workshop manual demo purpose

8/6/2019 Workshop Manual Demo Purpose

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STUDY OF TOOLS USED IN CARPENTERY SHOP-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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OBJECTIVE;

To study of the various types of carpentry tools used in carpentry shop

INTRODUCTION

Proper knowledge of tools and their use is a prerequisite for a skilled carpenter.The following are the commonly used tools in the carpentry shop.

1. MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS

Marking and measuring tools are used are in used to produce components to an

exact size. The commonly used tools are given below.

1) Carpenters Folding Rule It is used to measure and mark dimensions.The commonly used carpenters rule is made of wood. It consists of fourpieces each 150mm long and hinged together by means of pins andhinges. It is graduated on both sides in millimeters, centimeter and inches.It can be folded and carried easily.

2) Steel RuleIt is also used for measuring and marking dimension. It ismade of steel. It is graduated on both sides in millimeters, centimeter andinches. It is available in 150mmand 300mm.

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3) Try squareit is used for marking and checking right angles. It consistsof a steel blade riveted at right angles to the edge of machined stock. Thestock when used acts as a fence and the blade as guide for marking. Thelength of blade varies from 150mm to 300 mm

4) Bevel SquareIt is also called a sliding level. It is similar to the try squarebut its has a blade that can be swiveled to any angle from 0 to180degrees.

5) Meter SquareIt is similar to a try square in construction, but its blade isfitted to the stock at an angle of 45 degrees

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6) Marking GaugeIt is used for marking lines parallel to the edges of awooden piece. It has one marking pin. After the stem has been set to therequired position, its face is placed against the edge of the wooden piece.The marking pin is pressed down firmly and the stem is moved against the

edge. It marks line parallel to the edge of the wooden piece.

7) Mortise GaugeIt is on improved from of marking gauge in addition tothe provision of the marking gauge. It carriage a significant feature in thatinstead of only one scribing pin. It has two scribing pin. One of is fixedand other is movable, the movable pin can be adjusted at any point.

8) Cutting GaugeIt Is Similar In Construction To A Marking Gauge With

The Different That Is Carriage Steel Cutter Fitted In Place Of The MarkingPin At The Marking Gauge. It Mainly Used For Cutting Parallel Strip OutThin Steel Of The Wood.

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2. CUTTING TOOLSA. SAW

1) RipsawIt is used for cutting wood. The blade of rip saw is either straightor skew-backed. The blade is fitted in a wooden handle. Rip saw is about700mm long and contain 3 to 5 teeth per 25mm length. The correct anglefor rip sawing is 60 degrees.

2) Cross Cut SawIt is similar in shape to the rip saw. It also called handsaw. Sawing and cutting at right angles to the grain is called cross-cutting.The correct angle for cutting is 45 degrees. It is 550 to 650mm long

containing 6 to 8 teeth per 25mm.

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3) Tenon or Back Sawit is used for fine and accurate work. It consists of avery fine blade, which is reinforced with the rigid steel back. Its lengthvaries from 350mm to 450mm with 10 to 12 teeth per 25mm.

4) Dovetail SawIt is similar to the tenon saw but smaller in size. Thenumber of teeth varies from 12 to 18 teeth per 25mm. it is used for

carpeting works such as making dovetail joints.

5) Panel Saw It is the most commonly used hand saw it is available inmany system and sizes. It is available in 5 to 8 teeth per cm. it is meanlyused for cutting panels doors.

6) Compass SawIt carries a tapered blade which is long but narrows. Theblade length varies from 250mm to 400mm long fixed to open typewooden handle.

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7) Bow Sawthe bow saw consists of a narrow blade 250mm to 350mmlong held in wooden frame. The blade is held intension by twisting thestring with a small wooden lever. These saw are used for cutting quickcurves and the handle revolve in their sockets the blade can be adjustedto any desired position when in used.

8) Coping Saw The coping saw has a very similar blade held right inspring metal frame. The blade is tensioned by screwing the handle. Thissaw is used for small radius curves.

9) Pad or Keyhole Saw This is the Joiners smallest saw. The blade beingabout 250mm long. The blade of the pad saw is secret to the handle.Through which it passes by two screws. This arrangement allow the bladeto be adjusted to the best length required according to the work.

