoned limestone quarry

site, that has regenerated over a period of 2 decades since mining operations seized. The extent of the

proposed Sanitary Landfill site is 47 hectares. The site is located within the area formally demarcated to

Siam City Quarries, Pvt Ltd that operate limestone quarry on site. Kelaniya transfer station site is a partly

degraded wetland/marshy ecosystem hydrologically connected to the Kelani river basin and is located in

the Kelaniya Municipal Council Area in the Colombo District. The Kerawalapitiya interim landfill site was

allocated to the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), to establish a

project titled “Waste Park” which will showcase environmentally friendly waste management activities.

Kerawalapitiya is located North of Colombo, adjacent to the Colombo-Katunayake Expressway. It is

located about 500m from the buffer zone of the Muthurajawala Wetland Complex, which is an

Environmentally Protected Area as per the National Environmental Act and hydrologically connected to

the respective sensitive ecosystem. The site has already been filled and prepared for development. The

stabilization and closure work of the Meethotamulla dump site will be conducted within the existing

footprint of the closed dump site, which is isolated from the surrounding area and on Urban Development

Authority land.

2.2 Solid Waste Management in Colombo

Sri Lanka’s solid waste management challenge is linked to the rapid pace of urbanization, and waste

generation is characterized by distinct geographic patterns, with higher volumes being generated in more

prosperous urban areas and provinces. Thus far, Sri Lanka’s solid waste management has generally been

poorly managed. There are about 250 operational open dumpsites across the country, among which 25 are

in the Western Province. These open dumpsites are one of the major sources of soil and groundwater

contamination thus directly and indirectly threatening human health. The country does not have any major

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sanitary landfill sites except a small-scale one (90Mt/day) at Dompe, and the GoSL has identified a site at

Kerawalapitiya to be constructed as a temporary engineered landfill, with an operating horizon of about 2

years.

Collection rates across the country are low though waste collection efficiency in the CMC area is relatively

high at approximately 80 percent but drop rapidly in other parts of the Western Province. Following the

Meethotamulla disaster, the importance of waste segregation at source, waste reduction and composting

has been well-recognized and practiced, and efforts to stop illegal dumping and waste separation at source

have been made intermittently with mixed results. Citizens have also been instructed to segregate their

waste into compostable, recyclable, and mixed waste, the effects of which is yet to be determined.

Currently, approximately half of the collected waste is organic, suggesting there is scope for reducing the

pollution load of waste requiring ultimate disposal. There is also scope for employment generation through

complementary composting activities. A limited amount of sorting is done by the CMC to recover

recyclable material for sale to waste traders.

Waste collection in Sri Lanka is door-to-door, curbside, and through few communal collection areas. The

general population (households) does not pay for waste services and the waste fee on businesses is not

volumetric. Owing to the differing collection rates across the country, the practice of open dumping, often

within or near populated neighborhoods, and the risk of further dump collapse is particularly high.

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3 Chapter 3: Environmental and Social Legislation, Regulatory and

Institutional Framework in Sri Lanka

2.1 Overview of Environmental Legislation

Sri Lanka is one of the leading countries in the South Asian region in enacting environmental legislations.

Its concern for environment dates back to over two and a half millennia. The constitution of the Democratic

Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka under chapter VI Directive Principles of State policy and Fundamental

duties in section 27-14 and in section 28-f proclaim “The state shall protect, preserve and improve the

environment for the benefit of the community”, “The duty and obligation of every person in Sri Lanka to

protect nature and conserve its riches” thus showing the commitment by the state and obligations of the

citizens.

The overall environmental concerns are addressed by the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 (and

subsequent amendments by act no 56 of 1988 and act no 53 of 2000). It is the umbrella legislation for

environmental protection in the country. In addition, several other sectoral legislative enactments are in

place. The national organization that has the mandate to protect and take measures to safeguard the

environment is the Central Environmental Authority. It currently operates in the entire country except in

the North Western Provincial Council (NWPC), where the NWPC has enacted a separate statute under the

13th amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and had created a separate provincial institute.

There are several other key national agencies with a mandate for environmental management and

protection. The Forest Department, the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Department of Archeology,

Department of Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management, Disaster Management Center and

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau have their regional offices and staff to cater to and monitor the

environmental safeguards as per the policies and regulations governing them. In addition there are several

national agencies that are impacting on the environment and adopting environmental safeguards as well.

They are the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation, Urban Development Authority,

Water Supply and Drainage Board, Water Resources Board and Irrigation Department.

The Local Authorities (LA) are also have provisions under their respective acts to safeguards and provide

useful facility and maintain the same for the convenience of the public in their respective areas. The

Municipal Council (MC) Act No. 19 of 1987 & Urban Council (UC) Act No. 18 of 1987 provide for the

establishment of MCs and UCs with a view to provide greater opportunities for the people to participate

effectively in the decision making process relating to administrative and development activities at a local

level and it specify the powers, functions and duties of such LAs and provide for matters connected

therewith or incidental thereto. These acts contain sixteen and eight parts respectively, several schedules

and 327 & 249 sections respectively. The MC act, spell out its status, powers & functions in Section IV,

Section V and Section VI in sections 34 to 154 and covers public health, drainage, latrines, unhealthy

buildings, conservancy & scavenging, nuisance etc. Further the respective local authorities have mandate

regionally to implement the project activities and monitor the progress of compliance work.

2.2 Detail Review of Key Environmental and Solid Waste Management Related Legislation

T h e Constitution of Sri Lanka & the 13th Amendment

The Constitution of Sri Lanka contains several provisions, relating to the environment 9 Article 27 (14)

and article 28 (f). The 13th amendment to the constitution introduced a new level of institution for

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environmental protection and management. Therefore, the provincial government also has legislative and

executive power, the North Western Provincial

Environmental Authority to control, prevent and monitor all environmental related activities.

Application to ESWMP: Overall responsibility of individuals and organizations to protect and conserve

the natural environment. All project proponents/implementers and public are responsible.

The National Environmental Act. No. 47 of 1980 & its amendments

The National Environmental Act (NEA) provides conservation and development guidelines for natural

resources including water, soil, fisheries resources, forest, flora and fauna in Sri Lanka. It also paved the

way for the creation of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA). Further it spells out the creation of an

Environmental Council in collaboration with the respective line agencies to advise the CEA (Section7) and

provide necessary guidelines to establish District Environmental Agency under the chairmanship of the

District Secretary. The NEA is the basic national decree for environmental protection. The three main

regulatory tools implemented under the NEA are Environmental Impact Assessment/Initial Environmental

Examination, Environment Protection License (EPL) and Schedule Waste Management License supported

by standards for discharge and waste disposal guidelines.

A comprehensive description of EIA/IEE process is given in the Annex 6. It is the key regulatory tool

enabling any developer to implement the development activity in line with the NEA and thereby assuring

the long term sustainability of the development undertaken while paying due respect to the environment.

The second regulatory tool under the provisions of the National Environmental Act is the Environmental

Protection License (EPL). The EPL procedure has been introduced to prevent or minimize the release of

discharges and emissions in to the environment from industrial activities in compliance with national

discharge and emission standards, to provide guidance on pollution control for polluting processes and to

encourage the use of pollution abatement technology such as cleaner production, waste minimization etc.

Here the industries are classified into three lists named A, B and C. List A is comprised of 80 potentially

high polluting industries, List B is comprised of 33 medium polluting industries and List C is comprised of

low polluting industrial activities. The operational details are given in CEA website (www.cea.lk).

The third regulatory tool deals with the disposal of scheduled waste. The gazette notification No 1534/18

of 1stFebruary 2008 made by the Hon. Minister under section 23A and 23B of the National Environmental

Act No. 47 of 1980 is referred to as the National Environmental (Protection & Quality) regulations No. 1

of 2008. It deals with waste from specific and non-specific sources. The notification has three parts and

eight schedules. The Part I deals with the Issue of Environmental protection License for Emission of

Disposal of waste. Part II deals on issue of license for the management of scheduled waste (Hazardous

Waste) and Part III on General matters including definitions and the effectiveness and validity of the

license issued under National Environment (Protection & Quality) regulation No 1 of 1990 published in

extraordinary gazette No 595/16 of February 1990. The eight schedules include the tolerance limits,

applications, formats for reporting, categorization of non-specific and specific waste etc.

The 1994 amendment delegated the authorization to the local authorities to issue EPL for low polluting

industries. The CEA’s environmental management functions are holistic and they are very well set out in

section IV of the act. Along with the EPL procedures several standards also have been gazette with regard

to disposal of effluents to land and water bodies.

Annex 3 contains a detail description of the EIA/IEE procedure in Sri Lanka. For further information of

prescribed projects please visit: www.cea.lk

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Permission and License related to Environment

The Environmental Protection License (EPL) is Sri Lanka’s major regulatory program for control of

industrial pollution stipulated in the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980, which was amended by

Acts No.56 of 1988 and No. 53 of 2000. Industries and activities that have to be issued EPLs are classified

under three categories: Category A, B and C. If a proposed project falls under Category A, the project

proponent requires an EPL from the CEA, while Category C projects require EPLs from the respective local

authorities. Like Category A, Category B projects require EPLs from the CEA, but the EPLs can be

processed though the regional office of the CEA.

In Sri Lanka, solid waste is categorized into three groups mainly according to the generation sites:

Municipal solid waste, health-care waste and hazardous waste. In the actual disposal and treatment, health-

care waste is divided into either municipal solid waste (non-hazardous waste) or hazardous waste

(NSWMSC and JICA 2008). Municipal solid waste is managed by Local Authorities (LAs). While the

disposal and treatment of hazardous waste is the responsibility of the discharger, the CEA is responsible

for the supervision of hazardous waste management. As for municipal solid waste (non-hazardous waste),

the CEA asks LAs for site clearance of municipal solid waste facilities, including landfills. A facility that

receives over 100 tons/day has to perform an EIA and receives approval while one that receives less than

100 tons/day needs only an environmental recommendation from the CEA. In addition to an EIA, a facility

that receives over 10 tons/day has to obtain an EPL.

Application to ESWMP: As per the initial screening, majority of sites selected where solid waste

management is undergoing are required to obtain an EPL from the CEA. However most open dumpsites

that are to be closed will not hold a valid EPL due to the open dumping that has been continued on site,

thus the closure activities will facilitate in ensuring the environmental impacts on site are mitigated thus

the need for CEA clearance may not be requisite. However, all new composting sites, recycling facilities,

transfer stations, sanitary landfill sites will require environmental clearance from the CEA as per the EPL

requirement.

The North Western Provincial Environmental Statute No. 12 of 1990

Provincial Environmental Act (PEA) of 1991 implemented by the North Western Provincial Council applies

for areas coming under the North Western Province. Environmental Assessments are required for

prescribed projects that have been gazetted in Gazette Extraordinary 1020/21 of 27th March, 1998. It

specifies two lists of project types (a) where EIA/IEE is mandatory and (b) where the EA can be requested

if the PAA decides so. The process is similar to that of the NEA and will be headed by one of the two listed

PAAs; (a) Provincial Environmental Authority or (b) Provincial Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture.

Application to ESWMP– Similar to IEE/EIA regulations applicable under the NEA. In areas of the North

Western Province, this Act will supersede the NEA if it is not an area under the DWC or CCD.

State Land Ordinance Act No 13 of 1949

The State Lands Ordinance provides necessary guidelines to:

• The protection of the source, course or bed of any public stream

• The protection of springs, reservoirs, lakes ponds lagoons, creeks, canals, aqueducts etc.

• The construction or protection of roads, paths, railways and other means of internal communication.

• The prevention of the erosion of soil.

• The preservation of water supplies.

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In addition, section 75 of the State Land Ordinance highlights on riparian proprietors activities. The

occupier of land or the bank of any public lake or public stream shall have the right to use the water in that

lake or stream for domestic purpose and shall not be diverted through a channel, drain or pipe or by means

of a pump or other mechanical contrivance but shall be removed in a bucket or other receptacle.

Application to ESWMP: While the provisions of this act will be applicable it is expected that none of the

project investments are in violation of its provisions.

4. The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act No.49 of 2011 (Amendment)

The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act (CCCRMA) makes provisions for the

regulation and control of development activities within the coastal zone as well as formulates and executes

schemes of work for coast conservation. Under the section 6 of the act, there is provision to appoint a Coast

Conservation Advisory Council (CCAC) which would advise the Coast Conservation and Coastal

Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) on all development activities proposed to be

implemented in the coastal zone and review its coastal zone management plans. The law specifies that

projects located wholly or partly within the coastal zone (the area lying within a limit of three hundred

meters landwards of the Mean High Water line and a limit of two kilometers seawards of the Mean Low

Water line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of water connected to these either

permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of two kilometers measured

perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance point thereof and shall include

waters of such rivers, stream and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea) must undergo

the approval process that is laid down in the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act

irrespective of its size.

Only those projects located totally outside the Coastal Zone will be subject to the approval process laid

down in the National Environmental Act. Therefore, any development work taking place within this zone

falls under the jurisdiction of CCCRMD. According to the CCA, Director of the CCCRMD has the

discretion to request for an EIA/IEE from the project proponent if the initial screening reveals significant

impacts in the coastal areas by the project. The process is very much similar to the NEA excepting that the

Director of the CCCRMD reserves the right to request for an EIA/IEE depending on the nature and scale

of anticipated impacts of the proposed investments rather than on pre-determined prescribed limits as in

the NEA and also to make a final decision. The Director is advised by the CCAC on the findings of EIA/

IEEs.

Application to ESWMP: Since most sub-project activities are likely to take place within terrestrial

landscapes and existing solid waste management areas, application of CCARMA is unlikely. However, any

activity with potential to cause negative impacts on the coastal zone need to comply with the EIA/IEE

regulations of the CCARMA in addition to NEA.

5. The Flood Protection Ordinance Act No.22 of 1955

This act provides room for the Minister to declare any area in the country as flood area. It has provisions

to prepare scheme for protection of flood area, creation of flood authority, regulations for management of

flood area and acquisition of land for the purpose of the ordinance. The flood authority is usually the District

Secretary of the affected area. In case of a large area of a Municipality is coming under flood the Minister

may substitute the District Secretary by appointing the Mayor of the Municipality.

Application to ESWMP: Overall, knowing the experiences in the past, this need to be considered. The

city of Colombo has experienced high intensity rains and subsequent floods. Flood mitigation measures are

to be built in to the essential design of subprojects as well as storm water management interventions and

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improve drainage which need to be built in to the sub-project designs to ensure potential impacts are

mitigated. Site selection procedures will ensure that sub-projects are located well away from flood plains

and areas known as high risk inundation areas.

6. The Fauna & Flora Protection Ordinance Act No. 49 of 1993 & its amendments

This act provides the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. Under

the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), five categories of protected areas are established viz.

Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors and Intermediate Zones

including sanctuaries. According to this Act, any development activity of any description what so ever

proposed to be established within a national reserve or within one mile from the boundary of any national

reserve, is required to be subjected to EIA/IEE, and written approval should be obtained from the Director

General, Department of Wildlife Conservation prior to implementation of such projects. The FFPO follows

a similar process as the NEA in conducting scoping, setting the TOR, preparation of EA, review of EA and

public consultation and disclosure. The decision of project approval or disapproval is finally granted by the

Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation.

Application to ESWMP: Any activity which will be implemented in close proximity of protected areas/

wildlife reserves will require clearance from the relevant authorities, no Solid Waste Management activities

may be conducted in buffer zones of protected areas designated under the FFPO. No resources can be

extracted, for project purposes, from within or adjacent to designated areas under the Fauna and Flora

Protection Ordinance and declared Forest Reserves/Sanctuaries under the Forest Ordinance.

7. The Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation Act No. 15 of 1968

The Act provides the formation of the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation

(SLLRDC). The latest amendment to this act is the No 35 of 2006 which incorporated section 2A-

Prohibiting filling or developing and reclaiming land, section 2B-Declaring areas as low lying marshy or

swampy and section 20 C- stipulating that pollution of canal as an offence. In addition Section 28 of the

principal enactment has added new definition– retention areas. The gazette regulations under this act also

had declared several areas as wetland.

Application to ESWMP: The SLLRDC, who implements this act, will be involved as a designer in the

project the Kerawalapitiya site and Kelaniya transfer station are SLLRDC acquired areas.

8. The Urban Development Authority Act No. 41 of 1978

This act has provided provisions to establish the Urban Development Authority (UDA), declaration of areas

as urban development area. Its Part II outlines 22 point powers and functions of the UDA. Under Part IV it

has power to acquire immovable property and sale of land belonging to the authority. The act provides

room to make regulations for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the principles and provisions

of this law. The amendment brought in Act no 2 of 1980 under special provisions provided room to declare

lands urgently require for urban development projects and remedies to affected parties and the uphold the

power of Supreme court. The amendment brought under Act No 4 of 1982 in its Part II A describes the

planning procedure, appointment of planning committees, preparation of draft development plans, approval

of the same also provide room for subsequent amendment. It also provides room to issue permits for

development work, and delegation of the powers of the authority and procedures to be followed if activity

takes place in contrary to the permit issued. Further the principle enactment amended by the addition of

section 29 by adding a schedule, indicating the matters for which provisions may be made in the

development plan. The subsequent amendments deal with levies, joint venture development projects etc.

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Application to ESWMP: Many areas to be covered under the project fall under the UDA jurisdiction

including the Colombo Metropolitan Region. Project activities need to maintain consistency with the UDA

regulations. The UDA is an IA within the project.

9. The Mines and Mineral Act No.33 of 1992

The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau established under the Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992.

Under this act, mining falls within the purview of the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB).

Mining and exploitation for minerals, including sand, must be licensed under the act by the GSMB. Mining

licenses are issued only to a qualified individuals and companies registered to do business in Sri Lanka.

Mining is not permitted within Archaeological Reserves and within specified distance of monuments. New

mining licenses are subject to the EIA process, if the type and extent of mining is listed under the EIA

regulations. Additionally, the GSMB has power to stipulate conditions including the taking of deposits and

insurance for the protection of environment. Regulations made by the GSMB under the act cover a variety

of environmental stipulations, criteria and conditions for licensing and operating mines.

This also covers the disposal of mine wastes. The act also deals with the health, safety and welfare of

miners. Reclamation of mines is a major problem in Sri Lanka and due to current practice requires the

mining enterprise to make a deposit to cover costs of recovery. The deposit however is inadequate for the

purpose. Large extents of mined areas, particularly areas mined for clay and sand remain open. Mining

rights on public and private land are subject to licensing by the GSMB and all minerals wherever situated

belonging to the state. The right to mine particular parcels of public lands may be subject to EIA procedures

as well as to lease for permit conditions.

Application to ESWMP: Earth and quarry material will be needed for the development work undertaken

by the respective implementing agencies through contractors. In such cases quantities specified need to be

extracted and permission from the GSMB is required. Alternatively, the project contractors can procure

them from the open market but they will have to make sure that such sources/traders are operating with

valid licenses.

10. Local Authorities Acts

The Municipal Council (MC) Act No. 19 of 1987 & Urban Council (UC) Act No. 18 of 1987 provide

provisions for the establishment of MCs and UCs with a view to provide greater opportunities for the people

to participate effectively in decision making process relating to administrative and development activities

at a local level and it specify the powers, functions and duties of such Las and provide for matters connected

there with or incidental there to. These acts contain sixteen & eight parts respectively, several schedules

and 327 & 249 sections respectively. The MC act, spell

out its status, powers & functions in Section IV, Section V and Section VI in sections 34 to 154 and covers

public health, drainage, latrines, unhealthy buildings, conservancy & scavenging, nuisance etc. Further the

respective local authorities have mandate regionally to implement the project activities and monitor the

progress of compliance work.

Application to ESWMP: Since local authorities are involved the collection and management of solid waste

and will be involved in project implementation in the long run, these acts are relevant.

11. Water Resources Board Act No. 29 of 1964 Main responsibility under this act highlighted are control, regulation and development including the

conservation and utilization of the water resources of the country. In addition, the promotion of

afforestration, control of soil erosion, prevention of the pollution of rivers, streams and other water sources

are also required to be considered. Mainly, the Water Resources Board is the key player of the formulation

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of national policies relating to the control and use of water resources of the country, as well as coordination

of projects undertaken by government departments, local authorities and public corporations relating to the

conservation, utilization development of the subterranean water resources of the country and the assessment

of the possibilities, benefits and economic feasibilities of such projects.

Application to ESWMP: This act will not be applicable under the current framework of planned project

interventions, however if water .

12. Forest Ordinance including Amendments The Forest Ordinance is one of the oldest ordinances in the country, first enacted in 1887 under which the

Forest Department was established in 1887. This act has been amended several times in the past. The Forest

Reserves gazetted under the provisions of the ordinance and all proposed reserves that are not gazetted

under these provisions but selected for conservation based on biological and hydrological importance

should be taken into account in implementation of this project.

Application to ESWMP: project interventions are not expected to be carried out in areas under the

jurisdiction of the Forest Department, any interventions conducted in proximity to buffer areas of Protected

areas should be obtained guidance from Forest Department prior to implement of the activities.

13. National Wetland Policy

The National Policy & strategies on Wetlands (2005) seeks to give effect to National Environment Policy

and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international

conventions, protocols, treaties and agreements on wetland protection to which Sri Lanka is a party. Among

the International Conventions, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), the

Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) and the Convention on

Biological Diversity (1992) are significant.

The definition given for Wetlands in the policy is “Areas of marsh, fen, peat and or water, where natural or

artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas

of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters and may incorporate riparian and

coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at low

tide within the wetlands”.

The policy has six sections, Introduction, need for a national policy on wetlands, principles, objectives,

policy directions and explanation of key concepts. The policy directions address wetland management,

institutional arrangement, inter-sectoral linkages, research, development and education. The local level and

national level institutions are proposed to be established. All sectoral development plans should be based

on principles of wetland ecosystem management.

Institutional Arrangement to manage wetlands is well established at present. A multi- stakeholder National

Wetland Steering Committee has been established in the Ministry of Environment to advise on wetland

issues in the country and wetland management unit has been set up at the Central Environmental Authority

to oversee and facilitate policy implementation.

Application to ESWMP: Project investments identified so far have the potential to cause impacts to

wetlands unless properly mitigated, these include the Kerawalapitiya Interim Landfill site and Kelaniya

transfer station site. Specific mitigation measures as per the regulations are embedded in to the project

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designed and environmental management aspects to ensure that they are managed within the purview of

these regulations.

14. Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka Act (Act No.23 of 1979) This act established the Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, which is the authority responsible for the

implementation of the Mahaweli Ganga Development Schemes including the construction and operation

of reservoirs, irrigation distribution systems and installations for the generation and supply of electrical

energy.

Further, the functions of the authority include fostering and securing the full and integrated development

of any special area, conservation and maintenance of the physical environment within any special area,

optimizing agricultural productivity, employment potential and generation and securing economic and

agricultural development within any special area, promotion and securing the co-operation of Government

Departments, State Institutions, Local Authorities, public cooperation and other persons, whether private

or public, in the planning and implementation of the Mahaweli Ganga Development Schemes and in the

development of any special area etc.

Application to ESWMP: Development interventions proposed to be carried out in and around Mahaweli

Development area should obtain consents from Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka as per the Act. As of now

there are no sub-projects identified that fall within this area.

17. The Antiquities Ordinance

The Antiquities Ordinance (Revised in 1956 & 1998) is the main legislation dealing with Cultural Assets

Preservation in Sri Lanka. Section 16 covers Ancient Monuments and their declaration as well as the

declaration of specified trees as ancient monuments. According to Section 21, the restoration, repair,

alteration or addition in connection with any protected monuments has to be conducted in accordance with

the conditions of a permit issued by the Director General of Archaeology, or in accordance with an

agreement entered in to under Section 20. Section 24 prohibits or restricts subjects to certain prescribed

conditions, the erection of buildings or carrying out mining, quarrying, or blasting operations on any land

within the prescribed distance of any ancient monument situated on Crown land or any protected

monument. As per the ordinance the Director General of Archaeology “shall cause an impact assessment

survey to be undertaken at the expense of the sponsors of such project or scheme to assess the consequences

thereof upon the antiquarian, historical or archaeological aspects or value of the land in question or on any

antiquities upon it and shall, within such period of time as may be agreed on.

Application to ESWMP: Project interventions are located well away from known and demarcated sites of

archeological and cultural significant. Specific measures to ensure chance find physical cultural resources

are managed accordingly as per this ordinance, are embedded in to project environmental due diligence

procedures.

18. Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005

Under the Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005, there is a provision to establish a National Council for

Disaster Management (NCDM). The Act defines “disaster” as an actual or imminent occurrence of a natural

or man-made event, which endangers or threatens to endanger the safety or health of any person or group

of persons in Sri Lanka, or which destroys or damages or threatens to destroy or damage any property, and

inter alia includes:

• An industrial hazard

• A fire

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• An explosion

• A chemical accident

• Oils spills including inland oil spills

• Cyclones

• Tsunamis

Disasters may happen as the result of a malfunction of the normal operating procedures or precipitated by

the intervention of an outside force such as a cyclone, flood or deliberate acts of arson or sabotage.

The major objective of this act is to protect human life, property and the environment of Sri Lanka from

any event defined as a disaster. Therefore this act plays key role to protect the environment and provides

necessary guidelines for the protection of human life, property and the environment of the country.

Major functions of the NCDM include, to formulate a National Policy and Program on the management of

disasters which shall provide for the protection of life of the community and environment and the

maintenance and development of disaster affected areas; the effective use of resources for preparedness

prevention, response, relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation; and the enhancement of public awareness

and training to help people to protect themselves from disasters.

Section 10 of the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act stipulates that “It shall be the duty of every ministry,

Government Department and public corporation to prepare a Disaster Management Plan with respect to

such ministry, Government Department or public corporation to counter any disaster or impending disaster

based on the National Disaster Management Plan and in accordance with such guidelines as may be

specified by the National Council for Disaster Management. As per the definition of public corporation

provided under Section 25 of the said act, a Disaster Management Plan is compulsory for coal-based

thermal power plant operations.

Application to ESWMP: The project itself is a response to an associated manmade disaster, which was

the failure of the objectives is ensuring manmade disasters in line with improper management of solid waste

are managed in the selected cities.

19. Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act No. 11 of 2007

This act has been passed for the purpose of ensuring the prevention and eradication of all mosquito-borne

diseases. Under this act, it shall be the duty of every owner or occupier of any premises to cause, (a) open

tins, bottles, boxes, coconut shells, split, coconuts, tyres or any other article or receptacle found in or within

such premises, capable of holding water, to be removed, destroyed or otherwise effectively disposed; (b)

any well found in the premises and its surroundings to be maintained and kept in good repair so as to make

it mosquito-proof and thereby prevent the breeding of mosquitoes; (c) any artificial pond or pool found in

such premises to be emptied at least once every week; (d) any casual collection of water within the premises

which is conducive to mosquito breeding, to be regularly drained; (e) shrubs, undergrowth and all other

types of vegetation, other than those grown for the purpose of food or those which are ornamental, found

within or outside any building or structure within the premises used as a dwelling place which has become

a breeding place for mosquitoes, to be removed; (f) the removal and destruction of water plants having the

botanical name pistiastratiotes and commonly known as “diyaparandal”, “kondepasei”, “telpassy”,

“barawa-pasi”, “nanayaviraddi” and of any other water plant, or plants, found within the premises, which

may facilitate the breeding of mosquitoes. Hence, this act placed to eradicate or prevent mosquito borne

diseases and is mainly targeted at water sources.

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Application to ESWMP: All project interventions during the construction and operational stages should be comply with Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act requirements to control or mitigate or

avoid generation breeding sites.

20. Coconut Development Act 46 of 1971 amended by Coconut Development Law, No 24 of 1975 –

Section 63 Regulations stipulated in the Gazette Notification No 331 of August 18, 1978 of Palmyra

Development Board

Ministry of Plantation constituted by the Gazette Notification 331 of August 18, 1978 published in terms of introduction of amendments of 74 of 1975 to the Sri Lanka Coconut Development Act of 46 of 1921 to carry out all forms of cultivation and development in relation to Palmyra Plantation. Under this gazette notification, Palmyra Development Board established and its main office located in Jaffna

district. According to this gazette notification, engaging in the regulation, control, supervision, direction, management and inspection of the cultivation and utilization of land in Palmira plantation and the cultivation of land with Palmyra palms. Application to ESWMP: Any of interventions requiring use of Coconut and Palmyra cultivated lands, prior approval from the Palmyra Development Board must be obtained. 21. Occupational Health and Safety

Project interventions involve multifarious activities during construction and operation and maintenance

phases. These activities are also associated with problems of occupational health and safety. The problems

envisaged during construction and erection stages can mainly be due to exposure to dust, accidents and

noise. The problems envisaged during the operation and maintenance phase are accidents, exposure to heat,

noise, arc lights, chemicals etc.

The National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health in Sri Lanka is in the drafting stage. The Labour

and Labour Relations Ministry in collaboration with 25 ministries, trade unions, employers and other

authorities are involved in the drafting with the intention of reducing work place related injuries and other

mishaps (Ceylon Daily News; 14th November 2014).

Application to ESWMP: All project activities, during construction should comply with Factory Ordinance

requirements related to occupational, health and safety and International Labour Organization (ILO)

guidelines on the same.

3.1 Specific Laws and Regulations with Regard to SWM

In Sri Lanka, LAs are responsible for collection and disposal of waste generated by residents who live in

the region under their mandate, which is stipulated in the Municipal Councils Ordinances No.16, Urban

Council Ordinance No.61, and Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15. Each LA has been given the authority to

define the implementation rules necessary for the waste management and regulation and to impose

penalties. At the provincial level, as supervision right over LAs was handed over from the central

government to the PCs through the 13th Amendment of the 1987 constitution, its rights relating to waste

management were accordingly handed over to the PC in the Provincial Council Act No. 42. In 1980, the

MoMDE formulated the National Environmental Act (NEA) No.47 aiming to preserve the environment, to

maintain environmental quality and to prevent pollution.

Consequently, the CEA has been established and their jurisdictions, functions, and responsibilities are

defined in the NEA (See above). Furthermore, the Amendment to the NEA in 1993 requires an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the establishment of such facilities as intermediate treatment

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and final disposal site(s) with a capacity exceeding 100 ton/day. The legal frameworks related to SWM are

summarized in the following table.

3.2 Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for the SWM Sector in Sri

Lanka

Guidelines related to SWM have been developed by several relevant ministries. Among them, the

guidelines developed by the CEA are to provide guidelines on the basic waste treatment technology at the

national level. But the CEA hopes that the local governments will be able to review them and develop more

stringent guidelines by themselves in the future. The guidelines related to SWM in Sri Lanka are

summarized in the following table

While there are a number of guidelines that have been amended and updated time to time, application and

adherence to these guidelines have been poor.

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3.3 Environmental Standards Associated to SWM The wastewater discharge standards are stipulated under the NEA according to the type of industries and

discharge methods. According to the list of “The prescribed activities for which a license is required” (NEA

No. 47, 1980 Section 23A amended by Act No. 1533/16 2008, CEA), Waste Water Treatment Plants

(WWTPs) as well as hospitals and factories using hazardous substances are required to register on an annual

basis. Amendments are also being proposed to the NEA to overcome delays in enforcement actions. No

amendment components address “wastewater” of any kind at present. National Environmental (protection

and quality) Regulation (EPL) -1990. Gazette Notification Number 595/16 in 1990 and its amendment of

Gazette Notification Number 1534/18 in 2008 provide the “General Standards for discharge effluents into

inland surface waters”. The EPL is applied for the following projects related to SWM;

• Common wastewater (industrial or sewage) treatment plants

• Incinerators with a feeding capacity of five or more metric tons per day.

• Water treatment plants with a treatment capacity of 10,000 or more cubic meters per day.

• Municipal solid waste and other solid waste composting plants with a capacity of 10 or more metric

tons per day.

• Solid waste recovery/recycling or processing plants with a capacity of 10 or more metric tons per

day.

• Solid waste disposal facility with a disposal capacity of 10 or more metric tons per day.

• All toxic and hazardous waste treatment facilities or disposal facilities or recycling/recovering or

storage facilities.

• The defined project for the SWML is Industries /facilities that generate scheduled waste.

The Scheduled Waste Management License (SWML) is stipulated in the in the Gazette Extra Ordinary No.

924/13 of 1996, No. 1159/22 of 2000, and No. 1533/16 of 2008. There is no penal clause for non-

compliance although legal action is always necessary against the violation of the regulations.

The standards concerning water reuse are published by the Sri Lanka Standards Institute but currently there

are no governmental requirements for the usage of sludge. The Sri Lanka Standard for Compost from

Municipal Solid Waste and Agricultural Waste - SLSI 1246 was published in 2003. However, the “Sri

Lanka Standard Specification for Organic Fertilizers” is still in the draft format. Moreover, the code of

practice for design and construction of Bio Gas System for domestic (household) use was published as SLS

1292 – Part 1 in 2006. The publication of Part 2 covering the farm scale system with capacity ranging from

10-100m3 is still in progress12. The environmental standards related to SWM in Sri Lanka are summarized

in the following table.

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3.4 Assessment of Roles of Key Institutions Within the Solid Waste

Management Sector

Related Agencies Role and Jurisdiction

Central Government Ministries

Ministry of Local

Government and

Provincial Councils

(MoLGPC)

The MoLGPC is responsible for the implementation of policies and plans for

Local Authorities (LA) through the nine Provincial Councils (PC).

They are mainly responsible for the coordination between the central

government and PCs, supporting the formulation and implementation of

national policy related to PCs and LAs, financial and technical assistance,

and assistance for human resources development and research for good

governance, including service delivery which includes MSWM

At the local level, as supervision rights over LAs was handed over from central

government to the PCs through the 13th Amendment of the 1987 constitution, the

rights relating to waste management were accordingly handed over to the PC.

LAs are responsible for collection and disposal of waste generated by residents who

live in the region. Only in the Western Province, the Waste Management Authority (WMA), founded under the Western Provincial Council, is in charge of the cluster

waste management system.

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Related Agencies Role and Jurisdiction

Ministry of

Mahaweli

Development and

Environment

(MoMDE)

They formulate a national policy in relation to waste management. In 1998, they have

prepared a municipal waste database in Sri Lanka and made a revision in 2005. While

preparing the database, they make use of LAs in waste generation amount surveys and

waste composition surveys so that the LAs can understand the importance of recycling,

proper waste collection, intermediate treatment, and final disposal. In addition, with

assistance from UNHABITAT a Comprehensive Integrated Solid Waste Management

Plan for Target Provinces in Sri Lanka was also drafter in 2016.

Ministry of

Megapolis and

Western

Development

(MoMWD)

The ministry oversees discovering solutions to resolve the garbage issue in the CMR.

Regarding SWM, since each LA is responsible for managing the regional activities by

legislations, the ministry is not directly involved but responsible for assisting LAs with

improvement of SWM. On the other hand, since there are a lot of projects related to

SWM being carried out by individual ministries and organizations, there was a need

for a mechanism for overall management of these activities.

The ministry as a decision-making organization in accordance with SWM therefore

established the Committee of Secretaries, which consists of the top of the following

secretaries; MoMWD, MoLGPC, Ministry of Water Supply and City Planning,

SLLRDC and the Provincial Council of Western Province (Chief Secretary of the

province and MoMDE They shall collectively manage the activities of the individual

institutions that are working individually and all of the SWM projects must be

approved by them.

Ministry of Health,

Nutrition and

Indigenous Medicine

(MoH)

They have jurisdiction over the policy-making, monitoring and management of

medical waste and they prepared the Healthcare Waste Management National Policy

to encourage proper disposal of medical waste.

They dispatch the Public Health Inspector (PHI) to all the cities and townsand some

of the villages and allocate a post called Chief PHI (CPHI) to senior PHI who is in

charge of supervision and management of PHIs.

The Divisional Secretary's Division has jurisdiction over the MedicalOfficer of Health

(MOH), and they are working together with the PHI to improve and preserve the health

and hygiene of the region.

Regulatory Agencies

Central

Environmental

Authority (CEA)

The CEA is one of the main implementing arms of the National Environmental Act

(NEA) under the MoMDE and is responsible for the supervision and management of

solid waste. They consist of six major divisions such as the Human Resource

Development, the Administration & Finance Division, the Environmental Pollution

Control (EPC) Division, the Environmental Management and Assessment (EM&A)

Division, the Environmental Education and Awareness (EE&A) Division, the Project

Division and the Provincial Networking Division. The Environmental Assessment

Unit under the Environmental Management and Assessment Division is responsible

for implementing the Environmental Impact Assessment process according to the

NEA. The Environmental Pollution Control Division is engaged in regulatory

activities associated with the contamination of air, water, soil and industrial pollutions.

These functions are performed by the following four units: Pollution Control Unit,

Waste Management Unit, Laboratory Services Unit and Monitoring Unit.

The Waste Management Unit is in charge of the Scheduled Waste Management. The

Project Division consists of the following four units: the Pilisaru Waste Management

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Related Agencies Role and Jurisdiction

Project Unit, the Waste Disposal Facility Construction Unit, the National Post

Consumer Plastic Waste Management Project (NPCPWMP) Unit and the Sanitary

Landfill Site Unit.

National Solid

Waste

Management

Support

Center

(NSWMSC)- Non

Regulatory

The NSWMSC was established by the MoLGPC in 2007, was recommended by “the

JICA Study on Improvement of Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities (2002-

2003)” to assist LAs to improve the solid waste management problem.

Their main duties are as follows:

• To provide a variety of manuals and guidelines to facilitate LAs to implement

proper SWM.

• To provide a variety of technical assistance on solid waste management to

LAs.

• To collect and study information on the current SWM practices and the

practices in LAs, as well as those in foreign countries. The NSWMSC then

provides this useful information to LAs.

• To facilitate LAs to get technical and financial assistance from NGOs and

donors

• To promote, evaluate, and make recommendations to the National Strategy

for Solid Waste Management.

• To collect and analyze the waste management data of LAs.

Local Authorities

Provincial Councils There are nine PCs across the country. They provide substantial administrative

guidance to the District and LAs of the region. Their duty is to provide administrative

services for the basic daily life of citizens and community such as waste management.

Local Authority

(LA)

LAs, under the supervision of the PCs, are responsible for providing administrative

services in accordance with the regional environment such as health and hygiene,

waste disposal, regional environmental protection, and park management. Although

they are able to formulate the laws through parliament and to give instructions to the

regional police, it is said that the legislative system of local government is not fully

functional.

The CPHI (Chief PHI) or the Public Health Department in LAs that is directed by the

PHl conduct actual operations and management of municipal waste. The(C) PHl

conducts not only collection, transportation, and disposal of waste but also supervises

the health management of waste collection workers and gives guidance and training

on waste collection (e.g. health management guidance such as wearing gloves). In

addition, they are in charge of recording the attendance of waste collection workers

and their allocation for collection area(s), and grievance redressal from residents.

Jurisdiction and Role of Related Institutions in Western Province

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Related Agencies Role and Jurisdiction

Western Provincial

Council (WPC)

The Western Province consists of three districts; Gampaha, Colombo, and

Kalutara and there are 48 LAs within the region. There are 13 LAs in the Colombo

District that has the most serious SWM problems among all districts and they share

three disposal sites (Karadiyana, Meethotamulla, and Kaduwela). In the Western

Province, the Waste Management Authority (WMA) is responsible for supporting

LAs to improve their SWM.

The WPC provides substantial administrative guidance to the District and LAs of

the Western Province; however, SWM is delegated to the Waste Management

Authority (WMA), which was established under the WPC. All of LAs in the

Western Province are supposed to manage their wastes in accordance with the

MSW Management Rule No.1 (2008) formulated by the

WPC.

The Department of Local Government (DLG) under the WPC is responsible for

coordination between LA and the central government / WPC in the Western

Province, for monitoring the financial status of each LA and also for allocation of

subsidies from the central government and WPC to each LA taking into account

the sector-specific maximum expenditure (Ceiling) defined by Finance

Commission and the priority of expenditures.

The head of the DLG is appointed as the Commissioner of Local Government

(CLG), under which there are three Assistant Commissioners in charge of each

district in the Western Province.

Waste Management

Authority of Western

Province (WMA)

WMA, established in 2004 under Waste Management Statute No.9 of the Western

Provincial Council in 1999 is responsible for supervision of waste management of

the entire WP. The WMA Statute No.1 was formulated in 2007

and it specifies jurisdiction, function and responsibility of the WMA.

According to the statute, WMA is responsible for providing technical and financial

assistances to all Las of the WP to build their capacities in SWM, collecting waste

data in WP, developing common final disposal sites to LAs and also assisting to

LAs to inculcate waste management discipline among the public (through public

awareness activity and environmental education etc. ).

Seven LAs (Moratuwa MC, Boralesgamuwa UC, Kesbewa UC, Dehiwala Mount

Lavinia MC, Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte MC, Maharagama UC, Homagama PS)

out of thirteen LAs in the Colombo District are using Karadiyana cluster disposal

sites, and WMA is in charge of its operation and maintenance, including the

collection of tipping fees.

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Related Agencies Role and Jurisdiction

Colombo

MunicipalCouncil

(CMC)

CMC is in charge of operation and management of Meethothamulla disposal site

which is shared with Kolonnawa UC as well as waste collection in the area under

their jurisdiction.

Waste collection in CMC is conducted using 90 units of vehicles including 63

compactor trucks which were provided by JICA in the 1990s and collection

area is divided into six Districts. Waste collection, street cleaning and waste

transportation in the CMC are conducted by the outsourced two private companies

(Carekleen and Abans) according to the waste management guidelines formulated

by the CMC. The collection coverage area is approximately 100%.

3.5 Compliance with World Bank Operational Policies

3.5.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has a number of Operational Policies (OPs) and Bank Procedures (BPs) concerning

environmental and social issues, which together are referred to as the Bank‘s Safeguard Policies‘. If, during

the development of a project, it is considered that it is possible that a proposed project activity could be the

subject of one of the safeguard policies, that policy is considered to have been triggered ‘. In the subsequent

development of the project, that activity must be considered in more detail to determine whether it is

actually of no concern or adequate mitigation can be applied to address the concern, or the activity should

be removed from the project (or the whole project should be dropped). The sections below address those

Safeguard Policies that have been triggered by the project under review, and the actions that have been

taken to ensure that the requirements of those policies will be satisfied in the further development of the

project.

Safeguard Policies Triggered by the ESWMP Yes No

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) √

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) √

Pest Management (OP 4.09) √

Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) √

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) √

Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) √

Forests (OP/BP 4.36) √

Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) √

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) √

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) √

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Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)

3.5.1 Compliance with OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment

This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts in

its area of influence. The policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for World

Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve

decision making. Safeguard Instruments should consider the natural environment, human health and safety

and social aspects in an integrated way. It should also takes into account the variations in project and country

conditions, the findings of country environmental studies, national environmental action plans, the country's

overall policy framework and national legislation, the project sponsor’s capabilities related to the

environment and social aspects, and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under

relevant international environmental treaties and agreements.

When OP 4.01 is triggered, the World Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four categories,

depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its

potential environmental impacts.

(1) A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental

impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than

the sites or facilities subject to physical works.

(2) A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human

populations or environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands and other

natural habitats are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site specific; few

if any are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for

Category A projects. The scope of an EA for Category B projects may vary from project to project,

but it is narrower in scope when compared with Category A projects.

(3) A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental

impacts. For example, technical assistance projects on institutional development, computerization, and

training fall in Category C.

(4) A proposed project is classified as FI when the Bank provides funds to participating national banks,

credit institutions and other financial intermediaries (FIs) for on lending at the FIs’ risk to final

borrowers. In the case of such projects, the FI screens each subproject proposed for financing, and

classifies it into any one of three categories: A, B or C. FIs must prepare an Environmental and Social

Management Framework, following the Bank’s consultation and disclosure requirements as in the case

of other safeguards documents (e.g., EAs, RAPs, IPPs). The EMF, including the screening process for

categorization of subprojects, must be spelled out in the operational manual.

World Bank OP 4.01 is very clear that for all Category A projects and as appropriate for Category B projects

during the EA process, the project sponsor should consult project-affected groups and local non-

governmental organizations (NGOs) about the project's environmental aspects and take their views into

account. The project sponsor should initiate such consultations as early as possible. For Category A

projects, the project sponsor should consult these groups at least twice (a) shortly after environmental

screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized, and (b) once a draft EA report is

prepared. The EA should particularly incorporate such comments to improve the project’s social

acceptability and environmental sustainability. In addition, the project sponsor should consult with such

groups throughout project implementation, as necessary to address EA related issues that affect them.

The overall project is categorized as an Environmental Category A. Broadly, the project is expected to bring

positive cumulative environmental benefits to the project area by ensuring that an environmentally sound

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system for solid waste management is established. However, there remain risks associated with the

establishment, which include site specific remediable and reversible impacts that occur during civil works,

and operation of solid waste treatment facilities and final disposal that need to be managed in a manner that

is not detrimental to the environment. Thus, due diligence will need to be in line with the World Bank’s

environmental safeguard policies and World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines.

OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment to ensure that any environmental impact associated with project

activities, especially physical interventions linked with the SWM infrastructure and operation of the system,

will lead to environmental impacts and that need to be identified upstream via due diligence instruments

and stringently mitigated and managed within the context of the project.

As the proposed project is processed under the exceptional deferral paragraph 12(a) of World Bank OP

10.00 and the guidance note for crises and emergency operations for application of IDA safeguards and

public disclosure policies, this EMF has been prepared and will also be subject to public consultation and

re-disclosure by the Borrower prior to project implementation. The EMF outlines the necessary safeguards

measures to be undertaken over the course of project preparation and appraisal. Due diligence measures

will include standalone Environmental Assessment (EAs) and Environmental Management Plans (EMPs)

for the proposed sites and technologies. In addition, the documents will also outline the requisite due

diligence measures to be taken at all steps of project implementation, including a stringent procedure for

environmental management at operation of solid waste management facilities and monitoring during the

operational phase. Operations are required to be in line with both national environmental guidelines as well

as the World Bank Group General and Solid Waste Management Sectoral Environmental and Heath

Guidelines.

All interventions to be conducted in existing waste sites, including environmental closure of dumpsites,

will warrant a Site Contamination Audit to identify the level of environmental degradation and identify

remedial measures to mitigate existing unsound environmental conditions via site specific EMPs.

All safeguards instruments to be prepared during project implementation are subject to subsequent

consultation, clearance and disclosure. No project interventions can commence on ground prior to safeguard

instrument clearance by the World Bank. Subsequent EMPs and punitive clauses on safeguards will be

included in all sub-project procurement instruments and contractual documents, respectively.

3.5.2 Compliance with OP 4.01 Annex C Environmental Action Plans (or

Environmental Management Plans)

According to Annex C of the World Bank OP4.01 an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an

essential element of EA reports for Category A projects. The EMP should consists of a set of mitigation,

management, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to

eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The

plan should also include the actions needed to implement these measures. In preparation of an EMP, the

EA consultant should:

(a) Identify the set of responses to potentially adverse impacts;

(b) Determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timely

manner

(c) Describe the means for meeting those requirements.

More specifically, the EMP should include the following components:

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• The EMP should identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially

significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan includes compensatory

measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost-effective, or sufficient.

• The EMP should define monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring needed, with

linkages to the impacts assessed in the EA report and the mitigation measures described in the

EMP.

• To strengthen the project sponsor’s environmental management capability, EMPs should mention

any technical assistance that may be needed by the borrower.

• For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development), the EMP should provide

(a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing

phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (b) the capital and

recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP.

• The EMP must be integrated into the project's overall planning, design, budget, and

implementation.

During project implementation, the project sponsor should report on compliance with:

(a) Measures agreed with World Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA, including

implementation of any EMP, as set out in the project documents

(b) The status of mitigatory measures; and

(c) The findings of monitoring programs.

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)

The project interventions will be carried out in sites that have been anthropogenically altered and are

degraded, including existing dump sites. The policy is triggered as some project sites, as highlighted below,

are ecologically connected to sensitive sites that require specific measures to mitigate potential impacts to

these natural habitats and associated fauna and flora. The Kelaniya transfer station site is a wetland/marshy

ecosystem hydrologically connected to the Kelani river basin and the Kerawalapitiya interim landfill site is

hydrologically connected to the Muthurajawala Wetland Complex, which is an Environmentally Protected

Area as per the National Environmental Act designation. The Aruwakkalu site is a regenerated ecosystem

over two decades old and noted as an area where elephants have been observed to forage. Specific safeguard

measures to ensure any potential impacts to these sites are pre-identified and mitigated, will be built in to the

safeguards instruments to be prepared under OP 4.01. The overall project will not conduct any activities

within designated or on the buffer zones of protected areas and project interventions will facilitate in

mitigating pollution and degradation of such ecosystems due to inappropriate SWM in the long run.

Physical Cultural Resource (OP/BP/GP 4.11)

While the policy on Physical Cultural Resources has not been triggered as project activities are expected to

be carried out in known and existing agricultural and inhabited areas. In order to mitigate the risk, given the

uncertainty regarding the exact locations of activities to be carried out under the project, due diligence

mechanisms with regard to the identification and management of PCRs have been embedded within the

requirements under OP/BP/GP 4.01.

3.6 Adequacy of GOSL Environmental Clearances

The composite GOSL environmental clearance process, in principle, is consistent with World Bank

environmental and public disclosure requirements. The exception being the screening criteria adopted in

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the GOSL process under the NEA, where project thresholds are used to determine the type of clearance

required and the content of public consultation. However, all activities with an impact on the environment

under the proposed project will be subjected to environmental analysis regardless of the project threshold,

prior to disbursement of funds. The CEA’s regulated EA procedure is more than two decades old and

substantial experience has been made by the CEA in evaluation of EIAs/IEEs. Hence, there will be no need

for the project to provide technical assistance to the CEA and other PAAs to provide support to the project

on environmental matters. Although the GOSL’s clearance procedure is adequate reliable, IDA will still

review Environmental Management Plans/Assessments/Screening Forms, prepared under the project

and provide necessary concurrence for the approval of disbursements of funds.

3.6.1 WB ESH Guidelines

The World Bank Groups Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference

documents with general and industry specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).

EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These industry sector

EHS guidelines are designed to be used together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which

provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors.

The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be

achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines

to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable

for achieving them. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks

established for each project on the basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific

variables, such as host country context, assimilative capacity of the Defined as the exercise of professional

skill, diligence, prudence and foresight that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced

professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally.

The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of

pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to,

varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative capacity as well as varying

levels of financial and technical feasibility. Environment, and other project factors, are taken into account.

The applicability of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of

qualified and experienced persons. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures

presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less

stringent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific

project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the

site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any

alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment.

Sectoral Guidelines Applicable to the Project

The EHS Guidelines for Waste Management cover facilities or projects dedicated to the management of

municipal solid waste and industrial waste, including waste collection and transport; waste receipt,

unloading, processing, and storage; landfill disposal; physio-chemical and biological treatment; and

incineration. Industry-specific waste management activities such as health care waste, also have a relevant

industry-sector EHS Guideline. The guidelines also provide performance indicators and industry

benchmarks on environmental performance and environmental monitoring.

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When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines,

projects will be required to achieve whichever is more stringent. As the EHS guidelines are more stringent

to the measures present in Country, the EHS guidelines should be followed where applicable. In the context

of this project

The WB EHS guidelines, sectoral and general, will be applicable to all project interventions under this

project and applied accordingly.

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4 Chapter 4: Generic Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts

4.1 Overview The project is expected to bring positive environmental benefits to the project areas through ensuring a

sound system for solid waste management is established in the project regions. While the project activities

themselves will facilitate in curtailing the major impacts associated with improper management of solid

waste there still remain risks associated with the operation of solid waste management facilities and final

disposal of solid waste that need to be managed accordingly. In addition, there is also the uncertainty

regarding the exact locations of activities to be carried out under the project and project interventions that

will involve physical alterations to the environment.

This EMF has been designed to achieve sound environmental practice within the purview of the ESWMP.

The EMF provides the mechanism to allow program implementation by screening out or enhancing

acceptability of sub-project proposals on the basis of environmental criteria. By a simple process of

elimination, the first step in the screening process is to identify subproject activities not suitable for funding.

All processes described in the EMF can be adjusted based on implementation experience.

The EMF will be a living document and will be reviewed and updated periodically as needed.

It is recommended that the following types of subprojects are not financed and therefore should be

considered as a "Negative List":

• Open dumping of solid waste in an unsanitary manner as stipulated in the sectoral World Bank

EHS Guidelines

• Sub-projects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats such

as designated terrestrial protected areas.

• Activities that could lead to invasion or spread of weeds and feral animals or the use of toxic

chemicals, intensive use of pesticides.

• Activities that could dangerously lead to the exposure of sensitive/critical/vulnerable habitats.

• Construction of large new infrastructure within or directly adjacent (in buffer zones) to protected

areas

• Illegal Activities as defined specifically under the environmental regulations of the Government of

Sri Lanka, as outlined in Chapter 3.

4.2 Component Specific Environmental Impacts

Investments under the project aim to reduce the current Solid Waste Management burden that has been

created post the failure of the Meethotamulla Dumpsite and provide sanitary means of final disposal for the

estimated 700tonns of waste currently collected within the CMR. The project is expected to bring positive

environmental benefits to the project areas through ensuring a sound system for solid waste management is

established in the project regions. While the project activities themselves will facilitate in curtailing the

major impacts associated with improper management. The project interventions include three specific sub

areas of interventions and potential environmental impacts for each component are outlined in detail below.

The project will not lead to large scale, irreversible environmental impacts and pose the potential impacts

that can be mitigated via adequate due diligence and management during project implementation.

