workbook e.qxd - fcm
TRANSCRIPT
W O R K B O O K
F E D E R A T I O N O F C A N A D I A N M U N I C I P A L I T I E S
for Susta inable Communit ies
Solid Wasteas a Resource
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook
Copyright © Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM)
All rights reserved.
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities encourages the use, adaptation, and copying
of this publication for non-commercial use, with appropriate credit given to FCM.
Although reasonable care has been used in preparing this publication, neither
the publisher nor the contributors, editors, and writers can accept any liability for
any consequence arising from the use thereof or information therein.
The publication is available on FCM’s Web site (www.fcm.ca) and the Knowledge
Network of FCM’s Centre for Sustainable Community Development
(http://kn.fcm.ca) and on CD.
This publication is also available in French.
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
Centre for Sustainable Community Development
24 Clarence Street
Ottawa, Ontario
K1N 5P3
Internet: http://kn.fcm.ca
ISBN: 0-919080-77-4
FCM No: 5005E
March 2004
This publication was undertaken with financial support from
the Government of Canada provided through
Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada,
and the Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change.
Concept and Project Management:
Sherri Watson, FCM Environment Policy Advisor
Writers:
Overview: RIS International and Lura Consulting Group
Review of Waste Policies: Lura Consulting
Review of Waste Technologies: RIS, in association with Earth Tech Canada
Workbook: RIS International and Lura Consulting Group
Editor: CaretScript
Graphic Design: Design Matters
French Translation: Services linguistiques Ergé
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook i
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Using this Workbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Figure 1 – Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Addressing Key Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Figure 2 – Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Stage A – Establishing Your Information Baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Worksheet A1 – Community Characteristics Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Worksheet A3 – Residential Resource and Waste Management Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Worksheet A4 – IC&I Resource and Waste Management Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Figure 3 – Establishing Your Information Baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Stage B – Policy Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Worksheet B1 – Community Innovation Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Figure 4 – Policy Decision-making Tree <50% Waste Reduction Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Figure 5 – Policy Decision-making Tree >50% Waste Reduction Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Figure 6 – Policy Decision-making Tree – Provincial/Municipal Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Stage C – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Figure 7 – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decision-making Tree
(<7,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Figure 8 – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decision-making Tree
(7,000 – 35,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Figure 9 – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decision-making Tree
(35,000 – 90,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Figure 10 – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decision-making Tree
(>90,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Worksheet C1 – Establishing Partnerships with Other Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Figure 11 – Partnership Option Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Worksheet C2 – Resources Available for Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Table 1 – Residential Waste Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
ii WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
Figure 12 – Option A – Waste Reduction Target <25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Figure 13 – Option B – Waste Reduction Target 25 – 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Figure 14 – Option C – Waste Reduction Target >50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Figure 15 – System Design Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Introduction
This Workbook augments the Guide (Overview,
Review of Waste Policies and Review of Waste
Technologies) and provides a comprehensive,
do-it-yourself approach to making informed
decisions on how to achieve the efficient
resource management and waste reduction of
a sustainable community.
Using this Workbook
This Workbook will guide you through a “big
picture” integrated resource and waste manage-
ment planning process, outline your options and
rule out choices that are too challenging or cost-
prohibitive. The decision-making procedure is
divided into four sections corresponding with
key decision-making stages:
Preliminary Groundwork Stage – Setting Goals
Stage A – Establishing Your Information Baseline
Stage B – Policy Decision-making
Stage C – Integrated Resource and Waste
Management System Decisions
Each section describes required tasks, and
provides schematics of decision-making
trees and supporting worksheets. Figure 1–
Decision-making Tree, on page 2, provides a
visual overview of the Workbook’s decision-making
procedures.
It is recommended that you photocopy the decision-
making trees and supporting worksheets and keep the
originals for future use.
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 1
2 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
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Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 3
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Addressing Key Considerations
Designing an integrated resource and wastemanagement system depends on your community’sobjectives, which are influenced by several keyfactors:■ Choosing appropriate system goals■ Innovation■ Policies■ Size■ Location■ System costs and available budgets■ Markets
These key factors are fully explored in the Guide.Identifying and evaluating trade-offs is the
key to making informed, pragmatic decisionsabout policies and technologies that lead to themost sustainable, integrated resource and wastemanagement solution.
Preliminary Groundwork– Setting Goals
It is vital to the successful design and implemen-tation of an integrated resource and waste management system to take the time, up front,to understand your community’s needs and priorities, and to set appropriate goals.
TASK 1: IDENTIFY BROADER COMMUNITY
GOALS
Identify the broad strategic community goalsand priorities that reflect your community’s economic, social and environmental visions.A review of existing visioning or sustainablegrowth documents may show that these broadgoals and priorities have already been identified.However, if goals and priorities have not beenclearly developed and articulated through a community-based participation process, thismust be the starting point of the process.
