workshop on international merchandise trade statisticsecastats.uneca.org/acsweb/portals/0/economic...

United Nations Economic Commission for AfricaUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa

African Centre for Statistics

Workshop on International Merchandise Trade StatisticsStatistics

IMTS Methodology and Compilers Practices

Economic Statistics and National Accounts Sectionf f ( )

IMTS Methodology and Compilers Practices

African Centre for Statistics (ACS)United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia14‐18 November 2011

O tline of the presentationOutline of the presentationI C d i f di• I - Coverage and time of recording

• II – Commodity classifications and quantity measurement

• III – Valuation and currency conversiony


I - COVERAGE AND TIME OF RECORDING


Outline of “Coverage and time of recording”of recording”

C G l id li• Coverage: General guidelines• Coverage: specific guidelines

– Coverage: Goods included in IMTS– Coverage: Goods excluded from IMTS– Coverage: Goods excluded but separately recorded


Coverage: General Guidelines (1/2)(1/2)

It i d d th t i t ti l h di t d• It is recommended that international merchandise trade statistics record all goods which add to or subtract from the stock of material resources of a country by enteringthe stock of material resources of a country by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) its economic territory.

• Countries are encouraged to estimate and include trade below custom office and national statistical office in be ow custo o ce a d at o a stat st ca o cetheir foreign merchandise trade statistics if they are economically significant.


Coverage: General Guidelines (2/2)(2/2)

Ch f hi U it i f di f• Change of ownership: Use as criteria for recording of certain goods only in exceptional cases when the general guideline is not applicable or not sufficientguideline is not applicable or not sufficient– Ships and aircrafts– Satellite and their launchers– Mobile equipmentThat change ownership while outside the residence of its original

ownerowner.

• Time of recording: As a general guideline, it is recommended that goods be recorded at the time when


recommended that goods be recorded at the time when they enter or leave the economic territory of a country.

Coverage: Goods included in IMTS (1/3)IMTS (1/3)

G d i l ll d d b• Goods mainly usually traded by government:– Banknotes, securities, and coins not in circulation

Goods traded in accordance with barter agreements: exchanged– Goods traded in accordance with barter agreements: exchanged between countries without any means of payment

– Goods traded on government account: regular commercial g gtransactions, goods under foreign aid programmes, war reparations and restitutionsHumanitarian aid including emergency aid– Humanitarian aid, including emergency aid

– Goods for military use



G d i h f• Goods requesting the usage of non-custom data sources– Goods transferred from or to a buffer stock

organizationg– Electricity, gas, oil, water

Ships and aircrafts– Ships and aircrafts– Satellites and their launchers



G d hi h b h ll i b id ifi d• Goods which may be challenging to be identified– Fish catch, minerals from seabed and salvage– Bunkers, stores, ballast and dunnage– Waste and scraps– Goods in electronic commerce


Coverage: Goods excluded from IMTS (1/3)from IMTS (1/3)

G d i l b i t t d th h t• Goods simply being transported through a country: are considered as simply being transported through a country if they (a) enter and leave the compiling country solely for the purpose of being transported to another country, (b) are not subject to halts not inherent to the transportation and (c) can be identified when both entering and leaving the country.both entering and leaving the country.– Countries are encouraged to make efforts to identify such movements,

using both customs and non-customs sources of data, and to exclude them from trade statisticsfrom trade statistics

– Goods under “in transit” or “in trans-shipment” customs procedures are concerned



G d t il d itt d di t h d It i d d• Goods temporarily admitted or dispatched: It is recommended that goods are considered as temporarily admitted/dispatched if at the time of admission/dispatch it is known that their intended stay in the receiving country is temporary (as defined by the statistical authority of a country) and after their stay they can be withdrawn/returned in the same state (except for normal wear andwithdrawn/returned in the same state (except for normal wear and tear).

• Monetary gold• I ssued banknotes and securities an coins in circulation• Goods consigned to and from the territorial enclaves

N fi i l hi f hi h h b f d


• Non-financial assets: ownership of which has been transferred from residents to non-resident without crossing borders.