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B. CHISELS

These are cutting tools used for shaping and fitting wooden piece. It consists of

steel blade and a wooden handle. The different types of chisels used in carpentrywork are given below.

1) Firmer ChiselIt is used by hand pressure or with a mallet for cuttingsquare recesses in wooden pieces. It has a flat blade of a 5 to 25mmwidth and 125mm length. The and of the blade is beveled to from cuttingedge.

2) Beveled Edge Firmer ChiselsIt is used for delicate and fine workwhere the ordinary firmer chisels cannot be used. It can cut sharp cornerson wooden pieces.

3) Mortise ChiselIt is used cutting heavy pieces or mortises. It consists ofa heavy blade with strong shoulder and is capable of withstanding heavystains. It has iron ridge fitted at shoulder of the blade to absorb the heavystocks of the mallet. One side of the mortise chisel is plane while thegradually tapers towards the edge. It has a length of 200 to 400mm andwidth of 8 to 16mm.

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4) Paring Chiselsparing chisel both firmer and beveled edge chisels whenthey are made with long thin blade are know as paring chisel. This is usedfor shaping and preparing the surface of wood and its manipulated by thehand. The length ranges from 225 to 500mm and width from 5 to 50mm.

5) GougesGouges are chisels with curved section and may be both insideand outside ground. Inside ground gouges are used in exactly the sameway for inside curved edge as a chisel would be for straight one. Out sideground gouges are curving hollows.

3. PLANING TOOOS

These are used for smoothing plane surfaces. Some commonly used planes aregiven below.

1) Wooden Jackplanethe main parts of a wooden jack plane are stock orbody, nose, throat, wedge, cap iron, plane iron and handle. The bottom ofthe stock is known as the sole which is perfectly smooth. The throat in thestock is formed to adjust the iron and wedge. The plane iron and is themain cutter which cuts and smoothens the wood. This is fitted in the stockand is always inclined to an angle of 45 degrees with the sole. The cap

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iron is used to stiffness the cutter and prevent ratting and breaking duringused. Jack plane are available from sizes to 350 to 450mm length and theblade width varies from 50 to 75mm.

2) Metal Jack PlaneIt help a smoother operation and produced a betterfinishing than a wooden jack plane. The body of metal jack plane is madefrom grey iron casting of steel. The handle is made of wood and the planeiron secured in the plane casting by a screw.

3) Smoothing Jack Planethe plane is similar in action to a jack planeexpect that is set to cut a much thinner shaving. A smoothing plane as itsname indicated. It is used for smoothing of finishing after a jack plane. The

cutting edge of the latter is slightly curved. But a smoothing plane has astraight cutting edge. It is 200mm to 250mm long having a blade of70mmwide.

4. STRIKING TOOLS

Tools like chisels, nails, etc. required pressure from the top to drive them into thewood. This pressure is obtained by striking operation, using hammers and mallet.

1) Cross Pin Hammer Or Warrington Hammer- It is made for forged highcarbon steel. It has a face, peen and handle. The handle made of bambooand fitted tightly in the eye with help of a wedge to avoid any slip out when

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in use. These hammers are identified by weight which ranges from 200gmto 500gm.

2) Claw Hammer -This served both the purpose of a hammer and a pair ofpincers. The claw is used for pulling out nails. These hammers areclassified according to their weights. The weight of its head range from250gm to 675gm.

3) Mallet- It has a flat a striking face which is used to give light blows to toolshaving wooden handle like chisel. It is made of hard wood and is round orrectangular in cross-section.

5. BORING TOOLS

These are used for making round holes in wood. Some commonly used boringtools are given below.

1) GimletIt is used for making small holes in wood. These are of two type(a) plain gimlet and (b) twisted gimlet. It has a flute and a wooden handle.It is held in both hands, rotated and pressed simultaneously downward to

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bore holes. The screw points at the bottom acts as a pilot and helps incentering the tool.

2) AugerIt Is Used For Making Big Hole In Wood. It Has A Steel Bar With

Fluted Teeth And Handle. The Upper Portion Of The Bar Is Plain And IsTop End Forms Eye To Fit In The Handle. It Can Bore Holes Of 25mmDiameter.

