working to engineer - uk construction week · past chair, iet built environment sector ... history...
TRANSCRIPT
Cameron Steel CEng
FIET MCIBSE FIHEEM MInstRE
Director, BK Design Associates UK Ltd
Past Chair, IET Built Environment Sector
Technical Author – IET
Guide
to
Electrical
Maintenance
(Sep 2015)
Designer’s Guide
to
Energy Efficient
Electrical Installations
(Sep 2016)
The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations
Code of Practice
for
Energy
Management
(Spring 2017)
2
Agenda
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
Standardisation, IEC 60364 and the link to the BS 7671
Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations
3
History of BS 7671 The Wiring Regulations
The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations
4
The history of BS 7671
The Wiring Regulations were first issued in 1882 by the Society of Telegraph Engineers
and of Electricians, consisting of four pages and 21 Regulations:
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
5
Isolation –
Regulation 7:
Mechanical protection and labelling –
Regulation 17:
The First Edition of The Regulations had requirements for:
Periodic Inspection and Testing:
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
6
In 1991, the Sixteenth Edition of
the IEE Wiring Regulations
was issued.
In 1992, the Sixteenth
Edition became a British
Standard
BS 7671:1992.
The final issue of
the Sixteenth Edition
was
BS 7671:2001(2004).
16th Edition
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
7
17th Edition In 2008 the Seventeenth Edition,
BS 7671:2008 was published.
Consisting of 389 pages and
1108 Regulations
BRITISH STANDARD BS 7671:2008
Requirements for Electrical Installations
IEE Wiring Regulations
Seventeenth Edition
British Standards
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology and BSI
NO COPYING IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION
In 2011 the First Amendment to
BS 7671:2008 is published.
Revised BS 7671 consisting of 463
pages and 1274 Regulations
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
8
BS 7671:2008+A3:2015
New Installations from
1st July 2015
History of BS 7671 – The Wiring Regulations
17th Edition
Revised edition
now consists of
494 pages
& 1274
(even more)
Regulations
Design hierarchy
9
History of BS7671 – The Wiring Regulations
10
Isolation – Regulation 7: Periodic Inspection and Testing:
Standardisation IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671
The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations
11
The UK National Committee responsible for BS 7671 is JPEL/64
Joint IET/BSI Committee Power Electrical
64 - IEC designation for Committees dealing with LV electrical installations
As of June 2011 this is a joint BSI/IET committee & the constitution of JPEL/64 is shown
on page 8 of the Regulations.
IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671
Treaty of Rome
UK obliged to incorporate the
technical intent of Standards
developed at the European
CENELEC level,
i.e. HD – Harmonized
Documents.
BS 7671 is largely based on
the requirements of the
CENELEC HD 60364 series
of standards.
HD 60364 is available as a
series of standards.
www.cenelec.org
12
IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671
IEC 60364-8-1
Low-voltage electrical installations –
Part 8-1: Energy efficiency
Key topics include:
Barycentres
Distribution efficiency
Load characteristics
Controls
Energy measurement
Load inertia
User requirements
Energy management
Maintenance 13
IEC 60364 and the link to BS 7671
Design hierarchy
Design hierarchy - updated
Safety
Capacity
Efficiency
Resilience
14
Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1
Fundamental Principles
1. an energy efficient installation must not compromise “the safety of
persons, property, and livestock…”
2. reducing electrical energy consumption should not influence or reduce
the overall maximum demand or capacity of the services required
3. any automatic controls should also be provided with a manual override –
users must understand control overrides result in higher energy use
16
Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1
Benefits of an energy efficient electrical installation
• less impact on the environment
• reduce energy losses / lower energy costs
• use energy when required / off-peak tariff
• less reactive maintenance / less heat loss
• optimise electrical system life cycle performance
18
Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1
Sectors of activity
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Infrastructure
EE legislative initiatives often focus on new buildings
IEC 60364-8-1 replacement of
building stock at rate of 2-5% pa
should apply to existing & new building stock
“it is in the refurbishment of existing buildings
that significant overall improvements
in energy efficiency can be achieved.”
location of the electrical intake
electrical distribution wiring system
controls to avoid wasteful use of loads
provision of energy measurement
load isolations that do not affect safety, function or comfort
energy management of electrical systems
the impact of maintenance 19
Energy Efficiency and IEC 60364-8-1
Energy Efficiency Metrics of IEC 60364-8-1:2014
• stipulate energy efficiency measures
13 categories – ratings from EM0 to EM4.
