working women: better outcomes for growth
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Working Women: Better Outcomes for Growth. Mayra Buvinic Director, Gender and Development Group World Bank. GAP Guiding Principles. Selective coverage Evidence-based Results-oriented Relies on incentives. GAP: Changing the way the Bank does business . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Working Women:Better Outcomes for Growth
Mayra BuvinicDirector, Gender and Development Group
World Bank
• Selective coverage
• Evidence-based
• Results-oriented
• Relies on incentives
GAP Guiding Principles
• Mainstream gender in Bank economic sector operations.
• Support analytical work and tools to build the evidence base and influence Bank staff and policy in the long-term.
GAP: Changing the way the Bank does business
Policy level Agency level
Empower women to compete in markets
Make markets work for women
Advance women’s economic empowerment
GAP Framework
GAP Framework
Product Markets Include female-owned businesses and farms in supply chains
Form women’s business, purchasing, and transport associations
Financial Markets Offer commercial credit lines and financial services for women
Support self-help groups and ROSCAs
Land Markets Promote joint titling to land to enable women to access loans
Ensure women’s participation in land adjudication and registration processes
Labor Markets Certify good gender practices in firms
Provide labor intermediation services to young women
Policy Level: Make markets work for
women
Agency Level:
Empower women to compete in markets
Infrastructure Increases Access to all 4 Markets
GAP Labor Market Portfolio
7
GAP Funding
Source Pledges Receipts
Trust Fund $ 48,709,175 $ 25,452,087
Bank Budget $ 11,741,231 $ 11,341,231
Total $60,450,406 $36,793,318
Financial Contribution to the GAP(as of September 2009)
This includes pledges to the new Adolescent Girls Initiative launched in October 2008.
8
GAP Allocation by Markets (197 activities)
As of September 2009
Infrastructure; 27; 14%
Labor; 57; 29%
Land and Agriculture; 43; 22%
Other; 30; 15%
PSD; 40; 20%
GAP Labor Market Activities
Area Number Funding (US$)
Research 10 737,000
ESW 20 1,684,000
Data 3 200,000
Impact Evaluation 13 1,397,500
Active Labor Market projects 5 637,330
AGI projects 5 17,000,000
Private Sector Leaders Forum 1 300,000
TOTAL 57 21,955,830
Women and the Financial Crisis
11
Women join the labor force in times of crisis
Source: WDI, 2008
Argentina Brazil Mexico
-3-2-10123
% Change in Labor Force Participation (1993-95) - Latin American Crisis
FemaleMale
Indonesia Korea,Rep. Philippines-3-2-10123
% Change in Labor Force Participation (1997-99) - East Asian Crisis
12
Women’s labor supply is counter-cyclical in low-income HHs.
.
Source: Sonia Bhalotra and Marcela Umana-Aponte, 2009. “Distress Work amongst Women?: The dynamics of labor supply in (66) developing countries”. University of Bristol
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0.42
0.88
-0.15
Percentage Point Change in female LFP from a 10% drop in GDP
13
Jobs and earnings losses
Cambodia’s garment industry has laid off 60,000 workers (20% of workforce of the sector).
Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association reported a layoff of 20,000 workers in January/February 2009.
In China more than 67,000 labor-intensive SMEs have closed down, with total job losses of up to 2.7 million.
Women informal sector producers may also lose jobs (even if informal sector usually cushions impacts of crisis). In Ahmedabad, India, ½ of self-employed women in the garment sector saw
their monthly earning decrease to less than 1000 Rupees, while all earned above that amount in November 2008l; and
31% saw significant decreases in the number of days worked (SEWA).
Lessons Learned
• Active labor market policies
• Increasing access to credit / entrepreneurship.
• Child care programs & family friendly policies
• CCTs & CDDs
Improving Women’s Work and Employability
Program features to attract women’s participation
• Type of work• Nature intermediary agency• Location work site• Child care provision• Below-market wages• Eligibility criteria• Explicit women targets
Interventions:• Wage subsidy• Training (including on-the-job)• Intermediation (job search, counseling, etc)• Public works
Results:• Increase employment rate, especially women• Mixed evidence on wage rates• Mixed evidence on effects of training• Little known on cost-effectiveness (impacts sustained 9 years)
Active Labor Market Projects
Voucher program (Pro- Empleo - Argentina) increased employment, especially for women and young workers
Active Labor Market Projects
Source: Galasso, Ravallion & Salvia (2001)
Percentage point increase in employment
Men Women0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
3.4%
7.6%
Youth Employment Projects
Vocational training program (Jóvenes en Acción – Colombia) raised earnings and employment, with larger effects for women.
Source: Attanasio et al (2008)
Men Women Men WomenEmployment Earnings
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
7%
14%
8%
18%
Percentage increase
• Job displacement?
• Lower wages?
• Crowd out private training?
• Differentials by gender in exiting from workfare?
• Differentials by gender in stigmatization?
Questions
Thank you