3) Ratchet Braceit is a device used for holding different tool bit to produceholes in wood. It consists of a crank having a hemispherical wooden headat the top, a wooden handle in the middle and a chuck to hold the tool bitat the bottom. The ratchet arrangement is provided above the chuck topermit the rotation of the bit in only one direction. The brace is rotate bythe hand and the head is pressed downward to produce a hole.

4) Wheel Braceit is also used to produce a hole in wood. It consists of aforged body and a wooden handle at the top. The central portion consistsof two meshing gears and a crank to rotate the chuck fitted at the bottomof the brace. The crank is rotated the handle is pressed downward toproduce a hole. It is mostly used to produce small and accurate holesusing different kinds of drills.

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6. HOLDING TOOLS

To enable the carpenter to perform different operation accurately, the work pieceis held firmly.

1) Carpenter Bench ViceIt is fixed in a carpenters bench which is heavy

table of hard wood usually 3 to 3.5m long, nearly 70 cm wide and 70 cmhigh. It consists of a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The fixed jaw is rigidlyfitted on the bench and the movable jaw is mounted on a screw and twosliding rods. The screw work inside a fixed half nut that is engaged tomove the movable jaw.

2) C-Cramp Or G- CrampIt is used to hold smaller work piece. It consistsof an iron frame and a screw with a handle rod thumbscrew.

7. MISCELLANEOUSE TOOLS

1) RASP FILE- it is used to file curved surface in wood. It made of steel andhas semi circular cross- sections.

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2) Screw Driverit is used to screw and unscrew the screws. It is availablein various shapes and sizes.

EXPERIMENT-1 DATE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- HALF LAP JOINT

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AIM

To make the half lap joint from the given work piece.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1- Jack plane

2- Try square

3- Mallet

4- Firmer chisel

5- Mortise chisel

6- Rip saw

7- Tenon saw

8- Marking gauge etc.

THEORYthe half lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece.Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the

joint.

PROCEDURE

1. The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces areplanned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle ischecked using by try square.

2. The job is cut into two halves using rip saw.

3. Proper marking is done on the two portions based on the plannedsurfaces.

4. One half is cut according to the given dimension using tenon saw andfirmer chisel.

5. The other half is also cut in the similar way so us to make correct fit onone another and the extra portion are removed using firmer chisel.

6. Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel ruleand try square.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension.

2. Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece.

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3. Use try square tear proper dimension.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Thus the required half lap joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-2 DATE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEE LAP JOINT

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AIM

To make the tee lap joint from the given work piece.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1 Jack plane

2 Try square

3 Mallet

4 Firmer chisel

5 Mortise chisel

6 Rip saw

7 Tenon saw

8 Marking gauge etc.

THEORYThe tee lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece.Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the

joint.

PROCEDURE

1. The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces areplanned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is

checked using by try square.

2. The job is cut into two halves using rip saw.

3. Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces.

4. One half is cut according to the given dimension using tenon saw andfirmer chisel.

5. The other half is also cut in the similar way so we to make correct fit onone another and the extra portion are removed using firmer chisel.

6. Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel ruleand try square

PRECAUTIONS

1 Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension.

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2 Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece.

3 Use try square tear proper dimension.


Thus the required half lap joint is made from the given work piece

EXPERIMENT - 3. DATE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DOVE TAIL HALVING JOINT

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Thus the required dove tail halving joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-4 DATE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

AIM

To make the mortise and tenon joint from the given work piece.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1 Jack plane2 Try square3 Mallet4 Firmer chisel5 Mortise chisel6 Rip saw7 Tenon saw

8 Marking gauge etc.

THEORYThe tee lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece.Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the

joint.

PROCEDURE

1) The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces areplanned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is

checked using by try square.

2) The job is cut into two halves using rip saw.

3) Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces.

4) One half is cut into a T shaped lock having the required dimension usingmortise and firmer chisel.

5) The other half is also cut a rectangular hole of the given dimension ismade using mortise and firmer chisel to get mortise and tenon joint

6) Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel ruleand try square

PRECAUTIONS

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Thus the required mortise and tenon joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-5 DATE

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEE BRIDLE JOINT

AIM

To make the tee bridle joint from the given work piece.