Component Wise Impacts

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4.2.1 Component-1

Sub-Components 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.3- The safe closure and Rehabilitation of Final Disposal Sites

The safe closure of the unused Meethotamulla dump site, closure of the Kerawalapitiya Interim dumpsite

and the rehabilitation of the Karadiyana controlled dumpsite aim to curtail ongoing environmental impacts

associated with existing unmanaged and unsanitary final disposal sites. The project interventions proposed,

will be predominantly environmentally beneficial as the activities focus on mitigating environmental

impacts that currently exist on site, such as; leachate contamination of ground water and surrounding water

ways, accumulation of and exposure to landfill gases, risk of fire, proliferation of disease causing vectors

and vermin, nuisances such as odor and aesthetic issues due to open dumping as well as public and

occupational health and safety issues and the high risk of waste mound collapse. The sub-project designs

itself will incorporate measures which include interventions such as the stabilization of existing waste

mounds; minimizing the risk of fires; prevention of people and animals from scavenging; control of

infiltration of rainwater/surface water and thus reducing leachate generation and treatment of collected

leachate; control of odor and gas diffusion and the reduction of waste exposure to wind and vectors, will

be incorporated in to the design of the intervention. Thereby mitigating the environmental impacts that exist

due to unsound operation of the project sites. Specific safeguards impacts due to project interventions will

thus be limited to potential risks associated with worker and public health and safety, sourcing, transport

and storage of material for the covering process as well as other construction phase impacts associated with

the physical intervention of dump site rehabilitation and closure, which would be localized and temporary

in nature and mitigatable with good construction, housekeeping, public safety and environmental

monitoring and management practices. Sub Component 2.3 will fall within the same purview of impacts,

while it will not be implemented as an emergency response.

While the Dompe Sanitary Landfill is currently in operation and managed to meet national safeguards

regulations, sub-component 1.4 will aim to further improve operations on site, which will not lead to any

major environmental impacts but rather ensure potential impacts from the operation of the sanitary landfill

are managed even more systematically and stringently.

Sub Component 1.2 -Controlled Landfill and Composting

As an interim measure and response to the emergency need, created post the Meethotamulla dumpsite

failure, solid waste collected from the CMR has been open dumped at a wetland site in Kerawalapitiya

which is a wetland area hydrologically connected to the larger Muthurajawala Wetland Complex. Due to

social issues and saturation of other open dumpsites in and around Colombo, the GoSL selected the existing

site. Thus, the open dumping and establishment of the composting facility have commenced on adjacent

sections of this site, which was year marked by the SLLRDC for development of a site that would showcase

waste management practices such as composting. Due to the open dumping that has occurred over a course

of 5 months and ongoing, the current site has notable impacts of leachate contamination, odor, proliferation

of scavenging animals such as crows and aesthetic damage that are degrading the surrounding wetland areas

and need to be urgently managed and will so via the project interventions. Composting activities are

currently carried out without any specific site preparation or equipment as well and it is expected that

composting operations will continue this site on the long term. It is estimated that this site should operate

as an interim location for disposal of residual mixed waste until the new regional landfill in Aruwakkalu

will be commissioned, which is expected to take at minimum 18 months. Until then, the GoSL seeks to

maintain the waste treatment capacity at the Kerawalapitiya site, however if current practices continue the

environmental degradation will not be curtailed. Therefore, the subcomponent looks at establishing a multi-

activity platform, which includes composting, sorting and storage of refuse. The platform is to be built per

minimal engineering standards to prevent unnecessary wetland degradation and ensure operational safety,

introducing leachate collection and mobile leachate treatment and thus curtail the wetland degradation that

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is ongoing. The site being hydrologically connected to the Muthurajawala wetland complex which is a site

of high biodiversity and an environmentally protected area, the risks of surface water contamination, unless

leachate is treated, and any further spillage in to the wetland zones will lead to rapid transfer of the

contamination by direct advection, this remains the main threat. In addition, settlements located 500 m

South-East of the site requires specific attention be paid on aesthetic pollution, odor and pest control. As

wetland soils are known to be poorly consolidated, creating stability issues and a need for soil preparation

are also essential and thus the works will require significant quantities of earth material for filling and land

preparation.

Sub Components 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 and 1.8-Construction and Operation of the Transfer Stations and

Sanitary Landfill in Aruwakkalu

The combination of subcomponents will support the establishment of a sanitary landfill in Aruwakkalu in

Puttalam, approximately 3.5 hours from Colombo via road and 3 hours via rail, and two transfer stations in

Kelaniya and in Aruwakkalu. It is expected that residual waste will be hauled from Colombo first via truck

and then via rail to the sanitary landfill site. An Environmental Impact Assessment has been conducted for

the system, looking at all the relevant project sites and transportation corridor by the GoSL. The findings

of the EIA indicate the following impacts that are to be mitigated in addition to associated construction

impacts that will arise with the establishment of the sanitary landfill and the transfer stations. Construction

phase impacts will include air pollution, noise, debris disposal, public safety, occupational health and safety

of workers, inconvenience, restricted access, traffic congestion, removal of vegetation in the work sites,

extraction of construction material, etc. which would be localized and temporary in nature and mitigatable

with good construction, housekeeping, public safety and debris disposal practices.

The Kelaniya Transfer Station is to be set up in a heavily urbanized area, where traffic congestion has been

identified as a key issue. The subproject will involve the establishment of necessary infrastructure for waste

sorting, processing and for the rail transport extension in 17ha area. Due to the marshy nature of the land

there will be impacts on the ecological functions of the marsh if it is filled for development. The design has

incorporated adequate measures to ensure the transfer station is built in a manner that does not affect natural

water exchange regime of the marsh by building the facilities on a stilted structure. During waste receipt,

unloading, and processing, activities, leachate and waste water, pest nuisances, noise, dust and bio-aerosols,

odors, and vehicle emissions will prevail along with occupational health and safety hazards to the workers.

These will need to mitigated via a stringent operational management and monitoring plan as well as

adequate measures in the design, facilities of leachate and waste water management are included

accordingly. In addition, due to the location being close to pre-congested areas, the management of traffic

will be essential as there will be associated environmental impacts.

The Aruwakkalu Transfer Station and Aruwakkalu Landfill site are located close to each other. The site is

located within the area designated to the Siam City Cement (Lankan) Ltd for quarrying activities. The 46ha

demarcated for the landfill facility has been abandoned post quarry operations and has regenerated in to a

significant natural habitat. The EIA identified that the site is home to a number of endangered and threatened

small faunal and floral species, that have been proposed for relocation in the protected buffer area of the

Wilpattu National Park- 3km away from the site. This location has been pre-used for relocation of faunal

and floral species by the quarry operator as well. The EIA also indicates the site is an elephant foraging

ground and wild elephants have been observed on the site. While the existing quarry has a peripheral electric

fence on the property perimeter, which has not been effective due to improper management and

surveillance, the project design will include additional elephant fences around the landfill facility which

will need to be managed by the project entity to ensure there will be no Human Elephant conflict issues. As

the site, has been anthropogenically altered to a great extent, major impacts will only prevail during the

land clearance and construction phase. The landfill design includes adequate measure, as per the EIA to

manage operational phase impacts and no major impacts are seen in context with the contamination of

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ground water aquifers or to surrounding areas due to its isolated location from human settlements and

sensitive areas.

4.2.2 Component-2

The component will support several complementary activities to support the waste management stream in

the CMR. The first subcomponent will support the collection, sorting, transport, and processing for CMC

and other LAs. Current management practices in the CMR are not conducted as per best practice guidance

for the sector, in a sound manner, from collection to processing prior to final disposal, thus typical

environmental and public health impacts that occur due to unplanned solid waste management practices do

prevail. Via an audit these impacts will be identified and the operation of the system will need to be

conducted as per the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines for the sector. Component 2.4 will involve the

development of an urban park at Meethotamulla, post the full environmental closure and stabilization of

the open dump site. As detailed designs of this investments are not available, potential impacts will be

identified during project implementation.

4.2.3 Component-3

No physical interventions will be financed via these interventions; thus, no impacts have been attributed to

this component.

4.3 Presentation of Generic Impacts Associated with project Interventions

4.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts

Impacts on soil at construction and material extraction sites and yard

Impact description Duration of the impact Level of impact

Loss of productive top soil due to site preparation work Long-term Moderate

Soil erosion caused by clearing and grubbing operations

which removes the vegetative cover in the immediate

surroundings

Long-term High

Soil erosion caused by mining and quarrying operations for

material-

Long-term Moderate

Contamination of soil by heavy metals and chemicals

discharged by construction vehicles and from material

storage sites

Short-term High

Erosion of uncovered temporary stock piles and soil dumps Short-term Low

Impacts on surface and ground water sources occur due to following activities

Impact description Duration of the

impact

Level of impact

Siltation of waterways due to modifications to surface

water flow and drainage patterns

Long-term Moderate

Degradation of surface water quality due to equipment

and material piling on the site

Short-term Low

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Degradation of water quality due to waste water from

worker camps

Short-term Moderate

Degradation of water quality in water bodies in the

vicinity of quarry and borrow sites

Short-term Moderate

Reduction in groundwater recharge due to drainage and

excavation, especially in dry areas

Long-term High

Impacts on ambient air quality and noise within construction sites, material extraction sites

and yards

Impact description Duration of the

impact

Level of impact

Operation of construction vehicles and plants (AC

plant and concrete batching plants) that emit obnoxious

gases

Short-term Moderate

Exposure of soil surface due to excavation, clearing of

surface vegetation which generates dust

Short-term Moderate

Mining operations of metal and gravel for construction

material will emit dust and other particulate matter

Short-term Moderate

Improper storage of chemicals that could emit fumes of

stored chemicals

Short-term High

Increased noise nuisance and vibration issues to public

living close to construction areas and quarries

Short-term Moderate

Impacts on ecosystems, fauna and flora

Impact description Duration of the

impact

Level of impact

Clearing of vegetation for construction activities may

lead to disturbance to natural habitats (wetlands, forest

areas, lagoons, etc.)

Long-term High

Clearing of surface vegetation in quarry sites and

burrow sites may lead to the loss of land/ natural

habitats

Long-term High

Loss of important fauna and flora due to construction

works

Long-term Moderate

Disturbance to animal migration routes and patterns Long-term High

Changes to aquatic ecosystems due to siltation of

waterways, changes to speed and volume of water flow

Long-term High

Contamination of biota by emissions to air, water and

soil during construction and material extraction works

Short-term Moderate

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Loss of standing crops, fruit trees and commercially

valuable trees due to construction works close to home

gardens, chena lands and paddy fields

Long-term Moderate

4.3.2 Key Impacts Associated with the Operation of Solid Waste

Management Facilities, Waste Sorting Facilities, Transfer Station

and Composing Plants.

The quantities and nature of waste material received and the, design and activities and siting of composting

and other waste processing facilities such as transfer stations and recycling facilities determine the nature

of potential pollutants that can be generated and the severity of the potential environmental risks as well as

the quality of the end-product. Poor environmental management of such facilities can result in one or more

of the following environmental impacts:

Odors

Waste storage at transfer facilities, soiled waste storage at recycling facilities and operation of passive and

windrow composting facilities are activities that typically generate odors. Odor problems associated with

operation of such facilities can be traced to problems with one or more of the following four processes:

process control; containment of odorous areas; odor control technology; and siting. Although various

feedstocks contain a variety of compounds, in many cases they will not be released as odor during

processing provided the process conditions are optimized.

4.3.2.1.1 Odor Causing Compounds During Compost Production

Typical odor causing compounds documented from waste treatment facilities are ammonia, sulfur

compounds, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Specifically, during composting operations, the following are key impacts.

Under aerobic conditions, a well aerated composting pile, the main gaseous product of composting

and mulching is carbon dioxide, and the organics are characterized by an earthy or woody odor.

The most common gas compounds contributing to odors from aerated static pile composting of

organics containing bio solids include dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide,

carbon disulfide, and benzothiazole. These chemicals can be toxic, although in open-air (aerobic)

composting situations they are not present in high enough concentrations to be considered a health

risk, per studies conducted, yet they can cause temporary discomfort to facility workers or

neighborhoods in the vicinity.

Under anaerobic conditions, when the biodegrading materials do not receive sufficient air due to

inadequate aeriation of stagnation of composting piles methane is generated, and this is

accompanied invariably by the production of strong and foul odors. These odors are caused by the

generation of ammonia, volatile amines (when the degrading organics have a high nitrogen

content), hydrogen sulfide and VOCs.

The absence of odors does not necessarily indicate that the process has not turned anaerobic: odors

may be diminished or removed during diffusion of the biogas mixture through fresh compost, odor

scrubbers or soil containing biological organisms. However, the presence of unpleasant odors is a

good indicator that the process has turned anaerobic.

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4.3.2.1.2 Peak Periods and Wind Flow

If calm conditions are likely to occur frequently at the selected site for a waste treatment or transfer facility,

the topography and consequent drainage flows of air in the site can have a profound effect on the dispersion

of odors, the extent and intensity of odors and, consequently, the impact on local amenity. Calm conditions

are most likely to occur in the morning and evening. Locations likely to cause least the dispersion of odors

are those that have a predictable air drainage flow and no sea breezes or other winds to disturb the stable

wind conditions.

High peak odor emissions at composting and other processing facilities generally occur during loading,

unloading and in the case of composting during mixing and aeration procedures, such as preparation of the

feedstock, and during turning of biodegrading organics. Rapidly biodegrading organics present in municipal

solid waste such as food and animal organics, may already be giving off odors when they are received at

the facility or soon after receipt.

Odor related nuances from composting facilities can arise from poorly managed stockpiles of raw organics

and/or organic products. For instance, large stockpiles require more ongoing management and maintenance

to ensure that the potential for odor emissions and water pollution from anaerobic conditions is mitigated.

Poorly managed stockpiles can turn anaerobic because of lack of aeration through the piles. If excessive

moisture encounters the stockpiles it can cause leachate to be generated and drain from stockpiles,

potentially causing water pollution as well.

Air Emissions

Direct air emissions can include bio aerosols, particulate matter/dust, ammonia, amines, volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), sulfides, odors, etc.

4.3.2.2.1 Particulate Matter

Composting and related organics processing facilities may be sources of particulate matters in the

atmosphere. Particulate matter may be classified as per the following characteristics:

• size (including PM10, PM2.5, total, and inhalable dust)

• particle shape or phase they exist in- Example: fibers and aerosols

• their physical behavior in air- Either suspended in air or deposited from air

• their chemical species,

• biological activity- such as bioaerosols

The highest concentrations of particulate matter from composting and related organics-processing facilities,

occur during pre-treatment (shredding and mixing of waste) of fresh organics and the turning of

biodegrading organics, and can be higher under warm and dry climatic conditions. Gravel and unsurfaced

access roads and earthmoving equipment, including withdraw turners and other machinery, during

operation can also be sources of particulate matter at composting facilities.

The composting process is also dependent on the inter-related activities of a wide range of microorganisms

to convert organics into stabilized organic products. Thus, high concentrations of bacteria and fungi are

likely to be present in the process feedstock, during processing, and in the final products, which can be

dispersed in to the air. It is possible in the absence of control measures that pathogenic substances for

example such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Hantavirus infections may be

aerosol transmitted from composting and related organics and processing facilities and have the potential

to cause severe infections in humans and thus need to me monitored and managed adequately.

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The principal types of particulate matter of concern to the community and the DEC are biological particulate

matter, PM10 (size range < 10 µm), PM2.5 (size range < 2.5 µm) deposited matter and total suspended

particulate matter (TSP) that are present at composting and related organics-processing facilities. The

human health effects of different-sized airborne particulate matter differ. Larger particles PM10 are trapped

in the nose and throat, whereas smaller particles (PM2.5) penetrate the lungs and are associated with a range

of respiratory ailments. Typically, labor working in composting facilities are often exposed to high levels

of particulate matter (for short periods) if certain design features are not employed and key operational

measures such an adequate occupational health and safety measures are undertaken to safeguard themselves

from continuous inhalation.

4.3.2.2.2 Biogas

Decomposition of most organics in the absence of oxygen yields biogas – a mixture of approximately 65%

methane and 35% carbon dioxide. Uncontrolled emission of biogas can pose a fire risk and other potential

hazards to humans. Biogas generated from the decomposition of ‘mixed residual waste containing

putrescible organics’ is likened to the biogas generated in landfills. Thus the principal key pollutants of

concern arising from the decomposition of ‘mixed residual waste containing putrescible organics’ are

methane, nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NO), sulfuric acid mist (H2 SO4), sulfur oxides (SO3 and SO2), and

non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These pollutants are of concern because they can be

toxic or highly odorous at quite low concentrations.

Flaring of biogas from anaerobic composting processing minimizes the release of odors generated from

biogas and reduces the risk of fire and explosion. Alternatively, energy recovery systems can be installed

to recover energy from biogas depending on the nature of the composting activities, volumes and

technology used. Liquids condensed from biogas have the potential to cause pollution of waters and cause

amenity impacts (such as odor), so they must be effectively managed. Where possible, the generation of

condensed liquids from biogas should be avoided.

4.3.2.2.3 Methane and other Green House Gas Emissions

The emission of methane to the atmosphere is reported as the principal greenhouse impact of concern for

composting and related organics-processing facilities, because methane has more than 20 times the

greenhouse warming potential of carbon dioxide. In open windrow systems when an aerobic environment

is maintained with proper moisture content to encourage aerobic decomposition of the organics, the

composting process does not generate significant quantities of methane according to the United States

Environmental Protection Agency. Scientific studies have also confirmed that if isolated anaerobic pockets

deep within a compost pile release methane then it is likely to be oxidized in the aerobic areas of the compost

pile before any significant quantity is released to the atmosphere (e.g. Zeman & Rich 2001).

Other than Methane, which in most instances of composting is controlled as abovem, the only other GHG

of concern is carbon dioxide which is released in relation to the transport of material to the composting

facilities and by the use of fossil fuels (e.g. diesel and petrol) during transporting and processing contributes

to global warming, because the carbon dioxide produced during the composting process would have been

released in the longer term by the natural decay of the organic materials that are being turned into compost.

The well managed composting of organics will not produce methane, so this activity can contribute to a

reduction of global warming by keeping organics out of landfill where

the impacts would be far greater.

Leachate

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Putrescible organics tend to generate leachates that need careful management, substances such as food and

kitchen waste contain high moisture that generates leachate without extra water being added. Other organic

matter such as garden materials, wood and fibrous materials generally form leachates only when additional

water (including rainfall) is introduced. Under anaerobic conditions the chemical properties of leachate can

be acidic, and can lead to the dissolution of metals and metallic compounds that may be present in organics.

Under aerobic conditions alkaline leachates can be formed from organics with low carbon/high nitrogen

ratios, such as food and animal organics. Leachates from composting and related organics-processing

facilities have the potential to pollute groundwater and surface water bodies (such as rivers, creeks and

other water ways). They can be high in nutrients; this makes them favorable host media for bacteria and

other microorganisms and gives leachate a high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and increases its

pollutive nature.

Stockpiles of raw organics and processed organics have the potential to pollute waters, because leachate

may be generated when the stockpiled organics contain excessive moisture, exposure to rainfall or if

stockpiled organics are not sufficiently aerated or turned impacts are elevated. Such stockpiles may also

exacerbate odor related impacts as excessive moisture will tend to cause the stockpiled organics to become

anaerobic if not managed competently and produce acidic leachate. In the case of in- vessel composting

very little leachate is produced and can be managed easily.

Surface Water Run-Off

Surface water run-off from composting and waste transfer facilities can cause unacceptable loads of

sediment and suspended solids in receiving waters, while surface water run-on can lead to excessive

generation of leachate Unvegetated exposed areas are a likely source of suspended sediment in surface

water.

Risk of Fire

Possible causes of fires at composting and related organics processing facilities, include: spontaneous

combustion, sparks from works activities such as welding, lightning strikes, cigarettes, build-up of

particulate matter near engine manifolds and exhaust pipes of processing equipment, bushfires and arson.

Cigarettes, sparks from welding activities and spontaneous combustion are reported as being the most

common causes of fire at composting and related organics-processing facilities. Spontaneous combustion

happens when decomposing organics self-heat to a temperature high enough to ignite. The conditions for

spontaneous combustion (such as large piles, limited air flow and time for temperature to build up) are

usually more prevalent within large, undisturbed piles containing raw feedstock, curing compost or finished

compost rather than in active composting systems, thus it is essential to ensure these piles are kept aeriated

often to reduce risk of fire. Fire prevention and management equipment are essential elements that need ot

be incorporated in to the design of facilities during operations.

Vectors and Pests

Solid waste treatment facilities are ideal environments for Rodents and birds as well as disease vectors such

as flies and mosquitoes and often attract these organisms. Unless waste material is not well covered during

these processes a proliferation of these organisms can lead to public health issues, nuisances to neighboring

communities and even lead to the spread of disease.

Litter

Wind-blown litter emanating from composting and related waste management facilities can degrade the

local conditions and spread contaminants. The tracking of litter and mud on the wheels of vehicles leaving

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the premises may also cause impacts on the quality of surface water run-off and vehicles can also be a

source of wind-blown litter if loads of waste being brought in to the facilities are not fully contained and

covered.

Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) impacts during the construction and operation of Solid Waste

Management can be categorized in to three specific areas as presented below. The most significant

occupational health and safety impacts typically associated with workers at waste management facilities

occur during the operational phase

Accidents and Injuries

Solid waste workers are particularly prone to accidents involving trucks and other moving equipment, so

traffic management systems and traffic controllers are recommended. Accidents include slides from

unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing

equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. Other injuries occur from heavy lifting, contact with

sharps, chemical burns, and infectious agents. Smoke, dusts, and bioaerosols can lead to injuries to eyes,

ears, and respiratory systems.

Chemical Exposure

Chemical hazards encountered at waste management facilities are similar to those at other large industrial

facilities, such as toxic and asphyxiating gases, full composition of wastes and their potential hazards is

often unknown. Even municipal solid waste often contains hazardous chemicals, such as heavy metals from

discarded batteries, lighting fixtures, paints and inks.

Dust

Waste processing can generate nuisance and hazardous dust, including organic dust. Workers can be

exposed to pathogens contained in manure and animal excreta found in MSW from the disposal of sludge,

carcasses, diapers, and yard trimmings containing domestic animal waste. Uncontrolled dumping of MSW

attracts rats, flies, and other insects that can transmit diseases. Processing of MSW can also generate

bioaerosols, suspensions of particles in the air consisting partially or wholly of microorganisms, such as

bacteria, viruses, molds, and fungi. These microorganisms can remain suspended in the air for long periods

of time, retaining viability or infectivity. Workers may also be exposed to endotoxins, which are produced

within a microorganism and released upon destruction of the cell and which can be carried by airborne dust

particles.

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5 Chapter 5: Environmental and Social Management Framework

5.1 Environmental Screening of Identified Physical Subprojects

Environmental screening is counted to be a useful tool in identifying safeguard issues in large investment

programs consisting of many sub-projects. The main objective of Environmental screening of sub-projects

will be to (a) determine the anticipated environmental/social impacts, risks and opportunities of the sub-

project (ii) determine if the anticipated impacts and public concern warrant further environmental/social

analysis, and if so to recommend the appropriate type and extent of assessments needed.

At the national level, screening is the process by which proposed developments are reviewed to determine

the level of environmental and social assessment to which they should be subjected, which could range

from none at all up to a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). At the project level, screening is the

process of reviewing a proposed activity against a checklist of factors to determine whether it is likely to

have adverse environmental and social effects, and if so, what mitigation measures should be applied.

The main objective of Environmental Screening of sub-projects will be to (a) determine the anticipated

environmental impacts, risks and opportunities of the sub-project (ii) determine if the anticipated impacts

and public concern warrant further environmental analysis, and if so to recommend the appropriate type

and extent of Environmental Assessment needed. The previous chapter provides recommendation on the

level of environmental analysis for selected activities as broad guidance; however, the final judgment will

be made post the screening exercise. Screening should go hand in hand with project concept development.

This way environmental opportunities and risks can be appropriately and easily integrated into subsequent

design stages, rather than being brought in at the last minute. The environmental screening report should

be prepared by the environmental expert/s of the PMU with field visits and available data and information

(implementation arrangements are given in the subsequent chapter). Where required they may seek the

assistance of expert environmental consultants to facilitate the screening process. Once the report is ready

it will be made available to the project implementing agency to take necessary actions particularly in

relation to the recommendation given in the report. All Environmental screening reports are subject to world

bank review and clearance prior to the preparation of identified instruments.

5.1.1 Screening Method

Preparation of the screening reports will be conducted in four distinct stages, namely (i) field visits, data

collection and stakeholder consultation; (ii) data analysis and interpretation; (iii) impact identification; and

(iv) filling the screening including recommendations for next steps. The methodologies for each of these

steps are explained briefly below. The proposed screening report format is given in Annex 2.

Data collection and stakeholder consultations

Data will be primarily collected through field visits, discussion with stakeholder agencies and known

sources of literature. In addition, supportive tools such as GIS based mapping using GPS coordinates

covering the sub project sites, where ever possible is encouraged.

Literature Survey will broadly cover the following aspects and attributes necessary for environmental

screening:

• Project details/ Reports/ Maps/ documents including design details available with the

implementing agencies

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• Literature on flora/ fauna/ biodiversity/land use/soil/geology/ hydrology/ climate /socio

economic profiles and environmental planning collected from GOSL agencies

• Hydrological/ rainfall/ drainage datasets

Field Visits:

Each sub-project sites will be visited by the expert/s filling the screening form together with representatives

from the design team to assess the existing environment (physical, biological and socio economic

environment) and gather information with regard to the proposed sites and scale of the proposed sub projects

and any prevalent issues. During these visits rapid reconnaissance surveys will be conducted in order to

record the faunal, floral diversity, where necessary, to verify and support information gathered through the

literature survey.

Focus Group Discussions/ Meetings:

Focus group discussions will be carried out with other stakeholder agencies, local authorities and

community to discuss pertinent issues. In addition, the community/visitors will be consulted to record their

views and opinions about the proposed site-specific investment.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data collected from field visits and stakeholder discussions will be analyzed by the expert and discussed

with the technical team of the project proponent for feedback.

Impact identification

This will be carried out by the safeguards expert through discussion with the technical team.

Filling screening reports

The screening report will be filled with details on the proposed project intervention, physical/ecological

baseline conditions of the site, assessment of potential impacts, feedback from community/public/visitor

consultations and recommendations for the type of environmental assessment required. If the findings

confirm that anticipated impacts are not significant enough for a stand-alone EA and that an EMP would

suffice to mitigate the likely impacts, the screening exercise would be completed with the preparation of a

site-specific EMP.

If the likely impacts are significant and would require greater environmental analysis, the screening report

would recommend the appropriate assessment type for the implementation agency to carry out before

designs are finalized. A description of the commonly used environmental management tools are given

below with guidance on preparation based on the nature of solid waste management subprojects that the

project will finance.

Annex 6 provides guidelines for EMP preparation and the Sectoral EHS Guidelines presented in Annex

21 should be used in identifying impacts due to Solid Waste Management activities. In addition, further

reference can also be made to Annex-3 to

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5.2 Environmental Safeguard Assessments, Management and Monitoring

Instruments

5.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Initial Environmental

Examinations (IEE)

EIA and IEEs are effective tools for evaluating the environmental risks and opportunities of project

proposals and improving the quality of outcomes. Ideally the EIA/IEE should be carried out at the end of

the preliminary design phase so that the impacts of each planned activity can be evaluated and alternatives

can be worked out for activities that have major impacts. The outcomes of the EIA/IEE should then be used

to finalize the project design which should ensure that the impacts of the given project are minimal. The

importance of this management tool as means of foreseeing potential environmental impacts caused by

proposed projects and its use in making projects more suitable to the environment has been highly effective.

Since its introduction in 1969 in the US, many countries and international organizations have accepted EIA

as an important planning and environmental management tool.

If a specific subproject requires environmental assessment the first step will be to provide CEA the

preliminary information on the proposed project, in order for the process to be initiated (See Annex 3-4 for

the description of major steps of the environmental assessment process with responsibilities and time

frames). The best time for a project proponent to submit the preliminary information on the proposed project

is as soon as the project concept is finalized and the location of the project is decided. As per the NEA

prescribed list of projects that warrant EIA the construction of any solid waste disposal facility having a

capacity exceeding 100 tons per day, warrant an Environmental Impact Assessment that will require CEA

clearance.

Once the environmental screening is conducted for the subproject the following steps need to be taken.

• For sub-projects that require EIA\ IEE as per NEA the Terms of Reference issues by the CEA will

be reviewed by the IDA Task Team and World Bank safeguards requirements as per the EMF will

be included in the same TOR to align the processes and ensure there is no replication of instruments.

• For projects that do not require EIA\IEE as per NEA, but warrant Environmental Assessment as

per World Bank Policy OP4.0, the PMU Safeguards team in collaboration will produce a Terms of

Reference which will be reviewed and cleared by the ISA Task team prior to commencement of

the study.

5.2.2 Site Contamination Audits

The main purpose of the Site Contamination Audit (SCA) is to identify actual and potential site

contamination as well as proliferation of contaminants across the area of the contaminated site.

Contaminated land, such as solid waste open dump sites and poorly managed solid waste managing

facilities, emit hazardous substances such as heavy metals to soil, toxic leachate, noxious and volatile

landfill gas and a host of other contaminants which in turn pose conditions that are hazardous to public

health and for the environment and need to be managed with proper remedial actions and environmental

management tools. A site contamination audit ensures such sites are evaluated on the pollution linkage and

facilitates in establishing the level of risk posed to public health and the environment and the key actions

required to manage and/or mitigate the risk. SCAs should be conducted rapidly, with the testing of specific

parameters, to finalize and reconnect findings in to the planning process and facilitate remedial actions to

be undertaken at a fast pace to curtail contamination on site and proliferation of contaminates.

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The SCA process will include a site inspection and discussions with the personnel managing the waste

management facility and residents who are informed about the site and its history and conditions. The site

inspection will examine vegetation stress, key ecological receptors, leachate breakout and signs of

contamination discharge. Surrounding land uses will also be considered. Drinking water sources and wells

must be noted using published well records correlated to site observations. Proximity of the site to surface

water bodies or sensitive habitats (e.g., wetlands) should also be identified.

An SCA does the following:

i. Determines the nature and extent of any site contamination present or remaining on or

below the surface of the site or any form of propagation off site;

ii. Facilitates in the identification of what remediation is or remains necessary for a specified

use or range of uses.

The respective audit should review any previous assessments for contamination if available and all

documentation relevant to the site in question. This will include, but need not be limited to the following

and will require both visual observations as well as laboratory testing:

a) the basis for the identification of the site as potentially contaminated, including site history, land

use, planning, zoning and development information

b) licenses and/or trade waste agreements from environmental, waste management, waste water

management agencies, or dangerous goods regulatory and management agencies

c) the condition of the adjacent land and activities conducted there, to the extent that it may act as a

source of contamination at the site (including where a site has been subdivided for audit purposes)

d) relevant correspondence

e) geology/hydrogeology of the area

f) quality of soil, water resources, including groundwater and storm water runoff

g) chemical and physical characteristics of the soil, groundwater and other elements

h) any characterization of contamination, including the nature and mobility of contaminants, their

depth and spatial distribution.

Post the assessment of the degree of contamination on site a corresponding remediation criteria must be

determined for the site; a qualified team with the qualifications presented below, who will be hired by the

PMU, must conduct the SCA prepare a Remedial Action Plan for the respective site detailing the

methodology for achieving these criteria as well as the proposed remedial action. The reports are to be then

prepared and submitted to the world bank for review and clearance

Qualifications of the Consultant Team

The Consultants should have experience, and a track record of preparing site contamination audits,

environmental quality assessments, environmental audits and/or environmental assessments. Specific work

experience in solid waste management will be a key advantage.

The consulting team should consist of the following specialists at minimum:

▪ Environmental Engineer with over 10 years of experience in environmental quality assessment,

environmental testing and management.

▪ Hydrogeologist experienced in hydrogeological field survey and modelling of contaminant release

from industrial activities.

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▪ Ecologist experienced in environmental impact assessment, floral and faunal surveys and

identification

▪ Field technicians with training in soil and water sampling techniques according to environmental

standards.

Relevant subprojects that will require an SCA based on preliminary assessment of the potential

interventions are presented in Section 5.3.2, as identified during preparation environmental screening by

the World Bank, in addition for all new subprojects the environmental screening process will identify the

need for SCA. Annex 5 presents a Guidelines for Conducting Site Contamination Audits (SCAs), outlining

the minimum expected requirements in terms of what SCAs should encompass as well as minimum

requirements for assessment of different media of contaminates. These guidelines are to be used in the

development of site specific Terms of References (TORs) for SCAs, which are to be undertaken by

independent parties. Annex 26, presents an example TOR.

5.2.3 Environmental Management Plans (EMPs)

Certain activities will have explicit impacts on the natural environment and thus require a specific plan to

institute and monitor mitigation measures and take desired actions as timely as possible. An Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) must be kept as simple as possible, clearly describing adverse impacts and

mitigation actions that are easy to implement. The scale of the subproject will determine the length of the

EMP. A small-scale subproject’s EMP can be elaborated in a few paragraphs or in tabular format, keeping

it as simple as possible with concrete mitigation actions, timelines and responsible persons.

The basic elements of an EMP are;

a. A description of all possible significant adverse impacts that are likely to arise due to the project

that the EMP is intending to deal with;

b. A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented;

c. A program for monitoring with measurable indicators that will allow to determine the effectiveness

of the mitigation actions

d. A description of who will be responsible for implementing the EMP

e. A cost estimate and source of funds

(Refer Annex 6 for guidelines for developing EMPs)

It is essential to involve local communities during the development of the EMP since they are likely to be

the most affected parties due to the proposed development. Further, most of the local knowledge is

important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation. In addition, the success of the

implementation of the EMP will depend on community support and action.

The PAA will request the project proponent to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), to

address any potential environmental and social issues as well as incorporate the PAA/CEA’s approval

conditions. Ideally, all EIAs and IEEs which identifies adverse environmental impacts should prepare an

EMP as part of the report.

In World Bank, funded projects, a standalone EMP is only considered appropriate in situations where a

detailed environmental analysis is not required.

As per the nature of the physical interventions identified, it will be Mandatory that all proposals/ physical

interventions implemented will require an EMP to mitigate sub-project specific impacts identified during

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the screening exercise. EMPs are to be prepared at the stage of project design and included in bidding

documents, to be costed for accordingly, and will be part and parcel of contract documents. Activities

outlines in the EMPs will be implemented by the respective contractors implementing the subproject and

monitored accordingly by the project implementing agency during the construction phase.

In addition, EMPs will require to have specific impacts identified with regard to operational impacts that

may occur during the operation of solid waste management

A set of Generic EMPs and guidelines to facilitate sound EMP preparation during the project

implementation stage are presented in Annex 8 through Annex 16. These include Generic EMPs for

environmental closure of large dump sites, the construction and operation of composting facilities and

construction and operation of ancillary facilities and buildings. In addition, the following Annexes provide

guidance on identifying potential impacts and mitigation measures as well as outline requisite standards

to be maintained in terms of environmental management during the construction and management of SWM

facilities.

• Annex 9: Generic EMP for Construction and Operation of Composting/Organic Waste Processing

Facilities

• Annex 10: Generic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Construction of Ancillary

Facilities as New Infrastructure and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Infrastructure.

• Annex 11: Guidance Note on Selecting Mitigation Measures to be Included in the Environmental

Management Plan for Construction Projects in Sri Lanka

• Annex 12: Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Burrow Pits

• Annex 13: Environmental Guidelines for Decommissioning and Demolition of Existing Buildings

• Annex 14: Guidelines for Health and Safety of Workers, Communities and Visitors

• Annex 15: Chance find procedure for Physical Cultural Resources

• Annex-16: Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines

5.2.4 Compliance Monitoring and Reporting

Supervision of final EMPs for subprojects, along with other aspects of the project, will cover monitoring,

evaluative review and reporting in order to achieve, among others, the following objectives:

• Determine whether the project is being carried out in conformity with environmental safeguards and

legal agreements

• Identify issues as they arise during implementation and recommend means to resolve in time

Recommend changes to the proposed concept and the project design, as appropriate, as the project evolves

or circumstances change; and identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate

risk management strategies. An appropriate environmental supervision plan will be developed aiming to

ensure the successful implementation of the EMP across the project and will be shared with the World Bank.

The environmental specialist and the environmental safeguards team based in the PMU will be responsible

for overall monitoring of the EMPs up to the project closure and transfer for management to the designated

authority.

It is expected that the sub-project will be implemented via a “design and build” contract. In addition, there

will be a supervision consultancy firm appointed for overall supervision of the closure activities on ground.

The recruitment of an environment safeguard expert, with the stipulated minimum qualifications

requirements outlined in the Addendum document, will be a requirement under the contract of the

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supervision consultant. The supervision consultants will be responsible for all aspects of the project

including environment and safeguard compliance and reporting to the PMU, while the overarching

monitoring responsibility and reporting to the World Bank will remain with the PMU.

The PMU Environment-safeguards team will confirm the performance of the supervision consultants by

regularly visiting the project site during the implementation stage and providing guidance on corrective

measures on any lapses as required.

Compliance monitoring comprises of on-site inspection of the construction activities to verify that measures

identified in the EMP are included in the clauses for contractors are being implemented. This type of

monitoring is similar to the normal technical supervision tasks ensuring that the Contractor is achieving the

required standards and quality of work. Photographic documentation of non-compliance as well as best

practices will be used as a means of recording implementation conditions efficiently, in addition to written

evidence

A standard Environmental and Social Compliance Monitoring Checklist for Project Activities is presented

in Annex 18. In addition, the Special Monitoring Checklist for Ensuring Safe Conditions for Workers and

Public, presented in Annex 17 should be attached to the main monitoring update presented in Annex 18. For

all project EMPs in implementation Annex 18 and Annex 17 must be combined and maintained through

intervention commencement in the field to implementation completion. Operational compliance with the

operational segment of the EMP should be monitored in accordance with procedures outlined in section 5.2.5.

Regular World Bank missions will include specialists to monitor the project’s compliance with World Bank

safeguard policies. The progress of environmental monitoring will be formally communicated to World

Bank through regular progress reports and updates as per the compliance monitoring agreement made during

project implementation.

Compliance monitoring reports should be submitted to the World Bank on a quarterly basis from the

commencement of the contract.

5.2.5 Environmental Monitoring During Construction and Operation of

SWM Facilities

Monitoring is the continuous and systematic collection of data in order to assess whether the environmental

objectives of the project have been achieved. Good practice demands that procedures for monitoring the

environmental performance of proposed projects are incorporated in all relevant environmental

management instruments. Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of impacts. It helps identify

how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. Each respective

safeguard instrument prepared will require a monitoring program to be included for the respective activities.

The monitoring plan should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It

should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental

impacts are monitored is discussed below.

• Responsibilities in terms of the people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the

monitoring activities be defined, as well as to whom they report amongst others. In some

instances, there may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies;

• Implementation Schedule, covers the timing, frequency and duration of monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall sub project schedule;

• Cost Estimates and Source of resources for monitoring need to be specified in the monitoring plan;

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• Monitoring methods need to be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful

information, so that the sub project implementer can apply them.

• The data collected during monitoring is analyzed with the aim of:

• Assessing any changes in baseline conditions;

• Assessing whether recommended mitigation measures have been successfully implemented;

• Determining reasons for unsuccessful mitigation;

• Developing and recommending alternative mitigation measures or plans to replace

unsatisfactory ones; and

• Identifying and explaining trends in environment improvement or degradation.

A set of Monitoring Requisite for the construction phase of subprojects are provided in detail in the

following Annexe 19

5.2.6 Requirements for Operational Monitoring of SWM Facilities,

Sanitary Landfills and Post Closure Environmental Monitoring of

Closed Open Dumpsite and Closed Sanitary Landfill Facilities

Monitoring of environmental conditions during operation of SWM facilities, sanitary landfill facilities,

sequential stabilization of closed dumpsites and closed sanitary landfill sites should be carried out

continuously and will be a key factor in ensuring the that the site is fully environmentally sound in its

operation.

The best practices and requisite media and parameters presented in Annex 20 and 21, for closed open

dumps and sanitary landfills respectively, are to be included in the operational EMPs and monitoring plans

to be developed for implementation, by the Safeguards specialists of the IA/PMU and handed to the

designated authority that will manage the site post the closure works are completed.

Guidance on requisite environmental standards to be maintained during operation of SWM facilities are

presented in the WBG EHS Guidelines (Annex 16). These monitoring requirements must be incorporate

in to monitoring plans developed for solid waste operations and facility operations during project

implementation.

It is essential to ensure that the results of monitoring as per the guidance provided in this section, as well

as records on the operation and maintenance will be maintained and shared with the IDA on request during

the operational phase. This will be the responsibility of the designated authority. The PMU will formally

communicate the relevant information of focal points for environmental monitoring and operational

management of the site, to the Bank, from the designated authority that will manage the environmentally

closed dump site at the operational phase.

5.2.7 Precautionary Procedure for Management of Chance Found

Physical Cultural Resources

If any person discovers a physical cultural resource, such as (but not limited to) archeological sites,

historical sites, remains and objects, or a cemetery and/or individual graves during excavation or

construction, the Contractor shall:

1. Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find;

2. Delineate the discovered site or area;

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3. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable

antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible authorities

take over;

4. Notify the Supervising Officer who in turn will notify the responsible authorities immediately

(within 24 hours or less);

5. Responsible authorities are in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on

subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to

be performed by archeologists. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed

according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic,

scientific or research, social and economic values used by the GoSL;

6. Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities. This could

include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or

archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage;

7. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be

communicated in writing by relevant local authorities; and

8. Construction works could resume only after permission is granted from the responsible local

authorities concerning safeguard of the physical cultural resource.

9. The Supervising Officer must have capacity to manage the processes in the plan. At a minimum,

expert opinion should be sought from government agencies or specialist consultants for the

following:

Further elaboration of required steps for the management of any chance for physical cultural resources

or property or artifacts of cultural/archeological significance are presented in Annex 15.

5.2.8 Project Level Environment Audit

Most of the development projects in Sri Lanka follow EMFs and develop EMP’s that need to be

implemented ardently at the end which will render the entire process either a success and futile. Therefore,

monitoring of the project during the construction and implementation phase is a must to ensure

environmental compliance of a project. This could be achieved through regular environmental audits which

will look at the experience of incorporating environmental safeguards to the solid waste management sector

and the level of impact it has had on ensuring the sound environmental management of solid waste

operations, specifically.

The purpose of the environmental audit is to

• Collect, analyze and interpret monitoring results to detect changes related to implementation and

operation of specific activities

• To verify the monitoring parameters are in compliance with national set standards

• To compare the predicted impacts with actual impacts and evaluate the accuracy of predictions

• To evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of the EMPs

• To identify shortcomings in the EMPs if any and incorporate it into the EMPs if deemed

necessary

• To identify and report if there is non-compliance with the EMPs

The auditors must first develop a structured questionnaire based on the EMPs for the purpose of conducting

the audit. Then during the site visit data can be collected using this questionnaire through interview surveys

of officers responsible for implementation of the EMPs and site records, logs etc., The audits can be carried

out at regular intervals or on ad hoc basis or when mitigation is not carried out as defined by the EMP

leading to public concern.

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Expected outcomes of the Environment Audits are

• Ensure that EMPs are implemented properly

• Ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively minimizing the identified impacts as well as

identify new impacts that may have been excluded in the EMPs that require mitigation. Then

make necessary adaptive changes to the EMPs to ensure that the all significant impacts are

effectively mitigated.

• Identify noncompliance with EMPs if any and provide recommendations as to how to deal with

such non-compliance to further strengthen the success of project activities.

An environmental audit for ESWMP will be conducted, twice during the project implementation period.

Once prior to the project Mid Term Review and a year from the project stipulated closing date. The audit

will entail to cover all activities outlined in the EMF. review a sample of (i) the screening forms prepared

by each project implementing agency (ii) standalone environmental assessments/management plans (iii)

application of the NEA and its clearance procedures followed by the project, as the case be, and based on

site visits ensure conformity with conditions, guidelines and comments stipulated in these and other related

documents. The audit will not only capture the compliance status of a detailed Terms of Reference (TOR)

for the Environmental Audit is presented in Annex 23.

5.2.9 Information Disclosure

Disclosure of relevant project information will help affected communities understand the risks, impacts and

opportunities of the Project. The implementing agency will publicly disclose the EMF and all

Environmental Assessment documentation, including EAs, REAs and EMPs, for public review and

comments in appropriate locations in the Project area. These include the project websites, social media,

project offices and local authority offices to ensure all layers of the community have due access. Executive

summaries of all EAs and REAs are to be translated to the local languages of Sinhala and Tamil.

All documentation will also be made available on the implementing agencies web site both in English and

in local languages. Newspaper and other media outlets will alert the community to the availability of the

documentation, an example of a public announcement on EA disclosure is presented in Annex 25. The

website will also enable the community opportunity to provide comment electronically.

All safeguards Documentation will also be made available in the World Bank Info shop and Sri Lanka

World Bank external website.

5.2.10 Grievance Redressal Mechanism

The implementing agencies, both the PMU and IAs, will establish a grievance mechanism to receive and

facilitate resolution of the affected communities’ concerns and about the implementing agency’s

environmental and social performance during project implementation.

The EMP and its management program will establish a mechanism to address concerns raised promptly

that is readily accessible to all segments of the affected communities, at no cost and without retribution.

5.2.11 Consultation Plan

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The MoMPWD has undertaken several consultations during project preparation on the overall planned

interventions to be financed by the project. Instrument wise consultations need to be taken around each

project site and as well as consultations on the EMF. These should be duly documented in the respective

outputs of the consultancies. In addition, PMU and IAs will conduct continuous consultations with

stakeholders and report as part of safeguards monitoring. In this line at project implementation a detailed

consultation plan will be prepared and endorsed by the IDA task team. The plan will outline dates of

consultations, locations and other information as relevant to the subprojects and the consultation notes will

be documented and shared with IDA. Consultations programs should first provide information in the form

of briefs and relevant documents to the group being consulted at minimum at least 2 weeks prior to the date

of consultation. The feedback and concerns raised on environmental safeguards issues, during consultations

are to be thoroughly evaluated and any issues and concerns, once verified and where practically possible

in the context of the project, should be mitigated via the relevant environmental safeguards instrument.

5.2.12 Diagrammatic representation of Sequencing Environmental

Management Steps

The steps highlighted in the predesign sections need to follow the following sequence

5.3 Sequence and Action Plan of Safeguards instruments for subprojects to be financed under

the project.

5.3.1 Timeframe for planning and carrying out safeguards assessment

Timely planning and execution of environmental screening and follow up assessments/plans for sub-project

investments would be crucial in achieving the overall project implementation and completion targets. Any

delay in obtaining relevant environmental approvals/clearances would hold back commencement of sub-

project activities thus causing project implementation to be delayed. Such delays can be costly in terms of

project time as well as resources. Hence, it is extremely important that the PMU initiates sub-project specific

screening and follow up assessments as soon as the concept designs become ready. All environmental

assessments/plans should be completed by the time of tendering and the EMPs should be a part of the

bidding document so that the contractor is made duly aware of his commitments towards environmental

safeguards management under each sub-project.

As a guide, the following table provides typical timelines for completing the safeguards cycle for different

types of safeguard instruments. This timeline is intended to guide the PMU in planning screening and

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safeguards assessment ahead and to determine a realistic timeframe to commence the tender process for the

sub-project investments. Please note the table below does not include time taken for procurement of

consultancy services to conduct the EAs.

The PMU will prepare and share a project specific timeline with IDA during project implementation.

Stages in the process EAs SCAss EMPs Remarks

Environmental

Screening

1 week 1 week 1 week The need for follow on assessments

will be determined by the screening

outcome

Scoping and setting of

TOR when applicable

2 weeks 1 week 1 week

Report preparation 4

months

1

months

1

month

Length of time will be determined by

the complexity of issues involved.

What is considered here is an average

based on the type of projects.

Report appraisal 2 weeks 1 week 1 week

Public consultation 1 month 1 month 1 month

Report Finalization 2weeks 2 weeks 1 week

Clearance Clearance will be provided within a week after review comments and

public concerns have been adequately addressed in the report.

Other GoSL Clearences

where applicable

3 - 4 weeks

Tentative time for EA

cycle

(min – max)

8

months

3-4

months

3–4

months

Scenario 2: Sub-projects which trigger both OP 4.01 and EIA under national regulations.

NOTE: This will be most relevant to instruments that require EIA/IEE as per the NEA.

Provision of preliminary

project information

1 week - -

Scoping & determine

EMP and TOR

preparation

1 month

- - WB will review TOR and provide

consent/comment

IEE/EIA report

preparation

NS* - -

One report to satisfy both local and WB

requirements

Checking adequacy of

IEE/EIA report

NS - - WB will review and submit comments

Provision of additional

information if required

NS* - -

Public consultation 1 month

- -

WB safeguard policies will require a

period of 120 days public commenting

period

Forwarding Comments

to the PP

1 week - -

Responding to public

comments

NS* - -

Decision 1 month

- - WB clearance will be provided con-

currently Concurrence on the

decision

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Appeal against rejection

(If rejected)

Final Decision

Tentative time for EA

cycle

12–15

months

approx.

5.3.2 Project Components, Environmental Safeguards Requirements and

Timeline for Planning and Preparation

Component

Po

ten

tial

Ris

k

Environmental Safeguards

Instrument

Delivery Timeline Responsible

Institutions

COMPONENT 1

1.1. Safe closure of

Meethotamulla dumpsite

High Environmental Management Plan

and Punitive Clauses in contractual

agreement.

A site contamination audit and

drone based mapping and analysis

of the Meethotamulla dump was

conducted by the MoMPWD post

the dumpsite failure.

Completed- to be

reupdated with final

designed and cleared by

RSA-Prior to

Procurement Documents

being updated.

Led by the PMU-in

collaboration with

the UDA

1.2 Waste diversion:

composting facilities and

temporary controlled

landfill at the

Kerawalapitiya Waste Park

(including mobile leachate

treatment, safe closure of

the controlled landfill when

Aruwakkalu is operational)

High Site Contamination Audit, EMP

and Punitive Clauses in contractual

agreement. - Will be applicable to

adjacent Compositing facility also.

Composting and landfill operations

will be aligned with World Bank

Group EHS Guidelines.

SCA has commence rapid

audit and EMP

preparation as per

conceptual designs

available. SCA and EMP

to be completed by 30

March 2018

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration with

PMU-MPCLG and

SLRDCC

1.3 Rehabilitation of

Karadiyana controlled

dumpsite

High Site Contamination Audit (SCA),

EMP Punitive Clauses in

contractual agreement.

To be completed during

implementation at

conceptual design stage.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration with

the WMA

1.4 Improvement of

operations at Dompe

sanitary landfill

Modera

te

Environmental Assessment (EA),

EMP Punitive Clauses in

contractual agreement.

To be completed during

implementation at

conceptual design stage.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration with

the CEA

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1.5 Sanitary Landfill at

Aruwakkalu, including two

transfer stations and rail

spurs

High A joint EIA for the whole system

(Landfill site, transportation

corridor via rail and two transfer

stations) has been completed, for

which the Bank has provided

comments to improve the

document to meet World Bank

policy requirements and EHS

standards for transfer station,

transfer, and sanitary landfill

operations.

An EMP and punitive clauses to

the contracts to be included in the

EIA for implementation once the

EIA is updated to reflect World

Bank comments and cleared by the

RSA.

EIA completed, EMP to

be completed by 28

February 2018, to be

cleared by RSA and

disclosed prior to March

10th.

PMU-MMPWD in

collaboration with

CMC

1.6 Railway rolling stock

and haulage equipment for

the waste transfer system to

Aruwakkalu

Substan

tial

Operational Environmental

Management Plan for waste

transfer- to outline waste handling

and transfer procedures as SWM

Sectoral WBG EHS Guidelines.

Covered under those for

component 2.2

To be completed as part

of Aruwakkalu EMP-

Please sea 2.2 below.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration with

the CMC,SLR, EMP

be implemented by

CMC

1.7: Vehicles and Haulage

Equipment for CMC for

Transport Waste by Road

to Aruwakkalu until Rail

Connectivity Is Operational

1.8 Construction

supervision consultant

(GoSL)

Not

Applica

ble

Construction supervision will also

include supervision of the EMP

and social impact mitigation plans

prepared as per the safeguards

requisites under sub component 1.5

Overall supervision

by PMU MMPWD

COMPONENT 2

2.1 Waste Collection,

Sorting, Transport, and

Processing for CMC and

other LAs

Modera

te

Operation of the waste collection

and transportation will have to

meet World Bank Group (WBG)

General and SWM Sectoral

Environmental Health and Safety

Guidelines.

Post a systemic Audit of the system

operational EMP for the waste

management system should be

prepared as per WBG Sectoral

EHS guidelines and used in the

operational system - It should be

used as part of the Operational

Manuel for waste management.

TOR to be finalized prior

to March 2018, when

scoped is finalized.

TORs for selected local

authorities to be finalized

once they are finalized.

Led by PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration with

the PMU-MPCLG

and selected local

authorities including

CMC.

2.2. Waste collection

vehicles and processing

facilities in nine SWM

clusters in the Provinces

and other LAs

2.3.Closure of the

Bloemendhal dumpsite

High Site Contamination Audit- EMP

and Punitive Clauses in contractual

agreement.