G d t t d t f t d i i• Goods treated as part of trade in services: – goods acquired by all categories of travelers, including non-resident

workers; newspapers and periodicals sent under subscription; – goods supplied by and to enclaves of foreign governments (embassies,

military basis, international organizations); – and media used for carrying software customized or written for a specific

client.• Goods under merchanting• Goods under operating leasep g• Goods lost or destroyed after leaving the economic territory of the exporting

country but before entering the economic territory of the intended importing country


y• Goods functioning as means of transport• Content delivered electronically

Coverage: Goods excluded but separatel recordedseparately recorded

G d f i i t• Goods for repair or maintenance• Waste and scraps (having no commercial value)• Goods entering or leaving the economic territory of a

country illegallyS li t d i t l hi l ti b t– Smuggling, trade in stolen vehicles, narcotic substances

– May comprise legal as well as illegal goods

• Goods lost or destroyed after leaving the economic• Goods lost or destroyed after leaving the economic territory of the exporting country but before entering the economic territory of the intended importing country


y p g y

Coverage and time of recording s mmarrecording: summary

I i d d d ll d hi h• It is recommended to record all goods which should be added to or subtracted from the stock of

i lmaterial resources• It is recommended that goods be recorded at the

time when they enter or leave the economic territory of a country

• Countries are encouraged to recorded specific goods


g

Co erage and time of recordingCoverage and time of recording

Questions?


II – COMMODITY CLASSIFICATIONS ANDII COMMODITY CLASSIFICATIONS ANDQUANTITY MEASUREMENT


Outline of “Classifications and q antit meas rement”quantity measurement”

Cl ifi i• Classifications: concepts• Classifications: recommendations • Quantity measurement: importance• Quantity measurement: WCO standard unitsQuantity measurement: WCO standard units• quantity measurement: Recommendations


Classifications concepts (1/3)Classifications: concepts (1/3)HS H i d C di D i i d• HS: Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System– Detailed classification based on the nature of the

commodity• BEC: Classification of Broad Economic

Categories– Groups large economic classes of goods with

reference to their end use


Classifications concepts (2/3)Classifications: concepts (2/3)SITC S d d I i l T d Cl ifi i• SITC: Standard International Trade Classification– Takes in account the stage of the production and other

ffactors

• CPC: Central Product Classification– Combines the main classification principle of ISIC

with criteria applied in HS (for goods and services)


Classifications concepts (3/3)Classifications: concepts (3/3)


Classifications: RecommendationsRecommendations

U HS f h ll i il i d• Use HS for the collection, compilation and dissemination of international merchandise trade

i istatistics• Use SITC for the dissemination and the analysis

of trade statistics according to user requirements


Quantity measurement: importanceimportance

Pl i f i f• Planning of transport infrastructure• Compilation of energy, agricultural and other

commodity balances• Assessment of impact of international trade p

environment• Verification of trade valuesVerification of trade values• Construction of trade index numbers


Quantity measurement: WCO standard nitsstandard units

W i h kil (k ) ( )• Weights: kilograms (kg), carat (carat)• Length: meters• Area: square meters (m2)• Volume: cubic meters (m3), liters (l)• Electrical power: 1,000 kilowatt-hours (1,000 Kwh)• Number (units): pieces/items (u), pairs (2u), dozensNumber (units): pieces/items (u), pairs (2u), dozens

(12u), thousands of pieces/items (1,000u), packs (u (set/pack))


( p ))• Required at 6-digit level of HS (Sub-heading)

Quantity measurement: recommendationsrecommendations

C i h ld ll i lid d• Countries should collect or estimate, validate and report quantity information in WCO standard

it f tit d i i h ll dunits of quantity and in net weight on all trade transactions. (for each 6-digit HS code)

• Provide conversion factors to the recommended standard units in metadata if units other than the WCO standard units or if units different from the one recommended


Commodity classifications and tit tquantity measurement: summary

I i d d HS f ll i• It is recommended to use HS for collection and compilation of statistics

• It is recommended to use SITC for disseminationdissemination

• It is recommended to use WCO Standard Unit at the 6-digit level of HS


Commodity classifications and q antit meas rementquantity measurement

Questions?