Information RequirementsComplete Q1 and Q2 of Worksheet A1–
Community Characteristics BackgroundInformation (Note: Worksheet A1 can be found withStage A of this Workbook)
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview, Section 2)
TASK 2: IDENTIFY WASTE REDUCTION
GOALS/TARGETS
Identify your community’s current waste reduction goals or targets.
Information RequirementsComplete Q3 and Q4 of Worksheet A1–Community Characteristics BackgroundInformation
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview, Section 2)
TASK 3: DETERMINE COMPATIBILITY
BETWEEN COMMUNITY GOALS AND WASTE
REDUCTION GOALS
Determine whether or not your community’swaste reduction goals or targets support thebroader community goals. It is important tounderstand clearly whether the reduction goalscould be compromised by other conflicting community goals (for example, setting a reduc-tion goal of 75 per cent will be difficult to attainif the community has a competing fiscal austerityprogram). You may need to review the wastereduction goals/targets by involving the community using a community-based approach.
Information RequirementsComplete Q5 to Q7 of Worksheet A1– CommunityCharacteristics Background Information
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview, Section 2)
Figure 2 – Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals
4 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 5
PR
EL
IMIN
AR
YG
RO
UN
DW
OR
K–
SE
TTIN
GG
OA
LS
FIG
UR
E2
Yes
Have
bro
ader
com
mun
itygo
als
been
est
ablis
hed?
Esta
blis
h co
mm
unity
goa
ls
and
prio
ritie
s th
at re
flect
co
mm
unity
eco
nom
ic, s
ocia
l, an
den
viro
nmen
tal p
olic
ies
and
visi
ons
Ensu
re m
embe
rs o
f the
com
mun
itypa
rtici
pate
in th
e pr
oces
s
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Guid
e(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2)
No
Yes
Have
was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s/ta
rget
s be
en
esta
blis
hed?
Esta
blis
h w
aste
redu
ctio
n go
als/
targ
ets
that
refle
ct
com
mun
ity g
oals
Ensu
re m
embe
rs o
f the
com
mun
itypa
rtici
pate
in th
e pr
oces
s
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Guid
e(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2)
No
Yes
Did
the
was
te re
duct
ion
goal
/targ
et-s
ettin
g pr
oces
sin
volv
e th
e co
mm
unity
and
refle
ct c
omm
unity
goa
ls?
Revi
ew th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
ngo
als/
targ
ets
by in
volv
ing
the
com
mun
ity u
sing
a
com
mun
ity-b
ased
app
roac
h
Ensu
re th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
ngo
als/
targ
ets
refle
ct
com
mun
ity n
eeds
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Guid
e(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2)
No
Yes
Are
the
was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s/ta
rget
s be
ing
revi
site
d an
d re
-eva
luat
edon
a re
gula
r bas
is?
Esta
blis
h a
proc
ess
to e
nsur
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n go
als/
targ
ets
are
bein
gre
visi
ted
and
re-e
valu
ated
on
a re
gula
r bas
is
No
Go to
Sta
ge A
–Es
tabl
ishi
ng Y
our
Info
rmat
ion
Base
line
Stage A–Establishing YourInformation BaselineThis stage requires the generation of basic back-
ground information about your community’s
existing system for residential and IC&I waste,
including generation rates, material availability,
waste management costs, and community
characteristics.
TASK 1: DEFINE EXISTING WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Identify current regulations and policies that
govern waste management and diversion
activities in your community, as well as
infrastructure and funding information.
The background information is generated
using Worksheet A1 – Community Characteristics
Background Information. At the end of this
exercise you should have completed your
community characteristics profile.
Information RequirementsComplete Q8 to Q14 of Worksheet A1 –
Community Characteristics Background
Information
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide(Overview, Section 3 and Review of WastePolicies, Sections 3 and 4)
6 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
Q1. What is the expected populationgrowth of your community in the next five years?
Q2. What other broader community goals orpriorities have been established by yourmunicipal council?
Population growth in five years
� Achieving a sustainable community (e.g., promoting bicycle paths, public transportation, energy conservation)
� Achieving a healthy environmental quality (e.g., improved air quality , storm water management, pesticide-free areas)
� Job creation and economic prosperity (e.g., attracting new industry , construction development, promoting urban growth)
� Reduced operating costs through austerity measures (e.g., reducing social assistance programs, eliminating extravagant programs, trimming budgets)
� Other
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
WO R K S H E E T A1
QUESTION RESPONSE
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
QUESTION RESPONSE
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 7
WO R K S H E E T A1
Q3. What is the current waste reduction goalestablished for your community?
Q4. What factors have influenced the establish-ment of the current waste reduction goal?
(Rank in order of importance)
Q5. What priorities will affect decision-makingprocess used to develop an integratedresource and waste management strategy?
(Rank in order of importance)
Q6. How compatible are these broader communitygoals and priorities with your waste reductiongoal?
If the goal is inconsistent with other community goals, then reassess the wastereduction goals.
