workers education

A STUDY ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WORKERS EDUCATION

Prepared by Debdulal Dutta Roy

CBWE & Psychology Research Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata

Prepared for

Presentation in the Governing Body Meeting of CBWE Delhi, 15.9.2005

OVERVIEW

What is Workers Education? , Perspectives of Impact Assessment SETTING OBJECTIVES : Company Profile, Interviewing President,

Management, Workers ,Trade union leaders, Trainers, Studying course contents, training manual, observing training program. Content analysis, Departments under study

OBJECTIVES Model of the study Subjective Data collection : instrument development,

Studying the constraints and collection of data, Sampling criteria and Characteristics of Samples

DATA ANALYSIS Results of Subjective data : Achievement test and

training process satisfaction Objective Data collection :Constraints, Study periods RESULTS : Productivity- 1, 2, 3 , Wastage - 1, 2, 3, 4 Quality control - 1,

2 Accident - 1, 2 and Absenteeism - 1, 2 CONCLUSION & FUTURE RESEARCH THANK YOU

Workers Education is humanized training process to change in knowledge and skills required for on and off the job life.

So it makes a balance between on and off the job life in designing training inputs.

It assumes that worker is a total man with complex adaptive open system. They have own reasoning for self direction and self control.

Workers education affects the reasoning level so that workers feel inner urge to learn new knowledge and skills.

What is Workers Education ?

PERSPECTIVES OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Workers Perspective Acquiring knowledge about working operations, self control

(faulty habits). Satisfaction with training process Job Satisfaction or Employee Satisfaction

Organizational Perspective Improvement in productivity Reduction of wastage Improving quality Reduction of accidents Reduction of absenteeism Change in Return of Investment Change in Organizational Climate or Organizational health

STUDY LOCATION

Situated on the West bank of river Ganges near Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal

Company Profile

Name : Ambica Jute MillEstablished : Pre-independence Location : At the bank of River HooghlyMachines : 100 years old and periodical

overhaulingTraining : No training other than CBWEWorkers : Multilingual, multi culture, most

of them were below class VIII.

ASSESSING PERCEPTION OF PRESIDENT ABOUT TRAINING IMPACT

Collecting data from the President about underlying motives for training, his own observation about training course, training methods and its impact on the mill workers and mill performance.

ASSESSING PERCEPTION OF MANAGERS,& SUPERVISORS, WORKERS AND TRADE UNION LEADERS ABOUT TRAINING IMPACT

MANAGERS AND SUPERVISORS WORKERS INTUC LEADER

CITU LEADER

COURSE CONTENTS

KNOW YOUR INDUSTRY

QUALITY

PRODUCTIVITY

ABSENTEEISMWASTE CONTROL

ACCIDENT

COURSE CONTENTS

REVIEWING MANUALS ONE COURSE

MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED BASED ON THE TRAINING NEEDS OF MILL AND IT WAS TRANSLATED IN TO HINDI LANGUAGE.

OBSERVING TRAINING PROGRAMME

USED DIFFERENT TRAINING AIDS LIKE LECTURE,ROLE PLAY, GROUP DISCUSSION, EXHIBITS, QUESTION ANSWER SESSION,

EXERCISES, AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS, DEMONSTRATION

INTERVIEWING THE TRAINERS

Preliminary investigation and Content Analysis in Setting Objectives

Collected 335 statements (Page 177-196) from the open -ended interview with managers, supervisors, workers and trade union leaders of the jute mill about effect of training on them.

Statements were coded and content analysis was made. Results revealed that most of the statements were related to improvement in productivity, wastage control, quality control, accident and absenteeism of 4 departments namely, Batching, Spinning, Weaving and Finishing.

16 16

13 13

9 9

75

4 43

1

0

24

68

1012

1416

18

Spinnin

g

Weavin

g

Batchin

g

Finish

ing

Perso

nnel

Secur

ity

Godow

n

Finan

ceMec

h.