To be completed during

implementation at

conceptual design stage.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration

UDA

2.4. Development of an

urban park at

Meethotamulla

Modera

te

Environmental Assessment (EA),

EMP Punitive Clauses in

contractual agreement.

To be completed during

implementation at

conceptual design stage.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD

in collaboration

UDA

COMPONENT 3

3.1. SWM Sector review,

consultations, and system

Low No Specific Safeguards

Assessments

ToR for the preparation

of the review to include

Led by PMU-

MPCLG

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67

reform road map identification and

management of social and

environmental issues and

appropriate mitigatory

mechanisms.

Timeline- TOR to be

reviewed once the scope

of the action plan is

finalized.

3.2. Support to solid waste

management institutions

Low No Specific Safeguards

Assessments Provision for

environment and social

development capacity/expertise,

including ToR

Led by PMU-

MPCLG

3.3Facilities and capacity

building in Local

Authorities on SWM

High One facilities are identified,

environmental screening and

subsequent assessments will be

undertaken as per conceptual

designs.

The project technical capacity

building plan will also include

environmental and social impact

mitigation plan during operation of

the SWM stream and facilities

established under the project as the

NWMA will be mandated to cover

SWM nationwide when

established.

Led by PMU-

MPCLG

3.4 Support for GoSL to

engage private sector and

job creation initiatives in

SWM

Low No Specific Safeguards

Assessments

Not Applicable Not Applicable

3.5 Audit of existing dump

sites nationwide, and

development of guidelines

for SWM

Low No Specific Safeguards

Assessments- Study TOR will

include assessment of

environmental parameters.

TOR to be reviewed

when scope of study is

finalized- during

implementation.

Led by the PMU-

MMPWD in

collaboration with

the PMU-MPCLG

COMPONENT 4

4.1. Public awareness and

citizen engagement

programs

Low No Specific Safeguards

Assessments

Not Applicable

4.2. Consultant support for

project design,

implementation and

capacity building

Low No Specific Safeguards Instruments

Not Applicable

4.3. Implementation

support for PMU and PIA,

including incremental

operation costs.

Monitoring be conducted as

outlined in project EMF and AP,

RPF, SMF and standalone sub-

project specific EAs, EMPs,

SIMPs, RAPs.

During project

implementation- With

compliance monitoring

reports being submitted to

the bank

PMU and All IAs

COMPONENT 5

Contingent Emergency

Response (CER)

The Operations Manuel for the

CER will include procedural

requirements for both

environmental and social

safeguards management during the

event of an emergency response.

PMU MMPWD and

MPCLG

* The list of project components above has been extracted from the Project Appraisal Document as of the

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18th January 2018.

The table above is to be updated on a quarterly basis throughout the implementation of the project and is

not final as presented in the document.

5.4 Clearance Procedures with IDA

All safeguards instruments listed below will be subject to IDA prior review and clearance by the IDA

safeguards specialist. Only cleared safeguards instruments can be included in bidding documents and other

procurement instruments. No work can commence on project sites without due clearance of the respective

safeguards instrument as outlined in Table presented in Section 5.3.2.

• All TORs for SCASs and EAs

• All SCASs, EAs, and EMPs

5.5 Safeguards Training

The Environmental and Social Coordinator will be trained by the Environmental Specialist and Social

Specialist of the IDA project team on the EMF implementation, safeguards and procedural requirements of

IDA

Training will be provided for the Implementing Agencies on how to monitor and report on environmental

and social safeguards requirements by the E&S Coordinator. They will be also provided training on the use

of Grievance Redressal mechanism, consultations. The generic scope required for such trainings are

presented in the Session Plan presented in Annex 24

All contractors are expected to disseminate and create awareness within the workforce EMP compliance,

and any staff training necessary for their effective implementation. Where contractors do not have existing

environmental staff, E&S Coordinator and IAs will plan for adequate capacity building within the

workforce to be involved.

Training on safeguards regarding operation of waste management systems and facilities and associated

safeguards will be provided to the designated authority officials who will in due course manage the

operation and are inbuilt in to the project modality.

Requisite Training Programs and Estimated Number During Course of Project

Training Program Target Audience

Minimum Number to be

conducted over project

period EMF and Safeguards Implementation

Training: to cover world bank environmental

safeguards, management and monitoring

during project implementation- (including

refresher)

PMU Staff

IA Staff

Field Agency Staff.

10 programs

Training programs on operational

environmental safeguards implementation,

monitoring for

Staff of SWM Facility

operating entities, including

the CMC, WMA,

SLRDCC, CEA, LA Staff

etc.

6 programs

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Certificate Best Practice training on

Environmental Management within SWM

Operations- conducted by sectoral experts.

Key staff of agencies involved

in SWM in the project area.

2 programs

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6 Chapter 6: Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of the Project

6.1 Overall Project Institutional Arrangements

Project implementation will entail the creation of project management unit (PMU) at the WMD within the

MEE. The institutional responsibilities and arrangements for project implementation would be established

for the participating implementation agencies, as follows:

Project Management Unit

• The PMU’s main role will be to ensure operational compliance as per the World Bank polices as

defined in the Project Appraisal Document, Financing Agreement and Operations Manual and

Government policies as applicable.

• The PMU will be led by a Project Director and will include a team of specialized staff responsible

for project management, financial management, procurement, environmental safeguards, social

safeguards, monitoring and evaluation, civil works design review and contract management, as well

as support staff such a secretary, fiduciary support staff and a driver.

• The PMU will also recruit specialized consultants necessary for specific technical assistance for

overall implementation of activities.

• The PMU will liaise closely and also ensure overall coordination of all Project entities to ensure

necessary data and information are shared and collated for reporting to Project Board and the World

Bank. (Ref Appraisal stage PAD, 2017)

Project Specific Implementation Issues

Steering Committee. A Steering Committee chaired by the Secretary, MMWD, will be established within

two months of the effectiveness of the project. The Steering Committee will include representatives from

the MMWD, MPCLG, and the PIAs. It will provide overall guidance to the project and address key issues

faced during project implementation, including institutional coordination.

Project Management Unit. A full PMU will be established within two months of the effectiveness of the

project in the MMWD and joined by the MPCLG. The PMU will be headed by a project director and will

comprise two Additional Project Directors, one from the MMWD and the other from the MLGPC. A

representative from each PIA will also be a member of the PMU. The PMU will provide oversight and

coordination across all implementing agencies and ensure overall quality and timeliness of investments. It

will be responsible for project management, FM and loan disbursements, coordinate with PIAs on

safeguards implementation and compliance, semiannual progress reporting submission to the World Bank,

project monitoring and evaluation, and preparation of the Implementation Completion and Results Report.

The PMU will conduct quarterly technical and financial audits of implementation and expenditures of the

PIAs, through independent consultants. The PMU will have specialist staff and consultants with expertise

in engineering design of solid waste facilities, procurement, and social and environmental safeguard

compliance monitoring. The PMU will also be responsible for implementing the Aruwakkalu landfill

project and the MPCLG component, and carry out procurement for the SLR, CEA and the WMA.

Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government. The MPCLG, one of the core members of the

PMU, will implement the subcomponents under the MPCLG, which will be the responsibility of the

Additional Project Director (MPCLG) in the PMU. The PMU will set up a Sri Lanka rupee working account

for the MPCLG, which will include all project funds for its subcomponents. The MPCLG will be

responsible for design, bid documents, contract award and signature, supervision, FM, safeguards

implementation and compliance monitoring, reporting on physical and financial progress, and providing

necessary inputs/data for progress reporting, and preparation of the Implementation Completion and Results

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Report.

Project Implementation Agencies. There are six PIAs under the project:

• Central Environmental Authority. The CEA will be responsible for preparation of

specifications and bid document for equipment for the Dompe landfill, but procurement will

be carried out by the PMU.

• Colombo Municipal Council. The CMC will be responsible for preparation and

implementation of designs and bid documents, procurement and supervision for household

waste bins, vehicles and equipment for waste collection, segregation, and improvement of

sorting facilities for materials recovery.

• Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. The SLLRDC is responsible

for design and procurement of contractors for the construction of the temporary landfill and

compost plant equipment and dump trucks and for operations at the KWP.

• Sri Lanka Railways. The SLR will be responsible for preparation of specifications and bid

documents for railway rolling stock and waste haulage containers for the transport of waste

from Kelaniya to Aruwakkalu. Procurement will be carried out by the PMU.

• Urban Development Authority. The UDA will be responsible for the closure of the

Meethotamulla and Bloemendhal dumpsites and for the construction of the urban park at

Meethotamulla. The UDA will be responsible for preparation of designs, bid documents,

procurement, and construction supervision.

• Waste Management Authority (Western Province). The WMA will be responsible for the

rehabilitation and closure of the controlled dumpsite at Karadiyana. The WMA will prepare

designs and bid documents, but procurement will be done by the PMU.

The PIAs will be responsible for detailed design, specifications, and bid documents preparation. The CMC,

SLLRDC, and UDA will also award and sign contracts. The PIAs will also be responsible for construction

supervision, monitoring of physical and financial progress, maintaining project expenditure information,

implementation of social and environmental safeguard instruments, monitoring and supervision of

safeguards compliance, and progress reporting. They will provide inputs to the PMU for preparation of

progress reports, Result Framework Monitoring Reports, and the Implementation Completion and Results

Report.

Operation and Maintenance of SWM Facilities

A new company to be set up under MMWD (within twelve months of project effectiveness) will be the

asset owner of the landfill and the Kelaniya and Aruwakkalu transfer stations. GoSL will engage a private

operator or operators to operate the waste transfer and disposal facilities at Kelaniya and Aruwakkalu

under a form of contract acceptable to the Bank, before January 1, 2020.

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Figure 6.1 Diagram of Institutional Implementation Unit

6.2 Institutional Arrangement for Implementation of the EAMF

The PMU to be established within the WMD will need to second/hire environmental specialists to focus on

the tasks and responsibilities outlined in the EMF in the role of an Environmental Specialist and Safeguards

Coordinator (ESSC).

The ESSC the PMU; He/She will report to the Project Director (PMU), under the Secretary (MoMPWD)

and will be responsible for the overall management of environmental safeguards of the project and the

implementation of the project specific safeguards instruments. The safeguards instruments include the EMF

and all subsequent EAs and EMPs prepared during project implementation. He/she will be in charge of the

overall management of safeguards that will be implemented by the implementing agencies and will partake

in the following responsibilities;

Provide overall policy and technical direction for safeguards management under the Project, as

defined by the project environmental and social safeguards instruments.

Co-ordinate closely with the Environmental a Officers in the IAs in planning and managing project

implementation as per the safeguards instruments; and provide necessary technical assistance to

facilitate the implementation, management and monitoring of environmental and social safeguards

Ensure environmental due diligence is carried out for each sub-project as soon as conceptual

technical design and scope have been defined, as outlined in the safeguards instruments.

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Closely co-ordinate with the PMU and IA technical colleagues for timely preparation of

Environmental/Social Assessments/Management Plans for sub-projects, as necessary (depending

on screening outcome); co-ordinate with the IAs for hiring technical assistance, where necessary,

and for review and endorsement of these safeguard documents

Conduct environmental screening for subprojects in collaboration with the team.

Ensure consistency of safeguard documents with national environmental regulations and world

bank policy requirements as defined in this EMF; work with the PMU to obtain necessary

clearances from local environmental/archaeological regulatory authorities for sub-projects, where

applicable.

Prepare terms of references to undertake requisite safeguards assessments for complex activities

that will warrant EA as per the environmental screening conducted and obtain necessary clearances

from the World Bank and/or designated project approving agencies.

Manage the consultants hired to undertake the preparation of environmental safeguards

instruments, including environmental assessments, site contamination audits and other safeguards

assessments, where applicable, and provide coordination support with implementation agencies

and individuals

Review draft and final environmental safeguard instruments for quality and obtain necessary

clearances as per the safeguards instruments.

Ensure that applicable measures in the EMPs are included in the design, and conditions on

compliance with EMPs are included in the bidding documents.

Liaise closely with the procurement team of the PMU and IAs on the above.

Develop, organize and deliver environmental training programs and workshops for the

Implementing Agencies at the field level, contractors, field supervision staff and other

implementing agency officials as needed, on safeguard requirements and their management

Ensure compliance with EMPs during the construction period and maintain close co-ordination

with the technical teams of the IAs who will conduct monitoring.

Prepare additional technical guidelines, if necessary, to support the safeguards instruments in order

to strengthen the implementation of environmental and social safeguards

Ensure adequate public consultation during the preparation of safeguards instruments

Ensure public complaints relating to nuisance and inconvenience caused by sub-project

implementation are addressed with corrective action and adequately documented

Report to the Project Director, Secretary of MoMPWD and MoPCLG, and the World Bank on the

overall environmental and social performance of the project as part of PMU’s periodic progress

reporting.

Maintain close cooperation with IAs to monitor the O&M during the operation of the project;

Hold regular review meetings with the safeguards officers of the IAs and visit selected project sites

to monitor implementation of the safeguards instruments.

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Prepare routine monitoring reports, in collaboration with the IAs as set forth in the safeguards

instruments.

Liaise closely, where technical guidance is required, with the Environmental Specialists of the

World Bank task team.

Promote community participation in the process of planning, management and monitoring of

environmental/social impacts of sub-projects; provide guidelines on community participation in

environmental/social monitoring to the IAs

Prepare terms of references for the systemic environmental audits for all project components and

obtain clearances.

Review and comment on audit reports, take necessary actions to address audit issues raised and

obtain comments from World Bank.

The ESSC will need to have the following academic qualifications and experience.

At minimum, a Master’s Degree in a field related to Solid Waste Management, Environmental

Management, Environmental Engineering or a related field

A Minimum of 8-10 years’ professional national experience in environmental management, with

a specific focus on Solid Waste Management, including extensive field experience, working with

various government and private sector agencies and community organizations, especially in the

field level.

The MoMPWD and MoLGWD has good capacity in terms of technical aspects as well as management and

implementation of safeguards drawing from both the experience of implementing two Category A

operations, namely the MCUDP and the Strategic Cities Development Project and a host of other Bank and

donor funded projects within the ministry.

The ESSC will have three environmental officers assigned to assist in coordination and requisite field

reviews etc. The PMU will require to hire these individuals who will share the role explained below, each

officer will conduct the following tasks.

Environmental Officers at PMU; Will have the following key roles and responsibilities to support the

ESSC and will report directly to the ESSC.

Work with ESSO in conducting environmental screening and field monitoring and will prepare the

environmental screening reports assigned.

Will conduct the necessary field work/ data collection for completion of environmental screening

reports during sub project preparation and monitoring reports during sub project implementation.

Will coordination with the project partner agencies to ensure timely delivery of safeguards

instruments and monitoring updates.

EOs will need to have the following academic qualifications and experience.

At minimum, a Master’s Degree in a field related to, Environmental Management, Natural

Resource Management or a related field.

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A Minimum of 2 years’ professional national experience in environmental management, including

extensive field experience, working with various government and private sector agencies and

community organizations, especially in the field level. Experience working on Solid Waste

Management projects will be an added benefit.

Environmental Safeguards Focal Points at IAs; These focal points will be staff seconded by the relevant

IA to the project implementation Cells to be established. They will be responsible for ensuring activities

implemented by their respective IAs as per the EMF are well managed and report to the EHSC based in the

PMU. They will assist in providing data and the timely completion of environmental screening reports and

instruments and will collaborate with the PMU ESSO to ensure these assessments are completed in a timely

manner. The Implementing Agencies are responsible for managing procurement and implementation of

subprojects assigned to them while overall supervision will be conducted by the PMU. He/She will take

proactive efforts during monitoring/reporting on compliance of due diligence mechanisms set forth in the

EMF. As these officers, will be based in the IAs they will be required to conduct regular monitoring visits

and facilitate good communication between contractors and PMU on safeguards issues and provide

guidance to the contractors. In addition, they will also conduct awareness and training programs among the

contractor staff and labors on EMP implementation.

Contractors: Implementation of measures laid out in the EMPs from the preconstruction, during, and to the

close of construction will largely be the contractor’s responsibility (apart from those provisions relating to

technical designs and other specified tasks indicated in the EMPs) and for this the contractor will nominate

a safeguard officer (as requested in the EMP) as the focal person who will be directly responsible for

ensuring compliance with the EMP during construction. The requisite qualifications for the environmental

officer to be appointed by the contractor are presented in the Term of Reference in Annex 22.

Consultants: The PMU will hire environmental consultants to provide technical support the PMU where

specialized services are required. Some of the consultancies identified include:

Preparation of EAs, EMPs, SEAs for sub projects as outlined in Section 5.3.2 of the EMF

Conducting two systemic Project Level Environment Audits outlined in 5.2.8

6.3 The Roles and Responsibilities of IDA

The IDA project task team, specifically the environmental specialists, will provide close supervision and

necessary implementation support by reviewing and providing guidance on conducting screening, and the

preparation of relevant safeguard instruments as well as providing training for trainers programs for the

ESSC;

Undertake prior review and provide feedback on all safeguards instruments, review of monitoring

updates and other relevant safeguards documents.

Ensure regular missions to review overall safeguards performance and provide further

implementation support

Share knowledge on technologies and best practices

Provide training support on Bank’s safeguard policies and requirements of the project.

6.4 Rough Cost Estimates of Safeguards Instruments

Drawing from the project experience and current indicative costs of Category A projects the following table

provides a rough estimation of costs for safeguard management and EMF implementation. In terms of costs,

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competition and an increase in the number of players in the consultancy market within the country has led

to drops in preparation costs since 2016 when done by local consultants. All safeguards instruments have

been inbuilt in to the project modality and will be financed via the project and detailed project cost tables

will include the necessary costs accordingly.

The associated cost to implement EMPs as well as training for project staff, contractors etc. have been

integrated into the project budget. The project will ensure that all works contracts will include the EMP,

and the cost of implementing the EMP will be identified as an item in the Bill of Quantities.

Activity Quantity

Unit Rate

Total

in US$ in US$

Environmental Staff

Environmental Specialist and Safeguards Coordinator (ESSC). 1 1500 90000

Environmental Officers at PMU 3 1000 60000

Environmental Focal Point at IA 5 500 30000

Sub Total 180000

Capacity Building (short-term and long-term)

Training on environmental safeguards, management and monitoring during project implementation (including refresher)- Project Implementing staff, contractors staff

10 50,000 500,000

Training programs on operational environmental safeguards implementation, monitoring for staff of SWM Facility operating entities

6 50,000 300,000

Certificate Best Practice training on Environmental Management within SWM Operations- conducted by sectoral experts.

2 200,000 400,000

Safeguard Instrument Preparation

Recruitment of consultants to prepare stand-alone EAs, EMPs, SCAs lump sum 800,000

Consultancy for project level environmental audit 2 100,000 200,000

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring that includes sampling and laboratory testing as outlined in EIAs/EMPs

lump sum 250,000

Environmental screening and compliance monitoring by project staff (will be part of transport and operational budget of the overall ESWMP)

lump sum 250,000

Costs associated with mitigation measures identified in respective safeguards instruments

Included in the construction costs

Contingencies 100,000

TOTAL 2,880,000

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7

ANNEXES

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Annexes

7.1 Annex-1: Map Showing Locations of Key Project Sites

Karadiyana Dump Site

Aruwakkalu Sanitary Landfill

COLOMBO MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

LANDFILL

COMPOST

T

Meetotamulla Dump Site

Bloemendhal Dump Site

Kelaniya Transfer Station

Transfer Station

Dompe Sanitary Landfill

Kerawalapitiya Composting Site and

Controlled Landfill

The map above does not indicate project sites under Component 3 as sub-project sites

are to be identified during project implementation, post technical appraisal.

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7.2 Annex 2: Suggested Format for Environmental Screening Form

Environmental Screening Report

1. Project Identification

Project title

Project Proponent

2. Project Location

Location (relative to the nearest town, highway)

Definition of Project Area (The geographical extent of the project & areas affected during construction)

Adjacent land and features

3. Project Justification

Need for the project (What problem is the project going to solve)

Purpose of the project (what is going to be achieved by carrying out the project)

Alternatives considered (different ways to meet the project need and achieve the project purpose)

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4. Project Description

Proposed start date

Proposed completion date

Estimated total cost

Present land ownership

Description of the project (with supporting material such as maps, drawings etc attached as required)

Project Management Team

Agency – Contact person - Nature of consultation and input received

5. Description of the existing environment

5.1 Physical features – Ecosystem components

Topography and terrain

Soil (type and quality)

Surface water (sources, distance from the site, local uses and quality)

Ground water (sources, distance from the site, local uses and quality)

Flooding

Air quality (any pollution issues)

Noise level and vibration (Any anticipated issues)

5.2 Ecological features – Eco-system components

Vegetation (trees, ground cover, aquatic vegetation)

Presence of wetlands

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Fish and fish habitats

Birds (waterfowl, migratory birds, others)

Presence of special habitat areas (special designations and identified sensitive zones)

Human Animal Coexistence Screening

The site is a known area of Elephant Habituation (verify site location with DWC if elephants are recorded from the project site historically)

Does the site require particular mitigation, including elephant fences, warning signs etc.

5.3 Physical Cultural Resources (PCR)

PCR resources in the area (recorded or potential to exist)

Type of PCR

Distance from the project site

Ownership

Protection status

National/regional/local significance

5.4 Other features

Residential/Sensitive Areas (Eg, Hospitals, Schools)

Traditional economic and cultural activities

6. Public Consultation

Public consulted Consultation method Date Details/Issues raised

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7. Screening for Potential Environmental Impacts

Screening question Yes No Significance of the effect (Low, moderate, high)

Remarks

1 Will construction and operation of the Project involve actions which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, etc)

2 Will the Project involve use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health?

3 Will the Project produce solid wastes during construction or operation?

4 Will the Project release pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air?

5 Will the Project cause noise and vibration or release of light, heat energy or elecctromagnetic radiation?

6 Will the Project lead to risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants onto the ground or into surface waters, groundwater or coastal wasters?

7 Will the project cause localized flooding and poor drainage during construction

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Is the project area located in a flooding location?

8 Will there be any risks and vulnerabilities to public safety due to physical hazards during construction or operation of the Project?

9 Are there any transport routes on or around the location which are susceptible to congestion or which cause environmental problems, which could be affected by the project?

10 Are there any routes or facilities on or around the location which are used by the public for access to recreation or other facilities, which could be affected by the project?

11 Are there any areas or features of high landscape or scenic value on or around the location which could be affected by the project?

12 Are there any other areas on or around the location which are important or sensitive for reasons of their ecology e.g. wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, mountains, forests which could be affected by the project?

13 Is the location within or adjacent to the coastal zone? If so, what is the distance to the coast?

14 Are there any areas on or around the location which are used by protected, important or sensitive species of fauna or flora e.g. for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, migration, which could be affected by the project?

15 Are there mangrove, coral reef, sea grass bed, turtle beach habitats etc within close proximity?

16 Is the project located in a previously undeveloped area where there will be loss of green-field land

17 Will the project cause the removal of trees in the locality?

18 Can any of the identified historic or culturally importance sites on or around the location be affected by the project?

19 Are there existing land uses on or around the location e.g. homes, gardens, other private property, industry, commerce, recreation, public open space, community facilities, agriculture,

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forestry, tourism, mining or quarrying which could be affected by the project?

20 Are there any areas on or around the location which are densely populated or built-up, which could be affected by the project?

21 Are there any areas on or around the location which are occupied by sensitive land uses e.g. hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities, which could be affected by the project

22 Are there any areas on or around the location which contain important, high quality or scarce resources e.g. groundwater, surface waters, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals, which could be affected by the project?

23 Are there any areas on or around the location which are already subject to pollution or environmental damage e.g. where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded, which could be affected by the project?

24 Will the project involve treatment of Solid Waste, if so indicate the amounts, nature of waste and briefly describe proposed waste management technologies to be implemented on site.

8. Project operating requirements

Yes No

24 Does the project belong to a prescribed category of the National Environmental Act

25 Does the project need to obtain clearances from the following agencies:

26 a. Department of Archaeology

27 b. National Building Research Organization

28 c. Coast Conservation Department

29 d. Forest Department

30 e. Department of Wildlife Conservation

31 f. Any other: If so, describe

9. Conclusion and Screening Decision Summary of environmental effects: Assuming that all mitigation measures are implemented as proposed, the following effects cane be predicted

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N/S - Effect not significant, or can be rendered insignificant with mitigation

SP - Significant positive effect

SN - Significant negative effect

U - Outcome unknown or cannot be predicted, even with mitigation

10. Screening Decision Recommendation (check one): Environmental assessment is still underway, and not final.

All potentially adverse effects can be classified as general construction related impacts and are mitigatable with known technology. Public concern does not warrant further assessment. Therefore, standalone Environmental Assessment not required, an Environmental Management Plan would be suffice.

Potential adverse impact are significant, hence, standalone Environmental Assessment and Management Plan needed before the project can proceed

Potential adverse impact are significant, hence project cannot be justified

11. Details of Persons Responsible for the Environmental Screening

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Screening report completed by Name/Designation/Contact information

Date Signature

Screening report reviewed by Name/Designation/Contact information

Date Signature

Approved by Name/Designation/Contact information

Date Signature

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7.3 Annex-3: Policy Framework: Environmental Assessment and Impact

Mitigation

The importance of the Environmental Impact Assessment as an effective tool for the purpose of integrating

environmental considerations with development planning is highly recognized in Sri Lanka. The application

of this technique is considered as a means of ensuring that the likely effects of new development projects

on the environment are fully understood and taken into account before development is allowed to proceed.

The importance of this management tool to foresee potential environmental impacts and problems caused

by proposed projects and its use as a mean to make project more suitable to the environment are highly

appreciated. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) unit of the Central Environmental Authority

(CEA) is involved in the implementation of the EIA procedure under the National Environmental Act.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Realizing the need for integrating environment, economic and social considerations with the planning and

decision making process in a more formal manner, the Government of Sri Lanka decided to introduce

Environmental Impact Assessment for development projects. The importance of the Environmental Impact

Assessment as an effective tool for the purpose of integrating environmental considerations with

development planning is highly recognized in Sri Lanka.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) unit of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) is

involved in the implementation of the EIA procedure under the National Environmental Act.

Administration of the EIA process, co-ordination between Project Approving Agencies (PAA's) that have

been appointed for this purpose, preparation of manuals and guidelines on EIA and maintenance of a data

base on EIA is done by the CEA.

EIA under the National Environmental Act (NEA)

EIA was mandated island wide by the 1988 amendments to the National Environmental Act. Part IV C of

the Amendment Act No. 56 of 1988 mandated that CEA require “prescribed” development project

proposals to be subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment, where adverse and beneficial impacts of

the proposed projects on the environment would be identified together with measures to minimize such

adverse impacts.

The procedure stipulated in the Act for the approval of projects provides for the submission of two types of

reports Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

report. If the environmental impacts of the project are not very significant then the project proponent may

be asked to do an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), which is a relatively short and simple study.

However, if the potential impacts appear to be more significant, the project proponent may be asked to do

an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) which is a more detailed and comprehensive study of

environmental impacts. Such reports are required in respect of “prescribed projects” included in a Schedule

in an Order published by the Minister of Environment in terms of section 23 Z of the act in the Gazette

Extra Ordinary No. 772/22 dated 24th June 1993 (ANNEX II). Once an EIA report is submitted NEA

provides for a public inspection and comment on the report during a mandatory period of 30 days. A public

hearing may be held to provide an opportunity to any member of the public (who has submitted his

comments) to be heard in support of his comments if the PAA considers it to be in the public interest to do

so. A decision whether to approve the project has to be arrived at thereafter. IEE reports have been exempted

from this requirement. However, an Initial Environmental Examination report shall be deemed to be a

public document for the purposes of sections 74 and 76 of the Evidence Ordinance (Chapter 21) and shall

be open for inspection by the public.

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The EIA process is implemented through designated Project Approving Agencies (PAAs) specified under

Section 23 Y of the NEA. At present 23 state agencies, including Ceylon Tourist Board have been specified

by the Minister as contained in Gazette Extra Ordinary No. 859/14 dated 23rd February 1995 and Gazette

Extra Ordinary No. 1373/6 of 29th December 2004. The National Environmental Act stipulates that all

“prescribed projects” must receive approval from the appropriate project approving agencies (PAAs), which

must be those that are “concerned with or connected with such prescribed projects”. A PAA, which is also

the project proponent, is disqualified from acting as the PAA for the project by NEA-EIA Regulation 2(1)

of June 1993. When the PAA is also the project proponent, the CEA is required to designate an appropriate

PAA. Again in cases where there are more than one PAA is involved, the CEA must determine the

appropriate PAA. In the event of doubt or difficulty in identifying the appropriate PAA, it has been practice

for the CEA to take on the role of PAA.

Prescribed projects

Prescribed projects are listed in two groups in Schedule included in the first ministerial order of June 24,

1993. Part I of the Schedule includes 31 projects and undertakings if located wholly or partly outside the

Coastal Zone. The projects in this group irrespective of size if located wholly or partly within the coastal

zone must undergo the approval process that is laid down in the Coast Conservation Act. In other words

only those projects located totally outside the Coastal Zone will be subject to the approval process laid

down in the NEA.

Item 19 in this list of 31 projects and undertakings is described as the “Development of Industrial Estates

and Parks exceeding an area of 10 hectares”. Once an industrial estate or industrial park is approved under

Part IV VC of the NEA, any individual project or undertaking located in it, even though prescribed, will be

exempted from the approval process. Projects and undertakings, which are listed as Items 20 to 30, belong

to the category of high polluting industries. They will be required to go through the EIA process only if

they are located outside an approved industrial estate or industrial park.

Implementation of projects in environmentally sensitive areas that are listed in Part III of the Schedule is

not prohibited, but regardless of their magnitude such projects and undertakings must go through the

approval process. This itself acts as a disincentive to project proponents. Similarly, even though Part I of

the Order exempts projects and undertakings proposed to be established within the Coastal Zone from the

approval process set out in Part IV C of the NEA, the law requires that such projects must be subject to the

NEA approval process if they are located in environmentally sensitive areas of the Coastal Zone. In short,

the EIA process set out in the Coast Conservation Act applies to projects prescribed under the NEA only

when they are located wholly within the Coastal Zone but not in any environmentally sensitive area therein.

Part II of the Schedule of prescribed projects includes Item 32 industries (Items 33 to 52). Item 32 is

described as “All projects and undertakings listed in Part I irrespective of their magnitudes and irrespective

of whether they are located in the coastal zone or not, if located wholly or partly within the areas specified

in Part III of the Schedule”. The industries included as Items 33 to 52 are not described by magnitude and

are subject to the approval process only if located within the environmental sensitive areas mentioned in

Part III of the Schedule.

Operational Procedure for EIA/IEE

The Basic Information Questionnaire (BIQ) form prepared by the CEA has to be filled by the project

proponent and submitted to the CEA. On examination of the BIQ, the CEA decides on the need for an

EIA/IEE. If its determined that an EIA/IEE is required, the CEA will decide a suitable Project Approving

Agency (PAA).

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The PAA in turn will appoint a technical committee (TC) to scope the project based on the preliminary

information. If the PAA determines that the project would have no long-term adverse environmental

impacts, an initial environmental examination (IEE) would be considered adequate. The project proponent

must submit a detailed IEE for review and approval by the PAA. The IEE should identify potential

environmental and social issues and the possible remedial actions. Upon reviewing the IEE, if the TC

identifies any substantial environmental issues that may arise as a result of the proposed project, the

proponent will be advised to undertake a detailed EIA and issue the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA.

In developing the TOR, the PAA will also consider the views of other state agencies and the public. If the

PAA decided that no further environmental analysis is needed, the process ends with approval/rejection of

the IEE.

If an EIA is a necessity, then the project proponent must conduct the EIA according to the TOR issued,

prepare the report in all three languages and submit it to the PAA. The PAA will then declare open the EIA

report for a period of 30 days for public comments and the comments received will be conveyed to the

proponent. The project proponent can then prepare a response to the public comments and submit it to the

PAA. The TC will then evaluate the report with respect to adherence to the TOR, quality of the report

contents and adequacy of the responses to public comments.

Based on the recommendations of the TC, the PAA in concurrence with CEA would either grant approval

for the implementation of the proposed project subject to specific conditions or refuse approval for

implementation of the project, giving reasons for doing so. The PAA will also specify a period within which

the approved project should be completed. If the project proponent is unable to complete the project within

the specified period, written permission for an extension must be obtained from the PAA, 30 days prior to

the expiration of the approved completion date.

EIA in the Coast Conservation Act

The Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 together with the Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No.

64 of 1988 governs the Coastal Zone. This Zone comprises mainly “the area lying within a limit of three

hundred meters landwards of the Mean High Water line and a limit of two kilometers seawards of the Mean

Low Water line”. The EIA process is part of the permit procedure mandated in Part II of the Coast

Conservation Act (CCA) for the approval of prescribed development projects and undertakings within the

Coastal Zone. The Act states that the Minister in charge of the subject of Coast Conserva6tion “may, having

regard to the effect of those development activities on the long term stability, productivity and

environmental quality of the Coastal Zone, prescribe the categories of development activity, which may be

engaged in within the Coastal Zone without a permit”. Such activity should not however include any

development activity already prescribed under the NEA.

Section 16 of the Coast Conservation Act (CCA) confers on the Director of Coast Conservation the

discretion to request a developer applying for a permit (to engage in a development activity within the

Coastal Zone) to furnish an Environmental Impact Assessment relating to the proposed development

activity. The CCA does not however specify how and when this discretion should be exercised. The Coast

Conservation Department (CCD) interprets this provision as requiring an EIA when the impacts of the

project are likely to be significant. The application from for a permit includes several questions, the answers

to which would help determine whether the development activity is likely to have significant impacts on

the environment.

The Act requires the Director of Coast Conservation, on receiving an EIA Report, to make it available for

public inspection and to entertain comments on it. The Act also requires the Director of Coast Conservation

to refer the EIA report to the Coast Conservation Advisory Council for comment. The Council is an inter-

department, inter-disciplinary advisory body. The Director of Coast Conservation may decide to.

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(1) Grant approval for the implementation of the proposed project subject to specified conditions,

Or

(2) Refuse approval for the implementation of the project, giving reasons for doing so.

Part I of the Schedule (annex II) containing the list of projects prescribed under the NEA states that the

CCA applies in the case of those projects, which lie wholly within the Coastal Zone. This indicates that the

NEA expects the Coast Conservation Dept. to consider these projects as prescribed and that an

Environmental Impact Assessment is required albeit under the provisions of the CCA.

In practice however the Coast Conservation Department is guided by their own rules and regulations in

determining whether any of the prescribed projects under the NEA require an Environmental Impact

Assessment.

Certain parts of the Coastal Zone, which are considered environmentally sensitive and declared as “no-

build” areas automatically, rule out the need to consider development projects in such areas. Similarly,

development projects proposed for location in environmentally sensitive areas within the Coastal Zone are

required to be submitted to the approval process specified in the NEA. Many of these environmentally

sensitive areas have already been identified and listed by the Coast Conservation Department as “set-back”

areas comprising reservation areas and restricted areas in which development activities are prohibited or

significantly restricted.

CCD Planning Division officers submit their recommendations regarding proposed development projects

to the Planning Committee of the Coast Conservation Department. The three technical divisions of the

Coast Conservation Department recommend the issue of a permit with or without an EIA. Where an EIA

is recommended, scoping sessions are convened with representatives of concerned state agencies to

determine the Terms of Reference for the EIA.

The long title of the Coast Conservation Act states that the Act is established to regulate and control

development activities within the Coastal Zone. Therefore, the Coast Conservation Department is the final

authority in determining whether to permit a development activity in terms of the CCA, even though such

activity may be required go through the approval process laid down in the NEA.

CCD Planning Division officers submit their recommendations regarding proposed development projects

to the Planning Committee of the Coast Conservation Department. The three technical divisions of the

Coast Conservation Department recommend the issue of a permit with or without an EIA. Where an EIA

is recommended, scoping sessions are convened with representatives of concerned state agencies to

determine the Terms of Reference for the EIA.

The long title of the Coast Conservation Act states that the Act is established to regulate and control

development activities within the Coastal Zone. Therefore, the Coast Conservation Department is the final

authority in determining whether to permit a development activity in terms of the CCA, even though such

activity may be required go through the approval process laid down in the NEA.

EIA in the Fauna and Flora (Protection) Ordinance

The Fauna and Flora (Protection) Ordinance No. 2 of 1937, as amended by the Fauna and Flora

(Amendment) Act No. 49 of 1993, requires that any development activity of any description whatsoever

proposed to be established within one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve, should receive the

prior written approval of the Director of Wildlife Conservation. The Ordinance as amended mandates tha6t

the project proponent should furnish an IEE or EIA report in terms of the National Environmental Act. The

information that a project proponent applying for permission to establish a development project within one

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mile of any National Reserve has to submit is much more comprehensive than the information required for

the approval process stipulated under the NEA. This is because every development project or activity to be

established within one mile of any National Reserve is subject to the approval process of the Department

of Wild Life Conservation regardless of its magnitude or category. Success in the implementation of this

requirement will be tested to the extent that the term “development activity” is not defined in the Act. This

procedure could also discourage any development activity however environmentally compatible it is,

proposed to be established within any environmentally sensitive area.

EIA in the Provincial Administration

The Provincial Level environmental protection and management is introduced in Sri Lanka through the

13th amendments to the constitution certified in November 1987, which specifies three lists, the Reserved

list, the Provincial Council list, and the Concurrent list. Provincial Councils have the exclusive right to

legislate through statues on matters specified in the provincial Council list. The subject of environmental

protection is placed in the Concurrent list as well as on the Provincial Council list. Provincial councils and

Parliament can both legislate on matters on the Concurrent list provides it is done in consultation with each

other. Only the North Western Provincial Council (NWPC) enacted legislation on environmental protection

by Statute No. 12 of 1990. The National Environmental Act remains suspended an in operative within the

North Western Province with effect from 10th January 1991.

Operational Framework for Implementation of EIA under national regulations

Activity Agency Duration

Submitting Preliminary information - A project proponent is required to

provide the CEA with preliminary information on the proposed project, in

order for the EIA process to be initiated. The best time for a project

proponent to submit the preliminary information on the proposed project

is as soon as the project concept is finalized and the location of the project

is decided. The Basic Information Questionnaire (BIQ) form prepared by

the CEA can be used for this purpose (Annex 2). When a prescribed project

is referred to CEA, the CEA will decide a suitable Project Approving

Agency (PAA).

CEA 2 months

Environmental Scoping - Then the PAA will carry out scoping and Terms

of Reference (ToR) for the EIA/IEE will be issued to the project proponent

PAA 2 month

EIA/ IEE report preparation Proponent 3 months

Public participation and evaluation - On receipt of an EIA report, it will

be subjected to an adequacy check in order to ensure that the ToR issued

by the PAA has been met. It will then be open for public inspection /

comments for a period of 30 working days. If there are any public

comments on the EIA report, they will be sent to the project proponent for

response. Subsequent to the public commenting period the PAA will

appoint a Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC) to evaluate the EIA

report and make its recommendations. IEE reports are not required to be

opened for public comments and are thus subjected to technical evaluation

only.

PAA 3 months

Decision making - Based on the recommendation of the TEC, the PAA

makes it's decision on whether to grant approval for a project. If the PAA

is not the CEA, it should obtain the concurrence of the CEA prior to

granting approval

PAA 2 months

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Generally the approval is valid for 3 years. If the Project Proponent does not commence work within 3 years

of the decision, renewal of the approval from the Project Approving Agencies is necessary. The validity

period is usually stated in the letter of approval.

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7.4 Annex 4 : Basic Information Questionnaire for the CEA

APPLICATION NO

CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY

BASIC INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE

(Essential information to determine the environmental approval requirement of projects)

1 Name of the Project:

2 Name of the Developer:

(Company/firm/individual)

Postal Address:

Phone No: Fax No:

Contact person

Name

Designation:

Phone No: Fax No:

3 Brief description of the project ( Use a separate sheet)

Attach copy (ies) of pre-feasibility / feasibility study report (s) if available

4 Scale / magnitude of the project:

(eg. For a road project: Length of the trace; Tourist hotel: No. of rooms; Agriculture project: Extent

of land, solid waste management projects : capacity per/day etc.)

5 Main objective(s) of the project:

6 Investment and Funding sources:

7 Location of the Project

i Pradeshiya Sabha:

ii Divisional Secretariat:

iii District

iv Provincial Council

Provide a location map indicating the project site, access to the site, surrounding

development and infrastructure within 500 m of the site (1:50000 scale).

8 Extent of the project area (in ha):

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A copy of the survey plan of the site

9 Does the project wholly or partly fall within any of the following areas?

Area Y

e

s

N

o

Unaware

100m from the boundaries of or within any area declared

under the National Heritage Wilderness Act No 4 of

1988

100m from the boundaries of or within any area declared

under the Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451)

Coastal zone as defined in the Coast Conservation Act No

57 of 1981

Any erodable area declared under the Soil Conservation

Act (Chapter 450)

Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection

Ordinance (Chapter 449)

Any flood protection area declared under the Sri Lanka Land

Reclamation and Development Corporation Act 15 of 1968

as amended by Act No 52 of 1982

60 meters from the bank of a public stream as defined in the

Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having width of

more than 25 meters at any point of its course

Any reservations beyond the full supply level of a reservoir

.

Any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument

as defined or declared under the Antiquities Ordinance

(Chapter 188).

Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance

(Chapter 446).

Within 100 meters from the boundaries of, or within, any

area declared as a Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora

Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469)

100 meters from the high flood level contour of or within, a

public lake as defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance

(Chapter 454) including those declared under section 71 of

the said Ordinance

Within a distance of one mile of the boundary of a National

Reserve declared under the Fauna and Flora Protection

Ordinance

10 Present ownership of the project site:

State Private Other-specify

If state owned, please submit a letter of consent of the release of land from the relevant state agency

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11 Present land use:

12 Present land use : (Please tick the relevant cage/s)

Land use Type Land use Type

Paddy Marsh / Mangrove

Tea Scrub / Forest

Rubber Grassland / Chena

Coconut Built-up area

Other Plantations / Garden Other (pl. specify)

13 Does the site /project require any

Yes No If yes give the extent (in ha)

Reclamation of land, wetlands

Clearing of forest

Felling of trees

14 Does the project envisage any resettlement

Yes No If yes, give the number of families to be resettled

15 Does the project envisage laying of pipelines

Yes No If yes, give the length of the pipeline (km)

16 Does the project involve any tunneling activities

Yes No

17 Proposed timing and schedule including phased development:

18 Applicable laws, regulations, standards and requirements covering the proposed project:

19 Clearances / permits obtained or should be obtained from relevant state agencies and / or local

authorities. (Attach required copies of the same)

The above information is accurate and true to the best of my knowledge. I am aware that this information

will be utilized in decision-making by the relevant state authorities.

............……….. ………...........................

Date Signature of Applicant

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7.5 Annex 5: Guidelines for Conducting Site Contamination Audits (SCAs)

Introduction and Objective

The purpose of the Site Contamination Audit (SCA) is to identify actual and potential site contamination

as well as proliferation of contaminants across the area of the contaminated site. Contaminated land, such

as solid waste open dump sites and poorly managed solid waste managing facilities, emit hazardous

substances such as heavy metals to soil, toxic leachate, noxious and volatile landfill gas and a host of other

contaminants which in turn pose conditions that are hazardous to public health and for the environment and

need to be managed with proper remedial actions and environmental management tools. A site

contamination audit ensures such sites are evaluated on the pollution linkage and facilitates in establishing

the level of risk posed to public health and the environment and the key actions required to manage and/or

mitigate the risk.

Process and Required Components of a SCA

The SCA process will include a site inspection and discussions with the personnel managing the waste

management facility and residents who are informed about the site and its history and conditions. The site

inspection will examine vegetation stress, key ecological receptors, leachate breakout and signs of

contamination discharge. Surrounding land uses will also be considered. Drinking water sources and wells

will be noted using published well records correlated to site observations. Proximity of the site to surface

water bodies or sensitive habitats (e.g., wetlands) should also be identified.

The following key requirements need to be incorporated in to site specific Terms of References for that will

be developed during project implementation.

The SCA report needs to include the following information at minimum.

An Outline of Facility Characteristics:

Present current and historical description of the site and surrounding characteristics at a radius as

outlined below for and its facilities should be developed, particularly as it relation to the areas of

concern like contaminant sources and discharge points. Visual inspections, facility records reviews and

discussions with informed personnel are to be employed for this purpose. In addition, above and below

ground structures should be reviewed as possible sources of contaminant migration. Prior site uses and

surrounding land uses are also considered. This section should be presented diagrammatically or via

the use of maps to indicate locations of sensitive receptors with relation to the contaminated site being

assessed, these include settlements, transportation corridors, protected areas, wetlands, coastlines,

surface water bodies including canals and tributaries and other etc. The site inspection should also

document the natural integrity of the surrounding environment, the condition of the facility, its set up

and ancillary facilities, presence of unauthorized activities such as waste scavenging and piggeries on

site, encroachments, and conditions such presence of animals and vectors in site and other nuances.

Table 1: Study Area Demarcation

Nature of Contaminated Site Study Area

Small Open Dumpsite (Less than 10ft in height

and 500m in surface area covered)

500m radius from base of dump

Medium- Large Open Dumpsite-(More than 10ft

in height and 500m in surface area covered)

1000m radius (km) from base of dump

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A Solid waste management facility operating

with visible inadequate environmental

management (EPL requirements not met, no

operational EMP etc.)

500m radius from facility site boundary

Current conditions of Physical Site Characteristics:

The ecology, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology of the site and a radius as defined in Table 1, are

to be examined using available data. The overall aim is to provide a more comprehensive description

and understanding of the local site characteristics and to develop a current and historical description of

the area. The current physical salient features of the sight, including

Identification of Contaminates and their characteristics:

Contaminants to air, surface water, ground water and soil that may be present at the site must be

identified. Their quantities and concentrations are to be estimated by visual inspections and scientific

testing. Sampling locations should be spread out around the immediate vicinity of the site and spread

out at different points locations along the minimum study area radius indicated in Table 1. The

minimum required study media, respective items and parameters that are to be studied, requisite

sampling

Table- 2- Minimum Requirements for Contamination Testing

Study Media Items and parameters to be

tested

Minimum

Number of

Samples

Location

Gas Accumulation at

Disposal Site

Oxygen (O2)

Nitrogen (N2)

Methane (CH2)

Carbon anhydride (CO2)

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

Temperature

Gas monitoring

should be conducted

at least twice a day

for about 7

consecutive days.

North, South,

East, Center and

West (5 points)

on top of closed

mound)

8 points, North,

South, East,

West and 3

additional mid

points around

perimeter of

base

Soil Quality pH

Electrical conductivity

Moisture content

Organic matter

Calcium

Magnesium

Sodium

Potassium

5 samples at

minimum

At least 2 points

on site and 3

points from

surrounding

radius at

intervals.

Groundwater

Quality

Arsenic

Cyanide

Selenium

Total organic carbon (TOC)

Barium, Hardness (as

CaCO3)

5 samples at

minimum

8 points at

minimum along

the permissible

study area radius

at intervals in

addition to

onsite

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Study Media Items and parameters to be

tested

Minimum

Number of

Samples

Location

Surface Water

Quality

Silver total dissolved solids

(TDS) Sodium

Manganese (dissolved)

Magnesium

Chemical oxygen demand

(COD)

Cadmium

Sulfate (SO4-)

Potassium

Iron

Calcium

Electrical Conductivity

Lead

Volatile Organic Compounds

(VOCs)

Chloride

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Sodium

pH

Chromium.

10 samples at

minimum

10 points at

minimum- 5

upstream and 5

downstream of

site

Test locations should provide an adequately detailed description of the nature, extent and fate of

contamination in three dimensions. They should also provide information on potential subsurface

contaminant migration pathways. Further guidance with regard to requisite aspects of assessing ground

water and soil quality are highlighted below.

• Groundwater

o For large dumpsites 5-8 boreholes or test pits per potential source area small sites a

minimum of 3-5 boreholes.

o Any groundwater contaminant plume(s) associated with the site should be delineated to

the minimum acceptable concentration of the contaminant.

o Sufficient test locations to determine the direction of groundwater flow on-site (minimum

of 3 groundwater monitoring wells or piezometers, including at least 1 multilevel

installation to assess vertical gradients).

o Chemical analyses are to be conducted on at least one groundwater sample from each

available well including any on-site water supply wells (Note: sampling may also be

required for any nearby, off-site potable water wells).

o For groundwater samples, a blind duplicate and field blank sample should also be

collected and analyzed with each batch of samples, regardless of the number of samples

tested.

• Soil Quality

o All soil test locations should extend to the bottom of the contaminated soil zone, to the

seasonal low water level, or to bedrock, whichever is shallower.

o Soil samples may be screened in the field for vapors, staining or odor. All field

observations must be included in reports.

o Chemical analyses are to be conducted on at least 2 soil samples per borehole location

(one surface <1.5 m depth, one subsurface >1.5 m depth).

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Note: Laboratory analysis of contaminated materials, soil, and water must be conducted by laboratories

that have been formally recognized as competent to perform specified tests

The characterization of the contamination (i.e., degree, nature, estimated extent and media affected)

and site conditions (i.e., geological, ecological, hydrogeological and hydrological) should be

established to develop a remedial action plan including long term monitoring timelines and parameters.

Via identification of contamination characteristics, the assessment should aim to do the following:

• to target and delineate the boundaries of identified contamination;

• to define, in greater detail, site conditions to identify all contaminant pathways, particularly

with respect to possible risk assessment;

• to provide contaminant and other information necessary to finalize environmental quality

remediation criteria or risk assessment; and

• to provide all other information required to develop a remedial action plan and input to

specifications and tender documents.

Testing methods and techniques are expected to be consistent with current day professional standards.

Regardless of the method/technique used, all efforts should be made to minimize the spread of

contamination because of activities during the site assessment. Field screening of samples, with

portable instruments that provide relative results are acceptable if they are well founded in theory,

capable of calibrating measurements to relative or absolute levels of contamination, verifiable

regarding procedures and results and finally, if results of such techniques can be correlated to those of

a nationally accredited laboratory results. Details of testing equipment used should be presented in the

report.

Requirements for the Remedial Action Plan

Post the assessment of the degree of contamination on site a corresponding remediation criteria has to be

determined for the site, a qualified person must prepare a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) detailing the

methodology for achieving these criteria as well as the proposed remedial action.

The Remedial Action Plan must include the following information:

o include contact information, including names of key personnel, consultants, contractors,

telephone, mail, fax, and email contacts, physical addresses;

o summarize all data on contaminants identified during the site investigation(s) and annex test

results;

o identify contaminants of concern and the media affected;

o identify the proposed cleanup/mitigation criteria and method(s) by which they have been derived;

o identify, quantify and characterize the materials to be treated/removed;

o summarize remedial options evaluated and the method used to select the preferred remedial

strategy;

o describe the selected clean up method and its technical feasibility;

o detail an implementation plan, including a schedule;

o discuss control measures to minimize fugitive air emissions, surface water control, worker health

and safety;

o identify the fate of residual contaminants; and

o identify remedial verification and long-term monitoring plans.

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7.6 Annex-6: Format for Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

(EMMP)

Objective and Scope of Preparation of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)

In order to ensure short and long term environmental impacts that would arise due to improvement and

rehabilitation work (to be described in the first section based on the sub-project/activity), an EMP plan will

need to be developed as per the scope presented below and in accordance with the EMF of the Project. The

project IWMPs should be reviewed and used as the basis for baseline information. Field level verification

should be conducted prior to the preparation of the EMPs:

1. Identification of impacts and description of mitigation measures: Firstly, Impacts arising out of the

project activities need to be clearly identified. Secondly, feasible and cost effective measures to

minimize impacts to acceptable levels should be specified with reference to each impact identified.

Further, it should provide details on the conditions under which the mitigatory measure should be

implemented (ex; routine or in the event of contingencies) The EMP also should distinguish between

type of solution proposed (structural & nonstructural) and the phase in which it should become operable

(design, construction and/or operational).

2. Enhancement plans: Positive impacts or opportunities arising out of the project need to be

identified during the preparation of the check list and Environmental Assessment process where

applicable. Some of these opportunities can be further developed to draw environmental and social

benefits to the local area. The EMP should identify such opportunities and develop a plan to

systematically harness any such benefit.

3. Monitoring programme: In order to ensure that the proposed mitigatory measures have the intended

results and complies with national standards and donor requirements, an environmental performance

monitoring programme should be included in the EMP. The monitoring programme should give details

of the following;

• Monitoring indicators to be measured for evaluating the performance of each mitigatory

measure (for example national standards, engineering structures, extent of area replanted, etc).

• Monitoring mechanisms and methodologies

• Monitoring frequency

• Monitoring locations

4. Institutional arrangements: Institutions/parties responsible for implementing mitigatory measures

and for monitoring their performance should be clearly identified. Where necessary, mechanisms for

institutional co-ordination should be identified as often monitoring tends to involve more than one

institution.

5. Implementing schedules: Timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures with links to

overall implementation schedule of the project should be specified.

6. Reporting procedures: Feedback mechanisms to inform the relevant parties on the progress and

effectiveness of the mitigatory measures and monitoring itself should be specified. Guidelines on the

type of information wanted and the presentation of feedback information should also be highlighted.

7. Cost estimates and sources of funds: Implementation of mitigatory measures mentioned in the EMP

will involve an initial investment cost as well as recurrent costs. The EMP should include costs

estimates for each measure and also identify sources of funding.

