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TRANSCRIPT
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Workshop on:
Review of Trans-boundary Water Conventions:
concepts, requirements, opportunities and challenges
Niloofar Sadeghi
Programme Officer for Natural Sciences
UNESCO Tehran Cluster Office
20 November 2013, Tehran
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
In 1945, UNESCO was created in order to respond to the firm belief of nations, forged by two world wars in less than a generation, that political and economic agreements are not enough to build a lasting peace.
UNESCO
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Education Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning
Natural Sciences Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development
Social Human Sciences Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges
Culture Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace
Communication & Information Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication
UNESCO
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UNESCO Tehran Cluster Office
(Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan)
Iran National Commission for UNESCO
Permanent Delegation of I.R of Iran to UNESCO
UNESCO in Iran
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Water at UNESCO:
"The three plus one pillars"
• International Hydrological Programme
• UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education: postgraduate education for water professionals + Network of 22 IHP Water Centers
• World Water Assessment Programme: periodical compilation of the World Water Development Report —
• Unesco Water Chairs
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UNESCO’S Intergovernmental Scientific Cooperative
Programme in Hydrolgoy and Water Resources
The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is the only
Intergovernmental programme of the UN system devoted to water
research, water resources management, and education and
capacity building.
The programme, tailored to Member States’s needs, is
implemented in six- year phases- allowing it to adapt to a rapidly
changing world.
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Transition of IHP’s phases: continuity with change
1990-1995 IHP IV
Hydrology and Water Resources Sustainable Development
in a Changing Environment
1996-2001 IHP-V
Hydrology and Water Resources Development
in a Vulnerable Environment
2002-2007 IHP-VI
Water Interactions:
Systems at Risk and Social Challenges
2008-2013 IHP-VII
Water Dependencies:
Systems under Stress and Societal Responses
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Geographical distribution of Centers
ERCE IHP-HELP Centre
ICHARM
ICQHHS
IRTCES
IHE
IRTCUD RCUWM
RCTWS
HTC
CAZALAC
UNESCO category 1 Centre (1)
UNESCO category 2 Centre (21)
IGRAC
ICWATER
RCWAZ
ITAIPU
RCSARM
ICIWaRM
CEHICA APCE
ICCE
ICECAR
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From Potential Conflict
to Co-operation Potential
Water for Peace
a contribution to
World Water Assessment Programme
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GLOBAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES
Relation between water availability and population
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Transboundary Aquifer Systems
BGR / UNESCO 2006 1:25 000 000
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Trans-boundary waters
Regional peace, security and prosperity.
Almost 40 per cent of the world’s population live in transboundary river and lake basins
Over 90 per cent of world population in countries that share basins.
(almost half of the Earth’s land surface and 60 per cent of global freshwater flow)
A total of 145 States include territory within such basins, and 30 countries lie entirely within them.
Water of 2 billion people comes from groundwater, which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer systems.
263 Transboundary Lake and River Basins
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Cooperation over transboundary Rivers has a long history.
Joint management of transboundary aquifers is still in its infancy.
Inventories of transboundary done for:
Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa and Eastern Asia by different United Nations institutions pursuing water-related activities.
Transboundary Aquifers
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Aquifer –
Transboundary Issues
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Dealing with trans-boundary waters
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Since 1948:
- Only 37 incidents of acute conflict
- During the same period, approximately 295
international water agreements were
negotiated and signed.
TFDD: Basins at Risk
Department of Geosciences
Oregon State University
June 2001
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Sharing benefits
Transboundary water management can directly or indirectly contribute to international trade, economic development, food security, political security, poverty
alleviation and regional integration.
Two countries Regional
Joint trans-boundary flood early
warning systems
Poverty reduction and less
migration from rural
areas
Ecological conservation
Increased energy
production Improved irrigation
Improved economic
integration and political
stability
Country level
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Convention and Statute on the Regime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern (Barcelona, 20 April 1921)
Convention Relating to the Development of the Hydraulic Power of International Affecting More Than One State, and Protocol of Signature (Geneva, 9 December 1923)
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar, Iran, 2 February 1971)
UNECE Water Convention (Helsinki, 1992)
UN Watercourses Convention (1997 Convention)
Cooperation
Sectorial distribution of 145 sample
agreements on trans-boundary water
resources
Water more often unites than divides peoples and societies. In history freshwater has been a powerful incentive for cooperation, compelling stakeholders
to reconcile even the most divergent views.
