workshop giftige marine planktonalger · 2019-02-06 · conclusions on toxins as a defence...
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WorkshopGiftige marine planktonalger
Velkommen til Marinbiologisk Sektion, BIO-KU
• Kort introduktion af MBS og hvad vi laver
Giftige marine planktonalger
• Kort introduktion til “planktonalger/mikroalger”
• Kort introduktion til giftige alger
• Hvilke giftstoffer producerer algerne?
• Mikroskopi og video af nogle almindelige giftige alger og enintroduktion til effekter af giftige på mikrober, bunddyr og fisk
• Kort introduktion til de giftige alger som forårsager problemer idanske farvande
• Rundvisning og en praktisk introduktion til hvordan vi arbejder med giftige planktonalger
• Diskussion af hvordan planktonalger, i særdeleshed giftige plankton-alger, kan inkorporeres i gymnasie-undervisningen
04/02/2019 1
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Helsingør:Strandpromenaden 5
Copenhagen:Universitetsparken 4
Staff Number
Professors 5
Associate Professors 5
Emeritus 10
Postdocs 15
PhDs 17
Technical staff 5
Master thesis students 25
Bachelor students many
Total ≈ 80-90
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Marine Microbiology
Aquatic Microbial Biology•Microenvironmental ecology and photobiology•Microbial interactions and behaviour•Ecology of planktonic mixotrophic consortia•Virus-host interations in microbial communities•Functional end genetic diversity of marine bacteria•Molecular systematics and evolutionary history of protists
Physiology and functional biology of
marine animals
Climate Change•Implications of ocean acidification for system productivity and trophic interactions•Temperature related impacts on fish, community dynamics and biogeo-chemistry in polar ecosystems
Aquaculture and Bioproducts•Bacteriophage control of fish pathogens•Physiology and growth of bivalves•Nutritional physiology of fish•Implications of toxic algae•Use of algal products for fuel and food additions
Functional Biology•Functional morphology and evolution of benthic invertebrates•Adaptational and respiration physiology of marine animals•Comparative physiology of marine fish and invertebrates
Microsensor techn.
Research topic Methodology and infrastructure
Molecular biology
Research vessel
Bioimaging
Research projects
Salt water system
Respiration and swimtunnels
Figures: 1) Marine bacteriophage. 2) The dinoflagellate Ceratium. 3) 3D reconstruction of the polychaete Diurodrilus. 4) Shark chasing bait fish at the Great Barrier Reef
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Tekst starter uden
dato og ”Enhedens
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 1
Definitions:
What is an alga?
A microalgae?
Which microalgal groups do you know?
Definitions of plankton algae and microalgae
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Tekst starter uden
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Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 2
Definition: What is an alga? And a microalgae?
Which algal groups do you know?
•Cyanobacteria
•Euglenids
•Cryptomonads
•Haptophytes
•Dinoflagellates
•Photosynthetic stramenopiles: Diatoms, Raphidophytes, Dicthyochopytes, etc
Definitions of plankton algae and microalgae
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The microbial food web Microalgae in the pelagic food web
04-02-2019
3
Marine Biological Section
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04-02-2019
Marine Biological Section
4
Definition: What is an alga? And a microalga?
Which microalgal groups do you know?
Are these organisms microalgae?
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Tekst starter uden
dato og ”Enhedens
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 5
Definition: What is an alga? And a microalga?
Which microalgal groups do you know?
Are these organisms microalgae?
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Hausman & Hülsman, 1996;
Hausman et al. 2003
Mixotrophs in the marine planktonic food web
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Jones 1994
Models of mixotrophy - I
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Stoecker 1998
Models of mixotrophy - II
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A new classification
Mitra et al 2016
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The effect of food concentration on
growth, ingestion and photosynthesis
Hansen 2011
Prey concentration (µgC l-1
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Gro
wth
rate
, µ
(d
-1)
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Fragilidium mexicanum, 20 uE
Fragilidium subglobosum, 45 uE
Karlodinium armiger, 180 uE
Paragymnodinium shiwhaense, 20 uE
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The effect of food concentration on
photosynthesis, food uptake and growth
Hansen 2011
Prey concentration (µgC l-1
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Gro
wth
ra
te,
µ (
d-1
)
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Cochlodinium polykrikoides, 20 µmol
Gonyaulax polygramma, 50 µmol
Gymnodinium aureolum, 20 µmol
Heterocapsa triquetra, 20 µmol
Lingulodinium polyedrum, 20 µmol
Prorocentrum donghaiensis, 20 µmol
Prorocentrum micans, 20 µmol
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Tekst starter uden
dato og ”Enhedens Ceratium furca Smalley et al. 2003
Some phytoflagellates only feed when they are nutrient limited
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The sequestration of cell organelles by Dinophysis spp
Teleaulax amphioxeia
ChloroplastNucleomorphCryptophyte nucleusHost nucleus/nuclei
Dinophysis sppMesodinium rubrum
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Marine algal toxins
Shellfish toxinsASP-Amnesic shellfish poisons (diatoms)
DSP-Diarrhetic shelfish poisons (dinoflagellates)
NSF-Neurotoxic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates))
PSP-paralytic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria)
Azaspirazids (dinoflagellates)
• Lytic compounds (also called ichthyotoxins, or allelochemicals)
The chemical structures of these toxins are largely unknown
(dinoflagellates, raphidophytes, prymnesiophytes, dicthyochophytes)
• Other toxinsNodularin, microcystins etc (cyanobacteria)
Harmful and toxic microalgae and their toxins
04-02-2019
Dias 1
Marine Biological Section
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Paralytic shellfish toxins leading to Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 2
Rasmussen et al 2016
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Domoic acid leading to Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 3
Rasmussen et al 2016
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Diarrheic shellfish toxins leading to Diarrheic shellfish poisoning
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 4
Rasmussen et al 2016
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Allelochemicals, ichthyotoxinsExample: the prymnesins
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 5
Rasmussen et al 2016
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Warning when you go search for toxic algae and their toxins
Many species make more than one type of toxin
Marine Biological Section
04-02-2019
Dias 6
Example: Alexandrium ostenfeldii(dinoflagellate)
Types of toxins• PSP• Spirolides• Lytic compounds
(not yet chemically characterized)
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Abiotic and biotic factors affecting algal toxin production and excretion
Light/temperature
Growth phase; i.e. due to effects of
- Nutrients (N, P, Si)
- pH
- For mixotrophs – Prey availability
Co-existence with grazers; i.e. Copepods
- Copepodamides
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Marine algal toxins
• Shellfish toxinsASP-Amnesic shellfish poisons (diatoms)
DSP-Diarrhetic shelfish poisons (dinoflagellates)
NSF-Neurotoxic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates)
PSP-paralytic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria)
Azaspirazids (dinoflagellates)
• Toxins from fish-killing algae The chemical structures of these toxins are largely unknown
(dinoflagellates, raphidophytes, prymnesiophytes, dicthyochophytes)
• Other toxinsNodularin etc (cyanobacteria)
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Production of toxins: a way to kill
competitors and protist grazers?