8. Contract clauses: This is an important section of the EMP that would ensure recommendations

carried in the EMP will be translated into action on the ground. Contract documents will need to be

incorporated with clauses directly linked to the implementation of mitigatory measures. Mechanisms

such as linking the payment schedules to implementation of the said clauses could be explored and

implemented, as appropriate.

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The format to present the EMP in a matrix is provided below: A

ctiv

ity

En

vir

on

men

tal

Imp

act

Pro

po

sed

Mit

igato

ry A

ctio

n

Lo

cati

on

Fre

qu

ency

of

Imp

lem

enta

tio

n/A

p

pli

cati

on

Imp

lem

enta

tio

n

Res

po

nsi

bil

ity

Mo

nit

ori

ng

Res

po

nsi

bil

ity

Mo

nit

ori

ng

Fre

qu

ency

Imp

lem

enta

tio

n

Pro

gre

ss

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Demobilization Phase

Operational Phase

Important to note the following when using this template:

The EMP that will be prepared should have all sections in place, except the last column on Implementation

Progress

What go in as the EMP to the bid and contract documents of construction contractor is the sections

highlighted in blue, as Implementation Progress is not relevant at the time of bidding and Operational

responsibilities would lie with the council.

Any activity that may be identified as the responsibility of design engineers should not be part of the EMP

that goes into the bid and contract documents of construction contractors

Important to note: The consultant is responsible to ensure the EMF requirements are taken into

consideration in the designing of infrastructure.

The EMP Presentation

The EMP should follow the same sequence as the tasks described above including the EMP matrix provided

above.

Consultant Qualifications

The design consultant team should include an expert with at least 8 years of experience preparing

environmental management and monitoring plans for infrastructure construction, improvement and

rehabilitation, costing of mitigation measures and preparing contractor clauses necessary to capture EMP

implementation needs.

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Reporting and feedback schedule

All submissions related to the assignment should be submitted to Project Management Unit, as hard copies

and electronically. The duration of the consultancy is x months. During the final submission of the EMP

report, if changes requested during the draft report stage have not been incorporated in a satisfactory manner

to the client and the World Bank, the consultant will be required to work further on the document until it is

considered satisfactory.

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7.7 Annex-7: Guidelines for Environmental Closure of Small Open Dump Sites

(Less than 10 feet in height and 500m in surface spread area)

The following guidelines are developed in line with recommendations made in line with international best

practice.4

1. Environmental Closure Methods

In the context of Sri Lanka and current solid waste management practices the following two principle

methods should be adopted to environmentally close the current waste management locations. Field

evaluations have shown that these sites contain small open dump sites, where inorganic waste material such

plastics, glass metal have been mixed with garden waste and soil.

1. Closing by covering the waste (in-place method)

2. Closing by removing the waste from the site (evacuation method)

Which option to use should be explored via the feasibility studies to be conducted for each island, taking

into consideration the sustainability and affordability of waste management options in the local context, all

the while remaining cognizant of trying to affect real improvement in relation to the actual and potential

environmental effects of the dump site?

When choosing a closure/upgrading method it should be borne in mind, that it is not always the most

technically advanced solution that is the most appropriate. Depending on the situation, simple

improvements of operational aspects (such as applying cover soil and eliminating open burning) can often

result in marked site performance and greatly reduced environmental impacts. The key principle should

always be to keep things simple and sustainable in a local context, while maximizing actual improvement

in environmental performance.

1.1. In-Place Closure

This method is the most commonly used option. The solid waste is left at the site and covered with a layer

of local soil and re-vegetated. The function of the cover layer is to:

• Reduce waste exposure to wind and vectors

• Prevent people and animals from scavenging

• Control odor

• Minimize the risk of fires

• Stop people from using the site

• Control infiltration of rainwater / surface water

• Control migration of landfill gas

• Serve as growth medium for vegetation

• Support suitable post-closure activities

The ability of the cover layer to limit infiltration of water into the dump is an essential environmental

protection measure. This is achieved through a suitable combination of cover soil type, thickness, slope and

vegetation. In other than very arid conditions a clay cover layer is best suited as it minimizes leachate

production, and controls landfill gas migration and odor. The durability of the cap layer and the degree of

4 Guidelines for Design and Operation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Tropical Climates prepared by the International Solid Waste Association in 2013

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resistance that the cover offers to infiltration are important design considerations. What constitutes a

suitable cap design is site specific and depends on the climate, locally available soil materials and plant

types, the extent of protection necessary for the local aquifer and surface water systems etc. Typical

operational steps for in-place closing of an open dump are shown in the figure below.

When deciding on a suitable final contour for the closed dump, consideration should to be given to the

management of surface water and erosion in the Post- closure period. Post closure care may be defined as

requirements placed upon solid waste management facilities after closure to ensure environmental impacts

are controlled and public health and safety are adequately maintained, for a specified number of years after

closure (typically 20 years may be considered and appropriate period of time for Post-closure care of an

open dump).

1.1.1. Basic Principles of In-Place Closure

The following steps need to be adhered to during the closure process:

The dumpsite should be cleaned up and demarcated in a manner that will prohibit public access

in order to avoid risk to the public. Recyclables should be separated to be managed

appropriately.

After closing the site to public access, the facility and surrounding area should be cleaned up

so that any waste piles or piles of metallic materials, burnable materials, debris, and windblown

paper are consolidated and placed in a final disposal cell for final covering.

Particular attention should be given to any environmentally sensitive areas where waste may

have been piled too steeply, may have been placed in or next to wetlands or beaches, or where

wastes have been placed in drainage ways or in areas that impede surface water drainage.

Site closure should help moderate the environmental impact of such improper disposal.

As appropriate, waste materials may need to be moved or relocated to higher portions of the

site, or the waste may be placed in appropriate areas to help sloping of the closed site.

It is important to promote surface water drainage from landfill areas in order to keep surface

water from filtering into and through the garbage, thus creating a hazard of ground water and

surface water degradation.

o A primary concern of site closure is the slope of filled portions of the site to promote

surface water runoff without causing ponding or severe erosion of the final cover.

The slope or grade of the land and the length strongly affects soil erosion of the slope.

o Final slopes of filled portions of the landfill site should be at least 2 percent in grade and

should not exceed 8 percent in grade.

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o Slopes of up to 12 percent may be used where the slope length is short and run off is not

concentrated or increased by adjacent slopes.

Terraces, waterways, diversions or other measures should be used as appropriate to minimize

soil erosion. The USDA Universal Soil Loss Equation may be used to predict soil loss and the

life of the cover.

1.1.2. Application of a Final Cover in In-Place Closure

After the open landfilled areas have been sloped and all waste buried, compacted, and covered, an

inert waste landfill site should be covered with at least 20-25 inches of clay-rich soil and 36 inches

for municipal solid waste landfills that contain organic matter.

In Sri Lanka due to impacts on extraction of clay-rich soil, more dense sandy soil may be used.

This final cover of soil should be placed in layers.

o The first or deepest being about 12 inches for inert waste landfills or 18 inches for

municipal solid waste landfills, which should be carefully compacted in six-inch lifts to

minimize surface water infiltration. Compaction testing of this "barrier layer" may be

required to ensure the soil material be properly placed.

o An additional 12-18 inch of soil material should be placed over the compacted clay layer

to help protect it from damage due to erosion, plant roots, vehicular traffic, freezing and

thawing, etc. This "buffer layer" also provides a rooting depth for the final vegetative cover.

o Based on site conditions, additional layers may be desirable. At least six inches of topsoil

or suitable plant growth material such as compost, should be spread over the site.

o Where possible Soil nutrient testing of the topsoil is suggested. Soil pH, nitrogen,

potassium, phosphorous, conductivity, bulk density, and organic matter are suggested

parameters.

o Based on this analysis, appropriate organic matter may be added to the topsoil to increase

fertility.

1.1.3. Site Revegetation and Long Term Management

The site should be revegetated when practicable to a mixture of native grass or shrub species as

recommended by the local environmental protection agency.

Tree plantings may be placed around the landfill site, however, unless special precautions are taken,

trees should not be planted on top of the landfill and should not be planted in positions which will

cause excessive soil drifting on the landfill.

Tree plantings help improve the aesthetics of the landfill site and may improve the site for long

term use as wildlife habitat, scenic areas, etc.

As appropriate, the landfill site may need additional covering applied, additional erosion control

structures installed, and/or reseeding of the vegetative cover.

In the post-closure period there may be regulatory requirements to establish a monitoring

programme to assess risks over the long term. The basic principles are as follows, to:

• Maintain the Integrity of the Cover layer through regular maintenance to address:

o Settlement, cap subsidence, slope instability and vegetation cover

o Storm water run-off / run-on drainage controls, and drain and cap erosion

• Operate, Monitor and Maintain

o Leachate management system (if any)

o Landfill gas controls and wells (if any)

o Groundwater wells; stream sampling (if any)

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1.2. Evacuation Method-Removing Waste

With this method the solid waste in the open dump is excavated and disposed off-site (typically to

a sanitary landfill, or a waste incineration plant). As no sanitary landfills are currently located in

Sri Lanka, this activity can only be taken once the Aruwakkalu sanitary landfill facility has been

established or incinerated as a fully operational incineration facility.

Where possible, accumulated cans, bottles, metal and plastic waste found in the dumpsites of

inhabited islands the option of sourcing them to recyclers or companies that partake in resource

recovery should be explored.

All material that cannot be incinerated nor has a recyclable/resource value should be sorted should

be either incorporated in to the existing open dump site prior to In-Place Closure.

In the case of the small-medium scale open dump piles that are mixed with soil and other organic

matter, unless properly sorted, incineration will not be an option. Thus for these In-Place Closure

should be adopted.

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7.8 Annex 8: Generic EMP for Environmental Closure of Large to Medium Open Dump Facilities Using Capping

System The following Generic EMP identifies environmental impacts and mitigatory measures that need to be in place during the environmental closure of

large to medium scale open dumpsites, more than 10feet in height and 500meters in radius.

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Pre-Construction/Site preparation phase

1. Site Access

Closure

Total cessation of dumping in the site will be implemented prior to any works.

All public access to the site, including waste pickers and scavengers should be prohibited via

adequate fencing and signage which prohibit public access completely, in order to avoid risk to the

public.

The site will be fully closed to any SWM operation and appropriate signage must be established at

the site entrance to indicate that the waste dump has been closed from operation.

Barriers/fence and dangerous warning signs should be raised to keep the public away

A fence shall be erected to cover the entire perimeter of the open dumpsite using cost effective fence

materials consisting of chain link fence fabric, concrete post, etc. as specified in the Technical

Specifications.

o In order to avoid land disturbance and movement, the fence shall generally follow the

contour of the ground.

o Grading shall be performed where necessary to provide a neat appearance

Engineering Cost IA the Site in

collaboration with

the PMU

PMU

2. Site Clearance The site and surrounding area should be cleaned prior to commencing earthworks so that any waste

piles or piles of residual waste material and windblown waste material are consolidated and placed in

the waste mound for final covering.

Particular attention should be given to move residual waste which may have piled too steeply in close

proximity to the canals surrounding the project area.

When establishing the buffer area, in the event demolition of existing structures is identified the

contractor will follow the recommended steps in the Demolition Guidelines presented in the EMF.

Engineering Cost Contractor, IA

PMU,

IA/PMU

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Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

3. Material

Sourcing

The contractor is required to ensure that all construction materials, including sand, loam, and clay for

the ET covering process as well as other quarry material for construction is sourced from licensed

sources.

The contractor is required to maintain the necessary licenses and environmental clearances for all

burrow and quarry material they are sourcing –including soil, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

Sourcing of any material from protected areas and/or designated natural areas, including tank beds,

are strictly prohibited.

If the contractor uses a non-commercial burrow/quarry sites, the sites should be remediated

according to the guidance provided in this EMP, once material sourcing has been completed.

The contractor is required to submit in writing all the relevant copies, numbers and relevant details of

all pre-requisite licenses etc. and report of their status to the engineer on a quarterly basis.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

4. Work Site

Management

The contractor should identify an area onsite to store construction materials and equipment which

should be approved by the engineer.

Parking, repairing vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be done stationed only at the work site

and/or in any other designated areas by the engineer.

The contractor should provide instruction and advice should be given to drivers and operators (both

company owned and hired) to park vehicles and store equipment at this designated area.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

5. Labor Camps Due to safety and public health issues prevalent at the site, no labor camps may be established on site

Resting facilities and the site office should be located closer to the site entrance and away from the

waste mound.

The location, layout and basic facility provision of labor camps to be set up must be submitted to the

Engineer prior to establishment.

The establishment of labor camps will commence only upon the written approval of the Engineer.

The contractor shall maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional

and hygienic manner and as approved by the Engineer.

All temporary accommodation must be established and maintained in such a fashion that

uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

The sewage system for the camp, if not available, must be planned and implemented with

concurrence from the Local Public Health Officer (PHI)

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

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Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

6. Information

Disclosure

among

Stakeholders

Discussions should be conducted with the residents who reside along the vicinity of the project site

o Residents have to be briefed of the project, purpose and design and outcomes via a

documented community consultation session

o This should be done immediately once the contractor is mobilized.

o The contractor should take note of all impacts, especially safety hazards that will be of

concern to the residents and take necessary measures as stipulated in the EMP to mitigate

them.

The contractor will maintain a log of any grievances/complains and actions taken to resolve them.

A copy of the EMP should be available at all times at the project supervision office on site.

Engineering Cost Contractor/IA/

PMU

PMU

Construction/Intervention Phase

7. Transport and

Storage of

requisite cover

and

construction

materials

The contractor should avoid over loading trucks that transport material to construction sites.

During transportation, materials should be covered with tarpaulin.

Peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic should be avoided.

The contractor shall minimize possible public nuisance due to dust, traffic congestion, air pollution,

etc., due to such haulage;

If local roads are used, routes are to be selected based on the truck load; loads should be divided to

prevent damages to local roads and bridges.

Speed limits as nationality stipulated for haulage must be maintain

All vehicles used for haulage should be in good condition.

If there are damages to local roads and other utilities due to hauling in roads caused by the contractor.

The contractor shall attend to repair all damaged infrastructure/ roads, if needed through relevant

authorities

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

8. Emission of

Dust during

cover

application and

construction.

All construction materials such as sand, soil, metal, etc. should be transported under cover to the site

and stored under cover at the sight.

Plastic sheeting (of about 6 mm minimum thickness) can be used and held in place with weights,

such as old tires or cinder blocks, with the edges of the sheeting buried, or by the use of other

anchoring systems, in order to minimize the levels of airborne dust. Mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access road should be immediately

cleaned

Continual water sprinkling should be carried out in the work and fill areas and the access road if dust

stir is observed.

Water sprinkling should be done more frequently on days that are dry and windy (at least four time’s

day) as the levels of dust can be elevated during dry periods.

Dust masks should be provided to all laborers for the use at required times

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

9. Prevention of

garbage slides

during site

preparation

During the grading and sub-grading preparation, all excavation materials including old wastes must

be confined within the confines of the dumpsite property.

It is not acceptable to dump any of these materials outside of the dumpsite property;

All construction materials including heavy equipment to be used during site preparation must be

confined within designated or specific area and should be inside the property of the open dumpsite;

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

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Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

In summary, the use area outside of the property line of the open dumpsite must be avoided to

eliminate nuisance and conflict with adjacent property owners, and contamination and/or pollution of

drainage canals around the site and private properties.

10. Prevention of

soil erosion

during site

preparation

During site preparation and application of cover layers, soil or silt interceptors must be provided at

the base of the waste mound to in order to avoid or address the problem of soil

Erosion.

The contractor should cover completed areas with polythene sheets to prevent erosion and associated

dust generation until revegetation has been conducted.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

Burrowing of

Earth and

Management

of Self

Operated

Burrow Sites

In the event the contractor will use a self-operated burrow site:

Approval from the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) is a requisite for any burrow

site located in hilly areas

A site operational plan for opening and closing the burrow site, for any new burrow site, should be

prepared and submitted to the engineer for clearance.

Perhaps, a small guideline on burrow area management can be included. I think I have some

guidelines and can do one for you.

The contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/guidelines issued by the Central

Environmental Authority (CEA) and the respective local authorities with respect of locating burrow

areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation and transportation of earth from such

sites.

Contractor can also find suitable soil materials from currently operated licensed burrow pits, subject

to approval of the engineer

No burrow-sites be used (current approved) or newly established within areas protected under FFPO5

and FO6

Burrow areas shall not be opened without having a valid mining license from the GSMB7.

The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the pit or open cut area shall be as approved by

the engineer.

All burrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in accordance

with the requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local authority and guidelines

presented in Annex-3 of this document.

Establishment of burrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not cause any adverse impact to

the near-by properties and people.

Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes including those related to

temporary works and burrow pits.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

Quarry

Operations and

Management

of Self

In the event the contractor manages a self-owned existing quarry sites available in the project area

Approval from the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) is a requisite for any quarry

site located in hilly areas

A site operational plan for opening and closing the quarry site, for any new quarry site, should be

prepared and submitted to the engineer for clearance.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

5 FFPO- Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance 6 FO-Forest Ordinance 7 GSMB- Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

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Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Operated

Quarry Sites

The should be approved by GSMB with valid Environmental Protection License (EPL) and Industrial

Mining Licenses;

Prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha.

Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings, safety nets etc., and third

party insurance cover to protect external parties that may be affected due to blasting.

Quarry sites should not be established within protected sites identified under the FFPO and FO.

It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing disputes with community.

The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the contractor’s

operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor.

Copies of all relevant licenses should be maintained by the contractor for review and documentation

by the engineer

Excavation of

waste from

waste mound

The contractor will ensure that waste excavation is conducted in a manner that does not greatly

disturb the matrix of the existing waste mound.

Care should be maintained, especially when working on the slopes to ensure further failures do not

occur due to the height of the mound.

Machinery operated for excavation should be operated by skilled operators at all times.

Workers working on machinery and on site during excavation should be geared with full body suits,

masks helmets, boots and gloves and heat protection equipment to avoid exposure with raw

decomposing waste material, which can be at higher temperatures.

Excavation work will be carried out in a sequenced manner, to avoid ad-hoc exposed areas on the

waste mound.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

Spreading and

compaction of

waste

The active working face should be minimized as much as practical an appropriate size is about 2 to 3

times the width of the compactor vehicle.

Waste should be spread and compacted in layers not greater than 0.6m (2ft.) after compaction.

Compaction of the waste should be on a slope of about 20-30% as guided via the permissible levels

and worked from the bottom of the slope to the top

The recommended process for spreading and compaction is presented in the diagram below:

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

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112

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

11. Machinery

Operation

Only experienced and well trained workers should be used for the handling of machinery, equipment

and material processing plants.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

12. Noise from

vehicles,

machinery,

equipment and

construction

activities.

Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00AM to 6:00PM). No work that generates

excessive noise should be carried out during night hours (from 6:00PM to 6:00AM on the following

day).

All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels that do not exceed the permissible

level of 75 dB8 (during construction) for the day time.

For all construction activities undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to maintain the noise

level at below 50 dB as per the CEA noise control regulations

All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular maintenance of all construction

vehicles and machinery to meet noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette

Extra Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for vehicles/machinery that will be used in

construction on site and for transport.

Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during public holidays and religious days.

Labor gangs should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict labor supervision should be

undertaken in this respect.

No night time residency of laborers on site should be encouraged, post work hours.

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be permitted during periods of loading /

unloading or when they are not in active use.

The practice must be ensured especially near residential / commercial / sensitive areas.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

8 dB-Decibels

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113

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 100m from the site periphery, which has

proximity to households. All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions during

drilling shall be employed.

Contractor shall submit the list of high noise/vibration generating machinery & equipment to the

engineer for approval.

Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery must be done regularly and during routine

servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective

will be replaced.

Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and up to the satisfaction of the

Engineer to keep noise levels at the minimum.

13. Pollution of

Soil and Water

via Fuel and

Lubricants

The contractor shall ensure that all construction vehicle parking locations, fuel/lubricants storage

sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling site shall be located away from

the canal that is adjacent to the site by least 200m away.

Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and

refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not further

contaminate the ground.

Contractor shall arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified

disposal sites (list to be submitted to Engineer) and approved by the Engineer.

All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed of in accordance with standards set by

the CEA/MoMDE9.

Engineer will certify that all arrangements comply with the guidelines of CEA/MoMDE or any other

relevant laws.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

14. Disposal of

Debris and

Spoil

All debris and residual spoil material from excavations for drainage and site cleaning, should be

conducted prior to cover application and used in the reshaping of the waste mound and may not be

transported off site.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

15. Public Safety

At all times the site will restrict the entry of public on to the site.

Safety signboards and signboards prohibiting entrance and risks, should be displayed at all necessary

locations.

The contractor should obtain a Third party insurance to compensate any damages, injuries caused to

the public or laborers during the construction period.

All construction vehicles should be operated by experienced and trained operators under supervision.

All digging and installation work should be completed in one go no ensure no parts of the waste

mound is left susceptible to LFG emission and instability.

Trenches should be progressively rehabilitated once work is completed.

Material loading and unloading should be done only within the project site.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

16. Safety of

Workers

Contractor shall comply with the requirements for safety of the workers as per the ILO Convention

No. 62 and Safety & Health Regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that

those are applicable to this contract.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

9 MoMDE-Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment

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114

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

The contractor shall supply all necessary safety measures at site- including provision of First Aid

Kids, Fire extinguishers.

Signage providing instructions on first aid management, emergency contact and emergency

operational procedures in local languages. Basic onsite safety training should be conducted for all laborers during the EMP training prior to the

start of the construction activities.

The training to laborers should also include a brief on the risks of working on an open dump site.

The contractor should obtain a Third party insurance to compensate any damages, injuries caused to

laborers during the construction period.

Protective footwear and protective goggles should be provided to all workers employed on mixing of

materials like cement, concrete etc.

Welder's protective eye-shields shall be provided to workers who are engaged in welding works.

Earplugs shall be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing,

compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

The contractor shall supply all necessary safety equipment such as safety goggles, helmets, safety

belts, ear plugs, mask etc. to workers and staff.

In addition, the contractor shall maintain in stock at the site office, gloves, ear muffs, goggles, dust

masks, safety harness and any other equipment considered necessary.

A safety inspection checklist should be prepared taking into consideration what the workers are

supposed to be wearing and monitored on a monthly basis and recorded.

17. Prevention of

accidents

Prevention of accidents involving human beings or vehicles or accidents during construction period

should be done via adequate training and guidance to all workers.

A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and

first aid supplies should be available at the site office at all times.

Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital

should also be insured.

Names and contact information for emergency services such as Ambulance services, hospitals, police

and the fire brigade should be prepared as a sign board and displayed at the work site.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

18. Operation of

labor camps

The Contractor shall establish and maintain all offsite labor accommodation in such a fashion that

uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

A supply of sufficient quantity of potable water in every workplace/labor camp site at suitable and

easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such provisions should be maintained.

The sewage system for the offsite labor camp, if newly established, are designed, built and operated

in such a fashion that no health hazards occurs and no pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent

water courses take place.

Ensure adequate water supply is to be provided in all toilets and urinals.

The contractor shall provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are regularly emptied

and disposed of in a hygienic manner

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

19. Traffic

Management

Travel routes for construction vehicles should be designed to avoid areas of congestion and

communicated to drivers.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

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115

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

If project vehicles will be entering and exiting the site and being operated after 6PM a lighting

system should be maintained to ensure adequate on site lighting and clear lighting to road uses, off

the site access point.

Contractor should supply traffic co-coordinators to manage vehicle movements to and from the

project site at the entrance, as it is located off a main road directly.

20. Surface

Drainage and

Possible Water

Stagnation

The project interventions itself include and adequate storm water drainage system in the premises,

which will discharge water to existing storm water drainage networks.

During construction, the contractor will conduct overall storm water management in the premises

during construction using temporary ditches, sand bag barriers etc.

Proper drainage arrangements to be made, to avoid the overflowing of existing drainage paths to

cutting, excavation and other activities

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

21. Fire Safety Easily flammable materials should not be stored in construction site; they must be transported out of

project site.

Any activities, such as welding, that can lead to ignition should be conducted post the closure of the

mound where possible to avoid risk of exposure to landfill gas.

During the excavation activities, as the decomposing waste buried will be of higher temperatures

there is the potential risk of fire, thus it should be conducted with extreme care as per the stipulated

sequence and safety precautions.

At all times the site should be equipped with appropriate firefighting and fire retardant equipment to

suppress any fires on the site.

Fire extinguishers should be available at the site office for use in the case of emergencies.

A supply of water should be available on site during the excavation period and construction period

for firefighting purposes.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

22. Grievance

Redress

Mechanism

during

construction

Grievances are inevitable during the entire works period.

Grievances submitted in writing shall be referred to the IA/PMU by the safeguard officer of the

Contractor through the Engineer.

Verbal communications shall be directed to IA/PMU through Engineer. Contact information of

Engineer/IA/IA/PMU/in print form shall be available at the site.

The grievances shall be submitted to the Engineer on the same day of receiving. It has to be recorded

and the safeguard officer of the Engineer shall ensure the timely redress through the IA/PMU

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

Post Construction/Operation and Maintenance Phase

23. Planting post

ET Cover

application

Only native species of plants may be used for the planting process- Vetiver grass is recommended as

a suitable species that grows well on sandy loam soils and toxic conditions and has good potential to

control soil erosion. Specific properties of vetiver grass are presented in the diagram below.

Attempts should be made to also identify suitable “living filter” plant species that are known to

minimize the amounts of toxic gases in a given environment.

A supply of water should be available for the routine maintenance of the vegetation until it succeeds

naturally.

Engineering

Cost/Operational

Cost

Contractor/PMU/

MoMPWD

PMU/IA

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116

Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Routine maintenance of planted species should be conducted to identify issues with establishment on

site.

Replacement planting should be conducted as appropriate.

Properties of Vetiver Grass

In order to support vegetation to establish well, top soil layers should be maintained as per the

guidance on general standards for top soil provided below.

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Activities and

Associated

Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation cost Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

24. Site Closure

and

Demobilization

The contractor will remove all excess material, equipment, vehicles from the project site prior to

complete demobilization.

All temporary site offices will be dismantled and removed from the site.

If the parking site has been dilapidated in any way as per the evaluation of the engineer, the

contractor will reinstate it to the original condition prior to demobilization.

Engineering Cost Contractor PMU

25. Operational

Management

during

monitoring

phase

The facility should be equipped with potable drinking water as well as water for firefighting and dust

mitigation.

Monitoring activities should be conducted as outlined in the monitoring plan to be development in

compliance with Annex 19 of the EMF Document.

Operational Cost IA/MoMWD IA

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118

7.9 Annex 9: Generic EMP for Construction and Operation of Composting/Organic Waste Processing Facilities.

The following generic EMP has been developed as per the requirements stipulated in the World Bank Group General Environmental

Health and Safety Guidelines and Sectoral EHS Guidelines for SWM Facilities as well as the Central Environmental Authority of Sri

Lanka’s Technical Guidelines for Solid Waste Management.

Best Practices developed by other countries have also been utilized.10

Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Preparation of Facility Design

Site Selection and

Suitability

Site in accordance with buffer distance recommendations below. Composting

facilities in general should, as best practice, be placed at adequate distances

from salient features in the following locations:

o 1,000 m to land that is a

designated protected area

o 1,000m from any

designated historic and

heritage areas, buildings

or sites, including

UNESCO World Heritage

sites.

o Within any floodplain

subject to flooding that

occurs, on average, more

than one in every 100

years

o Within 100 m of a bank of

a major watercourse or

within 500 m of a high-

water mark of a water way.

The facility should not be sited near a proclaimed potable water supply

catchment.

Design Cost IA the Site in

collaboration with

the IA/PMU

IA/PMU

10

Environmental Guidelines for Composting and Other Organic Recycling Facilities-Environmental Protection Agency, Victoria, Australia

Environment Protection Authority Compost Guideline- Environmental Protection Agency, South Australia

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Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

o Sites within an identified drinking water catchment (surface water or

groundwater), for example, any lands nominated by local water

supply authorities or near a groundwater bore used as drinking water

should not be considered.

o Sites should not be in an area overlying an aquifer that contains

drinking-water quality groundwater that is vulnerable to pollution.

National environment protection policy requirements should be adhered with-

including site selection criteria laid out in the Central Environmental Authority-

Technical Guidelines on Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka.

Sites where the substrata are prone to landslip or subsidence as designated by

the NBRO should not be selected.

Existing composting facilities should be protected from encroachment from

new developments.

In the absence of site-specific risk information an effective buffer is 1,000 m

between new developments and composting facilities, measured from the outer

boundary of the area licensed to undertake composting (see diagram above).

The separation distance should be measured from the boundary of the

composting activity/ pad (including the leachate collection pond/waste water

lagoon at the site to the nearest receptor.

Requirements for

Preliminary waster

assessments

A comprehensive hydrological investigation of both the site and the

surrounding surface water and groundwater regime needs to be conducted

before site establishment. The investigation should identify the groundwater

flow pathways for all aquifers on site, assess the vulnerability of the

groundwater underneath and adjacent to the facility, and establish whether

systems to prevent groundwater pollution need to be set up.

A water pollution remediation plan should be developed if pollution of

groundwater, surface water or the subsoil is confirmed in the preliminary water

assessment of the site or is identified by external monitoring.

Design Cost

Design Requirements for

Environmental

Management

❖ The receipt, storage and processing of incoming feedstocks should be undertaken

on a low permeability material such as compacted clay, asphalt or concrete over

a sub-grade which can support, without sustained damage, the load of material

on it and the load of any machinery used in the composting facility.

❖ A suitable protective layer should be maintained over the constructed liner to

protect the constructed liner from damage because of day-to-day activities.

❖ The design of the compost facility should ensure access to all areas of the site

irrespective of weather conditions.

❖ The design and maintenance of a minimum 2% drainage gradient for all areas

that receive, store and process feedstocks, and the orientation of windrows, to

ensure the free drainage of leachate to a designated wastewater collection system.

❖ Composting facilities should be designed and managed so as to reduce the

generation of fugitive dust and airborne emissions.

Design Cost IA the Site in

collaboration with

the IA/PMU

IA/PMU

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120

Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

o All vehicle moving areas should be compacted and sealed so as to

prevent the generation of dust.

❖ Composting facilities should be designed and operated to minimize offsite noise

impacts.

o Composting facilities should provide suitable separation distances

around the facility and engineering or management controls for

specific noise sources.

o Operating hours at composting facilities should be suited to the

surrounding land use.

❖ Finished compost product should be stored on a designated hardstand area that

has a minimum 2% drainage gradient to direct the potentially nutrient rich runoff

into a storm water management system capable of removing sediments and

nutrients.

❖ A maintenance program should be implemented that is suitable to maintain the

effective working condition of all working surfaces. Any compromise to the

working surfaces identified should be repaired as soon as practicably possible.

❖ Records should be maintained of all inspection and repair work performed.

Design of waste water

management systems

❖ Design of the wastewater management system should include an assessment of

the following factors:

o the maximum potential leachate generation

o rainfall, climate conditions including storm events

o sampling and inspection access

o ongoing maintenance, including an assessment of potential odor.

❖ The wastewater management system should ensure that waste water discharged

meets the requirements for waste water discharge from solid waste management

facilities as stipulated in the World Bank Environmental Health and Safety

Guidelines for Solid waste management facilities.

Design of storm water

management systems

❖ Composting facilities should be designed to divert clean storm water from

pooling or draining towards areas where feedstocks and finished compost

product are received, sorted, stored or processed.

❖ The facilities should not have direct connection to existing storm water systems

which may not follow a treatment channel.

❖ Composting facilities should be designed to prevent clean storm water from

entering into areas where feedstocks are received, stored and processed and areas

where finished product is stored.

❖ All storm water which encounters incoming feedstocks and compost windrows

should be handled and treated as wastewater.

❖ Design criteria for the storm water management system should consider:

o Storm water separation

o the 1–in–25-year recurrence interval

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121

Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

o 24-hour duration storm event for design of drainage features.

❖ Composting facilities should have a separate storm water management system

which; is fit for purpose, sized appropriately for site conditions and suitably

maintained.

o All out-door areas involving process materials– pre-storage areas,

vehicle loading and unloading areas, processing stacks, maturing and

matured product stacks and related activities – should be contained

within bunded areas. This is to prevent any contaminated water or

solids flowing onto and/or contaminating the clean zones of the site,

clean storm water drains or adjoining properties.

o All water that falls within the bunded areas, whether storm water or

leachate, must be regarded as contaminated wastewater and should be

captured for re-use.

o It is preferable that the above-mentioned outdoor areas are sealed with

impermeable bases (for example, concreted). Otherwise a base made

of low permeability clay, compacted soil.

o The surface of the bunded areas should be graded so that the water

drains to a recycling

o tank or pit. This pit should be of sufficient capacity to prevent

overflow. Out-door operational activities should be carried out in the

smallest possible area, to minimize the size of the bunded areas and

the

o quantity of contaminated storm water collected.

o Indoor operational activities should also have suitably graded and

bunded operating surfaces which drain to collection drains to intercept

all leachate and run-off for recycling.

o Clean storm water should be segregated from contaminated storm

water – for example by the use of cut-off drains and barriers to direct

it away from the main operational areas.

o Grade and drain the pre-storage and processing areas to a collection

pit.

o Establish a vegetative filter strips of fully composted material around

compost heaps to absorb leachate run-off and to divert storm water

run-on.

Pre-Construction/Site preparation phase

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122

Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Site Access Closure All public access to the site via adequate fencing and signage which prohibit

public access completely, in order to avoid risk to the public.

The site entrance will include adequate signage indicating the details of the

proposed subproject, implementing agencies etc as well as safety signage to

keep public away.

A fence shall be erected to cover the entire perimeter of the facility using cost

effective fence materials consisting of chain link fence fabric, concrete post,

etc. as specified in the Technical Specifications in order to ensure, animals and

public are unable to access the site.

o To avoid land disturbance and movement, the fence shall generally

follow the contour of the ground.

o Grading shall be performed where necessary to provide a neat

appearance

Engineering

Cost

IA the Site in

collaboration with

the IA/PMU

IA/PMU

Material Sourcing

The contractor is required to ensure that all construction materials, including

gravel, sand, earth as well as other quarry material for construction is sourced

from licensed sources.

The contractor is required to maintain the necessary licenses and environmental

clearances for all burrow and quarry material they are sourcing –including soil,

fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

Sourcing of any material from protected areas and/or designated natural areas,

including tank beds, are strictly prohibited.

If the contractor uses a non-commercial burrow/quarry sites, the sites should be

remediated per the guidance provided in this EMP, once material sourcing has

been completed as per Annex 19.

The contractor is required to submit in writing all the relevant copies, numbers

and relevant details of all pre-requisite licenses etc. and report of their status to

the engineer on a quarterly basis.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

Work Site Management The contractor should identify an area onsite to store construction materials and

equipment which should be approved by the engineer and demarcated for

material storage as per the site plan.

Parking, repairing vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be done stationed

only at the work site and/or in any other designated areas by the engineer.

The contractor should provide instruction and advice should be given to drivers

and operators (both company owned and hired) to park vehicles and store

equipment at this designated area.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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123

Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

26. Labor Camps Due to safety and public health issues prevalent at the site, no labor camps may

be established on site

Resting facilities and the site office should be located closer to the site entrance

and away from the waste mound.

The location, layout and basic facility provision of labor camps to be set up must

be submitted to the Engineer prior to establishment.

The establishment of labor camps will commence only upon the written approval

of the Engineer.

The contractor shall maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary

facilities in functional and hygienic manner and as approved by the Engineer.

All temporary accommodation must be established and maintained in such a

fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and

washing.

The sewage system for the camp, if not available, must be planned and

implemented with concurrence from the Local Public Health Officer (PHI)

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

Waste Storage Area

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Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

27. Information Disclosure

among Stakeholders

Discussions should be conducted with the residents who reside along the vicinity

of the project site

o Residents must be briefed of the project, purpose and design and

outcomes via a documented community consultation session

o This should be done immediately once the contractor is mobilized.

o The contractor should take note of all impacts, especially safety

hazards that will be of concern to the residents and take necessary

measures as stipulated in the EMP to mitigate them.

The contractor will maintain a log of any grievances/complains and actions taken

to resolve them.

A copy of the EMP should be available always at the project supervision office

on site.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor/IA/

IA/PMU

IA/PMU

Construction/Intervention Phase

28. Site Clearance and Land

Development

Prevention of removal of trees should be maintained as far as possible.

All plant and animal species identified as rare/endangered/threatened at

environmental screening should be managed as follows, floral species should

either be relocated to a suitable site if possible or protected on site via adequate

measures of protection implemented, faunal species (IUNC Guidelines to be

followed for any animal relocation11.

During removing, attention should be paid to maintain minimum disturbances

to soil cover and also care should be taken not to damage adjoining trees.

Degraded state land identified for forestry activities will be improved to

compensate for the trees removed as 1:2 at least

Water spraying should be done at a regular interval to avoid dust generation due

to site clearance

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

29. Disposal of Debris and

Spoil

All debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be disposed

only at locations approved by the engineer for such purpose and subjected to

the following clauses:

The contractor shall obtain the approval from the relevant Local Authority such

as Prdeshiya Sabha, Municipal Council and other government agencies (as

required) for disposal and spoil at the specified location, as directed by the

Engineer

Private land that will be selected for disposal should also require written consent

from the land owner

The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that;

o waterways and drainage paths are not blocked

o the disposed material should not be washed away by runoff and

o should not be a nuisance to the public

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

11 IUCN-Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations-2013- https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2013-009.pdf

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Activities and

Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

All material that is reusable or recyclable shall be used for such purposes either

by the contractor or through dealers.

The debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be used, to

refill the burrow areas as directed by the engineer, subjected to laying of topsoil

as per recommendations for conservation and reuse of top soil provided below.

Excavated earth materials and all debris materials shall be disposed immediately

without allowing to stockpile at identified locations for debris disposal,

recommended by the engineer. During transportation, dispose materials should

be covered with tarpaulin.

If approved by the engineer, contractor can dispose the debris and spoil as a

filling material provided that the contractor can ensure that such material is used

for legally acceptable purposes with disposed in an environmentally acceptable

manner.

30. Conservation and Reuse of

Topsoil

Top soil of productive areas where it has to be removed for the purpose of this

project shall be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles

of height not exceeding 2m, if directed by the engineer. If the contractor is in

any doubt on whether to conserve the topsoil or not for any given area he/she

shall obtain the direction from the engineer in writing

Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil when

replanting/establishing vegetation

Stockpiled topsoil must be returned to cover the areas including cut slopes

where the topsoil has been removed due to project activities. Residual topsoil

must be distributed on adjoining/proximate barren areas as identified by the

engineer in a layer of thickness of 75mm – 150mm.

Topsoil thus stockpiled for reuse shall not be surcharged or overburdened. As

far as possible multiple handling of topsoil stockpiles should be kept to a

minimum.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

31. Transport and Storage of

construction materials

The contractor should avoid over loading trucks that transport material to

construction sites.

During transportation, materials should be covered with tarpaulin.

Peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic should be avoided.

The contractor shall minimize possible public nuisance due to dust, traffic

congestion, air pollution, etc., due to such haulage;

If local roads are used, routes are to be selected based on the truck load; loads

should be divided to prevent damages to local roads and bridges.

Speed limits as nationality stipulated for haulage must be maintain

All vehicles used for haulage should be in good condition.

If there are damages to local roads and other utilities due to hauling in roads

caused by the contractor. The contractor shall attend to repair all damaged

infrastructure/ roads, if needed through relevant authorities

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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32. Emission of Dust during

cover application and

construction.

All construction materials such as sand, soil, metal, etc. should be transported

under cover to the site and stored under cover at the sight.

Plastic sheeting (of about 6 mm minimum thickness) can be used and held in

place with weights, such as old tires or cinder blocks, with the edges of the

sheeting buried, or by the use of other anchoring systems, in order to minimize

the levels of airborne dust. Mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access road should

be immediately cleaned

Continual water sprinkling should be carried out in the work and fill areas and

the access road if dust stir is observed.

Water sprinkling should be done more frequently on days that are dry and windy

(at least four time’s day) as the levels of dust can be elevated during dry periods.

Dust masks should be provided to all laborers for the use at required times

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

33. Prevention of soil erosion

during site preparation

Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways, drainage

paths would not get blocked.

Drainage paths associated with the infrastructure should be improved / erected

to drain rain water properly.

Silt traps will be constructed to avoid siltation into water ways where

necessary.

To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to streams, other water

bodies and sea directly and they should be separated from streams / other water

bodies / sea

Barricades such as humps will be erected at excavated areas for culverts,

silttraps, toe walls, filling and lifting with roper sign boards, as some work in

these sections will have to be stopped during heavy rains due to heavy erosion.

To prevent soil erosion in these excavated areas, proper earth drain system

should be introduced.

Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc. shall not be unduly exposed to erosive

forces. These exposed slopes shall be graded and covered by grass or other

suitable materials per the specifications.

All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the

specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch.

Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining season. If

such activities need to be continued during rainy season prior approval must be

obtained from the Engineer by submitting a proposal on actions that will be

undertaken by the contractor to prevent erosion.

The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per design or as

directed by the engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water

pollution to the satisfaction of the engineer. Typical measures include the use

of berms, dikes sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and

other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and maintenance

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or other items of work and

no separate payment will be made for their implementation.

Burrowing of Earth and

Management of Self

Operated Burrow Sites

In the event the contractor will use a self-operated burrow site:

Approval from the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) is a

requisite for any burrow site located in hilly areas

A site operational plan for opening and closing the burrow site, for any new

burrow site, should be prepared and submitted to the engineer for clearance.

Perhaps, a small guideline on burrow area management can be included. I think

I have some guidelines and can do one for you.

The contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/guidelines

issued by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the respective local

authorities with respect of locating burrow areas and with regard to all operations

related to excavation and transportation of earth from such sites.

Contractor can also find suitable soil materials from currently operated licensed

burrow pits, subject to approval of the engineer

No burrow-sites be used (current approved) or newly established within areas

protected under FFPO12 and FO13

Burrow areas shall not be opened without having a valid mining license from the

GSMB14.

The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the pit or open cut area shall

be as approved by the engineer.

All burrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the

contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA

and the respective local authority and guidelines presented in Annex-3 of this

document.

Establishment of burrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not cause

any adverse impact to the near-by properties and people.

Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes including

those related to temporary works and burrow pits.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

Quarry Operations and

Management of Self

Operated Quarry Sites

In the event the contractor manages a self-owned existing quarry sites available

in the project area

Approval from the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) is a

requisite for any quarry site located in hilly areas

A site operational plan for opening and closing the quarry site, for any new

quarry site, should be prepared and submitted to the engineer for clearance.

The should be approved by GSMB with valid Environmental Protection License

(EPL) and Industrial Mining Licenses;

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

12 FFPO- Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance 13 FO-Forest Ordinance 14 GSMB- Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

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Prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and local authorities such

as Pradeshiya Sabha.

Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings,

safety nets etc., and third party insurance cover to protect external parties that

may be affected due to blasting.

Quarry sites should not be established within protected sites identified under the

FFPO and FO.

It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing disputes

with community.

The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage

by the contractor’s operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor.

Copies of all relevant licenses should be maintained by the contractor for review

and documentation by the engineer

34. Machinery Operation Only experienced and well trained workers should be used for the handling of

machinery, equipment and material processing plants.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

35. Noise from vehicles,

machinery, equipment

and construction

activities.

Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00AM to 6:00PM). No

work that generates excessive noise should be carried out during night hours

(from 6:00PM to 6:00AM on the following day).

All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels that do not

exceed the permissible level of 75 dB15 (during construction) for the day time.

For all construction activities undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to

maintain the noise level at below 50 dB as per the CEA noise control regulations

All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular maintenance of all

construction vehicles and machinery to meet noise control regulations stipulated

by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for

vehicles/machinery that will be used in construction on site and for transport.

Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during public holidays

and religious days.

Labor gangs should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict labor

supervision should be undertaken in this respect.

No night time residency of laborers on site should be encouraged, post work

hours.

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be permitted during

periods of loading / unloading or when they are not in active use.

The practice must be ensured especially near residential / commercial / sensitive

areas.

Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 100m from the site

periphery, which has proximity to households. All possible and practical

measures to control noise emissions during drilling shall be employed.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

15 dB-Decibels

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Contractor shall submit the list of high noise/vibration generating machinery &

equipment to the engineer for approval.

Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery must be done regularly and

during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be

checked and if found defective will be replaced.

Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and up to

the satisfaction of the Engineer to keep noise levels at the minimum.

36. Pollution of Soil and

Water via Fuel and

Lubricants

The contractor shall ensure that all construction vehicle parking locations,

fuel/lubricants storage sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and

refueling site shall be located away from the canal that is adjacent to the site by

least 200m away.

Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle/machinery and equipment operation,

maintenance and refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of

fuels and lubricants does not further contaminate the ground.

Contractor shall arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the

pre-identified disposal sites (list to be submitted to Engineer) and approved by

the Engineer.

All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed of in accordance

with standards set by the CEA/MoMDE16.

Engineer will certify that all arrangements comply with the guidelines of

CEA/MoMDE or any other relevant laws.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

37. Preventing Loss of minor

water sources and

disruption to water users

Contractor should make employees aware on water conservation and waste

minimization in the construction process.

Arrange adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the

construction period. Not obtain water for project purposes, including for labor

camps, from public or community water supply schemes without a prior approval

from the relevant authority.

Not extract water from ground water or surface water bodies without the

permission from engineer & relevant authority. Obtain the permission for

extracting water prior to the commencing of the project, from the relevant

authority.

Contractor shall protect sources of water (potable or otherwise) such as water

sources used by the community so that continued use these water sources will

not be disrupted by the work. In case the closer of such sources is required on

temporary basis contractor shall provide alternative arrangement for supply.

Alternative sources such as wells thus provided should be within acceptable

distance to the original sources and accessible to the affected community.

Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and streams in a manner

that adversely affect downstream intakes. If diversion or closure or blocking of

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

16 MoMDE-Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment

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canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must obtain

the engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from

the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) or local authority

or Divisional Secretary depending on the operating agency of the intake/water

supply. Contractor shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once

the need for such diversion or closure or blockage ceased to exist. During the

affected period contractor, shall supply water to the affected community.

In case the contractor’s activities going to adversely affect the quantity or quality

of water, the contractor shall serve notice to the relevant authorities and

downstream users of water sufficiently in advance.

Apply best management practices to control contamination of run-off water

during maintenance & operation of equipment.

Maintain adequate distance between stockpiles & water bodies to control effects

to natural drainage paths.

38. Preventing siltation into

water bodies

Contractor shall take measures to prevent siltation of water bodies because of

construction work including, construction of temporary / permanent devices to

prevent water pollution due to siltation and increase of turbidity. These shall

include the measures against erosion highlighted in this EMP

Construction materials containing small / fine particles shall be stored in places

not subjected to flooding and in such a manner that these materials will not be

washed away by runoff.

Temporary soil dumps should be placed at least 200m away from all water bodies

If temporary soil piles are left at the site for a long time those piles should be

covered with thick polythene sheets

All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the

specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

39. Preventing contamination

of water from construction

wastes

The work shall be carried out in such a manner that pollution of natural water

courses rivers, lagoons, sea and other minor stream paths located within

construction areas or downstream.

Measures as stipulated in this EMP shall be taken to prevent the wastewater

produced in construction from entering directly into streams, water bodies or the

irrigation systems.

Avoid / minimize construction works near / at such drainage locations during

heavy rainy seasons

The discharge standards promulgated under the National Environmental Act

shall be strictly adhered to.

All waste arising from the project is to be disposed in a manner that is acceptable

to the engineer and as per the guidelines/instructions issued by the CEA.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

40. Managing alteration of

drainage paths

Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and streams permanently. If

diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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execution of work (e.g. for construction of bypass), contractor must first obtain

the Engineers approval in writing.

Contractor shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an

investigation is requested by the Engineer.

Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the relevant agencies such as ID/

/Divisional Secretary prior to such action is taken.

Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the

need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer required.

The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways and

drainage paths are not blocked.

Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during

heavy rain seasons such as monsoon rain periods.

41. Public Safety

At all times the site will restrict the entry of public on to the site.

Safety signboards and signboards prohibiting entrance and risks, should be

displayed at all necessary locations.

The contractor should obtain a Third-party insurance to compensate any

damages, injuries caused to the public or laborers during the construction period.

All construction vehicles should be operated by experienced and trained

operators under supervision.

Trenches should be progressively rehabilitated once work is completed.

Material loading and unloading should be done only within the project site.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

42. Safety of Workers Contractor shall comply with the requirements for safety of the workers as per

the ILO Convention No. 62 and Safety & Health Regulations of the Factory

Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to this contract.

The contractor shall supply all necessary safety measures at site- including

provision of First Aid Kids, Fire extinguishers.

Signage providing instructions on first aid management, emergency contact and

emergency operational procedures in local languages. Basic onsite safety training should be conducted for all laborers during the EMP

training prior to the start of the construction activities.

The training to laborers should also include a brief on the risks of working on an

open dump site.

The contractor should obtain a Third-party insurance to compensate any

damages, injuries caused to laborers during the construction period.

Protective footwear and protective goggles should be provided to all workers

employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc.

Welder's protective eye-shields shall be provided to workers who are engaged in

welding works.

Earplugs shall be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers

working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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The contractor shall supply all necessary safety equipment such as safety

goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, mask etc. to workers and staff.

In addition, the contractor shall maintain in stock at the site office, gloves, ear

muffs, goggles, dust masks, safety harness and any other equipment considered

necessary.

A safety inspection checklist should be prepared taking into consideration what

the workers are supposed to be wearing and monitored monthly and recorded.

43. Prevention of accidents

Prevention of accidents involving human beings or vehicles or accidents during

construction period should be done via adequate training and guidance to all

workers.

A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized

dressing materials and first aid supplies should be available at the site office at

all times.

Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to

the nearest hospital should also be insured.

Names and contact information for emergency services such as Ambulance

services, hospitals, police and the fire brigade should be prepared as a sign board

and displayed at the work site.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

44. Operation of labor camps

The Contractor shall establish and maintain all offsite labor accommodation in

such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and

washing.

A supply of sufficient quantity of potable water in every workplace/labor camp

site at suitable and easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such

provisions should be maintained.

The sewage system for the offsite labor camp, if newly established, are designed,

built and operated in such a fashion that no health hazards occurs and no

pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent water courses take place.

Ensure adequate water supply is to be provided in all toilets and urinals.

The contractor shall provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are

regularly emptied and disposed of in a hygienic manner

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

45. Handling Environmental

Issues during

Construction

The Contractor will appoint a suitably qualified Environmental Officer following

the award of the contract. The Environmental Officer will be the primary point

of contact for assistance with all environmental issues during the pre-

construction and construction phases. He/ She shall be responsible for ensuring

the implementation of EMP.

The Contractor shall appoint a person responsible for community liaison and to

handle public complaints regarding environmental/ social related matters. All

public complaints will be entered into the Complaints Register. The

Environmental Officer will promptly investigate and review environmental

complaints and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or mitigate

the cause of the complaints. A register of all complaints is to be passed to the

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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Engineer within 24 hrs. They are received, with the action taken by the

Environmental Officer on complains thereof.

Contractor shall prepare detailed Environmental Method Statement (EMS)

clearly stating the approach, actions and manner in which the EMP is

implemented. It is required from the contractor to prepare the EMS for each work

site, if work will be carried out at more than one site at once and time plan for

implementation. The EMS shall be updated regularly and submit for Engineers

review.

46. Grievance Redress

Mechanism during

construction

Grievances are inevitable during the entire construction period.

Grievances submitted in writing shall be referred to the IA/PMU by the safeguard

officer of the Contractor through the Engineer.

Verbal communications shall be directed to IA/PMU through Engineer. Contact

information of Engineer/IA/IA/PMU/in print form shall be available at the site.

The grievances shall be submitted to the Engineer on the same day of receiving.

It has to be recorded and the safeguard officer of the Engineer shall ensure the

timely redress through the IA/PMU

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

47. Traffic Management Travel routes for construction vehicles should be designed to avoid areas of

congestion and communicated to drivers.

If project vehicles will be entering and exiting the site and being operated after

6PM a lighting system should be maintained to ensure adequate on site lighting

and clear lighting to road uses, off the site access point.

Contractor should supply traffic co-coordinators to manage vehicle movements

to and from the project site at the entrance, as it is located off a main road directly.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

48. Surface Drainage and

Possible Water Stagnation

The project interventions itself include and adequate storm water drainage

system in the premises, which will discharge water to existing storm water

drainage networks.

During construction, the contractor will conduct overall storm water

management in the premises during construction using temporary ditches, sand

bag barriers etc.

Proper drainage arrangements to be made, to avoid the overflowing of existing

drainage paths to cutting, excavation and other activities

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

49. Fire Safety Easily flammable materials should not be stored in construction site; they must

be transported out of project site.

Any activities, such as welding, that can lead to ignition should be conducted

post the closure of the mound where possible to avoid risk of exposure to landfill

gas.

At all times the site should be equipped with appropriate firefighting and fire

retardant equipment to suppress any fires on the site.

Fire extinguishers should be available at the site office for use in the case of

emergencies.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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A supply of water should be available on site during the excavation period and

construction period for firefighting purposes.

50. Management of Chance

found Archeological

Property

All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other remains

or things of geological or archaeological interest etc. discovered on the site

and/or during construction work shall be the property of the Government of Sri

Lanka, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of Antiquities Ordinance of

1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998)

The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any

other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall,

immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer

of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with the

same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions

from the site of discovery.

