working towards a climate smart african city. some ... enhancement/learning exchan… · assessment...

EThekwini Municipality

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & CLIMATE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

$130 billion

Dr. Debra Roberts

Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department

Ethekwini Municipality

Durban, South Africa.

Working towards a ‘climate smart’ African city.

Some reflections…..

Durban’s Municipal Climate Protection Programme

• Largest port and city on east coast of

Africa: 2 300 km2

• Population: 3.5 million (highest level of

poverty amongst major metros).

• Budget: R31.8 billion (1 US$= >8 Rands)

• 2/3 of the province of KwaZulu-Natal’s

GDP

• 34% unemployment

• HIV/Aids - life expectancy of 47

• Housing backlog: 408394 (1 July 2012)

• Global biodiversity hotspot

• The host city for COP17-CMP7

The Local Context


Game Changer: perfect storm

scenario. Potential to roll

back Africa’s development

gains - past and future.

Municipal Climate Protection Programme (MCPP)

Phase 2

Municipal and community adaptation

(2005 - )

Phase 1

Impact

assessment

(2004-2006)

Phase 3

Developing the toolkit

(2007-2010)

Phase 4

Mainstreaming climate

protection

(2007 - )

Information sharing, networking and research

•Municipal Adaptation Plans

•Community adaptation Plans

•Urban Management: Green Roof, event

greening, sea-level rise modeling

•Development of an Integrative

Assessment Tool

Ongoing programme

development

• Assessing the local impacts of climate change

• Carbon storage and sequestration

analysis

•Integrated Development Plan (Plan

1 Prog 6)

•Institutional change

•Mainstreaming into key city

projects/processes

•International advocacy

Mitigation: Energy Office (2008)


2010-2050: annual costs of adaptation

$70-100 billion. 80% will be borne by

cities in the developing world

1

a) Assessing the local impacts of climate change (2004/05)

Aim - To review the science of climate change: • How will Durban be

affected?

• What responses are required to address these impacts?


Phase 1: Impact Analysis

Threats of Climate Change

Change to Climate Variable Example of Impact

Higher mean temperatures

- Increased evaporation - Increased droughts - Decreased water availability - Extinction and changes in the distribution of ecosystems and species

Higher maximum temperatures, more hot days and more heat waves

- Increased incidence of death (heat stress) and serious illness - Increased risk of damage to some crops (decreased food security) - Increased fire danger - Higher energy consumption

Higher minimum temperatures, fewer cold days and frost days

- Increased risk to some crops - Increased pests and vector and waterborne diseases - Loss of tourism revenue

More intense/heavy and variable rainfall

- Increased flood, landslide and mudslides - Increased soil erosion - Increased pressure on disaster relief systems - Increased infrastructural damage

Increased mean sea level

- Salt water intrusion into ground water and coastal wetlands - Increased coastal flooding, and erosion particularly when

combined with storm surges

Change to Climate Variable Example of Impact


2

Identified :

municipal sectors impacted by climate change.

type of adaptation required.

range of potential adaptation options.

largely ineffective.

Municipal Adaptation Plans

Headline Adaptation Strategy (05/06)

Sectoral MAPs Climate Smart DMOSS


Phase 2: Adaptation

Adaptation: 2 2


Headline Adaptation Strategy

Sectoral MAPs (08 – ongoing)

Climate Smart DMOSS

• Sector specific Municipal Adaptation Plans (MAPs) - pilot for other line functions. • Health: environmental; clinical; social development; communicable diseases. • Water: water & sanitation; coastal, stormwater & catchment management; coastal policy. • Disaster Management. •Basis for cost/benefit analysis to prioritise interventions based on human benefit, cost effectiveness and ecological viability. EThekwini Municipality

• The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR): does not rely on financial or economic measures

(such as GDP growth) – benefit is determined by the number of people reached

and the impact on their well-being.

• Socio-institutional interventions tend to provide the greatest economic efficiency,

followed by ecosystem-based and lastly infrastructural interventions.

consistently

provide the best BCRs across all four futures in the short, medium and long term.

2

Adaptation: 2

2


Headline Adaptation Strategy

Sectoral MAPs ‘Climate Smart’ D’MOSS

(07-ongoing)

1. Global biodiversity hotspot – Durban Metropolitan Open Space System (D’MOSS): 95 000ha. Provider of essential ecosystem services – state of foundation affects what you can build on top!

2. Model future “bioclimatic envelops”. Use to review design of system and to improve resilience to climate change. Data inadequate.

1. Long-term: address through research partnership with local university.

2. Short-term: reduce the non-climate stresses. 1. Reduce habitat loss and fragmentation. 2. Invasive alien species: strategy and implementation

programme 3. Various Town Planning tools.

Adaptation: 3


Ecosystem services

Socio-political systems

Economy

Governance

Adaptation: 4 2

• Pilot project in two poor, high risk communities: Ntshongweni (rural) and Ntuzuma (urban). • Livelihoods analysis: community surveys

and Participatory Rural Appraisal tools. • Food Security: replacement crops for

maize. • Microscale agricultural water

management: water a key limiting factor.

Community Adaptation Plans

‘Climate Smart’ Communities

(08/10)

Community Reforestation

Advancing Capacity to support Climate

Change Adaptation (ACCCA)


Future agricultural productivity (2046-2065) Dryland Maize: initial projections were that maize

productivity would be reduced to almost 0 t/ha.