TOOLS REQUIRED

1 Jack plane2 Try square3 Mallet4 Firmer chisel5 Mortise chisel

6 Rip saw7 Tenon saw8 Marking gauge etc.

THEORY

The tee lap joint is frequently used to connect two wooden piece. Such us boards which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint.

PROCEDURE

1 The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfacesare planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of rightangle is checked using by try square.

2 The job is cut into two halves using rip saw.

3 Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the plannedsurfaces.

4 One half is cut into a T shaped lock having the required dimensionusing mortise and firmer chisel.

5 The other half is also cut a rectangular hole of the given dimension ismade using mortise and firmer chisel to get mortise and tenon joint

6 Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steelrule and try square

PRECAUTIONS

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Thus the required tee bridle joint is made from the given work piece

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FITTING SHOP------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION

The term fitting is used with bench work assembling of parts by removing excessmetals to obtain the necessary fit. Various tools are used in fitting work to finishthe job to the required size and shape.

STUDY OF TOOLS USED IN FITTING SHOP

A skilled fitter have proper knowledge about the tools used, their handling andmaintenance. The following are the commonly used tools in the fitting shop.

1. VICE

It is holding device and is sometime called a fitter vice. The body of the vice ismade of cast iron and consists of two jaws. One is fixed and other movable. Themovable jaw slides inside the fixed one by a screw and box nut arrangement.The vice has two hardened steel jaws with serrated faces used to hold the workfirmly. These jaws are fixed with screw and have a maximum opening up to180mm. the vice size is known by the width of its jaws and is varying from 80 to140mm.

2. STRIKING TOOLS

Hammers - The hammer is a striking tool. It has a handle and a head. Hammersare classified into four types.

1. Sledge hammer

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2. Straight hammer

3. Cross peen hammer

4. Ball peen hammer

Among these hammer, ball peen hammer is commonly used in fitting. It is usedfor chipping, forming, riveting etc. Its peen is ball shaped and the face ishardness. But the middle portion is not hardened in order to absorb shocks. Itsweight varies from 120 to 1000grams.

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3. FILES

File is a hand tools used to smoothen or fit metal parts. It is made of high carbonsteel. Its teeth removed fine chips of materials on the forward stock of the file.

The length of file is measured from the point to the heel. The tang is not included.The blade is very hard but the tang is tempered. The length of file varies from100 to 450mm.

The cuts in the file are made diagonally across its face. This is used for finishingsurface and sharpening edges. It is used for filling soft metal.

The double cut file has a series of two cuts. The double-cut file can do fillingfaster than single cut file.

1. A rough cut file has very coarse spaced teeth. It is used for rough work.It removed more material.2. A bastard cut file has less coarsely spaced teeth then rough cut file. It

also used for rough work.

3. A second cut file has medium spaces teeth. It produced better finishingthan bastard cut file.

4. A smooth cut file has more closely spaced teeth. It is used for getsmooth surface.

5. A dead smooth file removes very less materials. It produced better polishand finish than smooth cut file.

SHAPES OF FILES

The types of file is used is identified with its shape. Files of different shapes areavailable. The following are some of the commonly used file types.

1. Hand file

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2. Pillar file

3. Flat file

4. Square file

5. Triangular file

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6. Round file

7. Half round file

8. Knife edge file

FILLING OPERATION

The file handle is held in the right hand. The ball of the left hand thumbs is placed

on the end of the file blade. The file cut only on the forward stroke. No pressureis applied on the return stroke, but the file is allowed to remain on the work.Filling is carried out for the maximum possible length in every stock so that all theteeth of the file received even wear. Filling is done on the work with slow, steadystrokes for about 40 to 50 per minute.

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4. CUTTING TOOLS

Hack saw it is used for cutting roads, strips bars and pipes into a desired length.It consists of a fixed or adjustable frame, a wing nut and blade. The hacksaw

blade is made of hard tempered allow steel. There are three types of blades (a)all hard (b) semi-flex (c) flexible back.

USING A HECKSAW

1. The blade is fixed to the frame with its teeth facing away from the handle.

2. The blade is tightened properly.

3. Start the cutting slowly with steady forward stroke.

4. No pressure is applied on the return stroke.

5. Move for longest possible stroke about 40 to 50 stroke per minute.

6. Move the hacksaw slowly when the cutting is nearing the end so that yourhand will not hit when the blade is through.

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3) Compass or leg-end pointer. It is used for marking lines and circles onthe work piece. It has a pair of steel legs which are hinged at the top. Oneof the ends is bent and the other is pointed.