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1. Legal instruments
2. Institutional structures and capacity
development
3. An integrated approach
4. Exchange of information and joint
monitoring and assessment
5. A participatory approach
6. Benefits and costs-sharing
7. Financing
Pillars of water cooperation
Ataturk Dam on Euphrates River
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International Commission for Central Asia
(Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Republic of Uzbekistan).
Joint River Commissions (Bangladesh and India)
Mekong River Commission (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam)
River Basin Organizations- Asia
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Trans-boundaryWaterManagement
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1. Amazon Cooperation Treaty (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela)
2. Autonomous Binational Authority of the Basin of Lake Titicaca (Bolivia, Peru)
3. Guarani Aquifer System (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay)
4. Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee of the River Plate Basin Countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay)
5. Uruguay River Management Commission (Argentina, Uruguay)
River Basin Organizations- Latin America
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Trans-boundaryWaterManagement
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1. Border River Commission (Finland, Sweden) 2. Finnish Norwegian Transbounday Water
Commission (Finland, Norway) 3. Geneva Aquifer Management Commissin
(France, Switzerland) 4. Guadiana River Commission (Spain, Portugal) 5. Int’l Commission for the Protection of Lake
Geneva (France, Switzerland) 6. Int’l Commission for the Protection of the
Danube River (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine)
7. International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe (Germany, Czech Republic)
8. Int’l Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (Germany, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland)
9. Int’l Meuse Commission (Belgium, France) 10.Int’l Sava River Basin Commission (Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia) 11.Peipsi Centre for Transboundary Cooperation
(Estonia, Russia)
River Basin Organizations- Europe
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Trans-boundaryWaterManagement
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1. Lake Chad Basin Commission (Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria)
2. Niger Basin Authority (Benin, Bukino Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast)
3. Nile Basin Initiative (Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Rwanda Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya)
4. Orange-Senqu River Commission (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa)
5. Organization of Cooperation for the Development of the Gambia River Basin (Gambia, Guinea, Senegal)
6. Organization for the Development of Senegal River (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)
7. Zambezi River Authority (Zambia, Zimbabwe)
River Basin Organizations- Africa
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Trans-boundaryWaterManagement
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Example of trans-boundary water cooperation – Columbia River System
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671,000 km2
15% in Canada, 85% in 7 states within USA
Borders the rocky mountains to the east
10,000 years of human settlement
Rich in minerals, fishery, soil texture
Over 400 dams built on the dam
Products of the river become internationally important since there is trade opportunity by many ports along BC, Washington and Oregon states
Columbia River System
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International Joint Commission (JIC),
established in 1909
Canada and the USA each
appoint three of the six IJC Commissioners,
two chairs from each country serve concurrently.
Reviews applications for approval of projects (environment, water quality, air quality; conflict prevention)
Columbia River System
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Disputes:
I. 1950s: US request for 2 dams were stopped
II. Libby Dam
First application in 1951
Second submission 1954
Final agreement in 1964 by signing Columbia River Treaty
Columbia River System
Environmental Concerns as a result of massive am constructions
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Example of trans-boundary water cooperation – Mekong River
800,000 km2
Climate: from the glaciated highlands of the Tibetan Plateau to the hot and humid lowlands of Southeast Asia
Upper Basin (China, Myanmar): makes up 24% of the total area and contributes to 20% of the water
Lower Basin: Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam
Many varied wetlands, forests and rich biodiversity
Difficult to navigate
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Today, the Lower Mekong Basin is experiencing a rapid development boom. Demand for - food, - water and - energy will increase
Result of economic growth, industrialization and urbanization.
Mekong River Basin
IES, the Hague
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Mekong River System
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In 1950s, the commission was established under the UN
1n 1995, Mekong River Commission became an independent body
Members: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam
(Ministers of water and/or Environment)
China and Myanmar as observers
Mekong River Commission
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Some achievements:
Notification on construction of dams in the four countries
Joint cooperation on thematic programmes (agriculture, fisheries, IWRM, climate change, hydropower, environment, etc)
Resource mobilization from int’l donors, e.g. EU provides over 6 million dollars for climate change in Mekong
China to share hydrological data with the Commission for flood prevention purposes
Mekong River Commission
MRC has given a stronger voice to the four
downstream countries
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Trans-boundary waters of Iran
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Web site www.g-wadi.org
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Thank you!