Food Security


Food Security • Phase 1: Test yields of potential new staple

crops (e.g. wheat, dry beans, pumpkins, madumbes, sorghum, sweet potatoes and cassava) • Crop trials (including maize) in two pilot

communities, and at two sites to the north of the province (Empangeni and Makhathini).

• Further impact assessment and outcome of trials suggest that by shifting planting dates and providing irrigation it will be possible to ensure maize productivity in the future.

• Phase 2: Test social acceptability – community cookoff.

• Phase 3: Conclusions and recommendations.

Ntuzuma – winter planting

2

Makhathini – summer planting


2) Community Based Adaptation

Community Adaptation Plans


Community Reforestation (08 -

ongoing) ACCCA

• Durban: ‘Carbon Neutral’ 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup™. Footprint of 307 208 tCO2 .

• Buffelsdraai Community Reforestation Project: buffer of a regional landfill site Will reforest 521 ha in total – replacing sugar cane. NGO partner.

• 24 full time, 10 part time, 340 temporary jobs and 685 “tree-preneurs” : grow and trade indigenous trees.


Tree-Preneur Cycle

Credit note exchanged for

goods at Tree Store

Facilitator measures & counts trees

credit note issued

Trees collected by

truck

Trees taken to nursery at

Buffelsdraai

Trees planted by Planting

Team at landfill

Seedlings grown and cared for until

ready for sale

Tree-preneur collects seed

seeds planted & germinated


2) Community Based Adaptation Community Adaptation

Plans


Community Reforestation (08 -

ongoing) ACCCA

• Roll out: Inanda Mt.250ha. 25 full time and 38 temporary jobs and 138 “tree-preneurs”.

• 3rd site for COP17-CMP7 ecological offset. Expanded ‘Community-Ecosystem Based Adaptation’ (CEBA) concept. 200ha. 21 full time and 80 temporary jobs and 160 “tree-preneurs”.

• Adaptation advantages: • Rehabilitation of degraded forests. • Catchment management - water supplies. • Employment and upliftment of

communities.


Adaptation: 7 2

Urban Management Interventions

Green Roof Pilot Project (08/12)

Greening Durban 2010 (07/10) Sea Level Rise Modeling

(07-ongoing)

Green Guideline series: •Water and energy efficiency •Landscaping •Waste Management •Green Roof

•Input into shoreline and coastal management plans. •Projections of 30cm, 60cm and 100cm

•Temperature and stormwater benefits •Biodiversity protection •Food production


Phase 3: Developing the toolkit

a) Integrative Assessment Tool (2007/10)

3

• Partnership with Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in UK. London case study.

• Evaluate long-term city plans

and policies against the impacts of climate change. Inform mitigation and adaptation planning.

• Useful first step – but will need refining. Indicative of the complexity involved in integrating CC into urban planning.


Phase 4: Mainstreaming

a) Institutional Change

4

• Requirement for MCPP included within the Integrated Development Plan (key city planning document)(from 2004).

• Creation of the Climate Protection Branch (2007). Skills gap: difficulty in filling posts.

• Creation of the Energy Office (2008).

• Building a co-ordinated city wide climate protection function • Climate Protection Branch: adaptation. • Energy Office: mitigation/ GHG reporting.. • Coastal Policy: sea-level rise. • Disaster Management: DRR

Government GHG contribution as a percentage of

the EMA (with category breakdown)(2005/2006)

Residential

17%

Industrial

44%

Commercial

9%

Transportation

25%

Government

5%

Waste

0.5%


4

b) Key city projects

1. FIFA Soccer World Cup™: “Greening Durban

2010” campaign.

• Goals: • Climate Neutrality – not able to achieve • Energy efficiency • Water efficiency • Sustainable Waste Management • Sustainable Transport Systems • Biodiversity

2. Strategic Environmental Assessment:

Spatial Development Plans/Safe Operating Space Study. Climate change will be included as a key driver.



307 208 X

4

3. UNFCCC COP17-CMP7. Durban 28th November – 9 December 2011

• “Durban Local Government Convention: adapting to a changing climate” 2-4 December 2011.

• Partnership between EM, SALGA, SACN, DEA and ICLEI.

• Key output: the Durban Adaptation Charter – partner to the Mexico City Pact.

• Signed on 4-12-2011 and presented to High

Level segment on 9-12-2011. 109 Mayors representing over 970 local governments from 30 countries. 94% from global south.



4

4. uMhlangane Catchment Project Purpose: To explore how a ‘business unusual’ approach that encourages cross-sectoral planning and decision-making, stakeholder engagement and a focus on the city’s natural resources, can enhance efforts to manage catchments as key climate change adaptation tools within the municipality. Examples of current focus areas: • Coordination of cross-sectoral team • Biophysical and socio-economic assessment (baseline) • Ecosystem restoration for flood attenuation and

stormwater management • Climate change responsive town planning • Water quality monitoring • Partnership with sister city (Bremen) – funding and

knowledge exchange



Crosscutting: Information Sharing, Networking and Research

• “Durban’s Climate Summit: local action for a resilient city.” 28 May 2009. Mandate for the establishment of a “Durban Climate Change Partnership”. Work began in 2010. Steering Committee established 2011. Put on hold August 2012.

• National United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change negotiating team. Used to raise profile of local level, urban adaptation.

• IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2014. Chapter 8, Urban Areas, Chapter 12, Africa Working Group II

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