4) Spring divider it is used to mark the dimension from scale to the work

piece. It has similar to the compass and it used for more accuratemarking. The spring divider has a screw with a knurled nut.

5) Calipers there are used for measuring inside and outside diameter andlinear dimensions. There are two types of caliper.

(a) firm joint caliper

(b) spring caliper

6) Firm joint caliper these are of two type 1. Outside caliper 2. Insidecaliper. The size taken on the caliper is measured on the steel rule. Itconsists of two legs connected together at one and by means of a friction

joint. The outside caliper is used to measure outside dimension such adiameter of a rod, thickness of a plate, etc. The inside caliper is used tomeasure dimension such a diameter of a hole, width of a slot, etc.

7) Spring caliper these are operated by means of a screw and a knurled

nut. It also consists of two legs which are hinged together at one end. Theadvantage of knurled nut is that it can be easily operated by hand. It isvery convenient and taken less time in setting.

8) Center punch it is used to mark a center for a hole to be drilled. It canalso be used for marking points along a line for cutting. Its tapered pointend has an angle of 60 degrees.

9) Try square It is used for marking and checking right angles. It consists ofa steel blade riveted at right angles to the edge of machined stock. Thestock when used acts as a fence and the blade as guide for marking. Thelength of blade varies from 150mm to 300mm.

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10)Surface plate it is used to check the surface flatness or straightness ofthe work piece. It is made of grey cost iron. The top surface is machinedsmoothly and finished accurately. It is also used as a reference the usedof surface plate for making on a work piece.

6. DRILLING AND TAPPING TOOLS

1) Drill A drill is a cutting tools used to make a hole of required diameter.Many types of drill are available. The twisted drill is the commonly useddrill.

2) Tap- A tap is a screw like tools used to make internal thread in a holewhich is already drilled. Tapping is a process of making internal thread.Normally a tap set contain three taps namely rough, medium and finetaps. The rough tap having a taper end is used first and is rotate manually

or by machine to remove excess materials. The medium tap is used to getthe required thread. The fine tap is used to finish the internal thread. Inhand tapping, the tap is rotated with the help of a tap wrench.

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EXPERIMENT- 1 DATE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQUARE FILING

AIM

To file the given work piece to a square shape.

TOOLS REQUAIRED

1) Bench vice2) Try square

3) Steel rule4) Prick punch5) Hacks6) Files7) Surface plate8) Surface gauge9) Ball peen hammer

PROCEDURE

1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steel

rule.

2) Then the work piece is clamped properly in the bench vice and using a flatfile any two sides of the work piece are filed. Check whether the two sidesare right angles using the try square.

3) The given dimension are marked using the surface plate and surfacegauge by referring the two sides as bases.

4) Punch marks are put on the line marked using prick punch.

5) Now the remaining two faces are field.

6) Filing is continued until the required dimension and smooth surface of thework piece is obtained.

RESULT

Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained.

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EXPERIMENT- 2. DATE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEE FITTING

AIM

To make a tee fitting from the given work piece.

TOOLS REQUAIRED

1 .Bench vice2 .Try square3 .Steel rule

4. Prick punch5 Hacksaws6 Files7. Surface plate8 .Surface gauge9. Ball peen hammer

PROCEDURE

1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steelrule.





6) Cut the removed the excess materials using the hacksaw. Filling iscontinuity until the required size and smooth surface of the work piece isobtained this is repeated for the other work piece also.


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RESULT

Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained.EXPERIMENT- 3. DATE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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VEE FITTING

AIM

To make a vee filling from the given metal piece.

TOOLS REQUAIRED

1 Bench vice

2 .Try square3 .Steel rule4. Prick punch5 Hacksaws6 Files7. Surface plate8 .Surface gauge9. Ball peen hammer

PROCEDURE

1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steelrule.





6) Cut the removed the excess materials using the hacksaw. Filling iscontinuity until the required size and smooth surface of the work piece isobtained this is repeated for the other work piece also.


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RESULT

Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained.

workshop manual demo purpose

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