III – VALUATION AND CURRENCYIII VALUATION AND CURRENCYCONVERSION


Outline of “Valuation and c rrenc con ersion”currency conversion”

V l i• Valuation• Exports and imports• Special categories• Transactions without valuationTransactions without valuation• Currency conversion


Val ationValuationC t i ll d t i l d l d i h l• Countries are allowed to include or exclude, in whole or part, the following components in the valuation of international merchandise trade statistics:international merchandise trade statistics:– Cost of transport of imported goods to the port or place of

importation;– Loading, unloading and handling charges associated with the

transport of the imported goods to the port or place of importation; andimportation; and

– The cost of insurance.


E ports and imports (1/2)Exports and imports (1/2)I i d d h• It is recommended that:– FOB-type valuation should be used for exports– CIF-type valuation should be used for imports

• Countries are encouraged to compile FOB-type value for imported goods as supplementary information.

• Countries are encouraged to compile freight and insurance data at the most detailed commodity


su ce d e os de ed co od yand partner level possible

E ports and imports (2/2)Exports and imports (2/2)V l f d b t th iti t il l• Value of goods by customs authorities may not necessarily comply with statistical requirements– If the customs values of economically significant shipments of goods are

established with a clear deviation from those requirements, trade statistics compilers should use values derived from non-customs sources or estimated values, if deemed more accurate. This might be especially i i h fimportant in the case of exports.

– compilers are encouraged to contact the exporters of major commodities and, if necessary, to conduct special studies to determine the statistical

l h b i f f d i i l di h f i l dvalue on the basis of cost of production, including the cost of materials and compensation of employees and other relevant information.


Special categories (1/2)Special categories (1/2)U i d b k t iti d i t i i l ti b• Unissued banknotes, securities, and coins not in circulation be valued at the transaction value of printed paper or stamped metal rather than their face value.

• Media whether or not recorded be valued at their full transaction value.El t i it il d t it i d d t bt i• Electricity, gas, oil and water: it is recommended to obtain transaction value directly from buyer and seller and that trading partners record and value these flows uniformly to improve international comparability. (Cost without charges)

• Goods under financial lease: should be recorded using value equivalent to the price of the goods if offered for sale


equivalent to the price of the goods if offered for sale.

Special categories (2/2)Special categories (2/2)G d f i ith ith t h f hi• Goods for processing with or without change of ownership: should be valued at their full (gross) value.

• Returned goods: valued as at initial transactiong• Goods bundled with services: the statistical value applies to goods

and the value of any services associated with them should be l d d t f th i th t i l d d di t thexcluded, except for the services that are included according to the

FOB- and CIF-type valuation of goods.


Transaction itho t al ationTransaction without valuationT d d b t t b d titi ith t• Trade and barter agreements based on quantities without stated pricesF d d th h it i id• Food and other humanitarian aid

• Goods in consignmentG d f i• Goods for processing

• Migrants effects• Cross-border effects movements of unsold articles and

donations by private agencies or personsU t ti ti l l f t d d i t d


• Use statistical value of exported and imported goods: FOB-type and CIF-type valuation

C rrenc con ersionCurrency conversionC t i h ld• Countries should:– Use of exchange rate published by competent authorities

Use conversion rate in effect at the time of exportation or the– Use conversion rate in effect at the time of exportation or the time of importation

• In the case of the existence of buying/selling exchangeIn the case of the existence of buying/selling exchange rates, use the midpoint.

• In the case of multiple exchange rates for different p ggoods, use the actual rate applicable to specific transactions


Valuation and currency con ersion s mmarconversion: summary

I i d d FOB d• It is recommended to use FOB-type and CIF-type for resp. exports and imports;

• Countries are encouraged to record costs, insurance and freight datainsurance and freight data

• It is recommended to use official exchange rates of the day


Valuation and currency con ersionconversion

Questions?


SUMMARYSUMMARYC• Coverage– record all goods which add to or subtract from the stock of

material resources according to IMTS 2010 at the moment the gof leaving/entering

• Commodity– Use HS for collection and compilation of statistics– Use SITC for dissemination

U WCO St d d U it t th 6 di it l l f HS– Use WCO Standard Unit at the 6-digit level of HS• Valuation

– Use FOB-type and CIF-type for resp exports and imports; and


Use FOB type and CIF type for resp. exports and imports; and record costs, insurance and freight data

– Use official exchange rates of the day

United Nations Economic Commission for AfricaUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa


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