Pres

ident

Electr

ical

Qlty C

ntrol

% D

istr

ibut

ion

of T

rain

ing

Impa

ct s

tate

men

ts

21% 20%

16%13% 12%

4% 4% 3% 3% 3%1%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% D

istr

ibut

ion

of T

rain

ing

Impa

ct

Department wise

Area wise

Departments Under Study and flow of work

BATCHING SPINNING

WEAVING FINISHING

1

2

3

OBJECTIVES

To determine extent of difference in knowledge (achievement) about course contents between the trained and non-trained employees of the mill

To determine extent of Training process Satisfaction of trainees

To determine extent of difference in Productivity, Waste control, Quality control, Rate of accidents and Absenteeism between before and during training periods

TRAINING

Change in Subjective variables ( Knowledge, Self assessment of training satisfaction )

Change in Individual Performance (Absenteeism, Accident)

Change in Organizational Performance (Productivity, Wastage, Quality Control)

Independent Variables

Dependent Variables

Controlled Variables : Technology, Training Months, Supervision, Raw materials

Model of Study

SUBJECTIVE DATA COLLECTION

CONSTRAINTS Non- availability of all

the workers at a time at one location as they are scattered around different locations and due to shifting duties

Giving assurance that production process will not be disturbed during evaluation.

COLLECTION OF DATATherefore, one specific day was

selected and data were collected randomly from different categories of workers in their respective departments without any prior intimation to the interviewees. In sampling, each machine of the respective departments was initially listed and machines were randomly selected out of the list. Samples were selected based on the operators of randomly selected machines.

Sample Criteria and CharacteristicsCriteria

Training received before 1 month Able to read the questionnaires Due to his absence, there will be no disturbance in

production process Sample must belong to the respective department more than

5 yearsSample Characteristics

More than 10 years experience in same department Middle aged Income above Rs.3000 Educational level in average ranged from grade V to VIII Common languages were Hindi and Bengali Most of them married Most of them possessed 1 or 2 children Most of them came from West Bengal and Bihar and Most of them trained before 1 month.

Tools : Psychometric Test PropertiesAchievement Test

No. of Items: 4 items (2 on awareness and 2 on application) X 5 issues (Productivity, Waste control, Quality control, Absenteeism, Safety)

Item Categories : 7 common and 13 department wise questions

Type : Multiple Choice. 4 Options. Range of scores : 0 to 20 Content validity : Item-total

correlation was significant across departments (Table 5.7)

Reliability range : 0.75 to 0.93 (Table 5.8)

Training Process Satisfaction

Variables : Awareness, Motivation and Attitude towards training

Type : Multiple choice to assess awareness and motivation variables. 4 point interval scale to assess attitude variables.

Statistics Used for Analysis

Pearson Product Moment Correlationt-testChi-square testCorrespondence AnalysisWilcoxon Matched Paired Signed Rank testItem discriminationItem total correlationKuder Richardson Coefficient

Trainee and Non-trainee difference in Achievement Test

Department wise Achievement score distribution

0

5

10

15

20

Batching Spinning Weaving

Mea

n

Trainees

Non-trainees

Trainee and Non-trainee difference in dimension wise Achievement test

0

2

4

6

8

Critical ratio

Productivity 4.37 2.73 6.14

Waste control 2.17 3.32 4.79

Quality Control 3.9 2.18 6.98

Absenteeism 2.89 3.12 4.88

Safety 6.57 2.04 3.92

Batching Spinning Weaving

Row.Coords

Col.Coords

Correspondence analysis between location of departments and achievement scores

S tandardization: Row and column profiles

Dimension 1; E igenvalue: .13835 (58.90% of Inertia)

Dim

ensi

on 2

; Eig

enva

lue:

.071

61 (3

0.49

% o

f Iner

tia)

1-4

5-8

9-12

13-16

17-20

B atching

S pinning

W eaving

Finishing

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Achievement score was high in Weaving, Spinning and finishing department than batching

Training Process Satisfaction

No Significant Difference among the departments

90 93 97

55

85

6181 84

0

20

40

60

80

100

120A

ttendance

Machine C

hk

Dept. P

rob.

Duration

Related to

Prac. Prob.