• influence energy efficiency performance levels
3 categories – ratings from EEPL0 to EEPL4.
• summarise category outcomes as electrical installation efficiency classes
ratings from EIEC0 to EIEC4
A continuous system of
plan by efficiency measures
do through efficiency performance levels
check using installation efficiency classes
act towards further improvements in overall electrical efficiency
20
The Design of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Installations
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient
Electrical Installations
21
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
www.theiet.org/ee-guide-pe
ISBN 978-1-78561-181-0
http://electrical.theiet.org/wiring-matters/
1. Energy Efficiency in
Electrical Installations
2. Energy efficiency of
low voltage electrical
installations
22
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Section 1 Introduction – scope, standards and legislation
Section 2 Designing an energy efficient electrical installation
Section 3 Electrical infrastructure, metrics and load characteristics
Section 4 Operation and maintenance
Appendix A Barycentre Worked Example
Appendix B Summary Checklists
Appendix C Reference standards
23
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Energy In
Energy Efficient Distribution
Energy Efficient Installation
Energy Output
Control Inputs
Control Philosophy
Feedback Philosophy
Control Outputs
24
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
The designer should work with the client and the end user to identify
• where appliances will be used zones
• what type of appliances will be operated usage
• what controls will be in place for similar equipment meshes
Zones
definition is flexible and could describe
• whole floor of a building
• smaller area within a floor e.g. near windows
• room within a dwelling
• specific areas – hotel kitchen or industrial workshop
25
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Usages
design team & client stakeholders should identify
• what electrical loads there will be,
• where they will be located
• their hours of operation
Meshes
circuit or group of circuits with associated
equipment – efficient energy management
A mesh can belong to more than one zone and
can also apply to one or more usages within
those zones.
• hot water production;
• HVAC
• lighting
• motors
• appliances
example - lighting
common control philosophy
local daylighting &
presence detection
across multiple zones
example – hotel room
multiple usages
couple of zones
26
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
load characteristics how to optimise and maintain performance
motors; lighting; HVAC
metrics what to measure and why
load profile; power quality analysis:
pf, kW, kVA, kVAr, V, harmonics
13 design categories
electrical infrastructure the backbone of the electrical installation
substation; transformer losses; wiring systems;
power factor correction; renewable energy
27
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
transformers how to optimise the transformer efficiency
minimum performance requirements for the installed
transformer to reduce losses
reactive power reduction of reactive power
minimum levels of acceptable power factor
3 performance categories
consumption distribution of annual consumption
how much of the energy used can be attributed to
particular usages – lights, small power etc
28
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Operation and maintenance
Energy Efficiency
Good design
Correct Commissioning
Performance monitored
Performance optimised
Maintenance regime
Demonstrate compliance;
improve reliability; maintain efficiency
Importance of system design
Easy to install; easy to maintain
Relevance of satisfactory design
Design for the whole life cycle 29
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Barycentre calculations
𝑥𝑏, 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 . 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1
𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1
2D standard layouts
𝑥𝑏, 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑧𝑏 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 . 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1
𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1
3D analysis of a larger building
30
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
Barycentre calculations
depending on what units are
used
kWh or kW
different results will be obtained
2D worked example within Appendix A
Common methodology
• find the loads centres
• provide coordinates – x & y or x, y & z
• note values of kWh or kW
• use consistent units
37m, 17m
or
22m, 22m
31
Book readership
Used by all those with responsibility for
design of electrical installations
This would include
• design engineers
• consultants and contractors
• operations engineers and technicians.
Designer’s Guide to Energy Efficient Electrical Installations
32
Topics of interest with forthcoming IET publications include:
IET Thought Leadership
33
1. Guide to Metering Systems: Specification, Installation and Use
2. Code of Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems
3. Code of Practice for Energy Management
http://www.theiet.org/resources/standards/
1. Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems
2. CoP for Low and Extra LV DC Power Distribution in Buildings
3. Code of Practice for the Application of LED Lighting Systems
4. Guide to Electrical Maintenance
Topics of interest with existing IET publications include:
Thank you for your time
Any questions?
Cameron Steel
IET Standards
Stevenage
Tel: +44 (0)1438 767684
Email: [email protected]
www.theiet.org/ee-guide-pe
ISBN 978-1-78561-181-0 34