If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice and assistance

from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures

to be taken with regard to the artifacts prior to recommencement of work in the

area.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

51. Chance found important

Flora/Fauna

Flora

o While any rare/threatened/endangered flora species will be identified

and removed prior to construction, during construction if by chance

such species are found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU

by the contractor.

o All activities that could destroy such flora and/or its habitat shall be

stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only

after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all

activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to

conserve such flora and/or its habitat.

Fauna

o All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or

disruption to the fauna and their habitats is minimum.

o Construction workers shall be instructed to protect fauna including

birds and aquatic life as well as their habitats.

o Chance found important Fauna

o During construction, if any faunal species is found, it shall be

immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor. All activities that

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

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could destroy such fauna and/or its habitat shall be stopped with

immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining

the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and

plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such

fauna and/or its habitat.

52. Site Closure and

Demobilization

The contractor will remove all excess material, equipment, vehicles from the

project site prior to complete demobilization.

All temporary site offices will be dismantled and removed from the site.

If the parking site has been dilapidated in any way as per the evaluation of the

engineer, the contractor will reinstate it to the original condition prior to

demobilization.

Engineering

Cost

Contractor IA/PMU

Post Construction/Operation and Maintenance Phase

53. Management of Incoming

feedstock

Incoming feedstocks should only include Municipal Solid Waste, the site will

not accept any material categorized as any other form of waste, including medical

waste, sludge and bio solids.

Gross pollutant trap wastes that consist of material such as silt and sediments,

and from high-risk locations such as industrial areas, contaminated sites and

surrounds or from the cleanup of industrial or road accidents should not be

permitted in to the facility.

Feedstock, oversized materials, screened contaminants and finished compost

products should be stored in a separate designated area at the facility to avoid

cross-contamination.

Feedstocks should be incorporated into the windrow upon receipt at the

compost site, (or if not practicable, within 24 hours of receipt) to avoid the

generation of odor (excluding untreated timber, pallets and other feedstocks

that are not subject to rapid decomposition).

Stockpiles of feedstock should be managed in a contained manner if not

immediately incorporated to the windrow/pile on an impermeable surface, large

plastic bins with vents are recommended as to prevent the occurrence of fire,

and the generation of dust and or odor.

Residual waste and/or incoming feedstocks that are unsuitable for use in the

composting process should be categorized in accordance with national

classification of waste – including industrial and commercial waste and waste

soil), prior to being removed offsite and transported to a suitably licensed facility

to receive and/or dispose of that waste.

Feedstocks should be source segregated prior to receipt at the facility and only

contain organic waste.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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No feedstocks shall be burnt at the premise

Written records should be maintained for incoming feedstocks which include:

o feedstocks characteristic

o the quantities of each type of feedstock received at the premises

o the source of each type of feedstock received at the premise

o any contamination (physical and or chemical)

54. As per the siting of the composting facility if it is in a different zone to the

sensitive receptor (ie industrial land and residential land, respectively)

consideration to the predominant land use should be given when interpreting the

indicative noise limits from the National Policy Requirements on Nosie.

Basic requisites are as follows

o Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00AM to

6:00PM). No work that generates excessive noise should be carried out

during night hours (from 6:00PM to 6:00AM on the following day).

o All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels that

do not exceed the permissible level of 75 dB for the day time.

o For any activities undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to

maintain the noise level at below 50 dB as per the CEA noise control

regulations

o All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular

maintenance of all construction vehicles and machinery to meet noise

control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra

Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for vehicles/machinery that

will be used in construction on site and for transport.

o Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during public

holidays and religious days.

o Operational staff should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict

labor supervision should be undertaken in this respect and provided

with adequate protection equipment including ear mufflers.

o Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be permitted

during periods of loading / unloading of feedstock or when they are

not in active use. The practice must be ensured especially near

residential / commercial / sensitive areas.

o Noise generating equipment will be kept at least 100m from the site

periphery, which has proximity to households.

o Servicing of all machinery must be done regularly and during routine

servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be

checked and if found defective will be replaced.

o Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular

and up to the satisfaction of national requirements with noise levels at

the minimum.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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Associated Impacted

Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

cost

Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

55. Management of Air

Emissions composting

operations

All vehicle moving areas should be sealed to prevent the generation of dust.

Where roads are not sealed measures should be implemented to reduce the

generation of dust, including the use of water carts and restrictions to vehicle

speed.

The storage of unprocessed feedstock should be minimized as much as possible

to avoid accumulation of emissions from biodegradation.

Operators should take steps to minimize the accumulation of contaminated run-

off which will if unchecked also lead to air emissions.

Process monitoring should be conducted to ensure aerobic processes are

maintained during the facility operations to control air emissions.

Vehicles that enter the productive areas of the site should exit the site via a wheel

wash that is suitable of removing mud and other types of dirt from their tires.

All vehicles transporting incoming feedstocks and finished compost product

must be covered with traupaline.

Where finished compost stockpiles are located within 5 m of the perimeter fence

they should be maintained below the top of the fence.

Finished compost stockpiles should not be located within 2 m of the site

boundary fence.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

56. Management of Litter Composting facilities should take all reasonable and practicable measures to

prevent litter escaping the premise and collect any litter that escapes from the

premise on or before the close of each day’s operation.

Litter generation and offsite migration should be minimized through selection of

quality feedstocks, rejection of highly contaminated feedstocks, and litter control

and collection programs in and around the facility, including all fences and

approach roads.

Composting facilities should have a perimeter fence that is suitable for

containing debris and dust on site.

Composting facilities should prevent unsightly conditions onsite and the

migration of litter beyond the premises boundaries through:

o appropriate feedstock quality assurance prior to receival onsite.

o regular inspection of incoming feedstocks, litter pick-up and cleaning

of tipping floors, conveyor transfer points and of wheels of all vehicles

leaving the site.

o covering all loads during transport of feedstocks and final product to

and from the facility.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

57. Management of Odors

during composting

operations

Putrescible or municipal waste should be incorporated into the composting

process the day it is delivered, as soon as possible after it is received. Other

feedstocks should be used as quickly as possible.

The amount of feedstock stored on site should be limited to less than one week

of requirements where possible.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

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Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

Water absorption into the feedstock, which restricts access of air and leads to

anaerobic conditions, should be

prevented. This can be done by providing protection from rain and appropriate

storm water and groundwater controls and monitoring to ensure water logging

does not occur.

Animal excreta and other potentially odorous wastes should be received and

maintained in a dry state to minimize anaerobic decomposition before use.

Very wet or fluid wastes should be contained in vessels fitted with lids.

Odor control equipment may be installed to remove or destroy the odorous

components of emissions from the compost process. Such equipment may also

be applied to the vents of buildings enclosing operations such as feedstock

handling. Suitable control devices include enclosures, bio-filters, wet scrubbers,

chemical scrubbers, carbon absorption beds or afterburners.

For windrow composting:

o Always ensure windrows are aerated, either by forced aeration of static

piles or timely regular turning of windrows maintain and monitor

windrow temperatures to prevent the generation of anaerobic

conditions.

o Ensure windrows are of a manageable size so that surface-to-volume

ratios are maximized for passive aeration.

Contaminated water may be high in organic material and become anaerobic, thus

it should not be allowed to accumulate on the site except in leachate collection

ponds.

Leachate ponds must be aerated to reduce stagnation and resulting odors from

this source.

58. Management of

wastewater

Any contaminated storm water and leachate should be minimized via process

management so there is no excess wastewater requiring discharge from the

premises.

All contaminated storm water/leachate should be totally contained on the site

and stored for re-use in the process – with or without treatment. This will

decrease the dependency of fresh water.

Avoid run-off from any particularly wet waste feedstock by storing it under

cover or in a contained manner where necessary.

To avoid significant run-off, control the water added to the materials – during

premixing, storage and processing – to the moisture requirements of the

process.

Blend wetter feedstocks with drier ones to provide an appropriate moisture

content in the initial heap.

Water exceeding process needs should be stored for use in the drier months.

The required capacity should be determined by the monthly water balance

method (see box on

the next page).

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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Protection and preventive measures Mitigation

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Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

The collection pit may need to be supplemented by a separate tank or pond and

should be treated immediately via usage of the mobile leachate treatment

system.

Wastewater discharged should comply with the World Bank Group

Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for the solid waste management

facilities.

Clean Storm water systems should be equipped with an interception pit to

retain any floating solids or silt that may have by-passed the bunded system.

The pit should be regularly inspected after rain to confirm that any discharge is

clean.

The facility operator is responsible for ensuring no pollution occurs in the

receiving environment of any water discharge and discharge requirements meet

the World Bank Group requisite waste water discharge guidelines as per the

World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for the solid

waste management facilities.

Set-up fresh compost heaps on an organic base, such as dry wood chips, or

straw, with a high water absorbency.

Maintain vegetative filter strips of fully composted material around compost

heaps to absorb leachate run-off and to divert storm water run-on.

59. Fire Management The facility operator should be able to show that their facilities have sufficient

fire-fighting capacity by developing a site-specific fire management strategy to

minimize the incidence and impact of fires.

The following activities should be implement to prevent fires from occurring at

the facility

o adequate fire-fighting equipment should be made available on site

and stored in an accessible,

o all operating staff should be trained and able to manage fire outbreaks

at any part of the facility.

o clear signage should be established to inform workers and the public

that flammable liquids are not permitted on the site. This should be

reinforced by advice to customers at the gatehouse and inspection of

loads at the organic reception area.

o Approved quantities of combustible contaminants that have been

separated from the organics received for processing and are destined

for recycling (such as tires and plastic bottles) should be stockpiled in

small piles or in windrows.

o all fuels or flammable solvents for operational use should be stored in

an appropriately ventilated and secure store. This store should be

located away from reception, storage and processing areas.

o all flammable liquids should be stored within a bund that can hold

110% of the volume of the flammable liquids stored there, so that any

release of raw or burning fuel cannot cause a fire in the combustible

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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Responsibility

Implementation Monitoring

organics present on the site or have an impact on contaminating

storm water.

60. Occupational Health and

Safety during plant

operations.

All staff will be trained sufficiently on the requirements outlined in this

Environmental Management Plan- including management of pollution, fire

management etc.

The facility operator will provide for all staff and at all times have available on

protective gear, such as shoes. face masks, and gloves.

The facility operator will conduct routine health surveillance program including

regular vaccination and health examinations for workers.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

61. Quality Assurance of final

products

Product quality assurance should be implemented to ensure that the composting

processes are fit for purpose for the site’s proposed use.

Compost facilities should be operated to ensure that the whole mass of the

windrow is subject to a minimum of three turns and the core temperature is

maintained in excess of 55 ºC for three consecutive days following each turn to

eliminate pathogens, weeds and seeds.

Where compost windrows contain manure, animal waste, food or grease trap

waste the whole mass of the windrow should be subject to a minimum of five

turns and the core temperature maintained more than 55ºC for 15 consecutive

days to eliminate pathogens, weeds and seeds.

Manual and/or mechanical sorting is necessary for the removal of physical

contaminants/inclusions such as litter, plastic, glass and stones.

Finished compost product should be tested as per National Standards to

demonstrate compliance with national quality requirements for compost.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

62. Labeling for adequate

Environmental Risks

Final Compost should be appropriately labelled to ensure that a consumer is

informed about the potential environmental and human health risks of the

compost product

Compost product should be protected to prevent contamination during

transportation, handling and storage.

Compost products that are bagged should include an appropriate hazard warning

which specifies the health risks, safety precautions, first aid and disposal

requirements which are recommended for the compost product. The hazard

warning should be appropriate to address the risks of compost which is made

from organic materials and may contain living micro-organisms, including

bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

Compost product that has total copper concentrations more than 60 mg/kg and

less than 150 mg/kg should include a warning on the label which states that the

product should not be used as a complete soil replacement or growing medium

and specify the copper concentration. It should also state that copper may

accumulate in soils and become harmful over time.

Compost product that has zinc concentrations more than 200 mg/kg and less than

300 mg/kg should include a warning on the label which states that the product

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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Implementation Monitoring

should not be used as a complete soil replacement or growing medium and

specify the zinc concentration. It should also state that zinc may accumulate in

soils and become harmful over time.

Compost product should include information about recommended rates of

application.

63. Grievance Redressal

Mechanism (GRM)

The operating entity shall develop suitable method to receive complaints and

feedback.

A complaint and feedback register shall be placed at a convenient place, easily

accessible by the public to record feedback as well as record actions to taken to

deal with complaints accordingly.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

64. Detection Monitoring

Frequencies for Leachate

Management- Ground

Water and Surface Water

Quality

❖ The following parameters of should be monitored accordingly as part of the

facility operational monitoring plan to monitor and detect any contamination

due to leachate.

Bi-annually for: Annually for:

Ammonia (NH3 as N) Magnesium (Mg)

Alkalinity (Total Alkalinity) Calcium (Ca)

Nitrate (as N) (NO3-N) Sodium (Na)

Electrical Conductivity (EC) Sulphate (SO4)

pH E-Coli

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Other Pathogenic Organisms

Chlorides (Cl)

Potassium (K)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

E-Coli

Other Pathogenic Organisms

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

65. Dealing with Pollution

Incidents

In the event pollution incidents causing or threatening material harm to the

environment are detected, then the facility occupier must take immediate action

to contain the pollution. They must report the incident to the Central

Environmental Authority in accordance with the National Environmental Act of

Sri Lanka, giving details such as the nature and source of the pollution, any

actions taken, and any future action that will be carried out to prevent recurrence.

If the CEA directs the future actions, these must be started as soon as practicable.

Operational

Cost

Facility Operator IA, CEA,

MoMPWD

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7.10 Annex 10: Generic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Construction of Ancillary Facilities as New

Infrastructure and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Infrastructure.

The following Generic EMP identifies environmental impacts and mitigatory measures that need to be in place during the construction of ancillary

facilities, such as office buildings, staff accommodation facilities, storage facilities and other facilities that are also part of the solid waste

management facilities. The EMP should be used in line with site screening and assessment in the preparation of site specific EMPs.

Activities Protection and preventive measures Locations/

Project phase

Mitigation

cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

1.0 Advance Works

1.1 Identifying Location for new infrastructure

New infrastructure to be set up should be located in areas that are least

sensitive to wildlife and land.

At all times attempts, should be made to identify areas where minimal land

clearance impacts are envisioned

Design stage Design cost IA

1.2 Incorporation of Green Building Design

Green infrastructure guidelines should be followed in designing and

construction.

The use of natural material sourced from sustainable sources (not from

within the protected areas) should be used where suitable.

Structures built should incorporate earthy and natural colors that will mingle

in with the natural scape and not hinder the aesthetic value of the area

Design stage Design cost IA

1.3 Design of slope protection / land-slide management structures

Design must ensure structural integrity and safety of structures to address

issues such as physical trauma associated with failure of structures and

address potential reduction of stabilization of the nearby land due to slope

protection activities. Incorporate as appropriate the following during

planning, siting and design phases, especially in hilly terrain:

Inclusion of buffer strips or physical separations around project sites

Incorporation of siting and safety engineering criteria to prevent failures due

natural and/or man-made risks (such as wind, flooding, landslides, etc.)

Application of locally regulated building codes to ensure structural integrity

Certification of designing and constructing infrastructure, the applicability

and appropriateness of structural criteria

Design stage

Design cost IA

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Project phase

Mitigation

cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

1.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

A site specific. EMP and relevant guidelines should be included as a Special

Condition in the Bid Document; and EMP should be attached to contract to

form part of the contract requirement

Prior to bidding To be

provided as a

provisional

sum and/or as

part of the

engineering

cost

IA

2.0 Construction Phase

2.1 Earthwork and Soil Conservation

2.1.

1

Site Clearance and Land Development

Prevention of the removal of trees should be carried out as far as possible.

No trees that are of rare endemic value are to be removed for the purpose of

the project

During removing, attention should be paid to maintain minimum

disturbances to soil cover and also care should be taken not to damage

adjoining trees.

Compensation for the trees removed should be conducted at 1:2 at least

Water spraying should be done at a regular interval to avoid dust generation

due to site clearance

Applicable

throughout the

construction

areas

Engineering

cost

Contractor, IA IA

2.1.

2

Disposal of Debris and Spoil

(a) All debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be

disposed only at locations approved by the engineer for such purpose and

subjected to the clauses 2.1.1.b and 2.1.1.c.

All material that is reusable or recyclable shall be used for such purposes

either by the contractor or through dealers.

Disposal sites to

be identified by

the contractor

and approved by

Engineer.

Engineering

cost

Contractor

IA

(b) The contractor shall obtain the approval from the relevant Local Authority

such as Prdeshiya Sabha, Municipal Council and other government agencies

(as required) for disposal and spoil at the specified location, as directed by

the Engineer

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Implementation Supervision

Private land that will be selected for disposal should also require written

consent from the land owner

(c) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that;

(i) waterways and drainage paths are not blocked

(ii) the disposed material should not be washed away by runoff and

(iii) should not be a nuisance to the public

(d) The debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be used,

to refill the burrow areas as directed by the engineer, subjected to laying of

topsoil as per EMP clause 2.1.2.

All burrow sites

(licensed sites)

identified by

contractor and

approved by

engineer.

(e) Excavated earth materials and all debris materials shall be disposed

immediately without allowing to stockpile at identified locations for debris

disposal, recommended by the engineer. During transportation, dispose

materials should be covered with tarpaulin.

Applicable

throughout the

project sites

(f) If approved by the engineer, contractor can dispose the debris and spoil as a

filling material provided that the contractor can ensure that such material is

used for legally acceptable purposes with disposed in an environmentally

acceptable manner.

In identified

filling sites

subjected to the

approval of

engineer

2.1.

2

Conservation and reuse of top soil

(a) Top soil of the agricultural areas and any other productive areas where it has

to be removed for the purpose of this project shall be stripped to a specified

depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles of height not exceeding 2m, if

directed by the engineer. If the contractor is in any doubt on whether to

conserve the topsoil or not for any given area he shall obtain the direction

from the engineer in writing

Within the

project sites

where topsoil

from productive

land to be

removed

Engineering

cost

Contractor

FD,DWC

(b) Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil when

replanting/establishing vegetation

Site(s) identified

for replantation

program

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Implementation Supervision

(c) Stockpiled topsoil must be returned to cover the areas including cut slopes

where the topsoil has been removed due to project activities. Residual topsoil

must be distributed on adjoining/proximate barren areas as identified by the

engineer in a layer of thickness of 75mm – 150mm.

Within the

project sites

where slope

stabilization is

carried out

and/or on barren

land

(d) Topsoil thus stockpiled for reuse shall not be surcharged or overburdened.

As far as possible multiple handling of topsoil stockpiles should be kept to a

minimum.

Locations where

topsoil is

stockpiled for

reuse

-

2.1.

3

Protection of Ground Cover and Vegetation

(a) Construction vehicle, machinery and equipment shall be used and stationed

only in the areas of work and in any other area designated/ approved by the

engineer. Entry and exit of construction vehicles and machinery should be

restricted to particular points as directed by the engineer

Within the

project areas

- Contractor IA

(b) Contractor should provide necessary instructions to drivers, operators and

other construction workers not to destroy ground vegetation cover

unnecessarily

Within the

project areas

2.1.

4

Burrowing of Earth

(a) Earth available from construction site excavation works as per design, may

be used as embankment materials, subject to approval of the engineer

All excavation

areas and

embankments

- Contractor IA

(b) Contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/guidelines

issued by the CEA and the respective local authorities with respect of

locating burrow areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation

and transportation of earth from such sites.

Contractor can also find suitable soil materials from currently operated

licensed burrow pits in the surrounding area, subject to approval of the

engineer

All burrow sites

identified and

used by the

contractor

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No burrow-sites be used (current approved) or newly established within

areas protected under FFPO and FO

(c) Burrow areas shall not be opened without having a valid mining license from

the GSMB. The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the pit or

open cut area shall be as approved by the engineer.

(d) All burrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the

contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the

CEA and the respective local authority.

Engineering

cost

(e) Establishment of burrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not

cause any adverse impact to the near-by properties. Also shall not be a

danger of health hazard to the people.

All excavation

areas, slopes and

burrow sites

-

(f) Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes

including those related to temporary works and burrow pits.

Engineering

cost

2.1.

5

Prevention of soil erosion

(a) Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways, drainage

paths would not get blocked.

Drainage paths associated with the infrastructure should be improved /

erected to drain rain water properly.

Silt traps will be constructed to avoid siltation into water ways where

necessary.

To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to streams, other

water bodies and sea directly and they should be separated from streams /

other water bodies / sea

Applicable

throughout

project sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Barricades such as humps will be erected at excavated areas for culverts, silt

traps, toe walls, filling and lifting with roper sign boards, as some work in

these sections will have to be stopped during heavy rains due to heavy

erosion. To prevent soil erosion in these excavated areas, proper earth drain

system should be introduced.

Applicable

throughout

project sites

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Mitigation

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Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

(c) Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc. shall not be unduly exposed to

erosive forces. These exposed slopes shall be graded and covered by grass

or other suitable materials per the specifications.

All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the

specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch.

(d) Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining season.

If such activities need to be continued during rainy season prior approval

must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a proposal on actions that

will be undertaken by the contractor to prevent erosion.

-

(e) The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per design

or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and

water pollution to the satisfaction of the engineer. Typical measures include

the use of berms, dikes sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope

drains and other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and

maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or other

items of work and no separate payment will be made for their

implementation.

Engineering

cost

2.1.

6

Contamination of soil by fuel and lubrications

(a) Vehicle/machinery and equipment servicing and maintenance work shall be

carried out only in designated locations/ service stations approved by the

engineer

Servicing yards

to be used for

vehicle

servicing

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Approval from CEA in the form of an Environmental Protection Licenses

(EPL) should be secured by the contractor if he intends to prepare his own

vehicle servicing yard

IA

(c) Waste oil, other petroleum products and untreated wastewater shall not be

discharged on ground so that to avoid soil pollution. Adequate measures

shall be taken against pollution of soil by spillage of petroleum/oil products

from storage tanks and containers. All waste petroleum products shall be

disposed of in accordance with the guidelines issued by the CEA or the

engineer.

Servicing yards

to be used for

vehicle

servicing and

locations where

vehicles will be

temporarily

stationed

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Implementation Supervision

(d) Sites used for vehicle and plant service and maintenance shall be restored

back to its initial status. Site restoration will be considered as incidental to

work.

New servicing

yards developed

by the contractor

for the project

IA

2.1.

7

Disposal of harmful construction wastes

(a) Contractor prior to the commencement of work shall provide list of harmful,

hazardous and risky chemicals/ material that will be used in the project work

to the Engineer. Contractor shall also provide the list of places where such

chemicals/materials or their containers or other harmful materials have been

dumped as waste at the end of the project.

Locations

identified to

store chemicals

and waste

disposal

- Contractor IA

(b) All disposal sites should be approved by the engineer and approved by CEA

and relevant local authority.

IA

(c) The contractor shall clean up any area including water-bodies

affected/contaminated (if any) as directed by the engineer at his own cost.

All affected

water bodies

close to material

storage and

waste disposal

sites

2.1.

8.

Quarry operations

(a) Utilizing the existing quarry sites available in the project influential area as

much as possible which are approved by GSMB with valid EPL and

Industrial Mining Licences;

If new quarries are to be opened, prior approval should be obtained from

GSMB, CEA and local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha.

Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings,

safety nets etc., and third party insurance cover to protect external parties

that may be affected due to blasting.

Quarry sites should not be established within protected sites identified under

the FFPO and FO

All, quarry sites

which will be

used during

construction

phase.

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

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(b) It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing

disputes with community.

-

(c) The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of

damage by the contractors operations shall be a responsibility of the

contractor.

Engineering

cost

2.2 Storage and handling of construction material

2.2.

1

Emission of dust

(a) Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away from

settlements and other sensitive receptors and covered (with artificial barriers

or natural vegetation).

Measures given under clauses 2.5.1 (c), (d), (e) should be considered within

material storage site to minimize dust during handling of material.

All access roads within the storage site should be sprinkled with water for

dust suspension.

At all material

storage locations

(stock piles of

sand, gravel and

metal)

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

2.2.

2

Storage of fuel, oil and chemicals (avoid fumes and offensive odor)

(a) All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and

handled on an impervious surface (concrete slab) above ground level.

Storage facility of cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should

be an enclosed structure ensuring that no storm water flows in to the

structure.

A ridge should be placed around the storage facility to avoid runoff getting

in to the structure.

Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and

offensive odor that could be harmful to material handlers.

Measures given under clause 2.9 should be considered to avoid any accidents

and risks to worker population and public.

At all material

storage locations

(cement,

bitumen, fuel,

oil and other

chemicals used

for construction

activities)

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

2.2.

3

Transportation of material

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(a) The contractor should avoid over loaded trucks to transport material to

construction sites. During transportation, materials should be covered with

tarpaulin.Avoid peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic’; the

contractor shall minimize possible public nuisance due to dust, traffic

congestion, air pollution, etc., due to such haulage; If local roads are used,

select routes based on the truck load; divide the load to prevent damages to

local roads and bridges; observe speed limits and maintain vehicles in the

good condition; transport material under cover; avoid peak hours in roads

with moderate to high traffic.

If there are damages to local roads and other utilities due to hauling in roads

which were not identified during design stage, Contractor shall attends to

repair all damaged infrastructure/ roads, if needed through relevant

authorities

Within the

project locations

and the vicinity

- Contractor IA

2.3 Water – Protection of Water Sources and Quality

2.3.

1.

Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users

(a) Contractor should make employees aware on water conservation and waste

minimization in the construction process.

Project sites and

worker camps

- Contractor IA

(b) Arrange adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the

construction period. Not obtain water for project purposes, including for

labor camps, from public or community water supply schemes without a

prior approval from the relevant authority.

Not extract water from ground water or surface water bodies without the

permission from engineer & relevant authority. Obtain the permission for

extracting water prior to the commencing of the project, from the relevant

authority.

Engineering

cost

(c) Contractor shall protect sources of water (potable or otherwise) such as water

sources used by the community so that continued use these water sources

will not be disrupted by the work. In case the closer of such sources is

required on temporary basis contractor shall provide alternative arrangement

for supply. Alternative sources such as wells thus provided should be within

acceptable distance to the original sources and accessible to the affected

community.

Wells and other

public water

sources

locations within

the project sites

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(d) Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and streams in a

manner that adversely affect downstream intakes. If diversion or closure or

blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work,

contractor must obtain the engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall

also obtain the approval from the National Water Supply and Drainage

Board (NWS&DB) or local authority or Divisional Secretary depending on

the operating agency of the intake/water supply. Contractor shall restore the

drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or

closure or blockage ceased to exist. During the affected period contractor

shall supply water to the affected community.

Waterways

located in the

surrounding

areas of road

sections or the

contractor’s

work sites.

(e) In case the contractors activities going to adversely affect the quantity or

quality of water, the contractor shall serve notice to the relevant authorities

and downstream users of water sufficiently in advance.

Project sites

(f) Apply best management practices to control contamination of run-off water

during maintenance & operation of equipment.

Maintain adequate distance between stockpiles & water bodies to control

effects to natural drainage paths.

construction

sites, material

and soil storage

areas, and

equipment and

machinery

service areas

-

2.3.

2

Siltation into water bodies

(a) Contractor shall take measures to prevent siltation of water bodies as a result

of construction work including, construction of temporary / permanent

devices to prevent water pollution due to siltation and increase of turbidity.

These shall include the measures against erosion as per EMP 2.1.6.

All water bodies

located around

the project areas

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Construction materials containing small / fine particles shall be stored in

places not subjected to flooding and in such a manner that these materials

will not be washed away by runoff.

(c) Temporary soil dumps should be placed at least 200m away from all water

bodies

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(d) If temporary soil piles are left at the site for a long time those piles should

be covered with thick polythene sheets

(e) All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the

specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch

2.3.

3

Alteration of drainage paths

(a) Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and streams permanently.

If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the

execution of work (e.g. for construction of bypass), contractor must first

obtain the Engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall carry out an

investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is requested by

the Engineer. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the relevant

agencies such as ID/ /Divisional Secretary prior to such action is taken.

Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the

need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer required.

All drainage

paths impacted

by the project

activities

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways and

drainage paths are not blocked.

(c) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during

heavy rain seasons such as monsoon rain periods.

2.3.

4.

Contamination of water from construction wastes

(a) The work shall be carried out in such a manner that pollution of natural water

courses rivers, lagoons, sea and other minor stream paths located within

construction areas or downstream. Measures as given in 2.1.6., 2.1.7, 2.1.8,

2.3.2 and 2.3.6 clauses shall be taken to prevent the wastewater produced in

construction from entering directly into streams, water bodies or the

irrigation systems.

At all water

courses located

adjacent

construction

sites and

downstream

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Avoid / minimize construction works near / at such drainage locations during

heavy rainy seasons

At all water

courses located

adjacent

-

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construction

sites

(c) The discharge standards promulgated under the National Environmental Act

shall be strictly adhered to. All waste arising from the project is to be

disposed in a manner that is acceptable to the engineer and as per the

guidelines/instructions issued by the CEA.

At all water

courses located

adjacent

construction

sites and

downstream

Engineering

cost

2.3.

5.

Contamination from fuel and lubricants

(a) All vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be located and

operated as per the conditions and /or guidelines stipulated under the EPL

issued by CEA. In general these should be located at least 200m away from

water bodies and wastewater shall not be disposed without meeting the

disposal standards of the CEA. Wastewater from vehicle and plant

maintenance and servicing stations shall be cleared of oil and grease and

other contaminants to meet the relevant standards before discharging to the

environment.

Vehicle and

plant

maintenance and

servicing centers

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-filling shall be done

as required in EMP clause 2.1.6. to prevent water pollution as well

Yards, servicing

centers

2.3.

6.

Locating, sanitation and waste disposal in construction camps

(a) Locations selected for labor camps should be approved by engineer and

comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA/Local

Authority. Construction of laborer camps shall not be located within 200m

from waterways or near to a site or premises of religious, cultural or

archeological importance and school.

At all labor

camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Labor camps shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for

disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly

designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water

bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided the camps

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and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed of in a hygienic manner,

to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant

regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered

to.

(c) Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Necessary

measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors

(d) Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of importance in a

labor camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or to

the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor shall

carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any.

-

(e) Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of

wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in

a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution.

-

(f) All relevant provisions of the Factories Act and any other relevant regulations

aimed at safety and health of workers shall be adhered to.

-

(g) Contractor should remove all labor camps fully after its need is over, empty

septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back

to its former condition.

A consent letter from the land owner should be obtained that certifies the

decommissioning has taken place to the level acceptable to the land owner

Engineering

cost

2.3.

7.

Wastage of water and waste minimization

(a) The contractor will minimize wastage of water in the construction

process/operations by reusing water as much as possible, utilizing only the

required amount of water for the construction works etc…

Within project

sites and labor

camps

- Contractor IA

(b) The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on water

conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste following

guidelines given by CEA and LA.

2.3.

8.

Extraction of water

(a) The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply of water for the

project purpose throughout the construction period. Contractor shall not

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

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obtain water for his purposes including for labor camps from public or

community water supplies without approval from the relevant authority.

Such extraction (if approved) should be under direct supervision of the

engineer

Within project

sites and labor

camps

(b) Extraction of water by the contractor for the project purposes shall comply

with the guidelines and instructions issued by relevant authority.

The Contractor shall not extract water from groundwater or from surface

water-bodies without permission from the Engineer.

-

(c) Construction over and close to rivers, minor streams and lagoon shall be

undertaken in dry season.

All drainage and

irrigation

activities

(d) The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the provision

that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the said natural

sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor

At all natural

water sources

used for

construction

works

2.4. Flood Prevention

2.4.

1.

Blockage of drainage paths and drains

(a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of

blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures

necessary or as directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains

clear of blockage at all times.

All construction

work sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor’s activities,

contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any

land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor

shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result.

2.4.

2

Work in Flood Prone Areas

(a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in flood prone areas

when working in flood prone areas.

All construction

work sites and

- Contractor IA

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(b) When working in flood prone areas during rainy season the contractor shall

avoid storing materials, chemicals and other items of work in areas where

those can be washed away by the floods.

their impacts

areas

2.5 Air Pollution

2.5.

1.

Generation of Dust

(a) The contractor shall effectively manage the dust generating activities such

as topsoil removal, handling and transporting sand, rubble, bitumen, and

cement during periods of high winds or during more stable conditions with

winds directed towards adjacent residences and other facilities.

Within the

construction

area where earth

work will take

place, storage

locations of

sand, rubble,

bitumen, cement

and all sub roads

used for material

transportation,

paying special

attention to

sensitive

locations.

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) All stockpiles shall be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors.

(c) All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid spillage and dust

emission.

(d) The Contractor should avoid, where possible and take suitable action to

prevent dirt and mud being carried to the roadway (particularly following

wet weather).

(e) The contractor should enforce vehicle speed limits to minimize dust

generation.

(f) The Contractor shall employ a water truck to sprinkle water for dust

suppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste water /

waste oil for dust suppression is prohibited)

(g) All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively.

(h) All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to the minimize

generation of dust.

(i) All existing roads used by vehicles of the contractor, or any of his sub-

contractor or supplies of materials or plant and similar roads which are part

of the works shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous

materials dropped by such vehicles or their tires.

(j) Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal

of debris, or, if so directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and

clearing equipment. Additionally, if so directed by the Engineer, the road

surface will be hosed or sprinkled water using appropriate equipment.

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(k) Plants, machinery and equipment shall be handled (including dismantling)

so as to minimize generation of dust.

(l) The contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level of dust

emission from the hot mix plants and the batching plants up to the

satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms.

2.5.

2

Emission from Hot-Mix Plants and Batching Plants

(a) The hot mix plants and batching plants shall be sited in accordance with CEA

guidelines. It is recommended that hot mix plants and batching plants to be

located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors such as vulnerable

habitats, religious and cultural sites, residential areas, schools and industrial

areas

Locations at

which hot mix

plant/s and

concrete

batching plant/s

to be located

- Contractor IA

(b) The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the relevant current

emission control legislation. All operations at plants shall be undertaken in

accordance with all current rules and regulations protecting the environment

as well as the conditions given in the EPL.

(c) The hot mix plant be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines and operated

with an EPL. The hot mix plants shall be fitted with the requirements of the

relevant current emission control legislation.

Road side mixing should be avoided

2.5.

3.

Odor and offensive smells

(a) Contractor shall take all precautions such as storing all chemicals used for

construction works in properly closed containers with good ventilations to

prevent odor and offensive smell emanating from chemicals and processes

applied in construction works or from labor camps. In a situation

when/where odor or offensive smell does occur contractor shall take

immediate action to rectify the situation. Contractor is responsible for any

compensation involved with any health issue arisen out of bad odor and

offensive smells.

Within

construction and

work sites

including all

sites used for

store all

chemicals and

places where

chemical

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

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reactions take

place.

(b) The waste disposal and sewerage treatment system for the labor camps shall

be properly designed, built and operated so that no odor is generated.

Compliance with the regulations on health and safety as well as CEA and

LA guidelines shall be strictly adhered to.

At all labor

camps

2.5.

4.

Emission from construction Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery

(a) The emission standards promulgated under the National Environment Act

shall be strictly adhered to.

All plants,

machinery and

vehicles used for

construction

- Contractor IA

(b) All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction shall be

regularly serviced and well maintained to ensure that emission levels comply

with the relevant standards.

Engineering

cost

(c) Contractor should obtain the certificate issued by the Vehicular Emission

Test (VET) for all construction vehicles, plants and other machineries and it

should be renewed annually

2.5.

5.

Air Pollution from Crusher

(a) Crusher plants should operate under an EPL and shall confirm to relevant

dust emission levels as stated in the EPL. Only the quarries approved by

GSMB and holding current EPL shall be used for material extraction.

Location of

crusher plants

- Contractor IA

(b) Crushing plants shall be sited sufficiently away from sensitive receptors such

as houses, place of worships and outdoor recreation areas (locations given

under item 2.4.1) or as required by the Engineer.

(c) Sprinkling of water (through a sprinkler system) for dust suppression. Engineering

cost

2.6 Noise Pollution and Vibration

2.6.

1

Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment.

(a) All machinery and equipment should be well maintained and fitted with

noise reduction devices in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

All machinery

and vehicles

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

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used for

construction

works

(b) In construction sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation, noisy

construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing and batching,

mechanical compaction, etc., will be stopped between 20.00 hours to 06.00

hours. No construction shall take place within 100m around hospitals

between 20.00 hours to 06.00 hours. Near noise sensitive sites, such as

schools noisy equipment shall not be used during noise sensitive times of the

day.

Within the

construction

sites and their

vicinity

-

(c) All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted with exhaust

silences. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust

silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced.

Notwithstanding any other conditions of contract, noise level from any item

of plant(s) must comply with the relevant legislation for levels of sound

emission. Non-compliant plant shall be removed from site.

Engineering

cost

(d) Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at one

meter from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors,

rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators, and

saws shall not exceed 75 dB(A).

All equipment,

machinery and

vehicles used for

construction

works

-

(e) Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and

proper, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a

minimum.

Engineering

cost

(f) Workers in vicinity of strong noise, and workers working with or in crushing,

compaction, batching or concrete mixing operations shall be provided with

protective gear.

Within the

construction

sites and their

vicinity

2.6.

2

Vibration

(a) Contractor shall take appropriate action to ensure that construction works do

not result in damage to adjacent properties due to vibration.

Within the

construction

- Contractor IA

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(b) Prior to commencement of excavation, blasting activity, the Contractor shall

undertake a condition survey of existing structures within the zone of

influence, as agreed with the relevant government agencies and the engineer.

sites and their

vicinity

(c) Contractor shall carry out monitoring at the nearest vibration sensitive

receptor during blasting or when other equipment causing vibrations are

used.

(d) The contractor shall modify the method of construction until compliance

with the criteria, if vibration levels exceed the relevant vibration criteria.

(e) Contractor shall pay due consideration on vibration impacts of blasting on

adjoining structures. Explosive loads shall be determined so that excessive

vibration can be avoided and blasts shall be controlled blasting in nature.

Notwithstanding to these provisions contractor is liable for any damage

caused by blasting work.

2.6.

3

Noise from Blasting or Pre splitting Operations

(a) Blasting shall be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during mid-day),

as permitted by the Engineer. The timing should be made known to all the

people within 500 m (200 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all

directions. People, except those who actually light the fuse shall be excluded

from the area of 200 m (50 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all

directions at least 10m minutes before the blasting.

Only chemical blasting where rocks have to be removed for landslide

mitigation measures

At quarry sites

and landslide

mitigation sites

- Contractor IA

2.7 Impacts to Flora

2.7.

1

Loss or Damage to Trees and Vegetation

(a) All works shall be carried out in a manner that the destruction to the flora

and their habitats is minimised. Trees and vegetation shall be felled /

removed only if that impinges directly on the permanent works or necessary

temporary works. In all such cases contractor shall take prior approval from

the Engineer.

All project sites

- Contractor IA

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(b) Contractor shall make every effort to avoid removal and/or destruction of

trees of religious, cultural and aesthetic significance. If such action is

unavoidable the Engineer shall be informed in advance and carry out public

consultation and report on the same should be submitted to the Engineer.

(c) Contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendations made by the

Central Environmental Authority, if any with regard to felling of trees and

removal of vegetation.

(d) Removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Corporation.

(e) The contractor shall plant over 5 year old root-balled native trees suitable for

the location as identified by the Engineer.

The planting should take place in public land suitable for the purpose

The contractor shall build hardy structures around the trees for protection.

The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the well-being of the

trees/plants until the end of the contract

Indicative

number of trees /

plants and

indicative

number of

planting

structures

necessary are to

be identified by

the contractor.

Planting should

take place as

soon as the plant

removal takes

place

Engineering

cost

2.7.

3

Spread of Invasive Plant Species

There is a possibility of introducing / spreading of invasive species during

material transportation and disposing cleared vegetation from one site to

another, thus the following measures are to be undertaken.

Close monitoring of transportation, storage of borrowing material for the

spread of any invasive species must be done.

Contractor IA

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Vehicles should be covered during transportation of cleared vegetation to

and from the construction site.

Borrow material to be brought from properly identified borrow pits and

quarry sites, the sites should be inspected in order to ensure that no invasive

plant species are being carried with the burrow material.

Washing the vehicles should be conducted periodically to prevent carrying

any invasive species

The construction site should be inspected periodically to ensure that no

invasive species are establishing themselves at the site.

2.7.

2

Chance finds of important Flora

(a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered flora species is found,

it shall be immediately informed to the relevant agency by the contractor

through the engineer. All activities that could destroy such flora and/or its

habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be

started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry

out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to

conserve such flora and/or its habitat.

All project sites

- Contractor IA

2.8. Impact on Fauna

2.8.

1.

Loss, Damage or Disruption to Fauna

(a) All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or

disruption to the fauna and their habitats is minimum.

All project sites

- Contractor IA

(b) Construction workers shall be instructed to protect fauna including wild

animals and aquatic life as well as their habitats. Hunting, poaching and

unauthorized fishing by project workers is not allowed.

(d) Siting of all hot mix plants, crushing plants, workshops, depots and

temporary worker camps and storing of toxic and hazardous materials at

approved locations, and recycling and dumping of solid waste matter at

locations approved by local authorities, maintenance of vehicles and

Locations

selected for

erecting the

asphalt, crusher

Engineering

cost

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equipment in good operable condition, ensuring no leakage of oil or fuel and

the fitting of proper exhaust baffles. Any solid waste should not be dumped

into natural habitats.

and concrete

batching plants

and workshops

2.8.

2

Chance found important Fauna

(a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered fauna species is found,

it shall be immediately informed to the relevant agency by the contractor.

All activities that could destroy such fauna and/or its habitat shall be stopped

with immediate effect.

Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval.

Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed

him to undertake to conserve such fauna and/or its habitat.

All project sites

- Contractor IA

2.9 Disruption to people

2.9.

1

Loss of Access

(a) At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for

vehicles, pedestrians and livestock. Work that affects the use of existing

accesses shall not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions to

the prior satisfaction of the Engineer.

All project sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly and ensure

convenience of public at all times

-

(c) On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to access shall be

cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared

to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Engineering

cost

(d) Providing advance information to the public about the planned construction

works and activities causing disruption to access and the temporary

arrangements made to give relief to public in order to avoid any

inconveniences due to the construction activities.

2.9.

3

Traffic Control and Safety

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(a) The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic

during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades,

including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may be required by

the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic approaching or

passing through the section of the highway under improvement. The

provision of traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work

and follow The Institute for Construction Training and Development

(ICTAD) guidelines and instructions given by the Police, if any.

Road-side

construction

sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Vehicles travelling in and out of the PA should maintain low speeds when

transporting material inside the boundaries of the PA in order to avoid

disturbing the wildlife and avoid the risk of accidents.

In the event the road within the PA is blocked by wildlife the contractor will

not disturb the wildlife until they move away from the path, with noise or

other means.

Construction

areas

2.1

0

Accidents and Risks

2.1

0.1

Public and Worker safety

(a) All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of the workers

and the public from accidents such as fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks,

falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc.

Construction

areas, material

storage and

worker camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the

workmen as per the international labor organization (ILO) convention No.

62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka

to the extent that those are applicable to this contract. The contractor shall

supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets,

masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply

with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms,

gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.

( c) Construction activities on existing facilities where operation is underway

should be conducted post times of operation, post operational hours of the

center if on the same site.

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Implementation Supervision

2.1

0.2

Prevention of Risks of Electrocution

(a) All electrical wiring and supply related work should confirm to British

Standards (BS) or relevant Sri Lankan Standards. Adequate precautions will

be taken to prevent danger of electrocuting from electrical equipment and

power supply lines including distribution boards, transformers, etc.

Measures such as danger signboards, danger/red lights, fencing and lights

will be provided to protect the public and workers. All electric power driven

machines to be used in the construction shall be free from defect, be properly

maintained and kept in good working order, be regularly inspected and as

per BS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Construction

areas, material

storage and

worker camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

2.1

0.3

Risk at Hazardous Activity

(a) All workers employed in hazardous activities shall be provided with

necessary protective gear. These activities include mixing asphalt material,

cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., welding work, work at crushing plants,

blasting work, operators of machinery and equipment such as power saws,

etc.

Construction

areas, material

storage and

worker camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) The use of any toxic chemical shall be strictly in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer shall be notified of toxic

chemicals that are planned tobeused in all contract related activities. A

register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and

maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register shall include the trade

name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health

and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and

emergency and first aid procedures for the product.

2.1

0.4

Lead Pollution

(a) No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of

paste or readymade paint. Facemasks shall be supplied to workers who are

working in spray painting or scraping lead paints.

Workshops,

yards where

spray painting is

done

- Contractor IA

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Implementation Supervision

2.1

0.5

Handling of Explosives

(a) Except as provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the Engineer,

the Contractor shall not use explosives. Where the use of explosives is so

provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor shall comply with the

requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of this Clause besides the law of

the land as applicable.

All locations

where blasting

activities will

commence

- Contractor

IA

(b) The Contractor shall at all times take every possible precaution and shall

comply with relevant laws and regulations relating to the importation,

handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives. Contractor shall

obtain Ministry of Defense (MoD) approval for importing and handling

explosives and keep the Local Police informed of the same.

Engineering

cost

IA

2.1

1

Health and Safety

2.1

1.1

Prevention of Vector based Diseases

(a) Contractor shall take necessary actions to prevent breeding of mosquitoes at

places of work, labor camps, plus office and store buildings. Stagnation of

water in all areas including gutters, used and empty cans, containers, tires,

etc. shall be prevented. Approved chemicals to destroy mosquitoes and

larvae should be regularly applied.

All burrow sites should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the

contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the

Central Environmental authority and relevant local authorities

At worker

camps, stores,

yards

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) Contractor shall keep all places of work, labor camps, plus office and store

buildings clean devoid of garbage to prevent breeding of rats and other

vectors such as flies.

2.1

1.2

Workers Health and Safety

(a) Contractor shall comply with the provisions in Health and Safety regulations

under the Factory Ordinance with regard to provision of health and safety

measures and amenities at work place(s).

Within

construction

sites, workshops

- Contractor IA

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and worker

camps

2.1

1.3

First Aid

(a) At every workplace, first aid kit shall be provided as per the regulations. At

every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment

and nursing staff shall be provided.

Within

construction

sites, quarry,

crusher,

concrete

batching plants,

workshops and

worker camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

2.1

1.4

Potable Water

(a) In every workplace and labor camps portable water shall be available

throughout the day in sufficient quantities.

Within

construction

sites, quarry,

crusher,

concrete

batching plants,

workshops and

worker camps

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

2.1

1.5

Hygiene

(a) The contractor shall provide and maintain necessary (temporary) living

accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scale

approved by the engineer.

Worker camps

and temporary

sheds at work

sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) At every workplace and labor camps sufficient number of bathing facilities,

latrines and urinals shall be provided in accordance with the Health and

Safety regulations and/or as directed by the Engineer. These bathroom and

toilet facilities shall be suitably located within the workplace/buildings.

Latrines shall be cleaned at least three times daily in the morning, midday

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and evening and kept in a strict sanitary condition. If women are employed,

separate latrines and urinals, screened from those for men and marked in the

vernacular shall be provided. There shall be adequate supply of water,

within and close to latrines and urinals.

(c) The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and

operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground

or adjacent watercourses takes place.

(d) Garbage bins must be provided in the camp, work sites and regularly emptied

and the garbage disposed of in a hygienic manner. Construction camps shall

have a clean hygienic environment and adequate health care shall be

provided for the work force.

(e) Unless otherwise arranged for by the Local Authority, the contractor shall

arrange proper disposal of sludge from septic tanks. The contractor shall

obtain approval for such disposal from the Public Health Inspector of the

area.

2.1

2

Protection of Archaeological, Cultural and Religious Places and Properties

2.1

2.1

Prevention of damage to Cultural and Religious Places and Properties

(a) During construction activities the contractor should take all necessary and

adequate care to minimize impacts on cultural properties which includes

cultural sites and remains, places of worship.

Workers should not be allowed to trespass in to such areas.

Near physical

cultural

resources

- Contractor IA

2.1

2.2

Chance finds of Archaeological property

(a) All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other

remains or things of geological or archaeological interest etc. discovered on

the site and/or during construction work shall be the property of the

Government of Sri Lanka, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of

Antiquities Ordinance of 1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998)

In all project

sites

- Contractor IA

(b) The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any

other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall,

Engineering

cost

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immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer

of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with the

same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions

from the site of discovery.

(c) If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice and assistance

from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures

to be taken with regard to the artefacts prior to recommencement of work in the

area.

2.1

3

Environmental Enhancement

2.1

3.1

Landscaping

(a) Landscape plantation, re-vegetation etc, shall be taken up as per either

detailed design or typical design guidelines given as part of the Bid

Documents.

The contactor also shall remove all debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil

material, away from the roadsides and from other work places and disposed

at locations designated or acceptable to the Engineer or as per Clause 2.1.1.

Special care should be taken to ensure that the species selected for replanting

are not invasive to the said site.

All project sites

and associated

sites

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

(b) On completion of the works, the temporary structures shall be cleared away

in full, all rubbish burnt, waste dumps and septic tank shall be filled and

closed and roadsides, workplaces and labor camps, cleared and cleaned.

(b) In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the contractor shall

immediately inform the service provider and help to restore the service

without delay.

All project sites

2.1

4

Handling Environmental Issues during Construction

(a) The Contractor will appoint a suitably qualified Environmental Officer

following the award of the contract. The Environmental Officer will be the

primary point of contact for assistance with all environmental issues during

Relevant

construction

sites during the

Engineering

cost

Contractor IA

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the pre-construction and construction phases. He/ She shall be responsible

for ensuring the implementation of EMP.

construction

period

(b) The Contractor shall appoint a person responsible for community liaison and

to handle public complaints regarding environmental/ social related matters.

All public complaints will be entered into the Complaints Register. The

Environmental Officer will promptly investigate and review environmental

complaints and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or

mitigate the cause of the complaints. A register of all complaints is to be

passed to the Engineer within 24 hrs. They are received, with the action taken

by the Environmental Officer on complains thereof.

(c) Contractor shall develop suitable method to receive complaints and establish

a Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM). The complaint register shall be

placed at a convenient place, easily accessible by the public.

• Grievances submitted in writing shall be referred to the IA/PMU by

the safeguard officer of the Contractor through the Engineer.

• Verbal communications shall be directed to IA/PMU through

Engineer. Contact information of Engineer/IA/IA/PMU/in print

form shall be available at the site.

• The grievances shall be submitted to the Engineer on the same day

of receiving. It has to be recorded and the safeguard officer of the

Engineer shall ensure the timely redress through the IA/PMU

(d) Contractor shall prepare detailed Environmental Method Statement (EMS)

clearly stating the approach, actions and manner in which the EMP is

implemented. It is required from the contractor to prepare the EMS for each

work site, if work will be carried out at more than one site at once and time

plan for implementation. The EMS shall be updated regularly and submit for

Engineers review.

3.0 Operational stage

3.1 Hygienic Conditions

(a) Regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of the facility should be

conducted, especially of Kitchens and Sanitary facilities in in order to

maintain hygienic conditions.

All buildings

supported by the

project

Maintenance

cost

IA IA

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3.2 Solid Waste Management

(a) Solid Waste should be segregated and collected in covered bins and

arrangements should be made with the LA for removal of solid waste from

the site as per the set solid waste management scheme in the area.

Daily collection should be conducted in facilities located within the PA

boundaries.

In all project

sites

Maintenance

cost

IA IA

3.3 Mosquitoes and Vector Breading

(a) Regular checks should be conducted to ensure that there is no storm water

collection and stagnation at the site which will facilitate the breading of

mosquitoes.

Clearing should be conducted accordingly to prevent collection and

stagnation of water.

In all project

sites

Maintenance

cost

IA IA

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7.11 Annex 11: Guidance Note on Selecting Mitigation Measures to be Included

in the Environmental Management Plan for Construction Projects in Sri

Lanka

Pre-Construction Impact Mitigation

Utility Relocation

Identify the common utilities to be affected such as: telephone cables, electric cables, electric

poles, water pipelines, public water taps, etc.

Affected utilities shall be relocated with prior approval of the concerned agencies before

construction starts.

Ensure community consensus and minimum impact to common utilities like telephone cable,

electric cables, electric poles, water taps and etc., Proper clearance to be obtained from the

concerned authorities and sent to the PMU before commencement of works.

Tree Removal

Attempt to save the trees by changing the alignment of the designs

Provide adequate protection to the trees to be retained with tree guards (e.g. Masonry tree guards,

Low level RCC tree guards, Circular Iron Tree Guard with Bars) as required.

Identify the number of trees that will be affected with girth size & species type

Trees shall be removed from the construction sites before commencement of construction with

prior permission from the concerned department.

Compensatory plantation by way of Re-plantation of at least twice the number of trees cut should

be carried out in the project area. (Please Refer Tree Protection/ Tree Re-Planting Procedures

outlined in Section X)

Construction of labor camps

The location, layout and basic facility provision of labor camp must be submitted to Engineer

prior to their construction.

The construction will commence only upon the written approval of the Engineer.

The contractor shall maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in

functional and hygienic manner and as approved by the Engineer.

All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that

uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The sewage system for the

camp must be planned and implemented with concurrence from the Local Public Health Officer

(PHI)

Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. The layout of the construction camp

and details of the facilities provided should be prepared and shall be approved by the engineer.

Labor camp sites after use should be cleared and the site should be reinstated to previous

condition at the close of the construction work.