Ideassharing

Adequacy of

accessories

White board

adequacy

Per

cent

age

Training MethodsMOTIVATION Training Materials

Pie diagram of Supervisor's instruction 1% 6%

11%

82%

Understandinginstructions onlyUnderstanding thereasonsUnderstandingBMAble to pursueothers

Pie diagram of Awareness of Job responsibility

64%

15% 21% Aware of my jobresponsibility

Helps in errormodification

Helps to makeothers realized

Pie diagram of Awareness of Mistake

63%

20%1%

16% UnderstandmistakeAsk others tocorrect mistakeTry to correctmistakeAble to correctmistake

Row.Coords

Col.Coords

Correspondence analysis of Work pattern and training methods

Input Table (Rows x Columns): 4 x 4

Standardization: Row and column profiles

Dimension 1; Eigenvalue: .16533 (85.84% of Inertia)

Dim

ensi

on 2

; Eig

enva

lue:

.021

47 (1

1.15

% o

f Ine

rtia)

Batching

Spinning

Weaving

Finishing

Greater extent

Great extent

Some extent

Least extent

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Batching dept. workers found less similarity between work pattern and trg. methods

OBJECTIVE DATA COLLECTIONCONSTRAINTS Before and after experimental

design can not be followed as training is continuous process.

All the months were not in analysis as production process depends upon months.

Individual productivity data were not available.

No use of Medical data as company wise data records were not available in the ESI hospitals.

Individual wise absenteeism and accident data were not available.

COLLECTION OF DATA Before and During

Experimental design Only selected

months were considered

Department and hierarchy wise data were used for analysis.

Since company performance is related to month wise variation, months were kept constant in both before and during training periods. Wilcoxon’s matched paired signed rank test was computed to estimate between period difference.

Before During Before DuringYears 2000-02 2003 2001-03 2004Months Aug-Dec Aug-Dec Jan-Mar Jan-MarTotal 15 months 5 months 9 months 3 months

Phase -1 Phase -2

Determining the Periods for study

Productivity was measured in terms of Production efficiency of 4 finished products.

Fine YarnCourse Yarn Hessian Cloth Sacking Cloth

Products for Assessing Productivity

Productivity of Spinning Dept

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

Perc

enta

ge

Fine Yarn (P-1)

Before

During

Before 73.667 74.333 75.333 75.667 75.667

During 77 80 80 81 79

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec70

72

74

76

78

80

Perc

enta

ge

Fine yarn (P-2)

Before

During

Before 73.66 73.66 74

During 80 80 80

Jan Feb Mar

74

76

78

80

82

Per

cent

age

Coarse Yarn (P-1)

Before

During

Before 77.3 76.7 77 76.7 77

During 80 81 80 81 82

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

Per

cent

age

Coarse Yarn (P-2)

Before

During

Before 75 76 78.6

During 81 83 82

Jan Feb Mar

FINE YARN

COARSE YARN

Productivity of Weaving Dept

0

20

40

60

80

Perc

enta

ge

Hessian Cloth (P-1)

Before

During

Before 45 47.33 49 48 47.67

During 44 52 54 61 52

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Per

cent

age

Hessian Cloth (P-2)

Before

During

Before 42.33 42.66 37.33

During 58 59 60

Jan Feb Mar

0

20

40

60

80

Per

cent

age

Sacking (P-1)

Before

During

Before 59.67 57.33 57.67 56.67 55

During 65 65 67 64 68


20

40

60

80

Per

cent

age

Sacking (p-2)

Before

During

Before 55.66 54 54.66

During 70 71 74

Jan Feb Mar

HESSIAN

SACKING

S live r C a d d ies

B a tch ing

T h re ad

S p inn ing

T h re ad

W e av ing

T h re ad G u n ny Cu tting

F in ish ing

W a s ta g e a c ro ss D ep a rtm e n ts

Wastage

Wastage Difference in Batching Department

0

1

2

3

4

Per

cent

age

Sliver ( P - 1)

Before

During

Before 2.97 3.04 3.15 3.26 3.1

During 3.36 2.5 2.45 2.4 2.37

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

2

4

Per

cent

age

Sliver ( P-2)

Before

During

Before 3.3333 3.3233 3.1967

During 2.39 2.36 2.31

Jan Feb Mar

0

2

4

6

8

Per

cent

age

Caddies ( P-1)

Before

During

Before 6.23 6.1 5.88 5.61 5.58

During 4.2 4.3 4.2 4 3.8


5

10P

erce

ntag

e

Caddies (P-2)

Before

During

Before 6.3467 5.74 5.9433

During 3.5 3.6 3.4

Jan Feb Mar

CADDIES WASTAGE

SLIVER WASTAGE

Thread Wastage Difference

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Per

cent

age

(P-1)

