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Workshop 2 Inclusive development ITAN project Lessons learnt from the European Neighbour Regions (ENRs) Pierre BECKOUCHE (CIST) ESPON Open Seminar 2014 Opportunities and threats for territorial cohesion: Blue Growth and Urban Poverty Slide 2 Neighbourhoods: a attempt to EU compatible indicators 2 Inclusive development basic data on the Neighbour regions (Similiar to NUTS 2 or 3) harmonised data so as to compare them to the Espon territories a few composite indicators compatible with EU indicators of territorial development: a local HDI a international openness indicator ( ports international maritime traffic) The ITAN database sets up: Slide 3 Local HDI: national and regional territorial discrepancies 3 National disparities, e.g. Ukraine v. Russia; Israel v. rest of near East Regional disparities, e.g. Mediterranean Western Balkans v. hinterlands Western Turkey v. rest of country Greater Tunis v. rest of country Northern & central Algeria v. South Classic littoral / hinterland issue Inclusive development Slide 4 All Neighbouring countries have opened their economy, especially since the 1990s In their national territory, the role of their gateway cities (international ports, airports, business services) has been rising Deepening trade deficit & lower tariffs decline of financial resources for the State not a clear benefit for the major part of population and territories of the Neighbour countries A rising international openness 4 Merchandise trade 1960-2012 % imports + exports / GDP Opportunities & challenges Slide 5 Baltic region very much polarised by EU countries Ukraine exports more and more to the CIS and not to EU Maghrebs international maritime flows are focused on EU but less and less Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean less and less polarised by the EU Did EU benefit from the Neighbour countries international openness? as for EUs trade balance: YES as for EUs share in these countries foreign trade: NO A rising international openness but not always with the EU 5 Opportunities & challenges % of Europe in the international port traffic Slide 6 Transports: a broader vision of the region EU + ENRs 6 Demographic density &main transport network Connexity Opportunities & challenges Slide 7 7 In the Neighbourhoods, high potential markets in the dense coastal areas (e.g. Egyptian delta) High accessibility in the costal Maghreb, namely thanks to the proximity of the European shore The Black Sea area as a quite high accessibility spot (from Istanbul region to South Ukraine) Possible to build the international openness territorial indicator Accessible population within 3 hours Opportunities & challenges & a possible calculation of accessibility thus openness Slide 8 Building a composite indicator of international openness 8 Goal: addressing the crucial issue of international connection (in particular to EU) of local territories of the Neighbourhoods Three components: number of air seats available in international flights (2012), volume of international maritime flows by port (2011), FDI (average 2008-2012) Two methods: non-weighted / and weighted by time-distance accessibility Foreign direct investment International air traffic International port traffic Additional evidence needed Slide 9 International openness (non weighted approach) 9 Non weighted approach: highlights the agglomeration effects: the areas where airports and ports are located benefit from these infrastructures as a motor to participate in the global economy Result: impressive position of North-Western Turkey Result: international openness of Israeli territories Result: low international openness of the Maghreban territories despite their high potential accessibility to the European territory important avenues for territorial development there Geography of international openness SNUTS 2 level, around 2010 Additional evidence needed Slide 10 International openness (weighted approach, case of ports) 10 International Port traffic, 2012 Values weighted by the time-distance to Ports Additional evidence needed Weighted by time-distance to international transport facilities (including EU) approach: highlights accessibility: territories can benefit from large infrastructures if they have a short time-distance access to it (real networks speeds have been considered as well as border delays) Result: except Croatia, the Western Balkans are poorly connected to international maritime traffic Result: the long distances penalise the Russian territories Result: strong position of the major part of Turkey except the Eastern Result: large relegated territories in Maghreb except Northern Morocco avenues for better logistic connection ports / hinterlands Slide 11 Europeans interest is that the whole map turns into red! 11 Connexity As a conclusion