Planning of temporary Traffic arrangements

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Temporary diversion will be provided with the approval of the engineer. Detailed traffic control

plans will be prepared and submitted to the engineers for approval, one week prior to

commencement of works.

The traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary diversion, details of arrangements for

construction under traffic, details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work each day,

Signage, safety measures for transport of hazardous materials and arrangement of flagmen.

Site Management and Mitigation of Impacts during Construction Phase

Information Disclosure among Stakeholders

Discussions should be conducted with the residents who reside around the immediate vicinity of

the construction site; provide them with information on the project activities muster their views

for possible impact mitigation as this will also ensure a good rapport and less complains. This

should be done immediately once the contractor is mobilized.

A copy of the EMP should be available at all times at the project supervision office on site.

Material Sourcing

Significant impact on geological resources is anticipated at quarry sites and borrow areas the PIA

shall ask contractors to ensure that sand, aggregates and other quarry material is sourced from

licensed sources.

It is recommended that all burrow and/or quarry material should be sourced from licensed

sources.

The contractor is required to maintain the necessary licenses and environmental clearances for all

burrow and quarry material they are sourcing to obtain soil , fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

Sourcing of any material from any protected areas and/or designated natural areas are strictly

prohibited.

The Project Supervision Engineer will require maintaining the numbers and relevant details of all

necessary licenses etc. and report of their status accordingly.

Transport and Storage of construction materials

Sites for storage of construction materials should be identified, without affecting the traffic and

other common utilities that will lead to access issues as the compound is operational.

All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials

should be controlled and done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity.

Construction material such as cement, sand and metal should be stored in closed structures or in a

contained manner.

Dust

All construction materials such as sand, metal, lime, bricks etc. should be transported under cover

to the site and stored under cover at the sight. Plastic sheeting (of about 6 mm minimum

thickness) can be used and held in place with weights, such as old tires or cinder blocks, with the

edges of the sheeting buried, or by the use of other anchoring systems. This will minimize the

levels of airborne dust.

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Mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access road should be immediately

cleaned

Continual water sprinkling should be carried out in the work and fill areas and the access road if

dust stir is observed. Water sprinkling should be done more frequently on days that are dry and

windy (at least four time’s day) as the levels of dust can be elevated during dry periods.

Dust barriers should be used during all construction activities, especially in areas along roads

with heavy traffic, commercial and residential areas.

The maximum height of barriers should be

6ft at minimum. Material such as Amano

roofing sheets, fine mesh geo textiles are

recommended materials to be used for

setting up dust barriers.

Dust masks should be provided to the laborers for the use at required times.

Noise

Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00AM to 6:00PM). Other type of

construction work which will not disturb the environment by noise or vibration could be carried

out during the night time. No work that generates excessive noise should be carried out during

night hours (from 6:00PM to 6:00AM on the following day).

Even during day time use of the access road should be minimized during departure times

(7:00AM to 8:30AM), school time (1:00PM-2:00PM) and arrival times (After 4:30PM -6:00PM).

This will not only reduce noise levels but also help mitigate congestion issues in the area due to

the construction activities.

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All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels that do not exceed the

permissible level of 75 dB (during construction) for the day time. For all construction activities

undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to maintain the noise level at below 50 dB as per

the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) noise control regulations

All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular maintenance of all construction

vehicles and machinery to meet noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette

Extra Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for vehicles/machinery that will be used in

construction on site and for transport.

Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during public holidays and religious days.

Special care should be taken as there is a temple nearby.

Labor gangs should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict labor supervision should be

undertaken in this respect. Number of night time resident laborers should be minimized.

Temporary sound barriers also should be erected around buildings or premises as appropriate to

shield residents if there are complaints from them.

Vehicular noise pollution at residential / sensitive receptors

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be permitted during periods of loading /

unloading or when they are not in active use. The practice must be ensured especially near

residential / commercial / sensitive areas.

Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 500m away from sensitive receptors,

where possible. These include hospitals, schools, places of worship and households.

All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions during drilling shall be employed.

Noise from vehicles, machinery and equipment

Contractor shall submit the list of high noise/vibration generating machinery & equipment to the

PIA for approval.

Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery must be done regularly and during routine

servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective

will be replaced.

Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and up to the satisfaction of

the Engineer to keep noise levels at the minimum.

Removal and Disposal of construction debris and excavated materials

During site clearance activities, demolition and debris removal must be carried out swiftly and in

well-planned manner. Possibly debris removal can be carried out during non-peak hours to avoid

traffic at the site.

The contractor shall identify the sites for debris disposal and should be finalized prior to start of

the earthworks; Spoil and other disposal materials should only be dumped at sites for which prior

approval from relevant authorities such as the LA have been obtained. Taking into account the

following

o The dumping does not impact natural drainage courses

o No endangered / rare flora is impacted by such dumping

o Should be located in nonresidential areas located in the downwind side

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o Located at least 100m from the designated forest land.

o Avoid disposal on productive land.

o should be located with the consensus of the local community , in consultation with the

engineer and shall be approved by the highways department

o Minimize the construction debris by balancing the cut and fill requirements.

The contractor should avoid any spillage of spoil when transporting such materials to the

approved material dumping sites.

Protection of top soil

The top soil to be protected and compacted after completion of pipe laying activities.

The contractor should attempt to reuse the cut material from earthworks for project activities

where possible

Pollution from Fuel and Lubricants

The contractor shall ensure that all construction vehicle parking location, fuel/lubricants storage

sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling sites shall be located away

from rivers and irrigation canal/ponds.

Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and

refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not

contaminate the ground.

Contractor shall arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified

disposal sites (list to be submitted to Engineer) and approved by the Engineer. All spills and

collected petroleum products will be disposed off in accordance with standards set by the

CEA/MoE.

Engineer will certify that all arrangements comply with the guidelines of CEA/MoE or any other

relevant laws.

Public and Worker Safety

The construction site should be barricaded at all time in a day with adequate marking, safety tape,

flags, reflectors etc. for safety of individuals using the compound on a daily basis. ( Items such as

parking cones, lights, tubular markers, orange and white strips and barricades of a luminous

nature for night visibility)

The construction site should be clearly demarcated by the above means and restriction of access

to public to the site will help the safety of public.

Safety signboards should be displayed at all necessary locations.

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The contractor should obtain a Third party insurance to compensate any damages, injuries caused

to the public or laborers during the construction period.

All construction vehicles should be operated by experienced and trained operators under

supervision.

Basic onsite safety training should be conducted for all laborers during the EMP training prior to

the start of the construction activities.

All digging and installation work should be completed in one go, if this task is not accomplished

the area should be isolated using luminous safety tape and barricading structures surrounding the

whole area.

Trenches should be progressively rehabilitated once work is completed.

Material loading and unloading should be done in an area, well away from traffic and barricaded

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Construction wastes should be removed within 24 hours from the site to ensure public safety.

Safety Gear for Labors

Protective footwear and protective goggles should be provided to all workers employed on

mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc.

Welder's protective eye-shields shall be provided

to workers who are engaged in welding works.

Earplugs shall be provided to workers exposed to

loud noise, and workers working in crushing,

compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

The contractor shall supply all necessary safety

appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, safety

belts, ear plugs, mask etc. to workers and staffs.

In addition, the contractor shall maintained in

stock at the site office, gloves, ear muffs, goggles,

dust masks, safety harness and any other

equipment considered necessary.

A safety inspection checklist should be prepared

taking into consideration what the workers are

supposed to be wearing and monitored on a

monthly basis and recorded.

Prevention of accidents

Prevention of accidents involving human beings,

animals or vehicles falling or accidents due to

open trenches/manholes during construction

period. This needs to be ensured with proper

barricading, signage boards and lighting etc.

A readily available first aid unit including an

adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials

and appliances should be available at the site

office at all times

Availability of suitable transport at all times to

take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest

hospital should also be insured.

Names and contact information for emergency

services such as Ambulance services, hospitals,

police and the fire brigade should be prepared as a

sign board and displayed at the work site.

Presence of Outside Labor in a Residential Area

Strict labor supervision should be undertaken. There should be labor awareness programs to

educate the laborers about their general behavior while at work as well as their own safety.

Operation of labor camps

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The Contractor shall construct and maintain all labor accommodation in such a fashion that

uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

Supply of sufficient quantity of potable water (as per IS) in every workplace/labor camp site at

suitable and easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such facilities.

The sewage system for the camp are designed, built and operated in such a fashion that no health

hazards occurs and no pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent water courses take place.

Ensure adequate water supply is to be provided in all toilets and urinals.

The contractor shall provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are regularly

emptied and disposed of in a hygienic manner

Surface Drainage and Possible Water Stagnation

Provide storm water drain system in the premises which will discharge water to the improved

roadside storm water drain.

Carry out overall storm water management in the premises during construction using temporary

ditches, sand bag barriers etc.

Temporary flooding due to excavation.

Proper drainage arrangements to be made, to avoid the overflowing of existing drains due to

excavation during the laying of pipes, cutting activities.

Tree Protection during Construction Phase

Giving due protection to the trees that fall in the shoulders /corridor of impact shall be the prime

focus during Construction/post construction

Masonry tree guards, Low level RCC tree guards, Circular Iron Tree Guard with Bars, use of

plate compactors near trees may also be considered where necessary

Tree Re-Planting

Re-plantation of at least twice (1:2) the number of trees cut should be carried out along the

project road. Since the major portion of the project road may pass through open lands, planting of

trees along the entire stretch of the road is recommended as an enhancement measure.

Growth and survival of trees planted shall be ensured and monitoring done at least for a period of

3 years .Survival status shall be reported on monthly basis to Engineer in charge.

Clearing/Closure of Construction Site/Labor Camps

Contractor to prepare site restoration plans for approval by the engineer. The plan is to be

implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.

On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all rubbish cleared,

excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean

and tidy, at the contractor’s expenses, to the entire satisfaction of the engineer.

Procedures for Dealing with Chance Finds

Flora and Chance found Fauna

The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent workmen or any other persons from

removing and damaging any flora (plant/vegetation) and fauna (animal) including fishing in any

water body and hunting of any animal.

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If any wild animal is found near the construction site at any point of time, the contractor will

immediately upon discovery thereof acquaint the Engineer and carry out the Engineer's

instructions for dealing with the same.

The Engineer will report to the nearby Forest Department /Department of Wild Life Conservation

(range office or divisional office) and will take appropriate steps/ measures, if required in

consultation with the forest officials.

Chance Found Archaeological Property

All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other remains or things of

geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be the property of the

Government and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant legislation.

The contractor will take reasonable precautions to prevent his workmen or any other persons from

removing and damaging any such article or thing. He will, immediately upon discovery thereof

and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the instructions for

dealing with the same, waiting which all work shall be stopped.

The Engineer will seek direction from the Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka and inform

the project EO to follow the Chance Find Procedures set forth.

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7.12 Annex 12: Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Burrow Pits Illustration on the Burrow Pit Rehabilitation

Mitigatory Measures to be Implemented

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The following conditions must follow by the contractor during the construction period in burrowing earth:

o The sides of the pits should be sloped with a minimum angle of 1:3, to enable the escape of animals

that may accidentally fall into the pits.

o The burrow pits should be restored by filling them or when it is not practical to rehabilitate them

as small tanks/water holes enabling wild animals to use as a water source

o The earth burrowing activity at the identified site should be carried out only during the given time

period of from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm

o Burrowing earth, transportation and unloading should be carried out under the inspection of

Assistant Director (Mahaweli/Irrigation) or an officer appointed by him

o A 15-cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a

designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical:

Horizontal).

o Suitable drainage ditches or conduits shall be constructed or installed to avoid conditions where

small pools of water that are, or are likely to become noxious, or foul, collect or remain on the

burrow area. Surface drainage must be designed to minimize erosion during runoff and major

rainfall events.

o Burrow Pit shall be backfilled with clean or inert fill. There shall be no material of deleterious

nature (i.e. any material that would be classed as hazardous or waste). Please refer to the diagram

above for the Illustration on burrow pit rehabilitation.

o Non-usable material including overburden, screenings and rocks, should be placed in the pit bottom

and covered with Topsoil stripped from the surface so as to facilitate water seepage, planting grass

and tree planting to be carried out using the Native trees.

o Once the site is reclaimed, any fences where they exist shall be removed to permit re-vegetation.

o Access and haul roads to the pit must be restored in a mutually agreeable manner where these are

considered unnecessary after extraction has been completed.

o Above conditions should be included in the contract document and must monitor whether they are

followed.

o Precautions must be taken to minimize spreading of the listed invasive species.

• Destroy the listed invasive plants as much as possible prior to burrowing material.

• Surface soil of the burrow site should be separated and stored to prevent transporting seeds of

the invasive plants to the tank. This surface soil can use when restoring the burrow pit.

• When restoring the invasive plants if any germinated in soil should be removed and burn.

• Wash down of all vehicles that use to transport burrow materials before leaving the site

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7.13 Annex 13: Environmental Guidelines for Decommissioning and Demolition

of Existing Buildings Potential Environmental Impacts

The hazards and environmental impacts associated with demolition works are mainly a function of:

• The location of the demolition work, i.e. whether demolition is near to main road or whether

demolition is far away from development and movement

• The type of building being demolished i.e. concrete, iron sheets, etc

• The method of demolition i.e. manually using hand tools; mechanically using heavy machinery

including electric grinders, pneumatic compressors, excavator on trucks and lorries; or by

induced collapse demolition using explosives

• The scale of the project i.e. the area of building being demolished and amount of solid wastes,

dust and traffic being generated

• The duration of the demolition work

Potential environmental impacts in connection with demolition works are: -

• Noise and vibration

• Dust

• Traffic implications

• Generation of demolition wastes including doors, windows, wood and metal frames; concrete

rubbles and blocks, corrugated iron sheets, asbestos cement sheets, etc.

• Visual and aesthetic impacts

Procedures for Management of Potential Environmental Impacts

• The following guidelines will be followed for any decommissioning of the existing buildings

and demolition. While the EMP covers measure to manage construction waste, dust and noise

in general. It is essential to ensure that the process and demolition waste is handled specifically

as outlined below.

• As a requisite, a demolition plan will be prepared and approved by the project engineer of the

proponent. The demolition work will be conducted post conducting the following activities.

• Crack Survey of Neighboring Buildings o A crack survey or neighboring buildings should

be conducted for all buildings directly adjacent to the construction site.

o The current condition of these buildings need to be photo documented and filed prior to

the decommissioning commencing to ensure that no damages are caused to the structures

due to vehicle movements and demolition works.

o A crack survey report will be prepared and submitted to the Engineer prior to

commencement of decommissioning on the ground.

• Management of Utilities o Termination of Utilities

▪ Prior to actual demolition, the Authorized Person shall liaise with all available

utility companies so as: (A) to keep records of available utilities leading into the

premises; and (B) to cause all utilities to be terminated.

o Effects of Demolition on Utilities

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▪ The demolition plan shall ensure that during the course of demolition, no existing

utilities in the vicinity of the demolition sites are affected by the demolition

operation.

o Common Utilities

▪ The common utilities encountered in building demolition generally include the

following:(A) Electricity;(B) Water; (C) Gas; (D) Telecommunication; (E)

Drainage; (F) Overhead and Underground Cables; (G) Railway Tunnel and its

accessories, such as vent shafts; (H) Sewage Tunnel and its accessories; and (I)

Disused Tunnel.

▪ All utility companies and relevant agencies should be consulted prior to demolition

of the structure.

• Management of Asbestos Cement (ACM) Based Material-Avoiding Exposure Risk o An

inspection of building materials for the presence of asbestos and lead hazards must be

conducted prior to initiating demolition projects.

o Removal of ACM roof sheeting requires trained and qualified personnel as damage to/or

broken ACM during removal will have an exposure risk to demolition workers.

o Thus it is essential that workers have the necessary personal protective equipment, most

importantly masks, safety boots, full suiting to cover body and hard hats. It is also

recommended that High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters vacuum cleaners would

be requiring to vacuum up any debris. These activities must be supervised by the engineer.

o ACM Material should be removed prior to demolition of the structure, and transported

immediately in a contained manner to an approved disposal site by the engineer. As there

are no sites to accept hazardous waste material this will pose a challenge, it should be

explored how best the material can be managed via CEA guidance on best practice.

o No ACM material can be stockpiled off site. This should be fully prohibited.

• Management of Environmental Impacts During Demolition Process.

o The demolition works shall not cause any nuisance by way of noise, dust and vibration to

the surrounding environment, by following the requirements as per the project

Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

o Particular attention should be payed to ensure the following

▪ The site of works shall be fenced and screened to protect site from strong

winds and to contain dust.

▪ The noise level during demolition works shall be within the permissible

limits as ▪ per the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) guidelines on

noise.

▪ All hazardous wastes, including asbestos shall be disposed of as per the

provisions laid out by the CEA

▪ The following measures shall be taken so as to abate the visual impacts

during demolition works:

➢ Visual screening / fencing of works

➢ Proper location of equipment and machinery on site

➢ No encroachment of demolition wastes on pavements and roads

▪ Demolition works within residential areas shall be carried out during normal

working hours (8:00 – 17:00) only.

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▪ The demolition wastes may be used as filler material as appropriate and approved

by the engineer. Any excess wastes shall be disposed of to an authorized site as

recommended by the

▪ No debris shall be burned on the site.

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7.14 Annex 14: Guidelines for Health and Safety of Workers, Communities and

Visitors

Health and safety of workers and the public should be designed into constructions, before and during and

after the building phase. It is cheaper and easier to control risks in construction to workers as well as the

public before work starts on site by proper planning, training, site induction, worker consultation and

incorporating strict safety procedures in construction plans. The proposed project interventions will mostly

involve small to medium scale construction sites. As such, extreme dangers posed by working in

environments such as great heights, deep water and involving dangerous chemicals and radioactive material

will not be present. Potential dangers associated with ESCAMP sites will include falling from moderate

heights, vehicle accidents, falling into trenches, drowning, breathing dust and other air pollutants, back

aches caused by handling heavy material, wildlife attacks, etc. and can be mitigated with following safety

guidelines.

EA/EMP for each site should mandatorily include a risk assessment as to what are the hazards involved in

the work site, who might be harmed and how seriously, how likely this harm might happen and what actions

are required to eliminate or reduce the risk and incorporate such measures in the EMP and clearly set out

in the tender documents. All sub-projects must observe health and safety regulations, hence during

implementation it is important to check if these control measures are put in place and are meeting the legal

requirement.

Further guidance can be found in the World Bank Group General EHS Guidelines. The following measures

have been developed to fit the country context based on the General EHS Guidelines.

Training

• Ensure constructors carry out suitable training programs on occupational health and safety for workers

prior to commencement of construction, especially with regard to working in wild territory.

• Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment

and material processing plants

• Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and able to carry out their work without risk to the

safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public

Personal Protective Equipment

• Ensure appropriate safety equipment, tools and protective clothing are provided to workers and that

safe working methods are applied. A safety inspection checklist should be prepared taking into

consideration what the workers are supposed to be wearing and monitored.

• Any person who works or operates in an area where there is a risk of flying objects, such as

splinters, should wear safety goggles at all time. These should be securely fitted to the face.

Welders should protect the entire face from hot sparks and bright rays by using a welding mask.

• Any person exposed to high levels of dust or hazardous gases (when working in tunnels) should

wear respiratory protection in the form of disposal masks or respiratory masks which fit more

snugly around the nose and mouth.

• Any person working in an area where there is the risk of being struck on the head by a falling or

flying object should wear a hard hat at all times. These should be well maintained in order to be

fully effective, and any helmets or hard hats that are damaged or cracked should immediately be replaced.

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• All workers will be required to wear shoes or strong boots to prevent sharp objects from

penetrating or crushing the foot. Those working in muddy conditions and in canals with polluted water should avoid hand/foot contact with water and should never wear slippers.

• Road workers should wear reflective vests to avoid being hit by moving vehicular traffic.

Site Delineation and Warning Signs

• Ensure delineation devices such as cones, lights, tubular markers, orange and white strips and barricades

are erected to inform about work zones.

• Ensure all digging and installing work items that are not accomplished are isolated and warned of by

signposts and flash lamps in nighttime (for those sites outsides PAs).

• Ensure dangerous warning signs are raised to inform public of particular dangers and to keep the public

away from such hazards, such as warning for bathing when working on river sites and irrigation works.

• Ensure rehabilitation of trenches progressively once work is completed.

• The safety inspection checklist must look to see that the delineation devices are used, whether they are

appropriately positioned, if they are easily identifiable and whether they are reflective.

Equipment safety

• Work zone workers use tools, equipment and machinery that could be dangerous if used incorrectly or

if the equipment malfunctions Inspections must be carried out to test the equipment before it is used,

so that worker safety can be secured. Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays,

missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.

Material management

• Ensure easily flammable materials are not be stored in construction site and that they are transported

out of project site

Emergency Procedures

• Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone.

• Ensure all site staff is properly briefed as to what to do in the event of an emergency, such as who to

notify and where to assemble for a head count. This information must be conveyed to employees by

the site manager on the first occasion a worker visits the site.

Construction camps • Ensure installation of adequate construction camps and sanitation facilities for construction workers to

control of transmission of infectious diseases.

• Ensure that adequate warning is provided on issues of poaching and wildlife attacks

Information management

• Develop and establish contractor’s own procedure for receiving, documenting and addressing

complaints that is easily accessible, culturally appropriate and understandable to affected communities.

• Provide advance notice to local communities by way of information boards about the schedule of

construction activities.

Worker consultation

• Consulting the workforce on health and safety measures is not only a legal requirement, it is an effective

way to ensure that workers are committed to health and safety procedures and improvements.

Employees should be consulted on health and safety measures and before the introduction of new

technology or products.

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7.15 Annex 15: Chance find procedure for Physical Cultural Resources

Contracts for civil works involving earth moving and excavation activities, especially in areas known to be

sites of old civilizations and now returned to forest, should normally incorporate procedures for dealing

with situations in which buried PCRs are unexpectedly exposed.

Recognition of unknown PCRs – This is the most difficult aspect to cover, especially if the contractor is

not full-time accompanied by a specialist. Upon discovery of such material during project implementation

work, the following should be carried out;

• Immediately stop construction activities.

• With the approval of the resident engineer delineate the discovered site area.

• Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case of removable antiquities

or sensitive remains, a night guard should be present until the responsible authority takes over.

• Through the Resident Engineer, notify the responsible authorities, the Department of Archaeology

and local authorities within 24 hours.

• Submit a brief chance find report, within a specified time period, with date and time of discovery,

location of discovery, description of finding, estimated weight and dimension of PCR and

temporary protection implemented.

• Responsible authorities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on

the proper procedures to be carried out.

• An evaluation of the finding will be performed by the Department of Archaeology who may decide

to either remove the PCR deemed to be of significance, further excavate within a specified distance

of the discovery point and conserve on-site, and/or extend/reduce the areas demarcated by the

contractor etc. This should ideally take place within about 7 days.

• Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the Department of

Archaeology after the decision concerning the safeguard of the heritage is fully executed.

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7.16 Annex-16: Environmental Health and

Safety Guidelines

Introduction

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS)

Guidelines are technical reference documents with

general and industryspecific examples of Good

International Industry Practice (GIIP)17. When one or

more members of the World Bank Group are involved

in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as

required by their respective policies and standards.

These industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to

be used together with the General EHS Guidelines

document, which provides guidance to users on

common EHS issues potentially applicable to all

industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple

industry-sector guidelines may be necessary. A

complete list of industry-sector guidelines can be

found at:

www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/Environmenta

lGuidelines

The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels

and measures that are generally considered to be

achievable in new facilities by existing technology at

reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines

to existing facilities may involve the establishment of

site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for

achieving them.

The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be

tailored to the hazards and risks established for each

project on the basis of the results of an environmental

assessment in which sitespecific variables, such as

host country context, assimilative capacity of the

environment, and other project factors, are taken into

account. The applicability of specific technical

recommendations should be based on the professional

17 Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence and foresight that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to, varying levels of environmental

opinion of qualified and experienced persons. When

host country regulations differ from the levels and

measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects

are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent.

If less stringent levels or measures than those provided

in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of

specific project circumstances, a full and detailed

justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as

part of the site-specific environmental assessment.

This justification should demonstrate that the choice

for any alternate performance levels is protective of

human health and the environment.

Applicability

The EHS Guidelines for Waste Management cover

facilities or projects dedicated to the management of

municipal solid waste and industrial waste, including

waste collection and transport; waste receipt,

unloading, processing, and storage; landfill disposal;

physico-chemical and biological treatment; and

incineration projects.18 Industry-specific waste

management activities applicable, for example, to

medical waste, municipal sewage, cement kilns, and

others are covered in the relevant industry-sector EHS

Guidelines, as is the minimization and reuse of waste

at the source. This document is organized according

to the following sections:

Section 1.0 — Industry-Specific Impacts and

Management

Section 2.0 — Performance Indicators and Monitoring

Section 3.0 — References and Additional Sources

Annex A — General Description of Industry

Activities

1.0 Industry-Specific Impacts and Management

The following section provides a summary of the most

significant EHS issues associated with Waste

Management, which occur during the operational and

degradation and environmental assimilative capacity as well as varying levels of financial and technical feasibility. 18 This document covers the most common

commercial methods of waste management. It does

not cover other activities such as the management of

radioactive wastes, co-incineration at combustion

plants, or deep well injection.

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decommissioning phases, along with

recommendations for mitigating these impacts.

Recommendations for the management of EHS

impacts common to most large industrial facilities

during the construction phase are provided in the

General EHS Guidelines, as are other operational

phase issues, such as noise, common to many

industrial activities.

1.1 Environment

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is typically managed

separately from industrial hazardous and non-

hazardous wastes; therefore, environmental impacts

associated with management of MSW and industrial

wastes are addressed separately below.

1.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally defined as

the wastes (other than sewage and air emissions)

generated in and usually collected by a municipality.

MSW is extremely variable in composition,

depending on the income and lifestyle of the

generators. As shown in Table 1, MSW includes

household refuse, institutional wastes, street

sweepings, commercial wastes, as well as

construction and demolition debris. MSW may

include paper and packaging materials; foodstuffs;

vegetable matter such as yard debris; metal; rubber;

textiles; and potentially hazardous materials such as

batteries, electrical components, paint, bleach, and

medicines. MSW may also contain varying amounts

of industrial wastes from small industries, as well as

dead animals and fecal matter. Environmental

impacts and associated mitigation measures

applicable to MSW collection and transport; waste

receipt, unloading, processing, and storage; biological

treatment; incineration; and landfilling are described

below.

Table 1 - Sources and Types of Municipal Solid

Waste

Source Typical Waster

Generators

Types of Solid

Waste

Residential Single and

multifamily

dwellings

Food waste, paper,

cardboard,

plastic, textiles,

leather, yard waste,

wood, glass, metal,

ash, special waste

(e.g., bulky items,

consumer

electronics, white

goods, batteries,

oil, tires) and

household

hazardous waste

Industrial Light and heavy

manufacturing,

fabrication,

construction sites,

power and

chemical plants

Housekeeping

waste, packaging,

food waste,

construction and

demolition

materials,

hazardous waste,

ash, special waste

Commercial Stores, hotels,

restaurants,

markets, office

buildings

Paper, cardboard,

plastic, wood, food

waste, glass, metal,

special waste,

hazardous waste

Institutional Schools,

hospitals, prisons,

government

centers

Same as

commercial

Construction

and

Demolition

New construction

sites, road repair,

renovation sites,

demolition of

buildings

Wood, steel,

concrete, dirt, etc.

Municipal

Services

Street cleaning,

landscaping,

parks, beaches,

other recreational

areas, water and

wastewater

treatment plants

Street sweepings;

landscape and tree

trimmings; general

waste from parks,

beaches and other

recreational areas;

sludge from water

and wastewater

treatment plants

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Process Heavy and light

manufacturing,

refineries,

chemical plants,

power plants,

mineral extraction

and

processing

Industrial process

waste, scrap

materials,

off-specification

products, slag,

tailings

Source: World Bank (2005)

Waste Collection and Transport

Litter and clandestine dumping

The causes of littering and clandestine dumping in

urban areas occur because of inadequate availability

of litter bins along walkways, inadequate public

awareness of their responsibilities as urban dwellers,

and inadequate refuse collection service. Littering

occurs everywhere and often into drains, while

clandestine dumping is commonly on vacant lots,

public spaces, or along waterways. Accumulated

waste may attract disease vectors, contribute to

clogging of drainage and sewerage networks, make

waste readily accessible to neighborhood animals and

birds, and pollute waterways.

Recommended management strategies to minimize

litter and clandestine dumping include:

Encourage use of containers or bags for waste at the

point of collection for each household and

establishment;

Implement a regular collection schedule with

sufficient frequency to avoid accumulation of

garbage;

Use vehicles appropriate for the geographic

conditions and waste types to maximize reliability of

collection (e.g., compactor trucks may be appropriate

for neighborhoods with wide streets and low-density

trash, while smaller vehicles may be appropriate for

neighborhoods with narrow streets and higher-density

garbage);

Encourage separation of recyclable materials at the

point of generation, so that the collection points do not

become sorting points for informal sector waste

pickers;

Cover collection and transfer vehicles along the entire

route of transport to avoid windblown litter;

19 Additional information is provided in Cointreau,

S. (2006).

Clean vehicles used for waste hauling before

transportation of any goods, including compost;

Encourage residents to put waste out at designated

times and locations;

Where possible, blocking off access to dumping sites

and fining illegal dumpers.

Air Emissions

Air emissions from MSW collection and transport

include, dust and bio-aerosols, odors, and vehicle

emissions.

Dust, Bio-aerosols, and Odors

Dust can include nuisance dust, hazardous dust (e.g.,

containing asbestos or silica), and bioaerosols (i.e.,

particles in the air consisting wholly or partially of

microorganisms). Bioaerosols are of particular

concern to the health of waste workers and have been

show to be the source of reduced pulmonary function

and increased respiratory disease for those in

immediate proximity to waste sweeping and

collection activities.19 Recommended management

strategies to minimize dust, bio-aerosols, and odors

include:

Establishing frequent waste collection schedules;

Instituting a washing program for waste collection

vehicles and for company-owned waste collection and

transfer containers;

Promoting the use of bags to reduce the odors from

soiling of waste collection and transport equipment.

Vehicle Emissions

Emissions from on-road vehicles may be regulated

through national or regional programs. In the absence

of these, specific measures to prevent, minimize, and

control vehicle air emissions during waste collection

and transport include the following:

Optimize waste collection routes to minimize distance

traveled and overall fuel use and emissions

Implement transfer stations for small vehicles to

consolidate waste into large vehicles for

transportation to a treatment or disposal facility;

Waste collection and transport vehicle owners and

operators should implement the equipment

manufacturers’ recommended engine maintenance,

along with the mechanical maintenance for the safe

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operation of the vehicle, including proper tire

pressure.;

Drivers should also be instructed on the benefits of

driving practices which reduce both the risk of

accidents and fuel consumption, including measured

acceleration and driving within safe speed limits

(working with garbage truck drivers can save as much

as 25% on fuel use and reduce maintenance by 15%).

Additional fleet management recommendations are

presented in the General EHS Guidelines.

Waste Receipt, Unloading, Processing, and Storage

Control of the incoming waste stream is necessary to

ensure safe and effective processing, treatment, and

disposal of the waste and the quality of end products

(e.g., compost). While procedures may vary

depending on the nature of the waste and necessary

processing methods, recommended measures include:

Visually evaluate, weigh, and document incoming

waste loads;

Reject or, if the facility is equipped to process the

waste, segregate potentially hazardous materials or

wastes identified, including infectious waste, and

manage as a hazardous or infectious waste, as

applicable;

Analyze suspected hazardous materials before

acceptance so that they are segregated relative to

compatibility and so that they can be adequately

treated and disposed of;

If possible, isolate size reduction equipment (e.g.,

shredders or grinders) in an explosion-proof area with

proper ventilation and pressure relief to reduce the

impacts of potential explosions that could be caused

by materials such as gas cylinders and ignitable

liquids that may be present in MSW. Visual

inspection of the incoming waste, along with sorting

and removal procedures, can minimize this potential

hazard;

Separate recoverable secondary materials for

recycling and organic waste for composting to the

extent practical.

Contaminated Runoff

Leachate from waste piles caused by exposure to

precipitation and from residual liquids in the waste

itself may contain organic matter, nutrients, metals,

salts, pathogens, and hazardous chemicals. If allowed

to migrate, leachate can contaminate soil, surface

water, and groundwater potentially causing additional

impacts such as eutrophication and acidification of

surface water and contamination of water supplies.

Recommended contaminated runoff management

strategies include:

When siting, consider the proximity of waste handling

and storage areas to water supply wells for people and

animals, irrigation canals, and surface water bodies

that support aquatic life and the ability to prevent

contaminated leachate and drainage from entering

surface and ground water;

Use impermeable materials for roads, waste

processing and storage areas, and vehicle washing

areas, and install curbs to prevent runoff to permeable

areas;

Collect runoff and leachate from areas used for waste

storage, and treat runoff to meet applicable

environmental standards before discharge to surface

water or the municipal sewage system (e.g., screen to

remove large material, install silt traps to remove

particulates, and

remove separate-phase liquids with an oil/water

separator). Discharge to the municipal sewage system

(via pipe or tanker truck), where available, is preferred

for runoff from waste storage and handling areas;

Re-use collected water in on-site disposal processes to

the extent practical or store with collected leachate

awaiting treatment.

In addition, management strategies for contaminated

runoff from vehicles include:

Cover containers during transport,

Ensure vehicle equipment is designed to collect

drainage and that it is held in a sump container until

the vehicle reaches a safe discharge location.

Litter

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control litter and solid waste during

waste receipt, unloading, processing, and storage:

Provide adequate storage for waste not immediately

treated or disposed of;

Implement good housekeeping procedures;

Consider use of enclosed/covered areas for waste

tipping, shredding, compacting, etc.;

Install catch fences and netting to trap windblown

litter.

Air Emissions

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control vehicle emissions and

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emissions of dust, odors, and bioaerosols during waste

receipt, unloading, processing, and storage:

Select vehicles and containers that minimize air

emissions during waste loading and unloading;

Design drop-off points to minimize queuing of

vehicles; Sweep waste management areas and roads

frequently and use water spray for dust control where

needed;

Pre-treat wastes as needed (e.g., solidification,

encapsulation, or wetting sufficient to reduce dust but

without forming leachate);

Use enclosed waste handling and storage areas for

malodorous wastes or wastes that generate hazardous

dust (e.g., asbestos). Enclosed waste storage and

handling areas are preferred for all wastes;

Use extraction system to remove dust from working

areas, buildings, and storage vessels, and treat as

needed to control particulate emissions (e.g., bag

filter);

Remove, treat, or dispose of all biological/malodorous

wastes in an expeditious manner;

Use odor-neutralizing sprays where necessary;

Use negative pressure in processing buildings and

appropriate air filtration (e.g., biofilter) to remove

odor,

Noise and Vibration

Principal sources of noise and vibration include truck

traffic; loading equipment (e.g., cranes, wheeled

loaders), stationary compactors, balers, grinders, and

other treatment and conveyance systems.

Recommended noise management strategies include:

Construct a buffer zone between the facility and the

external environment or locate facilities away from

sensitive receptors;

Include noise and vibration considerations during

design, including use of models to predict noise levels

20 Compost is organic material that can be used as a soil amendment or as a medium to grow plants. Mature compost is a stable material with a content called humus that is dark brown or black and has a soil-like, earthy smell. It can be created by combining organic wastes (e.g., yard trimmings, food wastes, manures) in proper ratios into piles, rows, or vessels; adding bulking agents (e.g., wood chips) as necessary to accelerate the breakdown of organic materials; and allowing the finished material to fully stabilize and

at specified noise-sensitive locations, using

standardized sound power levels for construction

plant;

Maintain site roads in good condition to reduce noise

and vibration from vehicle movements;

Use acoustic screens around fixed/mobile plant and

equipment;

Select equipment that has low noise emission levels;

Fit silencing equipment to plant, e.g. baffles/mufflers;

Use buildings to contain inherently noisy fixed plant

equipment (e.g., locate waste shredder in the tipping

hall, and enclose tipping hall on all sides) and consider

use of sound-insulating materials in construction.

Biological Treatment

Biological treatment includes composting with other

organic materials for the preparation of soil products20

(i.e., aerobic treatment), and anaerobic digestion. To

maximize the usability of end products, waste should

not be accepted that contains organics that are

contaminated by potentially hazardous chemicals

(e.g., PCBs, chlordane and other pesticides, heavy

metals and metalloids) and/or pathogenic substances

and micro-organisms (e.g., prions, viruses, bacteria,

and parasites) that will not be rendered harmless by

the process or may constitute a health or

environmental risk. This may include certain clinical

waste and other related wastes of clinical origin, and

diseased carcasses, or contaminants classified as

hazardous or industrial wastes.21

Leachate and Runoff

Leachate and runoff from waste storage and

processing areas may contain organic material

(biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)), phenols,

nitrates, phosphorous, dissolved metals, and other

contaminants. If treated wood is processed, wood

preservative chemicals, such as creosote and

mature through a curing process (as defined by the US EPA (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/nonhw/composting/basic.htm)). 21 Additional information on composting is provided

in Chapter 7 (Composting) of the Decision Maker’s

Guide to Solid Waste Management, Volume II, EPA,

1995

(http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2.htm)

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chromated copper arsenate, and their degradation

products may be present. Municipal waste may

contain human and animal fecal matter and blood

which have a wide range of disease microorganisms.

Some household chemicals can possess hazardous

properties; examples include pesticides, solvents,

paints, batteries, used oils, pharmaceuticals, etc.

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control leachate generation and

discharge from biological treatment operations:

Install a drainage layer underneath the processing area

to provide adequate leachate drainage from

composting organics. This may consist of a bed of

coarse material such as wood chips, or alternatively

the processing platform may permanently incorporate

a drainage layer designed to withstand the loading,

working and removal of material. For small-scale

compost facilities or in dry areas, an adsorbent

material can be incorporated in the compost and at the

base of the pile;

The material processing or storage areas of the facility

should have a leachate barrier system that forms a

secure barrier between the groundwater, soil, and

substrata and the composting or stored organics, as

well as systems for collecting and treating leachate;

Design and maintain the slope and orientation of

windrows and/or leachate drains such that free

drainage of leachate to a collection drain is facilitated

and ponding of leachate is avoided; shape the piles and

windrows to maximize run-off and hence reduce

infiltration;

Store leachate in a lined earthen basin or in

aboveground storage tanks;

For anaerobic digestion, maximize recycling of

wastewater to the reactor;

Measure total organic carbon (TOC), chemical

oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)

and chlorine (Cl) levels in the inlet and outlet flows

from an anaerobic digester. When a better control of

the process is required, or a better quality of the waste

output, monitoring of additional parameters may be

necessary;

Operate an anaerobic digester under thermophilic

digestion conditions, in order to increase the pathogen

22 US EPA (1995)

destruction, biogas production rate (hence higher

energy recovery) and the retention time

Maintain ideal composting conditions such as22:

Carbon: nitrogen (C:N) ratio between 25:1 and 35:1 o

Moisture content of 50 to 60 percent of total weight

during treatment (and less than 50 percent for

marketing following screening)

Balance between particle size and void space to

promote rapid decomposition. Void space should be

sufficient to achieve a 10 to 15 percent oxygen level

within the pile in aerobic systems

Optimum temperature levels which can range between

32 and 60 degrees Celsius. Pathogen destruction can

be achieved by attaining and maintaining a

temperature of 55 degrees Celsius for three days in a

vessel composting system or 15 days in a windrow

system

pH of between 6 and 8.

Air Emissions

Releases to the air can include direct stack emissions

and fugitive emissions associated with biological

processes, as well as emissions from burning of

biogas. Direct air emissions can include bioaerosols,

particulate matter/dust, ammonia, amines, volatile

organic compounds (VOCs), sulfides, odors, etc. The

following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control air emissions from biological

treatment:

Use mist spray to keep down dusts, especially during

and prior to loading or other handling procedures.

Use windrow turning equipment that is specially

designed to minimize air emissions, as opposed to

wheeled loaders or conveyor loaders that drop wastes

into piles.

For highly odorous wastes, use closed feed bunkers

constructed with a vehicle sluice; for less odor-

intensive wastes, use automated and rapid action

doors (opening times of the doors being kept to a

minimum) in combination with an appropriate exhaust

air collection device resulting in an under pressure in

the treatment hall.

Enclose leachate drains to reduce the emission of

odors.

Minimize the amount of water added to compost (e.g.,

by covering compost material) to avoid anaerobic

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conditions that can cause hydrogen sulfide odors if the

compost mixture contains sulfur-containing materials.

Biomass and biogas combustion emissions depend on

the type of biomass material and combustion method

and can include particulate matter, nitrogen oxide

(NOX), sulfur oxide (SOX), carbon monoxide (CO),

hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and VOCs. When using

biomass or biogas as a fuel source for power

generation, reference should be made to the General

EHS Guidelines for emissions guideline values and

the selection of appropriate emissions prevention and

control techniques.

Fire

Biodegradable wastes can be combustible and aerobic

degradation can produce sufficient heat to cause

spontaneous combustion in certain circumstances.

Wastes can, in some instances, also contain ashes and

other readily ignitable materials that burst into flame

under wind conditions, or when contacting

flammables. In landfills, methane is generated by

anaerobic digestion and can potentially ignite if it

encounters an ignition source within or external to the

landfill. Methane in landfill gas can become trapped

in underground cavities, and even move along

geologic discontinuities, to pose a risk of explosion.

Recommended fire prevention and control strategies

include:

For composting, avoid conditions that can lead to

spontaneous combustion (e.g., moisture between 25 –

45 percent and temperatures above about 93ºC. This

can be achieved for example by keeping windrows

less than about

3m high and turning them when the temperature

exceeds

60ºC);

Collect biogas for use or treatment (e.g. energy

recovery or flaring);

Provide a fire alarm system, including temperature

sensors in the waste being treated;

Design the facility for access by firefighting

equipment, including clear aisles among windrows

and access to an adequate water supply.

MSW Incineration Facilities

Air Emissions

Air emissions from incineration depend on the

specific waste composition and the presence and

effectiveness of air pollution control systems.

Polluting emissions may include carbon dioxide

(CO2), CO, NOX, sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate

matter, ammonia, amines, acids (HCL, HF), VOCs,

dioxins/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals

(Hg), and sulfides, etc., depending on the waste

content and combustion conditions.

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control air emissions:

Conduct waste segregation and/or presorting to avoid

incineration of wastes that contain metals and

metalloids that may volatilize during combustion and

be difficult to control through air emission technology

(e.g., mercury and arsenic);

Follow applicable national requirements and

internationally recognized standards for incinerator

design and operating conditions, mainly rapid

quenching of the flue gas after leaving all combustion

chambers and before entering any dry particulate

matter air pollution control device but also

combustion temperature, residence time, and

turbulence.7 Standards for stationary incinerators

which include temperature and afterburner exit gas

quenching (i.e. rapid temperature reduction)

requirements are preferred in order to nearly

eliminate dioxins and furans;

Introduce wastes into the incinerator only after the

optimum temperature is reached in the final

combustion chamber.

The waste charging system should be interlocked with

the temperature monitoring and control system to

prevent waste additions if the operating temperature

falls below the required limits;

Minimize the uncontrolled ingress of air into the

combustion chamber via waste loading or other

routes;

Optimize furnace and boiler geometry, combustion air

injection, and, if used, NOX control devices using flow

modeling;

Optimize and control combustion conditions by the

control of air (oxygen) supply, distribution and

temperature, including gas and oxidant mixing; the

control of combustion

7 For example, according to Article 6 of EU Council

Directive 2000/76, the gas resulting from the

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incineration process should be raised, after the last

injection of combustion air to a temperature of 850

degrees Celsius (1,100 degrees Celsius for hazardous

wastes with a content greater than 1% of halogenated

organics) for a period of two seconds. Additional

details on operating conditions are provided in this

reference. Other sources of emissions standards

include the U.S. EPA regulations for air emissions

from stationary sources at 40 CFR Part

60.

temperature level and distribution; and the control of

raw gas residence time;

Implement maintenance and other procedures to

minimize planned and unplanned shutdowns;

Avoid operating conditions in excess of those that are

required for efficient destruction of the waste;

Use auxiliary burner(s) for start-up and shut-down and

for maintaining the required operational combustion

temperatures (according to the waste concerned) at all

times when unburned waste is in the combustion

chamber.

Use a boiler to transfer the flue-gas energy for the

production of electricity and/or supply of steam/heat,

if practical;

Use primary (combustion-related) NOX control

measures and/or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or

selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) systems,

depending on the emissions levels required;

Use flue gas treatment system for control of acid

gases, particulate matter, and other air pollutants;

Minimize formation of dioxins and furans by ensuring

that particulate control systems do not operate in the

200 to 400 degrees Celsius temperature range;

identifying and controlling incoming waste

composition; using primary (combustion-related)

controls; using designs and operation conditions that

limit the formation of dioxins, furans, and their

precursors; and using flue gas controls;

Consider the application of waste-to-energy or

anaerobic digestion technologies to help off-set

23 The possibility of applying waste-to-energy technologies depends on a number of issues which may include the project design specifications established by local government as well as laws applicable to the generation and sale electricity. Also, it should be noted that recycling options may often

emissions associated with fossil fuel based power

generation.23

Ash and Other Residuals

Combustion of solid wastes generates ash and other

material remaining after incineration. Solid wastes

may also be generated from treatment of wastewater

from flue gas treatment (FGT).

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control solid waste from incineration:

Design the furnace to, as far as possible, physically

retain the waste within the combustion chamber (e.g.

narrow grate bar spacing for grates, rotary or static

kilns for appreciably liquid wastes), and use a waste

throughput rate that provides sufficient agitation and

residence time of the waste in the furnace at

sufficiently high temperatures, including any ash

burn-out areas, in order to achieve a total organic

carbon (TOC) value in the ash residues of below 3 wt

percent and typically between 1 and 2 wt percent.

Manage bottom ash separately from fly ash and other

flue gas treatment residues to avoid contamination of

the bottom ash for its potential recovery;

Separate remaining ferrous and non-ferrous metals

from bottom ash as far as practicably and

economically viable, for their recovery;

Treat bottom ash on or off-site (e.g., by screening and

crushing) to the extent that is required to meet the

specifications set for its use or at the receiving

treatment or disposal site (e.g., to achieve a leaching

level for metals and salts that is in compliance with the

local environmental conditions at the place of use);

Bottom ash and residuals should be managed based on

their classification as hazardous or non-hazardous

materials. Hazardous ash should be managed and

disposed of as hazardous waste. Non-hazardous ash

may

be disposed of in an MSW landfill or considered for

recycling in construction materials.24

Water Effluents

save more energy than what is generated by incineration of mixed solid waste in a wasteto-energy facility. 24 EPA (http://www.epa.gov)

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Cooling systems generate cooling tower blowdown,

which is addressed in the General EHS Guidelines. In

addition, flue gas treatment generates wastewaters

requiring treatment and disposal.

To prevent, minimize, and control water effluents,

wastewater from flue gas treatment should be treated

as necessary, e.g., using filtration coagulation,

precipitation, and filtration to remove heavy metals,

and neutralization.

Noise

Principal sources include exhaust fans and resulting in

noise from the outlet of the stack; cooling system (for

evaporation cooling and especially for air cooling);

and turbine generators.

Measures to address noise impacts are addressed in

the

General EHS Guidelines. Additional recommended

measures to prevent, minimize, and control noise from

incineration include use of silencers on air coolers and

chimneys, as necessary.

Landfilling

A sanitary landfill is a carefully engineered,

structurally stable formation of segregated waste cells

separated by soil cover material, with base and side

slopes designed to minimize infiltration and facilitate

collection of leachate. Landfills are sited, designed

and operated to isolate the wastes from the

surrounding environment, particularly groundwater.

Even after closure, landfills required long-term care,

including maintenance of the cap system, collection

and treatment of leachate, collection and flaring or

utilization of landfill gas, and monitoring of

groundwater so that the waste remains isolated. Thus,

the EHS impacts of eventual decommissioning or

closure and longterm operation and maintenance of a

landfill need to be considered in the system design.

Specific closure procedures should focus on the

preservation of the long-term integrity and security of

the site, preferably with a minimum of maintenance.

Landfill operators, working in coordination with local

regulatory authorities, should explore and implement

opportunities to minimize the landfill disposal of

municipal wastes which contain metals, such as

25 Additional detail on siting is provided in Cointraeu

(2004) and European Union Council Directive

(1999).

mercury, which may be released due to crushing of

waste materials. Segregation and presorting of these

materials should be performed to the extent feasible.

Landfill Siting

The location of the landfill should take into account

potential impacts associated with releases of polluting

substances including the following:25

Proximity to residential, recreation, agricultural,

natural protected areas, or wildlife habitat and areas

prone to scavenging wildlife, as well as other

potentially incompatible land uses:

Residential development should be typically further

than 250 meters from the perimeter of the proposed

landfill cell development to minimize the potential for

migration of underground gaseous emissions

Visual impacts should be minimized by evaluating

locational alternatives

Siting should be further than 3 km of a turbojet airport

and 1.6 km of a piston-type airport or as permitted by

the aviation authority fully considering potential

threats to air safety due to attraction and presence of

birds

Proximity and use of groundwater and surface water

resources;

Private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock

water supply wells located downgradient of the

landfill boundaries should be further than 500 meters

from the site perimeter, unless alternative water

supply sources are readily and economically available

and their development is acceptable to regulatory

authorities and local communities

Areas within the landfill boundaries should be located

outside of the 10-year groundwater recharge area for

existing or pending water supply development.

Perennial stream should not be located within 300

meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell

development, unless diversion, culverting or

channeling is economically and environmentally

feasible to protect the stream from potential

contamination.

Site geology and hydrogeology; o Landfills should be

located in gently sloped topography, amenable to

development using the cell (bund) method), with

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slopes which minimize the need for earthmoving to

obtain the correct leachate drainage slope of about 2%

Groundwater's seasonally high table level (i.e., 10

year high) should be at least 1.5 meters below the

proposed base of any excavation or site preparation to

enable landfill cell development

Suitable soil cover material should be available on-site

to meet the needs for intermediate (minimum of 30 cm

depth) and final cover (minimum of 60 cm depth), as

well as bund construction (for the cell method of

landfill operation). Preferably, the site would have

adequate soil to also meet required cover needs

(usually a minimum of 15 cm depth of soil)26

Potential threats to landfill site integrity from natural

hazards such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes:

Landfills should be sited outside of a floodplain

subject to 10-year floods and, if within areas subject

to a 100year flood, amenable to an economic design

which would eliminate the potential for washout

There should be no significant seismic risk within the

region of the landfill which could cause destruction of

berms, drains or other civil works, or require

unnecessarily costly engineering measures; otherwise,

side slopes should be adjusted accordingly to prevent

failure in the event of seismic activity

No fault lines or significantly fractured geologic

structure should be present within 500 meters of the

perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development

which would allow unpredictable movement of gas or

leachate

There should be no underlying limestone, carbonate,

fissured or other porous rock formations which would

be incompetent as barriers to leachate and gas

migration, where the formations are more than 1.5

26 Daily cover needs can be alternatively met by using

removable tarps, other relatively inert materials (i.e.,

compost residuals), or by removing the previously

laid daily soil cover at the start of each day for reuse

at the end of the same day. 27 Liner systems for MSW landfills can consist of a

combination of geological barrier with an overlying

bottom liner and leachate drainage layer.

Permeability and thickness requirements may range

from a hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10-7

centimeters/second for a 0.6-meter layer of

compacted soil overlaid by a 30-mil flexible

meter in thickness and present as the uppermost

geologic unit above sensitive groundwaters.

Leachate Generation

Landfill leachate contains dissolved constituents

derived from the interstitial waters of the disposed

waste as well as its degradation products. It also may

contain some suspended solids, including pathogens.

If not collected and treated, leachate can migrate from

the landfill and contaminate soil, groundwater, and

surface water. Leachate and site monitoring are used

to confirm that the engineered landfill systems

effectively isolate the waste, both during operation of

the landfill

For purposes of siting, assume that at least 1 cubic

meter of daily, intermediate, and final compacted soil

cover is needed for every 6 cubic meters of compacted

refuse.

and after closure. Leachate from a MSW landfill

typically is very high in nitrogen (as ammonium),

chloride, and potassium, as well as dissolved

biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen

demand organics.

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control leachate generation from MSW

landfills:

Site landfills in areas with stable geology and avoid

siting near particularly vulnerable or sensitive

ecosystems and groundwater and surface water

resources;

Design and operate the landfill in accordance with

applicable national requirements and internationally

recognized standards to minimize leachate generation,

including the use of low-permeability landfill liners27

membrane liner (60-mil if made from high density

polyethylene (HDPE)) (see U.S. EPA Regulations at 40 CFR Part 258) to a 1 meter thickness and hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10-9 meters/second for the combined geological barrier and liner system with a 0.5 meter drainage layer (see European Union Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste). 13 For additional detailed design criteria refer to Basel Convention Guidelines on

Specially Engineered Landfill, Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 02/03; U.S. EPA Regulations at 40 CFR Part 258; and European Union Council

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to prevent migration of leachate as well as landfill gas,

a leachate drainage and collection system, and landfill

cover

(daily, intermediate, and final) to minimize

infiltration;13

Treat leachate onsite and/or discharge to municipal

wastewater system. Potential treatment methods

include aerated lagoons, activated sludge, anaerobic

digestion, artificial wetlands, re-circulation,

membrane filtration, ozone treatment, peat beds, sand

filters, and methane stripping;

Minimize the daily exposed working face and use

perimeter drains and landfill cell compaction, slopes

and daily cover materials to reduce infiltration of

rainfall into the deposited waste;

Prevent run-on of precipitation into the active area of

the landfill (e.g., by use of berms or other diversions);

systems should be designed to handle the peak

discharge from a

25-year storm;

Collect and control run-off from the active area of the

landfill; the system should be designed to handle the

discharge from a 24-hour, 25-year storm. Runoff is

typically treated together with leachate from the site.