Methodology
• Addition of filtrates from dense cultures of either nutrient limited or
replete cultures of toxic algae to natural plankton assemblages or
laboratory cultures
• Short terms exposure experiments (hours-days)
• Mixed growth experiments (days-weeks)
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Growth of the ciliate Favella ehrenbergii on the
PST producer Alexandrium tamarense
Hansen 1989 Hansen 1989
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Video of Favella affected by Alexandrium (PST-producer)
Hansen 1989
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In the end the ciliates swell and subsequently lyse
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Toxic algae and protistan grazers: Alexandrium spp
Alexandrium spp. produce PSP-toxins, but these are not the ones causing the effects!
Hansen 1989
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Prymnesium parvum
• Haptophyte
• Worldwide distribution
• High biomass bloom
• Produce toxins which act as
allelochemicals, removing competitors
• Allows for mixotrophy
• Deterrent against planktonic grazers
• Kills fish and benthic invertebrates
Gert Hansen
Marine Biological
Section
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The haptonema of Chrysochromulina spp is long, while that
of Prymnesium parvum is very short
So is toxicity involved in food capture in Prymnesium parvum??
Chrysochromulina
polylepis
Prymnesium
parvum
Skovgaard &Hansen 2003
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How Prymnesium immobilizes a prey cell
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P. parvum density (x105 cells ml-1)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Feed
ing
freq
uen
cy
(%
feed
ing
P.
parvu
m c
ells)
0
10
20
30
40
A dinoflagellate
A diatom
Is food uptake by Prymnesium parvum mediated
by excreted toxins?
Skovgaard & Hansen 2003
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Toxicity (% immobilized prey cells)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fe
ed
ing
ac
tivit
y (
% f
ee
din
g P
. p
arv
um
ce
lls)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Prymnesium parvum cultures that are toxic feed more on motile prey
than cultures that are non-toxic
Skovgaard & Hansen 2003
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How Prymnesium affects fish
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Conclusions on toxins as a defence mechanism againts
competitors and protist grazers
• Fish-killing algae exudate toxins which destroy cell membranes
leading to lysis of target cells
• Some of the toxins involved are glycolipids (hemolysins, prymnesins).
In most cases, however, the chemical structures of the toxins are unknown
• Toxins like PSP, DSP, Domoic acid, and Nodularin have no effects on other
algae and protist grazers
• For the defence to be fully effective, a certain algal density is required
• Bioassays are often used to study the toxicity of algae to other organisms,
but the pH of the growth medium has often not been taken into account
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DictyochophytesPseudochattonella farcimen (often in the Danish news media still calledChattonella or Verrucophora)Dictyocha speculum
Biology: Pseudochattonella farcimen blooms occur in winter-spring in inner Danish waters. The species was first observed in the North Sea in 1998. Dicthyocha speculum blooms occur in May-june in inner Danish watersBoth species have a very complex life cycle including multi-nucleate stages
Only non-toxic strains in culture so far
Ichthyotoxic algae in North Atlantic waters
Marine Biological Section
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Marine Biological Section
Ichthyotoxic algae in North Atlantic waters
Pseudochattonella farcimen, March 2011
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Marine Biological Section
Pseudochattonella farcimen – species with multinucleate stages
Jakobsen et al 2011
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HaptophytesPrymnesium parvum (and maybe other Prymnesium species and Chrysochromulina polylepis)
Biology: Blooms occur in spring and summer in brackish waters
Ichthyotoxic algae in Danish waters
Marine Biological Section
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Dinoflagellates• Alexandrium spp (A. tamarense, A. minutum,
A. ostenfeldii, A. pseudogonyaulax, plus som foreign fish-killing species, e.g. A. monilatum, A. taylori, A. leei, etc)
• Karenia mikimotoi
• Karlodinium spp (K. veneficum, K. armiger, maybe new species)
Biology: Blooms occur in late spring and summer in brackish waters
Ichthyotoxic algae in Danish waters
Marine Biological Section
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Dinoflagellates
Pfiesteriaceans (heterotrophic, thekate). Recent recurrent blooms in recirculated fish farms (pike perch, trout) since 2012 • Pfiesteria shumwayae• Luciella masanensis
Ichthyotoxic algae in Danish waters
Moestrup et al 2014
Marine Biological Section
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Marine Biological Section
Ichthyotoxic algae in Danish waters
Ejsing Seafarm
Hirtshals
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Thank you!
Marine Biological Section