BeforeDuring

Before 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.63 0.6

During 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.35

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Per

cent

age

P-2

Before

During

Before 0.55 0.52 0.5

During 0.37 0.38 0.35

Jan Feb Mar

0

1

2

3

4

Per

cent

age

P-1

Before

During

Before 2.74 2.7 2.78 2.87 3.06

During 3 2.75 2.62 2.6 2.48

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

1

2

3

4

Per

cent

age

P-2

Before

During

Before 3.15 3.29 3.09

During 2.5 2.43 2.45

Jan Feb Mar

SPINNING DEPARTMENT

WEAVING DEPARTMENT

Wastage in Finishing Department

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Per

cent

age

( P - 1)

Before

During

Before 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.12 0.13

During 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.1

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Perc

enta

ge

( P - 2 )

Before

During

Before 0.15 0.13 0.15

During 0.09 0.07 0.08

Jan Feb Mar

THREAD WASTAGE

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Per

cent

age

Phase - 1

Before

During

Before 0.62 0.74 0.74 0.63 0.69

During 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.46 0.45


0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Per

cent

age

Phase - 2

Before

During

Before 0.7 0.7 0.66

During 0.48 0.48 0.46

Jan Feb Mar

GUNNY CUTTING WASTAGE

Batching (3 nos.)• CV% of Morah Weight• CV% of Sliver Weight ,F.C• CV% of Sliver

Weight ,F.D

Spinning (6 nos.)• CV% of Weight of F.Yarn• CV% of Strength of F.Yarn• CV% of count of C. Yarn• CV% of count of S. Yarn• Quality ratio of W.Yarn• Quality ratio of W.Yarn of Fine Side

from standard

Weaving (2 nos.)• No. of Ends observed• Heavy light %

Finishing (2 nos.)• Fabric fault %• Weight of Sacking

Quality Control Parameters

Change in Quality Control Data

Decrease in CV% of Morah weight (Batching Dept)

02468

10121416

Jan Feb Mar Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

CV % Before

After

Decrease in CV% of weight of Yarn Quality for fine side (Spinning Dept)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Jan Feb Mar Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

CV % Before

After

No. of Ends Observed (Weaving Dept)

468469470471472473474475

Jan

Feb

Mar

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

CV

%

BeforeAfterStandard

% of Fabric faults of Hessian and Sacking (Finishing Dept.)

012345

% o

f fab

ric fa

ult

BeforeAfter

Accident Pattern Analysis Accident due to human error

was used for analysis - unsafe act.

Only minor injury due to unsafe act was taken into consideration.

Difference in incidence of accident across the years before and during training period was assessed.

Department and hierarchy wise difference was studied.

Distribution of minor unsafe Accident before and during training periods

Number of Minor Unsafe Accident before and during Training periods

0 5 10 15 20

Batching

Spinning

Weaving

Finishing

Before

During

2.33

8

10.67

1.5

5

8

Sardar

Helper

Worker

DuringBefore

Department wise distribution

Hierarchy wise distribution

Analysis of Absenteeism Pattern The database is supposed to have

420 data (4 years ((2000-03) X 8 months X 4 departments X 3 hierarchies) + (1 year (2004) X 3 months X 4 departments X 3 hierarchies)). Expected data set will be 140 data for each category of employees for the purpose of comparison of absenteeism rate between before and during training periods. But the actual data set includes 57 data of Sardars, 50 data of helpers and 140 data of workers. Therefore, current analysis was limited to change in absenteeism pattern of workers only

Pattern of Absences of WorkersPercentage of Absences (Batching

Dept)

0123456

% BeforeAfter

Percentage of Absences (Spinning Dept)

0

2

4

6

8

Jan

Feb Mar Aug Sep OctNov Dec

%

BeforeAfter

Percentage of Absences (Weaving Dept)

0

2

4

6

8

%

BeforeAfter

Percentage of Absences (Finishing Dept)

012345

%

BeforeAfter

Conclusion1. Results revealed significant impact of

Workers Education program conducted by CBWE at Ambica Jute Mill, Howrah on both subjective and objective criteria of Organizational Effectiveness.

Future Research 1. Comparison between trainees and non trainees

in their individual productivity level, level of absenteeism and of the accident.

2. Impact of workers education on the Quality of working life ( Job satisfaction, Health and Off-the job life) of workers.

3. Impact of workers education on the organizational climate or interpersonal trust among the employees;

4. Impact of workers education on the Return of investment;

5. Current model may be used in other Industries and diverse sectors like Education , health, service, etc.

THANK YOU

THANK YOU

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