Groundwater and Leachate Monitoring

Recommended measures for groundwater and

leachate monitoring include the following:

Measure and record the quantity and quality of

leachate generated. Changes in leachate quantity or

quality not attributable to weather or other factors may

indicate changes in the liner, leachate collection, or

landfill cover systems;

Install groundwater monitoring wells outside the

landfill perimeter at locations and depths sufficient to

evaluate whether leachate is migrating from the

landfill into the uppermost groundwater unit. This

groundwater monitoring network should usually

include, at a minimum, one monitoring well located in

the upgradient groundwater flow direction from the

landfill and two monitoring wells located in the down

gradient direction. The groundwater monitoring

system should be consistent with applicable national

Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. 28 See, for example, U.S. EPA regulations at 40 CFR

Part 258 Subpart E.

regulations and internationally recognized

standards.28

Regularly sample the monitoring wells and analyze

for constituents, selected based on:

The types, quantities, and concentrations of

constituents in wastes managed in the landfill

The mobility, stability, and persistence of waste

constituents their reaction products in the unsaturated

zone beneath the waste management area

The detectability of indicator parameters, waste

constituents, and reaction products in ground water;

The constituent concentrations in the groundwater

background.

Landfill Gas Emissions

MSW contains significant portions of organic

materials that produce a variety of gaseous products

when dumped, compacted, and covered in landfills.

Oxygen in a landfill is quickly depleted, resulting in

anaerobic bacterial decomposition of the organic

materials and the production of primarily carbon

dioxide and methane. Carbon dioxide is soluble in

water and tends to dissolve in the leachate. Methane,

which is less soluble in water and lighter than air,

tends to migrate out of the landfill, resulting in landfill

gas that is typically about 60 percent methane and 40

percent CO2, with trace amounts of other gases. Some

MSW landfills are designed to maximize anaerobic

degradation and production of landfill gas, which can

be burned for energy. In addition, operation of

landfills can generate dust and odors. Landfill gas is

not generated, or in lesser quantities, if the waste

material is primarily inert, such as construction debris.

Recommended methods to control and monitor

landfill gas emissions include the following:

Include landfill gas collection system designed and

operated in accordance with applicable national

requirements and recognized international standards

including recovery and pre-use processing or thermal

destruction through an efficient flaring facility.29

Prevent condensation from accumulating in extraction

systems by arranging the pipe work to fall to a removal

point such as a knock out-pot.

29 Flare design depends on the type of flare system

which may include open flares or enclosed flares.

Retention time and temperature necessary to achieve

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Use landfill gas as fuel if practical, or treat before

discharge (e.g., by using enclosed flare or thermal

oxidation if methane content is less than about 3

percent by volume).

Use gas blowers (boosters) of sufficient capacity for

the predicted gas yield and constructed of materials

appropriate for landfill gas duty; blowers should be

protected by flame arrestors at both gas inlet and

outlet.

Install and regularly sample boreholes surrounding the

landfill to monitor for migration of landfill gas.

Carbon financing may also be considered, including

opportunities implemented through the host-country

Joint Implementation of the United Nations Network

Convention on Climate Change.

Recommended methods to control dust and odor

emissions include the following:

Compact and cover waste promptly after discharge

from the vehicle delivering the waste

Minimize open tipping face area

Dispose of odorous sludge in covered trenches

Restrict acceptance of loads known to be particularly

odorous

Restrict tipping activities during periods of adverse

weather

(e.g., wind toward sensitive receptors)

Seal sump covers

Aerate leachate storage areas

highly efficient combustion of landfill gas ranges from

0.6-1.0 seconds at 850 degrees Celsius to 0.3 seconds

at 1000 degrees Celsius in enclosed flares. Open flares

operate at lower combustion temperatures. Additional

information on the technical specifications for

efficient flaring systems is provided in European

Agency, United Kingdom, and Scottish Environment

Protection Agency (2002) and World Bank – ESMAP

(2003).

Litter

Wind, vehicles, and vermin can disperse MSW,

potentially attracting vermin, contributing to

transmission of diseases, and adversely affecting

wildlife and neighboring communities.

30 For additional details on closure and post-closure

planning, refer to the EPA’s Guide for Industrial

Waste Management

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control dispersal of litter:

Avoid siting of facilities in particularly exposed,

windy areas

Provide perimeter planting, landscaping, or fences to

reduce wind;

Pin waste by use of dozers and landfill compactors

immediately after discharge from the vehicles

delivering the waste;

Use soil or artificial cover materials so that deposited

waste is held in place. More frequent application of

cover may be required during high winds or in

exposed areas;

Use scaring techniques or natural predators to control

scavenging birds;

Provide an emergency tipping area/foul weather cell

for lightweight wastes such as paper;

Construct temporary banks and bunds immediately

adjacent to the tipping area, install strategically placed

mobile catch fences close to the tipping area or on the

nearest downwind crest, and/or fully enclose of the

tipping area within a mobile litter net system;

Install wind fencing upwind of the tipping area to

reduce the wind strength as it crosses the facility;

Temporarily close the facility to specific or all waste

or vehicle types when weather conditions are

particularly adverse.

Closure and Post-Closure

Landfill facility operators should plan for the closure

and postclosure care of the facility. Such planning

should take place as early as possible in the project

cycle so that potential closure and post-closure issues

are incorporated in the financial and technical

planning. Closure and post-closure planning activities

should include the following elements:30

Development of a closure plan which specifies the

necessary environmental objectives and controls

(including technical specifications), future landuse (as

defined in consultation with local communities and

government agencies), closure schedule, financial

resources, and monitoring arrangements;

Evaluation, selection, and application of closure

methods consistent with post-closure use and which

(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/nonhw/industd/guide

.htm)

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should include the placement of a final cover to

prevent further impacts to human health and the

environment;

Application of final cover components that are

consistent with post closure use and local climatic

conditions. The final cover should provide long term

environmental protection by preventing direct or

indirect contact of living organisms with the waste

materials and their constituents; minimize infiltration

of precipitation into the waste and the subsequent

generation of leachate; control landfill gas migration;

and minimize long term maintenance needs.

Financial instruments in place to cover the costs of

closure and post-closure care and monitoring.

1.1.2 Industrial Hazardous Waste

Hazardous wastes may be so defined because they

share the properties of a hazardous material (e.g.

ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or

other physical, chemical, or biological characteristics

which may pose a potential risk to human health or the

environment if improperly managed. Wastes may

also be defined as “hazardous” by local regulations or

international conventions, based on the origin of the

waste and its inclusion in hazardous waste lists.

Waste Collection and Transport

Transportation of industrial hazardous waste is a

specialized activity requiring appropriate equipment

and suitably trained staff. Recommended measures to

prevent spills and releases during waste transport and

to facilitate emergency response if an accident should

occur are provided in the General EHS Guidelines.

Additional recommendations specifically applicable

to hazardous waste collection and transport operations

include:

Follow applicable national regulations and

internationally accepted standards for packaging,

labeling, and transport of hazardous materials and

wastes;31

Use tanks and containers specially designed and

manufactured to incorporate features appropriate for

the wastes they are intended to carry;

If drums or other containers are used to transport

waste, containers should be in good condition and

31 See, for example, UN Recommendations on the

Transport of Dangerous Goods (Orange Book);

compatible with the waste and are adequately secured

in the transport vehicle;

Adequately label all transport tanks and containers to

identify the contents, hazards, and actions required in

various emergency situations.

Waste Receipt, Unloading, Processing, and Storage

Because of the potential inherent hazards of the waste,

it is especially important for industrial hazardous

waste management facilities to understand and control

the nature of the waste that is accepted for storage,

treatment, or disposal. Failure to adequately identify

and classify incoming waste could result in inadequate

treatment or disposal or unintended reactions that

could release hazardous substances or cause fires or

explosions. Therefore, recommended measures to

control waste receipts and general measures to

mitigate risks at industrial hazardous waste

management facilities include:

Establish and maintain a close relationship with the

waste generator to understand the process generating

the waste and to monitor any changes in the process

or waste characteristics;

Sufficient personnel with the requisite qualifications

should be available and on duty at all times. All

personnel should undergo specific job training;

Obtain a thorough understanding of the incoming

waste. Such knowledge needs to take into account the

waste characteristics and variability, the origin of the

waste, the treatment and disposal under consideration,

the nature of the waste residuals, if any, that may be

generated during treatment, and potential risks

associated with waste treatment and disposal;

Implement a pre-acceptance procedure that includes,

as applicable, tests of the incoming waste and

documentation of the waste source (e.g., the processes

producing the waste, including the variability of the

process), and identifying the appropriate

treatment/disposal;

Implement an acceptance procedure that includes, as

applicable, procedures that limit the acceptance of

waste to only that which can be effectively managed

including effective disposal or recovery of residuals

from waste treatment. Only accept waste if the

U.S. Department of Transportation Regulations at

49 CFR Subtitle B Chapter 1.

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necessary storage, treatment capacity, and disposition

of any treatment residuals (e.g. acceptance criteria of

the output by another treatment or disposal facility)

are assured. The reception facility should include a

laboratory to analyze incoming

waste samples at the speed required by facility

operations to determine if the waste is acceptable;

In the case of treatment, analyze the waste out

according to the relevant parameters important for the

receiving facility (e.g. landfill or incinerator).

Spills and Releases

Overfills, vehicle accidents, and tank and piping

failures can lead to releases during waste storage and

handling. Mitigation measures, including physical

protection, overfill protection, tank integrity, and

secondary containment for tanks are addressed in the

General EHS Guidelines. Additional recommended

measures include:

Segregate hazardous wastes and materials from

nonhazardous wastes and materials;

Separate incompatible wastes, such as certain alkaline

and acidic wastes that would release toxic gases if

mixed; keep records of testing; store waste in separate

drums or vessels based on their hazard classification;

Lock out valves controlling material and waste

transfer when not in use;

Waste containers should be suitably labeled to include

details of their contents and that their locations are

recorded in a tracking system;

Transfer or decant only one type of material at any one

time;

Conduct regular training and exercises for site staff

regarding emergency procedures;

Provide sufficient firewater containment to prevent

uncontrolled discharge of water off site in the event of

a fire.

Fires and Explosions

Industrial hazardous wastes can be flammable and

reactive; therefore, special precautions are needed

when handling these wastes to prevent accidents.

Recommended measures to prevent and prepare for

fires and explosions are presented in the General EHS

Guidelines. Additional recommended measures

include:

Fire fighting equipment appropriate to the type of

waste received at the site should be available;

Minimize the storage of flammable liquids on site

(e.g. fuel, flammable wastes);

Use of a nitrogen atmosphere for organic waste liquid

with a low flashpoint stored in tanks;

Perform crushing and shredding operations under full

encapsulation and under an inert or exhausted

atmosphere for drums and containers containing

flammable or highly volatile substances;

Provide an emergency tipping area for waste loads

identified to be on fire or otherwise deemed to be an

immediate risk;

Prepare and annually review a fire risk assessment.

Air Emissions

Air emissions may include releases of particulate

matter and

VOCs from storage vessels and waste processing

equipment. Hazardous waste incineration facilities

should minimize leaks from hazardous waste transfer

equipment (e.g. pumps, piping, etc) through the

implementation of leak detection and repair

program.18 Additional guidance on VOC emissions

prevention and control is addressed in the General

EHS Guidelines. Guidance on emissions prevention

and control is also addressed above under the MSW

section.

Water Effluents

Storage and processing operations may generate wash

water

and runoff from waste management areas. General

measures

18 Additional information on VOC emissions

prevention programs is provided in

40 CFR Part 264, Subparts BB and CC

(http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_99/40c

fr264_99.html)

for runoff control are addressed under MSW above

and in the General EHS Guidelines. In addition, the

following methods are recommended for prevention,

minimization, and control of water effluents:

Collect and treat wash water and runoff from waste

storage and handling areas as potentially hazardous,

unless analytical tests determine otherwise;

Segregate runoff from areas storing incompatible

wastes.

Biological and Physico-Chemical Treatment

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Biological and physico-chemical treatment processes

destroy, separate, concentrate, or contain waste

materials to minimize potential environmental, health,

and safety hazards and to facilitate environmentally

sound management of the wastes. These treatments

are usually applied to aqueous solutions or sludge.

Many of the treatment processes are effective only for

specific waste types, and can be compromised by

constituents from other waste streams; therefore,

waste acceptance procedures discussed above are

especially important. Many of the processes in this

sector incorporate sophisticated equipment

technology requiring highly-trained staff.

General recommended procedures for biological

treatment are addressed under MSW, above. General

recommended procedures to prevent, minimize, and

control potential environmental impacts from

chemical treatment include:

Design and operate facilities in accordance with

applicable national requirements and internationally

accepted standards;32

Prepare a quality control plan, which may include a

definition of personnel rolls, responsibilities, and

qualifications, inspection procedures, and

documentation etc.;

Clearly define the objectives and the expected reaction

chemistry for each treatment process;

Assess each new set of reactions and proposed mixes

of wastes and reagents in a laboratory-scale test prior

to waste treatment;

Specifically design and operate the reactor vessel so

that it is fit for its intended purpose;

Monitor the reaction so that it is under control and

proceeding towards the anticipated result.

Air Emissions

Air emissions associated with storage and transfer

operations are discussed above. Additional

recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control air emissions include:

Enclose treatment and reaction vessels so that they are

vented to the air via an appropriate scrubbing or other

air emission abatement system;

32 See, for example, Basel Convention Technical

Guidelines on Hazardous Waste Physico-Chemical

Treatment and Biological Treatment, Basel

Install gas detectors (e.g. suitable for detecting HCN,

H2S, and NOX) and implement safety measures to

prevent releases of potentially toxic gases;

Link the air space above filtration and dewatering

processes to the main air pollution abatement system

of the plant, if such a system is in place.

Water Effluents

Waste water from biological and chemical processes

includes runoff and leachate (addressed above),

pollution control residuals, and waste residuals (e.g.,

separated aqueous fractions of wastes). General

measures for runoff control are addressed under MSW

above and in the General EHS Guidelines.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control water effluents include:

Add flocculation agents to the sludge and waste water

to be treated to accelerate the sedimentation process

and to facilitate the further separation of solids or,

where practical, use evaporation (which avoids the use

of flocculation agents);

Preventing the mixing of wastes or other streams that

contain metals and complexing agents.

Waste Residuals

Biological and chemical treatments typically generate

solid waste residuals that must be disposed of.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control solid wastes include:

Restrict the acceptance of wastes to be treated by

solidification/immobilization to those not containing

high levels of VOCs, odorous components, solid

cyanides, oxidizing agents, chelating agents, high

TOC wastes, and compressed gas cylinders.

Minimize the solubility of metals and reduce the

leaching of toxic soluble salts by a suitable

combination of water washing, evaporation, re-

crystallization, and acid extraction when

immobilization is used to treat solid waste containing

hazardous compounds prior to landfilling.

Based on the waste residual’s physical and chemical

characteristics, solidify, vitrify, melt, or fuse wastes as

required/necessary prior to landfill disposal.

Test the leachability of inorganic compounds (e.g., by

using the standardized European Committee for

Convention Series/SBC No. 02/09; U.S. EPA

regulations at 40 CFP Part 264.

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Standardization (CEN) or U.S. EPA leaching

procedures) for waste to be landfilled.

Hazardous Waste Incineration

Incineration involves several integrated process

operations, including feed control and preparation,

combustion, and management of combustion products

(e.g., flue gases and ash).

Incineration reduces the volume and weight of waste

and destroys nearly all of the organic compounds in

the waste, but also generates air emissions and waste

residues that must be appropriately managed.

To minimize potential environmental, health, and

safety impacts, the following general measures should

be considered:

Design and operate incinerators in accordance with

applicable national requirements and internationally

accepted standards.33 These standards typically

require destruction efficiencies of 99.99 percent to

99.9999 percent, depending on the hazard

characteristics of the waste;

Implement stringent waste selection procedures so

that only wastes that can be effectively managed are

accepted;34

Continuously monitor incinerator parameters

including waste feed rate, total hydrocarbons,

temperature (measured at the end of the residence

zone), and CO and oxygen (measured a the stack);

Install an automatic system to prevent feeding of

hazardous waste to the incinerator when operating

conditions deviate from the acceptable range (e.g.,

during startup and shutdown or upset conditions).

Air Emissions

Air emissions depend on the waste-feed composition

and may include NOX, SO2, CO2, metals, acids, and

products of incomplete combustion, most notably

polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and -furans

(PCDDs and PCDFs).

33 See, for example, Basel Convention Technical

Guidelines on Incineration on

Land, Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 02/04;

European Commission

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration, August 2006; and U.S. EPA Regulations at 40 CFR Chapter I Subpart O.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control air emissions include:

Continuously monitor CO and O2 to evaluate proper

combustion conditions;

Closely track chlorine content of the waste feed and

the feed rates of these and other potential pollutants;;

Periodically monitor concentrations of PCDDs,

PCDFs, other combustion products, and heavy metals

in flue gas; • Reduce the generation and emission of

PCDDs and

PCDFs, if/when chlorine containing wastes are

incinerated, by ensuring rapid cooling of flue gas as

well as good turbulence of the combustion gas, high

temperature, adequate oxygen content, and adequate

residence time. De-NOX systems can also reduce

PCDD and PCDF emissions;

Additional emission controls (e.g., activated carbon)

should be installed if necessary;

Treat combustion gases to remove metals and acid

gases (e.g., by wet scrubbers);

Control fugitive emissions from the combustion zone

(e.g., by sealing the combustion zone or maintaining

the combustion zone pressure below atmospheric

pressure);

Minimize fugitive emissions of ash (e.g., use of closed

systems to handle fine dry material and use of closed

containers for transfer to the disposal site).

Consider the application of waste-to-energy

technologies to help conserve resources and off-set

emissions associated with fossil fuel based power

generation.35

Water Effluents

Many air pollution control devices use water for gas

cleaning, and generate wastewater that contains the

pollutants removed from the flue gas. Recommended

34 Mercury should be excluded from the waste feed

to the maximum extent possible. 35 As previously noted, the possibility of applying

waste-to-energy technologies depends on a number

of issues which may include the project design

specifications established by local government as

well as laws applicable to the generation and sale

electricity.

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measures to prevent, minimize, and control water

effluents include:

Periodically monitor concentrations of PCDDs and

PCDFs if/when chlorine containing wastes are

incinerated, and other combustion products and heavy

metals in wastewater;

Minimize discharge of process wastewater to the

extent possible while maintaining required air

emission control;

Treat wastewater before discharge (e.g., using

settling, precipitation of metals, and neutralization).

Ash and Residues

Incinerator bottom ash contains metal oxides and

halides, which can have significant water solubility

(halides) and can potentially constitute a hazardous

waste. Fly ash can absorb water-soluble incomplete

combustion products from the flue gas. Thus,

contaminants may readily leach from untreated

incinerator waste residuals.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control solid wastes include:

Treat ash and other solid residue from incineration of

industrial hazardous wastes as hazardous unless it can

be demonstrated that they are not hazardous;

Periodically monitor concentrations of PCDDs,

PCDFs, other combustion products, and heavy metals

in pollution control residues, and ash or slag;

Reduce the potential for leaching from ash residues

(e.g., by solidification or vitrification) prior to final

disposition.

Landfilling

Hazardous constituents in landfilled industrial

hazardous wastes can potentially migrate from the

landfill as leachate or in the gas phase. Therefore,

design and operation criteria are particularly

important for landfills that accept industrial hazardous

waste so that the waste remains contained during the

operating life of the landfill, including after closure of

the landfill.

General recommended measures to prevent,

minimize, and control potential environmental

impacts from landfilling of industrial hazardous

wastes include:

36 See, for example, Basel Convention Guidelines on

Specially Engineered Landfill, Basel Convention

Design and operate the landfill in accordance with

applicable national requirements and internationally

accepted standards;36

Divide the landfill into different cells to separate

wastes with different properties;

Maintain records of the wastes received, including

sources, analytical results, and quantity;

Record on a map the location and dimensions of each

landfill cell and the approximate location of each

hazardous waste type within the landfill cell.

Leachate Generation

Storm water controls are addressed under MSW

landfills, above, and in the General EHS Guidelines.

In addition, recommended measures to prevent,

minimize, and control leachate generation include:

Install a liner system, preferably consisting of two or

more liners with a leachate collection system above

and between the liners, to prevent migration of wastes

out of the landfill to the adjacent subsurface soil or

ground water or surface water at anytime during the

active life of the landfill and

after closure, as long as the wastes remain hazardous.

The liners should be:

Constructed of low-permeability materials that have

appropriate chemical properties and sufficient

strength and thickness to prevent failure due to

pressure gradients, physical contact with the waste or

leachate to which they are exposed, climatic

conditions, the stress of installation, and the stress of

daily operation;

Placed upon a foundation or base capable of providing

support to the liner and resistance to pressure

gradients above and below the liner to prevent failure

of the liner due to settlement, compression, or uplift;

Installed to cover all surrounding earth likely to be in

contact with the waste or leachate.

Install a leachate collection and removal system

immediately above the upper liner to collect and

remove leachate from the landfill so that leachate

depth over the liner does not exceed 30 cm. The

leachate collection and removal system should be:

Constructed of materials that are chemically resistant

to the waste managed in the landfill and the leachate

expected to be generated and of sufficient strength and

Series/SBC No. 02/03; and U.S. EPA Regulations at

40 CFR Chapter I Subpart N.

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thickness to prevent collapse under the pressures

exerted by overlying wastes, waste cover materials,

and by any equipment used at the landfill;

Designed and operated to function without clogging

through the scheduled closure of the landfill.

In a two-liner system, install a leak detection system

between the liners. This leak detection system should

be capable of detecting, collecting, and removing

leaks of hazardous constituents at the earliest

practicable time through all areas of the top liner likely

to be exposed to waste or leachate;

At final closure of the landfill or upon closure of any

cell, cover the landfill or cell with a final cover

designed and constructed to:

Provide long-term minimization of migration of

liquids through the closed landfill;

Function with minimum maintenance; o Promote

drainage and minimize erosion or abrasion of the

cover;

Accommodate settling and subsidence so that the

cover's integrity is maintained; and

Have a permeability less than or equal to the

permeability of any bottom liner system or natural

subsoils.

Groundwater and Leachate Monitoring

Groundwater monitoring is addressed under MSW

landfills, above. In addition, recommended measures

for leachate and site inspections and monitoring

include:

During construction, inspect the liners for uniformity,

damage, and imperfections.

Inspect the landfill regularly (e.g., after storms and

weekly during operation and quarterly after closure)

to detect evidence of any of deterioration,

malfunctions, or improper operation of run-on and

run-off control systems, such as erosion of the final

cover; proper functioning of wind dispersal control

systems, where present; and the presence of leachate

in and proper functioning of leachate collection and

removal systems.

Landfill Gas

If biodegradable wastes are disposed of, landfill gas

can be generated and should be controlled and

monitored, as described for MSW landfills, above.

Closure and Post-Closure

Landfill facility operators should plan for the closure

and postclosure care of the facility as described

previously (see Municipal Solid Waste – Landfills).

1.1.3 Industrial Non-Hazardous

Waste

Solid industrial non-hazardous wastes are defined

through national legislation as they originate from

industrial sources but do not meet the definition of

hazardous waste with regards to their specific origin

within the industrial process or its characteristics.

Examples of non-hazardous industrial wastes include

any garbage, refuse, or sludge from a waste treatment

plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution

control facility, and other discarded material,

including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained

gaseous material resulting from industrial operations;

inert construction / demolition materials; refuse, such

as metal scrap and empty containers; and residual

waste from industrial operations, such as boiler slag,

clinker, and fly ash.

Waste Collection and Transport

Transportation of industrial non-hazardous waste

requires appropriate equipment and suitably trained

staff, and mitigation measures described above for

hazardous waste can be generally applicable to

industrial non-hazardous waste. Additional

recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control potential environmental risks associated with

waste collection and transport include:

Vehicles and other equipment used for collection

industrial non-hazardous wastes should not be used

for collection of MSW without prior cleaning to

remove waste residues.

Vehicles and other equipment used for collection

industrial non-hazardous wastes should not be used

for distribution of goods (e.g., mulch).

Waste Receipt, Unloading, Processing, and Storage

As with MSW and industrial hazardous waste,

facilities managing industrial non-hazardous waste

should understand and control the nature of the waste

that is accepted for storage, treatment, or disposal so

that the waste can be managed safely and effectively.

Waste acceptance and analysis procedures should be

implemented considering the nature and expected

variability of the incoming waste streams, and

generally should be similar to measures suggested for

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industrial hazardous waste management facilities,

described above.

Biological and Physico-Chemical Treatment

Treatment of non-hazardous industrial waste can help

to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste prior to

disposal. Treatment can also make a waste amenable

for reuse or recycling. Consequently, a facility

managing non-hazardous industrial waste might elect

to apply treatment. For example, treatment might be

incorporated to address small quantity VOC emissions

from a waste management unit, or a facility might

elect to treat a waste so that a less stringent waste

management system design could be used. Treatment

and post-treatment waste management methods can be

selected to minimize environmental impact, keeping

in mind that treatment residuals, such as sludge, are

wastes themselves that will need to be managed. In

general, recommended mitigation measures are

similar to those for industrial hazardous waste

treatment facilities, discussed above.

Incineration

Incineration might be considered for industrial non-

hazardous wastes, including solids, and especially

liquids, with heat value that can be recovered during

incineration. Recommended mitigation measures for

industrial hazardous waste incineration facilities,

discussed above, should be considered and adopted

for industrial non-hazardous incineration facilities as

appropriate, based on the nature of the incoming waste

stream.

Landfilling

Industrial non-hazardous waste landfills, like other

landfill facilities, depend on waste containment,

including leachate collection and treatment (and

where appropriate, gas management) to control

potential hazards associated with the waste. Industrial

non-hazardous waste landfills might accept only one

type of waste (i.e., monofills), or a variety of wastes.

The nature of the incoming wastes will determine

whether the design and controls are more similar to

MSW or industrial hazardous waste landfills. In

addition to measures discussed for MSW and

industrial hazardous waste landfills, the following

37 See, for example, Basel Convention Guidelines

on Specially Engineered Landfill, Basel

Convention Series/SBC No. 02/03; U.S. EPA

measures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and

control potential environmental impacts associated

with industrial nonhazardous waste landfills.

Comply with applicable national and local

requirements and internationally accepted standards

for industrial non-hazardous waste landfills, including

provisions for monitoring; 37

Do not dispose of putrescible wastes, unless the

facility is equipped to manage these types of wastes,

with landfill gas collection and treatment systems and

degradation products will not interact with the other

industrial wastes in a manner that would increase their

toxicity or mobility;

Do not dispose of liquids, explosive wastes,

radioactive or nuclear materials, or medical wastes

together with non-hazardous industrial wastes or by

landfilling;

Design the landfill systems, including selection of

liner and cover materials, so that industrial wastes and

degradation products are contained;

Monitor groundwater and surface water quality in the

vicinity of the facility in a manner similar to that

recommended for industrial hazardous waste

management facilities;

Develop and follow a written schedule for inspecting

monitoring equipment, safety and emergency

equipment, and operating and structural equipment

(such as dikes and sump pumps) that are important to

preventing, detecting, or responding to potential

environmental or human health hazards;

Implement a training program so that facility

personnel are able to respond effectively to

emergencies by familiarizing them with emergency

procedures, emergency equipment, and emergency

systems.

1.2 Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety impacts during the

construction and decommissioning of waste

management facilities are common to other large

industrial projects and are addressed in the General

EHS Guidelines. The most significant occupational

health and safety impacts typically associated with

regulations at 40 CFR Part 257; and 30 Texas

Administrative Code Chapter 335.

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workers at waste management facilities occur during

the operational phase and include:

Accidents and injuries

Chemical exposure

Exposure to pathogens and vectors

Accidents and Injuries

Physical hazards encountered at waste management

facilities are similar to those at other large industrial

projects and are addressed in the General EHS

Guidelines. Solid waste workers are particularly

prone to accidents involving trucks and other moving

equipment, so traffic management systems and traffic

controllers are recommended. Accidents include

slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of

disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught

in processing equipment, and being run over by

mobile equipment. Other injuries occur from heavy

lifting, contact with sharps, chemical burns, and

infectious agents. Smoke, dusts, and bioaerosols can

lead to injuries to eyes, ears, and respiratory systems.38

Mitigation measures for accidents and injuries are

partially addressed in the General EHS Guidelines. In

addition, the following procedures are recommended

to prevent, minimize, and control accidents and

injuries at waste management facilities:

In landfills, conduct compaction of wastes in thin

layers using heavy equipment and place regular cover

material over each compacted layer of waste, so that

any underground fires within a waste cell are not able

to spread throughout the landfill and lead to

significant cave-ins;

Ventilate landfill gas so that underground fires and

explosions do not occur;

Use maximum side slopes of 3:1 in non-seismic areas

and lower slopes (e.g., 5:1) in seismic areas, with

regular drainage of water so that saturated conditions

do not develop and lead to slope subsidence;

Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing,

gloves, respiratory face masks and slip-resistant shoes

for waste transport workers and hard-soled safety

shoes for all workers to avoid puncture wounds to the

feet. For workers near loud equipment, include noise

38 Refer to Cointreau. S. (2006) for additional

information.

protection. For workers near heavy mobile

equipment, buckets, cranes, and at the discharge

location for collection trucks, include provision of

hard hats;

Provide all landfill equipment with enclosed air

conditioned cabs and roll-over protection;

Provide refuse collection vehicles and landfill

equipment with audible reversing alarms and visible

reversing lights;

Improve the storage of solid wastes at the source so

that the loads to be collected are well contained and

not too heavy;

Locate exhaust pipes on waste collection vehicles so

that exhaust does not discharge into the breathing zone

of workers on the riding steps;

Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly

eliminate, crossing traffic that is going in the opposite

direction;

Provide two-hand constant-pressure controls for

collection vehicles with compaction mechanisms;

Restrict access to disposal sites such that only

safetytrained personnel with protective gear are

permitted to high-risk areas;

Segregate people from operating trucks in recycling

and transfer stations;

Use automated systems to sort and transfer waste to

the extent practical in order to minimize contact with

the waste;

Provide workers with communications tools, such as

radios. Special signaling codes have been developed

for communications on landfill sites;

Minimize sorting from the ground by providing

conveyor belts and/or tables that facilitate sorting;

Establish engineering and materials norms for special

facility and stationary equipment design requirements

that minimize exposure to hazards (e.g., ventilation,

air conditioning, enclosed conveyor belts, low loading

and

sorting heights, non-skid flooring, safety rails on stairs

and walkways, spill protection and containment, noise

control, dust suppression, gas alarm systems, fire

alarm and control systems, and evacuation facilities).

Chemical Exposure

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Chemical hazards encountered at waste management

facilities are similar to those at other large industrial

facilities, such as toxic and asphyxiating gases, and

are addressed in the General EHS Guidelines.

However, the full composition of wastes and their

potential hazards is often unknown. Even municipal

solid waste (MSW) often contains hazardous

chemicals, such as heavy metals from discarded

batteries, lighting fixtures, paints, and inks.

The following procedures are recommended to

prevent, minimize, and control chemical exposure at

waste management projects:

Control and characterize incoming waste (see waste

receipt, unloading, processing and storage);

Provide adequate personnel facilities, including

washing areas and areas to change clothes before and

after work;

Ventilate enclosed processing areas (e.g., dust in

waste size reduction areas, VOCs driven off by high

temperatures during composting);

Monitor breathing zone air quality in work areas at

processing, transfer and disposal facilities. Direct-

reading instruments that measure methane and oxygen

deficiency are of primary importance; these include

combustible gas indicators, flame ionization

detectors, and oxygen meters. At waste

treatment/disposal facilities, volatile organics should

also be analyzed in the biodegradation gases being

collected and/or vented. In waste handling, sorting,

and composting facilities, monitoring for organic dust

is needed;

Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in

designated areas;

Provide air filtered and air conditioned cabs for heavy

mobile equipment used at landfills as necessary.

Dust

Waste processing can generate nuisance and

hazardous dust, including organic dust. Dust control

measures discussed in Section 1.1 above, will also

help to reduce worker exposure to dusts. General

mitigation measures for dust are also addressed in the

General EHS Guidelines.

Pathogens and Vectors

Workers can be exposed to pathogens contained in

manure and animal excreta found in MSW from the

disposal of sludge, carcasses, diapers, and yard

trimmings containing domestic animal waste.

Uncontrolled dumping of MSW attracts rats, flies, and

other insects that can transmit diseases. Processing of

MSW can also generate bioaerosols, suspensions of

particles in the air consisting partially or wholly of

microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and

fungi. These microorganisms can remain suspended in

the air for long periods of time, retaining viability or

infectivity. Workers may also be exposed to

endotoxins, which are produced within a

microorganism and released upon destruction of the

cell and which can be carried by airborne dust

particles.

The following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control pathogens and vectors:

Provide and require use of suitable personal protective

clothing and equipment;

Provide worker immunization and health monitoring

(e.g. for Hepatitis B and tetanus);

Maintain good housekeeping in waste processing and

storage areas;

Use automatic (non-manual) waste handling methods

if practical;

For landfills, promptly emplace, compact and cover of

wastes in defined cells, especially for waste with the

potential to attract vermin and flies, such as food

wastes (especially animal by-products if accepted at

the facility) and tannery wastes;

Clean and wash with disinfectant the cabins of heavy

mobile equipment used at regular intervals;

For composting, maintain aerobic conditions and

proper temperatures in the windrows. Isolate workers

from sporedispersing components of the composting

process such as mechanical turning (e.g., by using

tractors or front-end loaders with enclosed air-

conditioned or heated cabs). Aeration systems are

preferred over manual turning;

Maintain adequate temperature and retention time in

biological treatment systems to achieve pathogen

destruction (e.g., 55ºC for at least 3 consecutive days

in most compost situations and 55ºC for 15 days in

windrows);

Grade the area properly to prevent ponding (to

minimize insect breeding areas);

Use integrated pest-control approaches to control

vermin levels, treating infested areas, such as exposed

faces and flanks with insecticide, if necessary;

.

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Provide and require use of dust masks or respirators

under dry and dusty conditions (e.g., when compost is

being turned). Charcoal-filled respirators also reduce

odor perception;

Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises.

Cover open wounds to prevent contact with the

incoming loads or feedstock;

Fully enclose the waste management site with fencing

so that no livestock or wildlife is able to come in

contact with the waste, which contains significant

potential to enable the spread of livestock and

zoonotic disease, as well as spillover disease to

wildlife. Provide daily cover of wastes to minimize

the attraction to birds, which can become infected with

avian influenza and other bird diseases that can then

be carried off-site.

1.3 Community Health and Safety

Community health and safety issues related to the

construction of waste management projects may

include emissions from the solid wastes and

construction site issues which are addressed in the

General EHS Guidelines..

Community health and safety impacts which occur

during the operational and decommissioning phases of

waste management facilities may include:

General occupational and environmental health issues

associated with waste scavenging

Physical, chemical, and biological hazards

Litter

Noise

Dust and odors

General Occupational and Environmental Health

Issues Associated with Waste Scavenging

The presence of informal sector workers laboring in

municipal or mixed waste disposal sites in search of

commercially valuable materials is a common place

occurrence in developing countries. The causes and

dynamics are the result of complex social, cultural,

labor, and economic factors that are clearly outside of

the scope of this guidance document. However, the

following principles should be considered in

managing the occupational, health, and safety risks of

informal laborers:

Waste scavenging should not be allowed under any

circumstances in hazardous and non-hazardous

industrial waste management facilities;

Facilities dedicated to the management of MSW

should work with government entities in the

development of simple infrastructure that can allow

for the sorting of waste, helping groups of scavengers

form cooperatives or other forms of micro-enterprises,

or formally contracting them to provide this function.

The outright displacement of scavenging workers as

an occupational health and safety management

strategy, without the provision of viable alternatives,

should be avoided;

Operators of existing facilities with scavenging

workers should exercise commercially viable means

of formalizing their work through the creation of

management programs that include:

Allowing only registered adults on the site, excluding

children and domestic animals. Striving to provide

alternatives to access to childcare and education to

children;

Providing protective gear, such as shoes. face masks,

and gloves;

Arranging the disposal layout and provide sorting

facilities to improve access to recyclables while

reducing their contact with other operations, thus

minimizing potential hazards;

Providing water supply for washing and areas for

changing clothes;

Implementing education campaigns regarding

sanitation, hygiene, and care of domestic animals;

Providing a worker health surveillance program

including regular vaccination and health

examinations.

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Hazards

Visitors and trespassers at waste management

facilities may be subject to many of the hazards

described for site workers. In particular, waste

pickers, looking for recyclable materials and food

scraps for animal feeding, often work informally at

waste transfer and disposal sites, especially MSW

facilities, typically living adjacent to the site in poor

housing conditions, with minimal basic infrastructure

for clean water and sanitation. Waste pickers may be

encounter numerous risks, including contact with

human fecal matter, paper that may have become

saturated with toxic materials, bottles with chemical

residues, metal containers with residue pesticides and

solvents, needles and bandages (containing

pathogenic organisms) from hospitals, and batteries

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containing heavy metals. Exhaust fumes of waste

collection trucks traveling to and from disposal sites,

dust from disposal operations, and open burning of

waste all contribute to potential occupational health

problems.39

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and

control physical, chemical, and biological hazards to

the community include:

• Restrict access to waste management facilities by

implementing security procedures, such as:

Perimeter fencing of adequate height and suitable

material, e.g. chain link, stock proof palisade;

Lockable site access gate and buildings; o

Security cameras at key access points linked

to recording equipment and remote access CCTV,

where required;

Security alarms fitted to buildings and storage areas;

o Review of site security measures annually or

whenever a security breach is reported

Use of a site visitor register; o Immediate repair of

fencing/access points if damaged;

and

Lighting of site during night time where necessary.

As this may cause light nuisance to neighbors, the

lighting installations should be selected to minimize

ambient light pollution.

Litter

Uncollected garbage and litter spread beyond the

waste management facility boundaries by wind,

vermin, and vehicles can directly spread disease;

attract rats, flies, and other vectors; and expose the

community to hazardous substances. Scavenging

birds, such as gulls and crows, commonly congregate

on landfill sites accepting household waste. They

disturb newly tipped and partially covered waste

whilst searching for food, and lead to complaints from

adjoining residents and landowners about food scraps,

excreta and other waste dropped away from the

landfill. Litter control is addressed in Section 1.1,

above.

Noise

39 Sandra Cointreau, The World Bank Group,

Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of

Solid Waste Management Special Emphasis on

Middle- and

Noise is typically generated by waste processing and

treatment equipment as well as vehicular traffic on the

site and bringing waste and materials to and from the

facility. Sources of noise and abatement measures are

addressed in Section 1.1, above, and the General EHS

Guideline. In addition, facility operators should

coordinate hours of operation with adjacent land uses.

Dust and Odors

Dust and odors from waste management facilities can

be a nuisance to the neighboring community. Organic

dust can also carry disease-causing microorganisms.

Dust and odor controls are addressed in Section 1.1

and in the General EHS Guidelines. In addition, the

following measures are recommended to prevent,

minimize, and control community exposure to dust

and odors from waste management facilities:

Provide adequate buffer area, such as hills, trees, or

fences, between processing areas and potential

receptors.

Avoid siting facilities near densely populated

neighborhoods and installations with potentially

sensitive receptors, such as hospitals and schools. Site

facilities downwind from potential receptors, if

possible.

2.0 Performance Indicators and Industry Benchmarks

2.1 Environmental Performance

Emissions and Effluents

Tables 1 through 4 present examples of emissions and

effluent standards for waste management facilities

from the European Union and the United States for

this sector.40 These emissions and effluent values are

assumed to be achievable under normal operating

conditions in appropriately designed and operated

facilities through the application of pollution

prevention and control techniques discussed in the

preceding sections of this document. These levels

should be achieved at all times as described in the

above-referenced standards. Deviation from these

levels in consideration of specific, local project

conditions should be justified in the environmental

assessment.

Lower-Income Countries, Urban Papers UP-2, July

2006. 40 Sources should be consulted directly for the most

updated information.

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Effluent guidelines are applicable for direct

discharges of treated effluents to surface waters for

general use. Site-specific discharge levels may be

established based on the availability and conditions in

the use of publicly operated sewage collection and

treatment systems or, if discharged directly to surface

waters, on the receiving water use classification as

described in the General EHS Guideline. These levels

should be achieved, without dilution, at least 95

percent of the time that the plant or unit is operating,

to be calculated as a proportion of annual operating

hours. Deviation from these levels in consideration of

specific, local project conditions should be justified in

the environmental assessment.

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring programs for this sector

should be implemented to address all activities that

have been identified to have potentially significant

impacts on the environment, during normal operations

and upset conditions. Environmental monitoring

activities should be based on direct or indirect

indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use

applicable to the particular project.

Monitoring frequency should be sufficient to provide

representative data for the parameter being monitored.

Monitoring should be conducted by trained

individuals following monitoring and record-keeping

procedures and using properly calibrated and

maintained equipment. Monitoring data should be

analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and

compared with the operating standards so that any

necessary corrective actions can be taken. Additional

guidance on applicable sampling and analytical

methods for emissions and effluents is provided in the

General EHS Guidelines.

2.2 Occupational Health and Safety Performance

Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines

Occupational health and safety performance should be

evaluated against internationally published exposure

guidelines, of which examples include the Threshold

Limit Value (TLV®) occupational exposure

guidelines and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®)

published by American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the

United States

National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety

(NIOSH),

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) published by the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the

United States (OSHA), Indicative Occupational

Exposure Limit Values published by European Union

member states, or other similar sources.

Accident and Fatality Rates

Projects should try to reduce the number of accidents

among project workers (whether directly employed or

subcontracted) to a rate of zero, especially accidents

that could result in lost work time, different levels of

disability, or even fatalities. Facility rates may be

benchmarked against the performance of facilities in

this sector in developed countries through

consultation with published sources (e.g. US Bureau

of Labor Statistics and UK Health and Safety

Executive).

Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring

The working environment should be monitored for

occupational hazards relevant to the specific project.

Monitoring should be designed and implemented by

credentialed professionals as part of an occupational

health and safety monitoring program. Facilities

should also maintain a record of occupational

accidents and diseases and dangerous occurrences and

accidents. Additional guidance on occupational

health and safety monitoring programs is provided in

the General EHS

Guidelines

Table 1. Air Emission Standards for MSW Incinerators

in the EU and US

Parameter EU USAa

Total Suspended

Particulates

10 mg/m3 (24-hr

average) 20 mg/dscm

Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2)

50 mg/m3 (24-

hr average) 30 ppmv (or 80%

reduction)b

Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOX)

200 – 400

mg/m3

(24-hr average)

150 ppmv (24-hr

average)

Opacity n/a 10%

Hydrochloric

Acid (HCl)

10 mg/m3 25 ppmv (or 95%

reduction)b

Dioxins and

Furans

0.1 ng TEQ/m3

[6 – 8 hr average] 13 ng/dscm (total

mass)

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Cadmium

0.05 – 0.1

mg/m3 [0.5 – 8

hr average]

0.010 mg/dscm

Carbon

Monoxide (CO)

50 – 150 mg/m3 50 – 150 ppmvc

Lead (Pb) (See Total

Metals below) 0.140 mg/dscm

Mercury (Hg)

0.05 – 0.1

mg/m3 [0.5 – 8

hr average]

0.050 mg/dscm

(or 85% reduction)b

Total Metals

0.5 – 1 mg/m3

[0.5 – 8 hr

average]

n/a

Hydrogen

fluoride (HF)

1 mg/m3 n/a

Sources:

- EU Directive 2000/76/EC (applicable to MSW and

Hazardous Waste Incinerators) - US EPA Standards of

Performance for Large Municipal Waste Combustors, 40

CFR Part 60 Subpart Eb.

Notes:

a All values corrected to 7% oxygen b Whichever is

less stringent c Depending on the type of unit: modular

starved air, and modular excess air—50 ppm (4hr

average); mass burn waterwall, mass burn refractory, and

circulating fluidized bed combustor—100 ppm (4-hr

average); mass burn rotary waterwall—100 ppm (24-hr

average); pulverized coal/refuse-derived fuel mixed fuel-

fired combustor—150 ppm (4-hr average); refuse-

derived fuel stoker, and spreader stoker coal/refuse-

derived fuel mixed fuel-fired combustor—150 ppm (24-

hr average). mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter;

mg/dscm = milligrams per dry standard cubic meter;

ppmv = parts per million by volume; TEQ = Toxicity

Equivalent Units;

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Table 2. Air Emission Standards for Hazardous

Waste Incinerators in the EU and US

Parameter EU US a

Particulate

Matter

See

Table

1

1.5 mg/dscm

Carbon

Monoxide (CO)

or

Hydrocarbons

(HC)

See

Table

1

100 (CO) ppmv 10 (HC)

ppmv

Total Chlorine

(HCl, Cl2)

See

Table

1

21 ppmv

Mercury (Hg)

See

Table

1

8.1 µg/dscm

Semi-Volatile

Metals (Pb, Cd)

See

Table

1

10 µg/dscm

Low Volatile

Metals (As, Be,

Cr)

See

Table

1

23 µg/dscm

Dioxins and

Furans

See

Table

1

0.11 dry APCD or WHB

0.20 other sources

(ng TEQ/dscm)

Destruction and

Removal

Efficiency

See

Table

1

99.99% – 99.9999%

Source:

US EPA National Emission Standards for

Commercial and Industrial Solid

Waste Incineration Units, 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart

EEE.

Notes:

a All values corrected to 7% oxygen

TEQ = toxicity equivalent; APCD = air pollution

control device; WHB = waste heat boiler; mg/m3 =

milligrams per cubic meter; mg/dscm = milligrams

per dry standard cubic meter; ppmv = parts per

million by volume;

Table 3. Air Emission Standards for Industrial Non-

Hazardous Waste Incinerators in the EU and US

Parameter EU USa

Opacity

See

Table

1

10%

Particulate Matter

See

Table

1

70 mg/dscm

Carbon

Monoxide (CO)

See

Table

1

157 ppmv

Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOX)

See

Table

1

388 ppmv

Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2)

See

Table

1

20 ppmv

Hydrogen

Chloride (HCl)

See

Table

1

62 ppmv

Cadmium (Cd)

See

Table

1

4 µg/dscm

Lead (Pb)

See

Table

1

40 µg/dscm

Mercury (Hg)

See

Table

1

470 µg/dscm

Dioxins and

Furans

See

Table

1

0.41 ng TEQ/dscm b

Source:

US EPA National Emission Standards for

Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration

Units , 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart CCCC.

Notes:

a. All values corrected to 7% oxygen. Based on 3-

run average (1-hr minimum sample time per run),

except for opacity, which is based on 6-minute

averages. mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter;

mg/dscm = milligrams per dry standard cubic meter;

ppmv = parts per million by volume; TEQ = toxicity

equivalent.

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Table 4—Effluent Standards for Landfills in the US

Parameter Units

Guidelinec

Hazardous

Waste Landfills

MSW Landfills

Daily

Max

Monthly

Avg.

Daily

Max

Monthly

Avg.

BOD5 220 56 140 37

pH 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9

Total

Suspended

Solids

mg/L 88

27 88 27

Ammonia

(as N)

mg/L 10 4.9 10 4.9

Arsenic mg/L 1.1 0.54

Chromium mg/L 1.1 0.46

Zinc mg/L 0.535 0.296 0.20 0.11

a-Terpineol mg/L 0.042 0.019 0.033 0.016

Analine mg/L 0.024 0.015

Benzoic

Acid

mg/L 0.119 0.073 0.12 0.071

Naphthalene mg/L 0.059 0.022

p-Cresol mg/L 0.024 0.015 0.025 0.014

Phenol mg/L 0.048 0.029 0.026 0.015

Pyridine mg/L 0.072 0.025

Source: U.S. EPA Effluent Guidelines for Centralized

Waste Treatment, 40 CFR Part 437.

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3.0 References and Additional Sources

Cointreau, Sandra. 2006. Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of

Solid Waste Management Special Emphasis on Middle- and Lower-Income Countries. The World Bank

Group Urban Papers UP-2. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/urban/uswm/healtheffects.pdf

European Agency, United Kingdom, and Scottish Environment Protection Agency. 2002. Guidance on

Landfill Gas Flaring. Bristol, UK. Available at

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/I1QGOF15CVN430N9A7NM 6C0JPFWW88

European Commission, European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Bureau (EIPPCB). 2006a.. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Waste

Treatments. EIPPCB: Seville, Spain. Available at http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm

European Commission, EIPPCB. 2006b. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste

Incineration. EIPPCB: Seville, Spain. Available at http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm

European Commission, EIPPCB.. 2006c. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document on

Emissions from Storage. EIPPCB: Seville, Spain. Available at http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm

European Commission. 2003. 2003/33/EC: Council Decision of 19 December

2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of

and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC. Available at

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm

European Commission. 1999. Council of the European Union. Council Directive on 1999/31/EC of 26 April

1999 on the landfill of waste. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm

European Union Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Available at

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology,

Industry and Economics. 2004. Waste Management Planning An

Environmentally Sound Approach for Sustainable Urban Waste Management, An Introductory Guide for

Decision-makers. Integrative Management Series, No 6. Geneva: UNEP.

UNEP. 2000a. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Technical Guidelines on Hazardous Wastes: Physico-

Chemical Treatment/Biological Treatment. Basel Convention series/SBC No. 02/09. Geneva: UNEP.

UNEP. 2000b. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Technical Guidelines on

Wastes Collected from Households. Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 02/08. Geneva: UNEP.

UNEP. 1997a. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Technical Guidelines on Specially Engineered Landfill

(D5). Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 02/03. Geneva: UNEP.

UNEP, Secretariat of the Basel Convention. 1997b. Technical Guidelines on Incineration on Land. Basel

Convention Series/SBC No. 02/04. Geneva: UNEP.

United States (US) Department of Labor. 2003. Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA). CPL 02-02-071 - Technical Enforcement and Assistance

Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Site and RCRA Corrective Action Clean-up

Operations HAZWOPER 1910.120 (b)-(o) Directive. Washington, DC: OSHA. Available at

http://www.osha.gov/

US Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Decision Maker’s Guide to Solid

Waste Management, Volume II, 1995 (http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2.htm)

US Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Center for Environmental Research

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217

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

Information. 1998. Guidance for Landfilling Waste in Economically Developing Countries. Authors:

Savage, G.M., L.F. Diaz, C.G. Golueke, and Charles Martone. EPA/600/SR-98/040. Cincinnati, OH: US

EPA.

US EPA. Microbiological and Chemical Exposure Assessment Research (MCEARD). Available at

http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/merb.htm

The following additional selected references are available at the World Bank’s Website at

http://web.worldbank.org/

Diaz L., Savage G., Eggerth L., Golueke C. "Solid Waste Management for

Economically Developing Countries." ISWA, October 1996. Environmental Protection Agency, August

1995, sec. edition. To obtain a copy, visit the International Solid Waste Association web site; click on

Bookshop.

Cointreau, Sandra. "Transfer Station Design Concepts for Developing Countries." Undated.

Cointreau, Sandra. "Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria." World Bank/Urban Infrastructure Note.

May 1996 and updated November 2004.

Ball, J.M., ed. "Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill." First

Edition, WasteManagement Series, Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, 1994.

(To be posted)

International Solid Waste Association. "Guide for Landfilling Waste in Economically Developing

Countries." CalRecovery, Inc., The International Solid Waste Association, United States Environmental

Protection Agency, April 1998. To obtain a copy, visit the ISWA website and click on Bookshop.

Johannessen, Lars Mikkel. "Guidance Note on Leachate Management for Municipal Solid Waste

Landfills". Urban and Local Government Working Paper Series #5, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1999.

Johannessen, Lars Mikkel. "Guidance Note on Recuperation of Landfill Gas from Municipal Solid Waste

Landfills". Urban and Local Government Working Paper Series #4, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1999.

Oeltzschner, H. and Mutz, D. "Guidelines for an Appropriate Management of

Sanitary Landfill Sites." Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit

(GTZ) GmbH, Division 414, Water, Waste Management and Protection of Natural Resources, Munich,

June 1996.(Also available in Spanish: "Desechos sólidos sector privado/rellenos sanitarios." Programa de

Gestion Urbana (PGU), Serie Gestión Urbana Vol. 13, Quito, Ecuador.)

Thurgood, M., ed. "Decision-Maker's Guide to Solid Waste Landfills." Summary. The World Bank, World

Health Organization, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and Swiss Center for Development

Cooperation in Technology and Management, Washington, DC, July 1998.

Rand, T., J. Haukohl, U. Marxen. "Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: Decision Maker's Guide". World

Bank, Washington, DC, June 1999.

Rand, T., J. Haukohl, U. Marxen. "Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: Requirements for a Successful

Project". World Bank Technical Paper No. 462. World Bank, Washington, DC, June 1999.

WHO Regional Office for Europe ."Waste Incineration". Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe,

1996, Briefing Paper Series, No. 6.

World Bank, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). 2003. Handbook for the

Preparation of Landfill Gas-to-Energy Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington DC.

World Bank. 2005. Waste Management in China: Issues and Recommendations. Urban Development

Working Papers, East Asia

Infrastructure Department. World Bank Working Paper No. 9. Washington DC

United Nations Environment Programme. "Landfill of Hazardous Industrial

Wastes – a trainers manual". UNEP/ISWA Technical Report No. 17. 1993.

UNFCCC. "Clean Development Mechanism Project Design Document: Salvador Da Bahia LandfillGas

Project." ICF Consulting. Version 3, June 2003.

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218

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

UNFCCC. "Project Design Document for Durban, South Africa Landfill Gas to Electricity." The Prototype

Carbon Fund. Final Draft., April 15, 2003.

UNFCCC. "Clean Development Mechanism Project Design Document:

Municipal Solid Waste Treatment cum Energy Generation Project, Lucknow, India." Infrastructure

Development Finance Company, Ltd., September 2003.

UNFCCC. "Project Design Document: Brazil NovaGerar Landfill Gas to Energy Project." Eco Securities.

July 14, 2003.

UNFCCC. "Project Design Document: CERUPT Methodology for Landfill Gas

Recovery Project – Tremembe, Brazil." Onyx. undated

Description and Definition of Wastes

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) typically includes household refuse, institutional wastes, street sweepings,

commercial wastes, as well as construction and demolition debris. MSW is extremely variable in

composition, depending on the income and lifestyle of the generators. MSW may include paper and

packaging materials; foodstuffs; vegetable matter such as yard debris; metal; rubber; textiles; and

potentially hazardous materials such as batteries, electrical components, paint, bleach, and medicines. In

developing countries, MSW may also contain varying amounts of industrial wastes from small industries,

as well as dead animals and fecal matter. In general, and the content of organic waste in developing

countries (up to 70 – 80 percent) is higher than in industrialized countries, and the content of packaging

waste is lower, making MSW in developing countries relatively dense and moist.

Industrial Waste

The waste categories generated within the industrial enterprises depend on the manufacturing processes and

waste management practices. In some cases, sector-specific waste arising within industrial facilities is

disposed of at the municipal landfill. These types of waste may consist of slag from iron works and steel

mills, ashes, residues from flue gas cleaning, bark, wood, sawdust, cutting fluids, waste oil, organic waste

from food industry, and sludges (organic and non-organic). Some of the waste types generated within the

industries can be hazardous.

Waste Collection and Transportation

Household waste typically is collected from individual households at the curbside or from neighborhood

collection stations with dedicated containers or bins.

Collection vehicles may range from horse-drawn carts, to pickup trucks, to back-loaded and compacting

vehicles with a capacity of about 6 – 10 cubic meter (or up to 10 tons). One of the most common problems

in developing countries has traditionally been the lack of household waste collection service in low-income

neighborhoods with poor road infrastructure; in these settings, smaller vehicles are usually most effective.

Depending on the type, characteristics, volume, and compatibility of different categories of hazardous

waste, generators may store them in containers, bins, drums, or aboveground or underground tanks, etc.

These types of wastes are typically transported to the treatment or disposal facilities in trucks (for drums,

bins or containers) or if larger volumes in tanker trucks.

Transfer Stations

Transfer stations serve as collection points for garbage and brush trucks to transfer their loads to other long

haul vehicles. The small collection trucks unload the waste onto a concrete floor or into a hopper; the waste

is then compacted further and loaded into containers (typically with a capacity of 20 cubic meters) or

directly into specially designed semi trailers. As a rule of thumb, to optimize and reduce the number of

Annex A: General Description of Industry Activities

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219

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

trips to the treatment/disposal facility, transfer stations might be preferred if the distance to the

treatment/disposal facility exceeds 30 km. In some cases, the distance to the treatment/disposal facility can

be shorter and still be viable if the road conditions are poor.

Reception of Waste

When the collection vehicles or the long haul vehicles reach the treatment or disposal facility, the waste

should be inspected visually and controlled that the paperwork corresponds to the actual load. In some

cases, samples of the waste are taken and analyzed, (e.g., if the waste will be treated biologically where the

end-product is utilized and there are demands for low contaminant concentrations such as heavy metals).

Waste Treatment and Disposal

Biological Treatment

Composting

Generally speaking, the purpose of the composting process is to decompose organic solids in the presence

of air and humidity, producing a humic substance valuable as soil conditioner. Economic advantages

include the reduction in the volume of waste deposited in landfills (extending the life of the landfill and

avoiding or delaying the construction of additional ones), and the generation of commercially valuable

agricultural nutrients.

Waste categories that are ideal for composting are park, yard and garden waste, paper, paper packaging,

food scraps, animal manure and other types of organic waste. If animal waste is composted, the waste

should be hygienized prior to composting.

There are several methods available for central composting; the most common and simple is windrow

composting where the waste is distributed in rows with the application of oxygen from underlying active

or passive ventilation systems. Other methods include closed systems such as drums, tunnel, and membrane

methods. The operational conditions and odor generation of closed systems are typically easier to control

and are definite advantages over open treatment methods.

Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion facilities are ideal for the treatment of the same types of organic waste that can be

composted including wastes from households food scraps, paper tissue, garden waste like grass cuttings,

leaves; food processing waste such as vegetables, cheese, meat, sugar; manure and animal waste;

slaughterhouse waste; sewage sludge; and crop waste.

The quality requirements of the incoming waste to the digestion facility are typically higher than in

composting requiring a more homogenized and heterogeneous waste.

Organic waste is treated in closed containers in the absence of air enhancing the generation of biogas (about

55-70 % methane) which can be recovered for subsequent use as a fuel source. The semi-solid residue

(digestate) is normally treated through aerobic digestion and may be used as agricultural fertilizer.

Chemical and Physical Treatment

Chemical and physical treatment methods are varied and complex but may include: absorption, evaporation,

distillation, filtration, chemical oxidation/reduction, neutralization, precipitation, solvent extraction,

stripping / desorption, membrane-based separation, ion exchange, and solidification. Treatment systems

may include one of these or a combination of multiple treatment operations. As most of these systems

operate on a continual basis, they require a reliable, preferably homogenous source of material.

Incineration

Thermal treatment in incineration facilities can be used for all types of organic waste, including hazardous

waste and mixed household waste. MSW incinerators reduce the volume of waste by about 90% and the

weight by approximately 75%, while

hazardous waste incinerators may achieve much higher waste volume and weight reductions,

depending on the inorganic content of the wastes. Some incinerators today in operation are waste-to-energy

facilities, which may use the combustion process to generate steam and electricity. Waste-to-energy

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220

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

facilities can be either mass burn or refuse-derived-fuel facilities. Incineration facilities typically range in

size from 15,000 tons of waste per year to 500,000 tons per year. In mass burn facilities, wastes are injected

into the boiler without any pre-processing or sorting of non-combustible materials.

Most mass burning facilities use grate incinerators and operated at temperatures of at least 850ºC with

higher temperatures applied to hazardous wastes. Flue gas treatment is typically required regardless of the

type of incineration system. Residual wastes generated from the incineration process include slag, ashes,

and flue gas treatment residues.

Landfilling

Landfilling can be used for most waste categories, but ideally only for inert material. A modern sanitary

landfill is an engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid waste designed and operated to minimize

public health and environmental impacts.

The typical landfill consists of several cells in which the waste is systematically placed. Compactors may

be used to reduce the waste volume and to enhance the build up of the cells. The landfill base usually

consists of a liner that minimizes the leakage of liquid waste materials from the landfill into the groundwater

system. As the waste is built up in layers it is covered daily to prevent paper, dust or odors from escaping

into the environment. The leachate that is generated can be collected and treated. If organic waste is

landfilled, landfill gas will be generated and may be collected and utilized or flare

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7.17 Annex 17: Special Monitoring Checklist for Ensuring Safe Conditions for Workers and Public.

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222

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7.18 Annex-18: Environmental and Social Monitoring Checklist for Project

Activities as per EMPs

Title of project :

Proponent :

Contractor’s Name :

Monitoring Date :

Monitor’s Name & :

Designation

Issue Proposed mitigation

measures (from the

EMP)

Implementing

Responsibility

Compliance

Yes/No

Reason for

non-

compliance

Follow up

Action

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Operational Phase

Photo-documentation of Issue Identified Above Issue # (from

description

above)

Date of photograph Photograph depicting issue

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7.19 Annex 19: Generic Monitoring Plan for Environmental Parameters for Construction Phase of Subprojects

Phase

What

parameter is

to be

monitored?

(Action Steps

Should be

consistent

with the

respective

EMPs)

Where is

the

parameter

to be

monitored?

How is the

parameter to

be

monitored? /

type of

monitoring

equipment

When is the

parameter to

be monitored?

(frequency of

measurement

or continuous)

Why is the

parameter

to be

monitored?

(optional)

Cost

Institutioanl

Responsibility

Monitoring

oversight

Install Operate

Construction Material Sourcing

a) Stone,

sand, gravel

and clay

borrow pit

a) possession

of official

approval or

valid operating

license

a) stone,

gravel and

clay borrow

pit

a) Inspection a) before work

begins a) NA a) NA a) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

Transport of Construction Material

a) Crushed

stone

a) truck load

covered or

wetted

a) Main and

local road;

job site

a) Inspection

a) unannounced

inspections

during work

a)-c) safety

requirements

and enable

as

a) NA a) minimal a) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

b) Sand,

gravel, clay

b) truck load

covered or

wetted

b) Main and

local road;

job site

b) Inspection

b) unannounced

inspections

during work

little

disruption to

traffic as it is

possible

b) NA b) minimal b) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

c) Traffic

management

c) routes

selected;

following a

traffic

management

plan

c) Main and

local road;

job site

c) Inspection

c) unannounced

inspections

during work

c) NA c) minimal c) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

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225

Phase

What

parameter is

to be

monitored?

(Action Steps

Should be

consistent

with the

respective

EMPs)

Where is

the

parameter

to be

monitored?

How is the

parameter to

be

monitored? /

type of

monitoring

equipment

When is the

parameter to

be monitored?

(frequency of

measurement

or continuous)

Why is the

parameter

to be

monitored?

(optional)

Cost

Institutioanl

Responsibility

Monitoring

oversight

Install Operate

During Construction Phase

a) Noise

a) Overall

level of noise

that is

transmitted in

the immediate

environment

a) job site;

nearest homes

a) sound

monitoring

smart phone

application/

sound

monitoring

device

a) At the

beginning of

works, on

complain

a) assure

compliance

of

performance

with

environment,

a) NA a) NA a) Contractor Environmental

Officer

b) Emissions,

Particulate

matter and

Dust

b) air

pollution

(flying

particles,

pollutants in

the air and

oxides of C, S,

N, ozone and

similar. )

b) at and near

job site

b) laboratory

with necessary

equipment of

the licensed

organization

(NBRO)

b) during

material delivery

and

construction; on

complain

health and

safety

requirements

and enable

as little

disruption to

traffic as it is

possible

b) NA b) NA b) Contractor Environmental

Officer

c) Vibrations c) limited time

of activities c) job site

c) observation,

/Vibration

metering device

c) unannounced

inspections

during work and

on complain

c) NA c) NA c) Contractor Environmental

Officer

d) Traffic

disruption

during

construction

activity

d) existence of

traffic

management

plan; traffic

patterns

d) main and

local road;

job site

d) traffic police

d) unannounced

inspections

during work and

on complain

d) NA d) NA d) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

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226

Phase

What

parameter is

to be

monitored?

(Action Steps

Should be

consistent

with the

respective

EMPs)

Where is

the

parameter

to be

monitored?

How is the

parameter to

be

monitored? /

type of

monitoring

equipment

When is the

parameter to

be monitored?

(frequency of

measurement

or continuous)

Why is the

parameter

to be

monitored?

(optional)

Cost

Institutioanl

Responsibility

Monitoring

oversight

Install Operate

a) Reduced

access due to

project

activities

a) Provided

alternative

access

c) Job site b) Observation a) During

construction a) NA a) minimal a) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

b) Vehicle

and

pedestrian

safety

b) Visibility

and

appropriateness

d) At and

near job site c) Observation

b) During

construction b) NA b) minimal b) Contractor

Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

c) Water and

soil pollution

from

improper

material

storage,

management

and usage

building and

auxiliary

materials

c) water and

soil quality

(suspended

solids, oils,

organic solids,

heavy metals,

pH value,

conductivity,

constant

physical and

chemical

parameters)

e) runoff

from site,

material

storage areas;

wash down

areas of

equipment

d) observation;

laboratory with

necessary

equipment of

the licensed

organization

a) Twice

depending on

the construction

lifetime

b) On complain

or in case of

accident

situation

c) NA c) NA c) Contractor Environmental

Inspector

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227

Phase

What

parameter is

to be

monitored?

(Action Steps

Should be

consistent

with the

respective

EMPs)

Where is

the

parameter

to be

monitored?

How is the

parameter to

be

monitored? /

type of

monitoring

equipment

When is the

parameter to

be monitored?

(frequency of

measurement

or continuous)

Why is the

parameter

to be

monitored?

(optional)

Cost

Institutioanl

Responsibility

Monitoring

oversight

Install Operate

a) Potential

contamination

of soil and

water from

improper

maintenance

and fuelling of

equipment

a) Water and

soil quality

(suspended

solids, oils,

fuel, lubricants,

organic

compounds,

heavy metals,

pH value,

conductivity);

procedures of

work

h) Job site;

equipment

maintenance

facilities

b) Observation;

laboratory with

necessary

equipment of

the licensed

organization

a) Twice

depending on

the construction

lifetime

b) On complain

or in case of

accident

situation

a) NA a) NA a) Contractor Environmental

Inspector

h) Labour

Health and

Safety

i) protective

equipment

(glasses,

masks,

helmets, boots,

etc); ii)

Condition of

worker camps

i) Job

site/Worker

camps

b) Observation

a) Unannounced

inspections

during work

a) NA a) minimal a) Contractor

PHI, Construction

Supervising

Engineer and

Environmental

Officer

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228

7.20 Annex 20: Requirements for Post Closure Environmental Monitoring of

Environmentally Closed Open Dump Sites

Monitoring of environmental pollution and sequential stabilization of the closed dump site should be carried

out continuously and will be a key factor in ensuring the that the site is fully environmentally closed. The best

practices and para meters presented in this document are to be included in the operation and monitoring plan

to be developed for implementation by the implementing agency who will manage the environmental closure

in collaboration with the PMU and handed to the designated authority that will manage the site post the closure

works are completed. It is essential to ensure that the results of monitoring as per the guidance provided in this

section, as well as records on the operation and maintenance will be maintained and shared with the World

Bank on request during the operational phase. This will be the responsibility of the designated authority. At

project closure the PMU will be responsible for formally communicating the relevant information of focal

points for environmental monitoring and operational management of the site, to the World Bank, from the

designated authority that will manage the environmentally closed dump site at the operational phase.

Monitoring Parameters and Frequency:

Monitoring

media/parameters

Items and parameters Frequency Location

Preliminary site

inspection

Integrity of the surrounding

environment

The condition of the facility-

organization-cleanliness,

unauthorized activities,

encroachments, Nuisance

condition

On a quarterly basis

(3 times each annum)

Project site and

perimeter

Leachate pH

Biological Oxygen Demand-

BOD

Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD

Nitrogen (Ammonia, Nitrate,

Nitrite)

Oxidation Reduction Potential-

ORP

Electrical Conductivity-EC

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Dioxins

Quarterly

(4 times each annum)

1 point per

leachate pond

Gas Accumulation at

Disposal Site

Oxygen (O2)

Nitrogen (N2)

Methane (CH2)

Carbon anhydride (CO2)

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

Temperature

Gas monitoring

should be conducted

at least twice a day

for about 7

consecutive days’

post closure.

Then onwards 4

times, on a monthly

basis or as stipulated

in the detailed

monitoring plan as

appropriate to the

site.

North, South,

East, Center and

West (5 points)

on top of closed

mound)

8 points, North,

South, East,

West and 3

additional mid

points around

perimeter of

base

Soil subsidence Topographic level at the top of the

disposal site

Bi Annum

(2 times each annum)

Top of closed

mound

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229

Groundwater quality-

detailed provided below

Parameters will be defined and

sampling, preservation and analysis of

water will be carried out in accordance

with those stipulated in the subsections

below and Standards Methods for

Testing Water and Wastewater, 21st

edition, published by American Public

Health Association (2005).

Quarterly (4 times

each annum)

8 points at

minimum as

outlined below.

Surface water quality Quarterly

(4 times each annum)

6 points at

minimum- 2

upstream and 4

downstream of

site

All parameters indicated above are to be monitored until the time the site is completely environmentally closed and suitable for re-use and redevelopment. Groundwater Monitoring: Wells for groundwater monitoring should be installed in order to determine the rate and direction of flow,

permeability, and if groundwater contamination is occurring. The monitoring wells are installed:

(a) Above the gradient of the site to monitor background/baseline water quality;

(b) down Below the gradient of the site (areas that may have been impacted by the dump site), and

(c) Areas between the site and any other possible sources of contamination.

For an open dumpsite classified as large (over 10feet in height and 500m in surface area covered) it is

recommended that, at least 8 sampling wells should be installed: 2-3 up gradient, and 3- 5 down gradient.

For analysis purposes, it is important to install and sample wells prior to the operation of the landfill to

determine the background quality of the ground water. This will help establish a statistical baseline against

which future measurements are taken to determine contamination or trends in the analysis. As this may not

have been done for the site, existing data from ground water studies done in the area, should be taken in to

account and the information should be used to set the baseline according.

Monitoring should be conducted at regular frequencies to observe any changes in quality of the groundwater

down gradient of the landfill that may indicate contamination. Standards for monitoring frequencies and

criteria are stipulated in the table above.

Parameters that are at minimum monitored are: Arsenic, Cyanide, Selenium, total organic carbon (TOC),

Barium, Hardness (as CaCO3), Silver, total dissolved solids (TDS), Sodium, Manganese (dissolved),

Magnesium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Cadmium, Sulfate (SO4-), Potassium, Iron, Calcium,

Electrical Conductivity, Lead, VOCs, Chloride, Bicarbonate (HCO3-)), Sodium, pH, and Chromium.

Gas Monitoring Gas monitoring probes should be installed around the closed dump site to monitor gas movement, mainly

methane. Due to the variability of gas concentrations with time, gas monitoring should be done as per the site-

specific schedule that will be schedule during detail monitoring planning. Methane is explosive at

concentrations of between 5 to 15% so attention should be paid to ensure the levels are below that which is

indicated.

Guidelines for probe Installation Requirements:

The lateral spacing should not exceed 300m around the allowable boundary of the site

A shallow probe should be installed 1.5-2m below the surface.

The probe should be placed adjacent to soils that are most conductive to gas flow.

A minimum seal of 1.5m of bentonite at the surface and between the monitored zones should be

provided.

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230

Monitoring Period: The duration of the monitoring period depends on the bio-degradation and stabilization

of the covered waste layers. In practice the monitoring should continue until the duration when the site is fully

technically certified as safe and ready for reuse in any other form.

Recording and Reporting- The data and records of the monitoring activities will be maintained by the

relevant authority managing the closed dump site, continuously until the site is fully technically certified as safe.

At any time over this period, the World Bank may request the monitoring documents for routine ex-post

evaluations.

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231

7.21 Annex 21: Guiding Principles for Development of Operational and Post Closure

Environmental Monitoring and Recording Plans for Sanitary Landfill

Operations

The following provides guidance on best practices to be maintained in terms of environmental monitoring and

associated record keeping during the operation of a Sanitary Landfill facility.

1. During Operation of Sanitary Landfill site

1.1. Waste input records

Daily records of the waste entering the site should be kept. Where a weighbridge is not present tallies or

estimate of truck loads could be taken or made. Table 1 shows details of how the records should typically

be kept. A daily summation of the amounts of different categories of wastes should be kept, together with

monthly and yearly totals. This information is important for amongst other things the future planning and

design of the Landfill can be made more accurate.

Table 1: Daily Waste Input Records

Vehicle no Time Wastes Weigh in Weigh out

(tare weight) Amount delivered

Source* Type** Solid

waste

Cover

material

TOTAL

Whein Town Landfill Facility Date:

Signature …………………………………..

Instructions:

[To be completed for each vehicle each time it makes a delivery]

* R = Residential C = Commercial

I = Industrial A = Agricultural

Other codes as appropriate

**H = Household

B = Bulky waste - Furniture, Refrigerators, etc.

D = Demolition / construction

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T = Tyres

1.2. Daily Activity Summary

A daily activity summary showing the amount of waste Landfilled, the daily cover used and machine

and man hours, should be completed by the site supervisor. Details to be recorded are shown in Table

2.

Table 2: Daily Activity Summary

Date Solid waste Cover Material Man

hours

Machine

hours

Site

Hours

Loads Tonnes Begin 50 000

m3 Received Used Remain Use Down

1st

2nd

3rd

etc.

TOTAL

Month Year

Date Operator Man

hours

Vehicle

Identity

Machine hours Site hours

Use Down

1st

2nd

3rd

etc.

TOTAL

Signature …………………………………..

Instructions:

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[To be completed by the site supervisor at the end of each day. The record of cover material should

be in either tonnes or cubic meters. Today’s beginning material equals yesterday’s remaining. The

cover material on site at the end of the construction of phase 1 is approximately 50 000 m3.]

1.3. Filling

The rate of filling of the site should be monitored by surveying the site at three monthly intervals to

determine the rate of airspace utilization.

1.4. Settlement

Areas of the site that have reached the final level and have been finally covered should be monitored

for settlement (see final restoration section for their method of construction). A suggested settlement

monitoring programme is given in Table 3 below.

Table 3: Settlement Monitoring Guideline

Activity Interval

General inspection of covered areas, looking for obvious depressions,

cracks, and pools of water.

Weekly

More rigorous inspection of Landfill, looking for smaller cracks and

depressions.

Monthly

Checking of level of survey benchmarks on Landfill cover using survey

equipment.

Annual

To minimize settlement, it is necessary that good, uniform compaction of waste is achieved.

1.5. Leachate

The BOD loading of effluent from Maturation pond is to be monitored on a monthly basis. An

approved local testing authority, preferable the National Building Research Organization or the

Central Environmental Authority, is to be appointed to conduct monthly BOD loading tests on the

effluent. An effluent BOD loading level as per the facility desige standards need to be managed,

atypically < 75 mg/l.

Refer to Tables 4 and 5 for the monitoring and testing of leachate, including required parameters

and frequency as per permissible International Best Practice guidelines.

Continuous Leachate monitoring is of primary importance during operation of the Landfill site.

Table 4: Parameters Requisite for Background and Investigative Monitoring of Leachate

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Parameters

Ammonia (NH3 as N) Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Alkalinity (Total Alkalinity) Free and Saline Ammonia as N (NH4-N)

Lead (Pb) Magnesium (Mg)

Boron (B) Mercury (Hg)

Cadmium (Cd) Nitrate (as N) (NO3-N)

Calcium (Ca) pH

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Phenolic Compounds (Phen)

Chloride (Cl) Potassium (K)

Chromium Hexavalent (Cr6+) Sodium (Na)

Chromium (Total) (Cr) Sulphate (SO4)

Cyanide (CN) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

E-Coli Other Pathogenic Organisms

Dioxins

Table 5: Detection Monitoring Frequencies for Leachate Management- Ground Water and Surface

Water Quality

Bi-annually for: Annually for:

Ammonia (NH3 as N) Magnesium (Mg)

Alkalinity (Total Alkalinity) Calcium (Ca)

Nitrate (as N) (NO3-N) Sodium (Na)

Electrical Conductivity (EC) Sulphate (SO4)

pH E-Coli

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Dioxins

Chlorides (Cl) Other Pathogenic Organisms

Potassium (K)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

E-Coli

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1.6 Surface Water and Groundwater

Refer to Table 5 for the monitoring and testing requisites of surface and groundwater. The surface

water monitoring points as well as the groundwater monitoring points need to be established as per

the EIA in the Operational and Management Plan for the landfill facility.

1.7 Landfill gas

As per the design of the facility Landfill gas vents will be constructed and extended upwards as filling

progresses. Each month, or more frequently as directed, the composition of the Landfill gas should

be analysed. Other parameters, apart from composition, which are of importance, and which can be

readily monitored, are temperature, pressure and flow. Concentration measurements require greater

expense and technology. The gases to be monitored are methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Composition

Catalytic oxidation units are the most suitable and the most inexpensive way of detecting flammable

gases. However, owing to their fairly coarse detection capability, they should not be used for more

than detection purposes. Carbon dioxide, another important Landfill gas, can be detected with

chemical indicator tubes. This method is uncomplicated and relatively inexpensive although it is also

important here that they not be used for anything more than detection purposes.

Pressure

A simple manometer is sufficient for measuring Landfill gas pressure levels. As suggested in the

British guideline “The Monitoring of Landfill Gas – Second Edition” released by the British IWM, a

simple U-tube with a measuring tape could be used judiciously. Pressure build up is an obvious

warning of potentially dangerous gas accumulation.

Flow

Gas flow and velocity are most easily measured by instruments using a differential pressure method,

such as a Pitot tube or orifice plate. Gas flow and velocity are important in investigating gas

migration.

Temperature

Temperature is the most readily measurable gas characteristic.

Concentration

Measuring of concentration is performed with any number of instruments, some of which are

inhibitively expensive. It is once again stressed that chemical indicator tubes and catalytic oxidation

detection units be used only for detection purposes.

Caution: Accumulations of Landfill gas can be extremely dangerous. Concentrations higher than

5% can result in fires or even explosions. Furthermore, Landfill gas can cause suffocation and

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possibly poisoning. Extreme care should therefore be taken when entering / working in leachate

manholes. Standard confined space entry procedures should be posted at the site, and workers

should be trained in them and properly equipped.

Standard confined space entry procedures would include gas monitoring prior to entry, no smoking

or open flame, always at least two people working with one outside the confined space to rescue the

one inside, use of a harness and rope so that the person in the space can be pulled out without another

person having to enter, use of ventilating fans, and, if appropriate, use breathing equipment.

2. Post-closure monitoring

All gas and water monitoring should continue into the post-closure phase. Water monitoring should be

conducted for both surface and groundwater although emphasis should be placed on groundwater monitoring.

Post-closure monitoring should continue for some 30 years after closure to ensure that no unforeseen

contamination occurs during the closure period. The monitoring requisites need to be spaced out with time and

stipulated with a time plan in the project operational framework.

Suggested Formats for and Parameters for Standard Monitoring

Table 4: General monitoring requirements

Monitoring requirement Frequency of monitoring

At or near surface monitoring

Rainfall Daily

Runoff (Volume, quantity) Daily

Toe seepage from waste Monthly

Soil cover on waste Annually

Vegetation on waste or soil Annually

Bioassaying Annually

Within waste or unsaturated zone

Gas samplers Monthly

Leachate collectors Monthly

Groundwater monitoring

Special monitoring holes Necessary

Other holes Necessary

Groundwater levels Three monthly

Groundwater chemistry Three monthly

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Borehole yield Annually

Groundwater usage Annually

Fountain seepage Monthly

Water balance Monthly

Table 6: Performance Evaluation

Satisfactory Not satisfactory Remarks

1 General method of working in accordance with plan and specification

2 Site security

3 Condition of site roads

4 Control of tipping area width of face

5 Compaction and formation of layers to specified

depth

6 Depth of primary cover

7 Primary cover completed each day

8 Measures for handling difficult waste

9 Litter control

10 General site tidiness

11 Arrangements for bad weather or emergency working

12 Employee’s amenities

13 Fire precautions

14 Pest control measures

15 General Remarks

Etc.

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7.22 Annex 22: Terms of Reference for Recruitment of Contractor Environmental

Safeguard Officer

To be Included in bidding documents with respective EMP.

The contractor through an appointment of dedicated / qualified environmental safeguard officer shall be

responsible in implementation of EMP requirement by

a) Maintaining up-to-date records on actions taken by the contractor with regards to implementation of

EMP recommendations.

b) Timely (weekly) submission of reports, information and data to the Project Management Unit (PMU)

/Implementation Agency Environmental Specialist, through Supervision consultant (SC).

c) Participating in the meetings conveyed by the Engineer and

d) Any other assistance requested by the Engineer.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer will be the primary focal point of contact for the assistance with all

environmental and social issues during the pre-construction and construction phases. He/ She shall be

responsible for ensuring the implementation of Environment and Social Management Plan. The appointed

officer should be available on the site fulltime basis during the project period. In addition, Environmental

Safeguard Officer should prepare an Environmental Action Plan in line with Environment Management Plan

and submit to the Engineer along with construction method statements.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer will promptly investigate and review environmental related complaints

and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or mitigate the cause of the complaints as specified

in the Environmental Management Framework of ESWMP. A register of all complaints is to be passed to the

Engineer within 24 hrs they are received, with the action taken by the Safeguard Officer on complains thereof.

In addition, Safeguard Officer required to perform following tasks as well;

1. Participation for the periodic Grievance Redress Committee Meetings at Village Level,

Implementation Agency Level and PMU Level

2. Coordinate and liaise with Implementing Agency and PMU

3. Support and coordinate with PMU Environmental and Social Safeguard team in carrying out the

monitoring assessments such as baseline surveys, progress review, mid-term review, etc

4. Take actions to mainstream project activities during the period

5. Identify the potential environment and social safeguards issues in accordance provided EA/ EMP/

EMF/

Qualifications required

Environmental Safeguard Officer preferably possessing a Bachelor Degree with minimum of 3 years

experiences in the relevant field or minimum of eight (8) years of experiences in the similar capacity. Preferably,

experience in specific project related works is required. It is essential to have both Sinhala & English language

ability (speaking) and Computer Knowledge of MS Office.

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7.23 Annex 23: Terms of Reference for the Project Level Environmental Audit

1. Introduction to the project

To be filled

2. The Need for Environmental Assessment

All sub-projects financed under the Emergency Solid Waste Management Project (ESMP) are required to

comply with World Bank Operational and Safeguard Policies triggered, in addition to conformity with the

environmental legislation of GOSL. Thus all sub-projects are required to conform to:

a) the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) adopted by GOSL and accepted by the World Bank,

and

b) the terms of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) as mandated by the National Environmental Act

(NEA) of Sri Lanka, where it is applicable.

According to the EAMF, each sub-projects needs to be subjected to an environmental screening using the

recommended template. Based on the screening information and concerns of the public the need to pursue

further stand-alone assessments and if so the type of assessment is determined. All screening forms are filled

by environmental officers supporting the Project implementation agencies and reviewed and cleared by the

respective Project Management Units (PMU). For a sample proposals/ sub-projects with impacts are deemed

as significant a prior review of the screening is carried out by the World Bank. When standalone assessments

and management plans are considered necessary, the project proponent is responsible for carrying them out

while the PMU reviews and clears them.

According to CEA procedures, all sub-project requiring NEA approval need to fill in a Basic Environmental

Information Questionnaire (BEIQ). Upon reviewing the BEIQ, the CEA will determine whether no further

environmental analysis is required or whether the proponent is required to prepare an Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

3. Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is for the Consultant to carry out an environmental audit for ASMP.

The consultant will review the application of the EMF to the ESWMP. In particular, the consultant will

review a sample of (i) the screening forms prepared by each PMU (ii) standalone environmental

assessments/management plans (iii) application of the NEA and its clearance procedures followed by the

project, as the case be, and based on site visits ensure conformity with conditions, guidelines and comments

stipulated in these and other related documents. The Consultant is expected to be familiar with the EAMF,

the applicable safeguard policies of the WB, NEA and the approval procedure of the CEA.

4. Tasks of the Consultant

• Obtain the required information from the sub-project proponent, PMUs, on the sub-project under

implementation as well as under preparation under the ESWMP. This may include, but not be limited to,

relevant plans, drawings, screening reports, social analysis, standalone EA/EMP (if it has been necessary),

comments of the World Bank.

• Review the above documents, discuss with the sub-project proponent as well as the surrounding community

and visit the location and environs of the sub-project.

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• Check for conformity of the sub-project in relation to the guidelines, conditions and comments stipulated

in the item above.

• Examine monitoring reports and whether standards, procedures and controls are in place to respond to

safeguards requirements stipulated in EMF.

• Examine significant new risks and propose remedial actions

• Highlight any deviations from the guidelines, conditions and comments stipulated in the aforesaid

documents and assist the sub-project proponent to improve the safeguard documents incorporating the

necessary mitigatory measures.

• Document any adverse environmental impacts that were not anticipated in the screening and follow up

assessments that may have occurred during project construction and implementation.

• Examine procedures of corrective action if monitoring parameters are out of monitoring limits and if such

incidents are actually reported, investigated and followed up

Document and submit the environmental audit report which should include (i) an Executive

Summary, (ii) Overall audit opinion on the level of compliance, (iii) for each sub-project reviewed (a) a

description of the sub-project, (b) the list of documents reviewed and persons interviewed, (c) observations

made at the site, (d) conformity and/or deviations to guidelines (CEA and EMF), clearance conditions (World

Bank and GOSL) and plans, (e) status of progress reporting and actions taken to address issues (f) actions

need to be taken to respond to negative deviations, (g) new risks and recommendations to address the risks

(mitigation actions), (h) any other relevant information to support the findings.

5. Application Procedure

Qualified consultants may apply for the assignment listed above. Applications should be submitted using the

format below:

• Title of assignment

• Name and address of the consultant/firm

• Name, designation and telephone number of contact person

• Brief consultant/company profile

• Key staff members of the firm (giving priority to assignment-specific staff; for each staff

member provide name, position in the team, number of years in the firm, relevant qualifications and

assignment-specific experience and proficiency in languages – read, write and speak)

• Relevant experience of the consultant/firm (Details of assignment-specific tasks undertaken

during the past 10 years with client references)

Expressions of interest should focus on aspects relevant to the particular assignment, and reach the PMU by

[Date].

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7.24 Annex 24: Generic Session Plan for Project Implementation Agency Staff Training on EMF and Environmental

Safeguard Instrument Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting. Topic: Environmental Stewardship via Safeguards within the Sri Lanka Emergency Solid Waste Management Project

Objective: To introduce the project staff to the Environmental Management procedures set forth in the Environmental Management

Framework of the project, assist them in implementing environmental safeguards within the project and understand their function,

roles and responsibilities in implementation, monitoring and reporting, while gaining an overall

Duration: 1 Day

Target Group: Project Mangers, Technical Specialists, Environmental Specialists, Environmental Officers, Procurement Specialists

based in PMU, Project IAs

Training Material: A CD with the Soft Copies of all Relevant Training Material (Session Presentations, EMF, Guiding Documents

(Screening Formats, Copies of example EMPs, project safeguards instruments, etc.), and other resource material.

No Subject Purpose Time Session Structure

Materials Aids Potential Resource Person

1.1 Introduction to Safeguard Requirements and procedure within the project

to introduce the WB safeguard policies, the activities set forth in the EMF and procedures of implementation, monitoring and reporting within the project

1.5hr Brain storming, Lecture

EMF Guideline, copies of Screening Formats,

Laptop Multimedia Projector File with Training Material for whole day

1.2 Identification of Environmental impacts and deducing Mitigatory Methods

To facilitate understanding on what environmental impacts can arise from project interventions and understand the nature

1 hr Brain storming, Lecture, Group work

A Copy of a well completed Screening Form and EMP as an example. Copies of

Laptop, Multimedia projector, Flip charts & Pens

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No Subject Purpose Time Session Structure

Materials Aids Potential Resource Person

of technical mitigation measures that can assist in curtailing these

Specifications for subprojects

1.3 Specific roles and Responsibilities in implementation and monitoring

To assist the members present to understand the roles and responsibilities of their designation. What is expected from them and how they can do the work assigned in the best manner.

1hr Lecture, Discussion

A Sheet describing the roles and responsibilities of each individual of project administrative structure.

Laptop, Multimedia projector, Flip charts & Pens

1.4 Group Activity (Details Below)

to assess the understanding post the session

2hr Group Activity followed by a discussion

Copy of the Case study, A Blank screening form and EMP

Flip charts & Pens

Group Activity for the End of Session- 1hr (30 minutes for Group Activity and 30 Minutes for Presentation and Discussion

Present the groups with copies of an example of a project specific subproject or project related scenario. Once the team has reviewing

the case study and the copies of the Screening Form and EMPs, they should discuss and note down and present on the following

areas. The Design of the intervention should be presented well with details of the surrounding area and the rational etc.

• Conduct a Screening of the Subproject with the Screening Form as an AID and deduce what sort of clearances is required and

what sort of environmental assessments will be required. Based on this indicate where the project should proceed as is

environmentally cleared.

• Identify the Environmental Impacts of the project and their severity based on its scope and design, and propose mitigatory

mechanisms for these if they can be mitigated

• Identify who will be responsible for the safeguard activities from within the project administrative structure

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The points formulated during the discussion should then be presented group wise and discussed with the team. The Trainer should

provide technical assistance to the teams where required to direct the discussion accordingly and share experiences from within the

program.

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7.25 Annex 25: Example of Disclosure Advertisement for Safeguards Instrument

Date

NAME OF MINISTRY/IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE FOR PUBLIC COMMENTS OF THE

NAME OF INSTRUMENT

FOR THE EMERGENCY, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

The above-mentioned Name of Instrument has been prepared by the Name of

Ministry/Implementing Agency for the World Bank Funded Emergency Solid Waste Management

Project. The document will be available for inspection by the public at the following locations

between XX am and XX pm for a period of 30 days from the date of the advertisement (except

Weekends & Public Holidays).

Locations: (PLEASE LIST RELEVANT LOCATIONS BELOW)

1. Example: Pradeshiya Sabha, Kegalle

2. Website: www.disclosureadvert.com

3. –

4. –

5. -

Any member of the public may within 30 days from the date of this advertisement submit their

comments in writing on the above document to the Secretary, the Ministry/Implementing Agency

Secretary,

Name of Ministry/ Implementing Agency

Address

(INCLUDE ANY OTHER FEEDBACK INFO LIKE TELEPHONE NUMBERS AND EMAILS)

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7.26 Annex 26- Example Terms of Reference to be used for guidance in preparing

terms of references for SCAs

Terms of Reference

Independent Site Contamination Audit and Remedial Action Plan Preparation (SCA) for the

Kerawalapitiya Waste Park

Introduction

The Colombo Emergency Solid Waste Management Project (CESWMP) is being prepared with support from

the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) under condensed procedures provided

for by the World Bank’s OP 10.00, Paragraph 12. The project includes short-term waste diversion strategies for

the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR) and a longer term integrated Solid Waste Management system that

covers the holistic value chain of municipal solid waste in the CMR.

On April 14, 2017, a waste slide occurred at the Meethotamulla dump site, leading to cease operation of the

only waste disposal capacity in Colombo. Emergency measures were immediately taken to maintain disposal

capacity, and a site was identified at Kerawalapitiya, North of Colombo. The development and management of

the site selected falls under the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), who

will convert the site, which is a wetland and peat bog environment, in to a Waste Park. A series of activities

such as composting and material recovery will also be developed. However, along with land reclamation work

for the establishment for these facilities, the Colombo Municipal Council had to temporarily use the site as an

open dump for Colombo waste. This uncontrolled dumping has taken place for the past 7 months, starting after

the closure of Meethotamulla. This situation has resulted in a visible contamination of the site and its

surroundings. In addition, on-going reclamation work of the site has led to siltation of wetland ecosystems,

showing signs of degradation.

While a large regional landfill will be developed at Aruwakkalu in Puttalam, in accordance with international

standards, it is recognized that this new facility will not be commissioned until at least 18 months from now.

Therefore, interim waste treatment capacity must be maintained at the Kerawalapitiya Waste Park (KWP) by

developing a multi-activity platform for composting, sorting and storage of refuse in environmentally

acceptable conditions. As this development, will be based on basic engineering standards to prevent further

wetland degradation and ensure operational safety, it is essential to assess the current degree of contamination

to ensure that adequate remedial actions are incorporated in to the Environmental Management Plan. The site

being hydrologically connected to the Muthurajawala Environmental Protection Area, designated via the

National Environmental Act, warrants for a high degree of due diligence and subsequent environmental

management.

Objective of the Assignment

The consulting services to be provided are for the completion of a Site Contamination Audit (SCA), to identify

actual and potential site contamination as well as the possible migration of contaminants beyond the limits of

the KWP. More specifically, the objective of the study is to establish the level of risk posed to public health

and to the environment and outline key actions required to manage and/or mitigate this risk.

The study will deduce the degree of contamination of the land and identify the level of soil and water

contamination by hazardous substances, as well as the level of atmospheric contamination by landfill gas

emissions etc. Potential contamination needs to be managed with proper remedial actions and environmental

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management tools, as part of a comprehensive Remediation Action Plan, will be implemented as the first

sequence of the Environmental Management Plan for the development as a whole

D. Scope of Work

The consultant will undertake the tasks described below, as key components of the SCA.

1. Task 1- Outline of Facility Characteristics:

1.1. Present current and historical description of the site and surrounding characteristics at a radius of 1km

from the boundary of the site demarcated for the KWP, including descriptions of existing and potential

areas of concern such as contaminant sources and discharge points from the site. (Visual inspections,

facility records reviews and discussions with informed personnel may be employed for this purpose.

prior site uses and surrounding site uses are studied using the materials such as aerial photos, satellite

images and maps and presented accordingly.)

1.2. Below ground structures should be reviewed as possible sources of contaminant migration, especially

to ground water.

1.3. Prior site uses and surrounding land uses are also to be documented.

1.4. This finding should also be presented diagrammatically via the use of maps to indicate locations of

sensitive receptors with relation to the contaminated site being assessed, these include settlements,

transportation corridors, protected areas, wetlands, coastlines, surface water bodies including canals

and tributaries and other etc.

1.4.1. A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1: 25,000 scale on

an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places)

1.5. Waste Management Activities on site

1.5.1. Provide a description of on-site operation of solid waste management activities, provide details

of incoming amounts of waste, activities practiced sequentially from weighing to final disposal

should be described in addition to the nature of the waste being disposed on site and key

characteristics of the types of waste that is managed at the site.

1.6. The site inspection should also document the natural integrity of the surrounding environment, the

condition of the facility, its set up and ancillary facilities, presence of unauthorized activities such as

waste scavenging, encroachments and conditions such presence of animals and vectors as well as any

other nuisances.

2. Task 2- Establish Baseline Physical Site Characteristics:

2.1. The ecology, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology, is to be examined using available data, in a radius

of 1km around the site. The overall aim is to provide a description and understanding of the local site

characteristics and to describe the interaction between the site and its environment.

The current physical salient features of the sight, including the following should be documented:

2.1.1. Topography

Baseline data to be given on description of existing situation of the land at the proposed project area

including topography, coastal features (lowland, beaches, littoral areas, shoal areas), terrain features,

slope and elevation. Study of land use pattern, habitation, cropping pattern, forest cover,

environmentally sensitive places etc., and through secondary data sources.

2.1.2. Geology

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Baseline data to be provided on rock types, site lithology, regional tectonic setting (reported

fractures/faulting, folding, warping if present), and history of any associated natural hazards, mainly in

the coastal area.

2.1.3. Soil

Soil data including type, classification, characteristics, soil properties of the site should be documented.

Baseline data of the soil, results of investigations carried out to be provided for

the site.

2.1.4. Meteorological Data

Meteorological data covering the following should be incorporated in the report. The data for at least a

10-year period should be presented from the nearest meteorological station (airport), except for the

history of cyclones and tidal surges for which 100-year data is required.

• Wind speed and direction

• Rainfall

• Relative humidity

• Temperature

• History of cyclones

2.1.5. Ground water

Baseline data of ground water including data of pH, dissolved solids, BOD, DO, coli-form bacteria,

hydrocarbons, heavy metals is to be documented (see table for list of parameters). Usage purpose of

the ground water, if any, via project activities are to be indicated.

(Note: It is expected that the consultant will use existing test wells/test pits which have been established as

part of Geo Technical Investigations done on site as well as existing boreholes/test wells from the

developments around the site, where available. The consultant will identify and demarcate these sites prior

to completion of the inception report. In the event boreholes have to be established for the purpose of this

study the consultant will provide a clear justification and costing for the respective activities)

2.1.6. Surface Water

Details of Drainage of the project up to 2km radius of project area should be documented. Indications

regarding flow directions and speed should be provided. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major

river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall

data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the

river shall also be provided.

2.1.7. Flora and Fauna

Details on secondary data on the existing flora and fauna in the study area as well as shall be included

in the list of flora and fauna appropriate along with classification as per the IUCN Red List and the

National Red List of Sri Lanka- Latest edition and a statement clearly specifying whether the study

area forms a part of an ecologically sensitive area or migratory corridor of an endangered fauna.

2.1.8. Air Environment

Base line data of ambient air parameters namely suspended particulates (RSPM), nitrogen dioxide,

Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and other harmful air pollutants should be recorded

as per EU, EPA or WHO air quality standards. This data should be collected in an area extending 1 km

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from the project boundary by observation at three (3) locations. One station sampled should be in the

up-wind/ non-impact/ non-polluting area as a control station.

2.1.9. Noise

Baseline data on noise pollution at the project area and the neighborhood up to 1km or nearest

residential areas is to be monitored as per the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) norms.

3. Task 3-Contamination Analysis

Contaminants to air, surface water, ground water and soil that may be present at the site must be identified.

is to be estimated by visual inspections and lab tests. Sampling locations should be carefully chosen to

reflect the extent and concentration of the contamination within 1 km from site boundary.

Parameters to be testes are provided below. Visual inspections should document contamination present on

site such as visible leakage, oil stains or other signs of contamination and die-back vegetation.

Table- 1- Minimum Requirements for Contamination Testing

Study Media Items and parameters to be

tested

Minimum

Number of

Samples

Location

Atmospheric

contamination

▪ Oxygen (O2)

▪ Nitrogen (N2)

▪ Methane (CH4)

▪ Carbon dioxide (CO2)

▪ Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

▪ Temperature

Gas monitoring

should be

conducted at least

twice a day for

about 3

consecutive days.

North, South,

East, and West

on site

perimeter, plus

center point.

Soil ▪ pH

▪ Conductivity

▪ Moisture content

▪ Organic matter

▪ Sodium

▪ Lead

▪ Cadmium

▪ Zinc

▪ Chromium

▪ Sodium

▪ Arsenic

▪ Cyanide

▪ Nickle

▪ Total hydrocarbons

5 samples at

minimum

At least 2

points on site

and 3 points

within 1 km

radius

Groundwater

Quality

▪ pH

▪ Conductivity

▪ Temperature

▪ Total dissolved solids

(TDS)

▪ Dissolved oxygen

▪ Cadmium

▪ Lead

▪ Zinc

3 samples at

minimum

3 points at

minimum

along the

permissible

study area

radius at

intervals in

addition to

onsite

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Study Media Items and parameters to be

tested

Minimum

Number of

Samples

Location

Surface Water

Quality

▪ Chromium

▪ Sodium

▪ Arsenic

▪ Cyanide

▪ Mercury

▪ Nickle

▪ Sulfate (SO4-)

▪ Total organic carbon

(TOC)

▪ Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs)

▪ Chloride

▪ Chemical oxygen demand

(COD)

▪ Dioxins

6 samples at

minimum

6 points at

minimum- 3

upstream and 3

downstream of

site

3.1. Test locations should provide an adequately detailed description of the nature, extent and fate of

contamination in three dimensions. They should also provide information on potential subsurface

contaminant migration pathways.

3.2. Each sampling location should be documented with pictures and accurate GPS coordinates.

3.3. Further specific guidance with respect to the requisite assessment of ground water and soil quality are

highlighted below.

3.3.1. Groundwater

o For the site, it is recommended that 3 boreholes or test pits per potential source area at minimum

need to be studied, 1 on site and 2 at locations close to settlements or any ground water wells

within the study radius.

o Any groundwater contaminant plume(s) associated with the site should be delineated to the

minimum acceptable concentration of the contaminant.

o Sufficient test locations to determine the direction of groundwater flow on-site (minimum of 2

groundwater monitoring wells or piezometers, including at least 1 multilevel installation to

assess vertical gradients). Existing ground water wells should be used where available, please

see note under Section 2.1.5.

o Chemical analyses are to be conducted on at least one groundwater sample from each available

well including any on-site water supply wells (Note: sampling may also be required for any

nearby, off-site potable water wells).

o For groundwater samples, a blind duplicate and field blank sample should also be collected and

analyzed with each batch of samples, regardless of the number of samples tested.

3.3.2. Soil Quality

o All soil test locations should extend to the bottom of the contaminated soil zone, to the seasonal

low water level, or to bedrock, whichever is shallower.

o Soil samples may be screened in the field for vapors, staining or odor. All field observations

must be included in reports.

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o Chemical analyses are to be conducted on at least 2 soil samples per borehole location (one

surface <1.5 m depth, one subsurface >1.5 m depth).

Note: Laboratory tests for all samples must be conducted by laboratories that have been formally recognized

as competent to perform specified tests and are nationally accredited.

3.4. The characterization of any identified contamination (i.e., degree, nature, estimated extent and media

affected) and site conditions (i.e., geological, ecological, hydrogeological and hydrological) should be

established to develop a remedial action plan including long term monitoring timelines and parameters.

3.5. Via identification of contamination characteristics, the assessment should aim to do the following:

• to target and delineate the boundaries of identified contamination;

• to define, in greater detail, site conditions to identify all contaminant pathways, particularly with

respect to possible risk assessment;

• to provide contaminant and other information necessary to finalize environmental quality

remediation criteria or risk assessment; and

• to provide all other information required to develop a remedial action plan and input to

specifications and tender documents.

Sampling and testing methods and techniques are expected to be consistent with current day professional

standards. Regardless of the method/technique used, all efforts should be made to minimize the spread of

contamination because of activities during the site assessment.

Details of testing equipment used should be presented in the report and copies of all testing reports are to be

annexed to the report.

4. Task-4 Preparation of a Remedial Action Plan

Post the assessment of the presence of degree of contamination on site the consultants should prepare a

corresponding remediation criteria determined for the site in the form of a Remedial Action Plan detailing the

methodology for achieving these criteria as well as the proposed remedial action.

The Remedial Action Plan must include the following information:

o include contact information, including names of key personnel, consultants, contractors, telephone,

mail, fax, and email contacts, physical addresses;

o summarize all data on contaminants identified during the site investigation(s) and annex test results;

o identify contaminants of concern and the media affected;

o identify the proposed cleanup/mitigation criteria and method(s) by which they have been derived;

o summarize remedial options evaluated and the method used to select the preferred remedial strategy;

o describe the selected clean up method and its technical feasibility including volumes of material to be

treated/removed, if any;

o detail an implementation plan, including a schedule;

o identify the fate of residual contaminants and risks;

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o identify remedial verification and long-term monitoring plans, with reference to the requisite

monitoring parameters as stipulated in the World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety

Guidelines41

o Present an estimated costing for the proposed remediation methods in Site Remediation Action Plan.

Report Structure

The environmental assessment report shall have the following suggested outline:

▪ Executive Summary

▪ Introduction

▪ Description of Facility- Historical and Ongoing Activities

▪ Baseline Physical Characteristics of Site including mapping

▪ Scope of Audit (methodology adopted, areas audited, sampling plan and locations, dates of audit

and participants)

▪ Presentation of Contamination Analysis-audit findings

▪ Site Remediation Action Plan

▪ Monitoring Plan

▪ References

▪ Appendices:

• List of Key Persons met

• Photo Log

• Maps

• Copies of geological/hydrological surveys

• Copies of official test results for all study parameters

• All other Supporting documentation

Outputs and Deliverables

The Consultant will complete the preparation of the outputs that are outlined below. The assignment would be

supervised by the PMU established for the project under the Ministry of Megapolis and Western Province. The

PMU will be the focal point for coordination with the SLRDCC all other consultants, ministries, agencies and

any other international institutions, and will also facilitate access to all existing data and to all relevant

operations and facilities. The following is a recommended time schedule to produce the reports described above.

The Consultant shall begin work upon contract signature. The Consultant should propose a clear schedule with

critical milestones, and make all possible efforts or complete the work in a shorter duration then the proposed

time schedule.

The assignment will be completed over a 2-calendar month (8 week) period with deliverables submitted directly

to the PMU as per the schedule of delivery shown below. All payments are subject to clearance of the documents

from the World Bank and client.

41World Bank Group-General EHSGs: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES SWM Sectoral EHSGs: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1cd72a00488557cfbdf4ff6a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BWaste%2BManagement%2BFacilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=1323162538174

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Deliverable Time Line

1 Inception Report; to include detailed methodology of

achieving tasks outlined in the TOR, including confirmed test

locations and study plan

Within 2 weeks from the date of

contract

2 Draft Site Contamination Audit Report and Remedial Action

Plan

Within 8 weeks from the date of

contract

3 Final Strategic Site Contamination Audit Report and Remedial

Action Plan

Within 10 weeks from the date of

contract

Payment Schedule

Payments will be made as per the following schedule upon the submission of key deliverables outlined below.

▪ 10% at the time of the signing of the contract

▪ 30% for the Inception Report

▪ 30 % for the Draft SCA and RAP Report

▪ 30% for the Final SCA and RAP Report

Qualifications of the Consultant Team

The Consultants should have experience, and a track record of preparing site contamination audits,

environmental quality assessments, environmental audits and/or environmental assessments. Specific work

experience in solid waste management will be a key advantage.

The consulting team should consist of the following specialists at minimum:

▪ Environmental Engineer with over 10 years of experience in environmental quality assessment,

environmental testing and management.

▪ Hydrogeologist experienced in hydrogeological field survey and modelling of contaminant release from

industrial activities.

▪ Ecologist experienced in environmental impact assessment, floral and faunal surveys and identification

▪ Field technicians with training in soil and water sampling techniques according to environmental

standards.

.