Q7. Do you need to revisit your waste reductiongoals/targets?
Will you use a community-based approach?
Waste Reduction Target% by the year
� Achieving a sustainable community
� Economic cost considerations
� Diverting waste from disposal
� Overall system cost-saving
� High quality of end-market materials
� Very compatible
� Somewhat compatible
� Yes � No
� Yes � No
� Community-driven
� Internally driven
� Environmental concerns (e.g.,reducing toxics, greenhousegases, smog, and promotingenergy conservation)
� Other
� Not very compatible
� Not at all compatible
8 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
WO R K S H E E T A1
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q8. What current provincial legislation is enactedthat affects your residential waste generationand diversion rates? (Please check)
Q9. What current policies promoted by Council at the regional or local level affect your resi-dential waste generation and diversion rates?(Please check)
� Waste reduction target
% by the year
� Take back for
� Deposit/refund for
� Disposal ban for
� Mandatory recycling or source separation for
� User pay
� Carbon credits
� Other
� Take back for
� Disposal ban for
� Mandatory recycling or source separation for
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 9
WO R K S H E E T A1
COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q9. (Continued)
Q10. Is the Waste Management Department established as a Solid Waste Utility?
Q11. How are waste management services funded?
� User pay
� Tipping fee surcharges
� Solid waste utility
� Solid waste franchising
� Other
� Yes � No
� Property taxes %
� Business taxes %
� Flat fees %
� User fees %
� Tipping surcharges %
� Recycling revenues %
� Other %
Total 100%
10 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
WO R K S H E E T A1
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q12. How are your waste and recycling collection services provided to the residential sector?
Q13. Do you haul waste to a private facility for disposal?
Q14. If the municipality owns the disposal site, does it accept residential self-haul waste?
What are the restrictions?
� Municipal service %
� Contracted service %
� Franchised service %
� Private service %
Total 100%
� Yes � No
� Yes � No
Maximum limit by weight/volume
Tip fee
Free amount by weight/volume
TASK 2: DETERMINE RESIDENTIAL WASTE
GENERATION RATES
A credible baseline of information is required to
measure the success of policies and programs,
and to make year-to-year comparisons. Two
options are provided for generating information
about your residential waste generation and
waste flow: a comprehensive waste flow analysis
using GAP (Generally Agreed Principles –
Residential Waste Flow); and a simplified
process using a specifically prepared worksheet
(Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow).
The GAP waste-flow analysis is a standard
method used by more than 40 Canadian munici-
palities. It provides a detailed understanding of
your waste generation and diversion rates. The
GAP protocol provides the only national standard
approach for comparing your waste diversion
performance from one year to another.
If you do not have adequate resources now
to complete the GAP analysis, the Residential
Waste Flow worksheet provides a simple
method for calculating the total waste generation
rate for your community. Although this work-
sheet provides sufficient information to work
through the decision-making tree process, it
should not be considered as a replacement for
the GAP Residential Waste Flow Data Analysis.
Information RequirementsComplete GAP Waste Flow Analysis or
Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 2); Introduction to GAP Waste-Flow
Analysis with accompanying manuals and guides
and completed waste-flow charts of 40 munici-
palities across Canada (hosted at the CSR Web
site under the heading “What’s New: For
Municipalities”: www.csr.org)
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 11
Year __________
Population __________
Total households or dwellings__________
Single-family households (SFH) __________
Multi-family households (MFH) __________
Seasonal population households _________
12 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW
S e c t i o n 1 : C o m m u n i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
WO R K S H E E T A2
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS HELP
Statistics Canada 2001 Community Census Data: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm
Statistics Canada 2001 Community Dwelling Data: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfmOnce you have identified your community, several options are provided on the right side of the community profile, including the heading “Families andDwellings” which provides the total number of dwellings for the community .
Ideally, separate numbers should be identified for single-family and multi-family households, as waste management options vary for each.
Single-family households (SFH) are defined as any dwelling that is detached,semi-detached, or a structure less than five stories.
Multi-family households (MFH) are defined as any dwelling that forms a structure greater than five stories.
How many seasonal population households do you have in your community? What months of the year are affected by the seasonal population?
� January
� February
� March
� April
How does the seasonal population a ffect residential waste disposal and diversion rates compared with other times of the year?
� Significantly � Slightly � Negligible
� May
� June
� July
� August
� September
� October
� November
� December
RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW
WO R K S H E E T A2
S e c t i o n 2 : R e s i d e n t a l W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n
RESIDENTIAL WASTE GENERATION HELP
Total residential waste generation as reported toStatistics Canada in the year 2000 survey (if available)
tonnes/year
Total residential waste disposal
tonnes/year
Total waste diversion
tonnes/year
Total residential waste generation = Total disposal + Total diversion
Residential waste is defined as waste from single-family households (SFH)and multi-family households (MFH)
It is assumed that the seasonal population is captured in the total residentialwaste generation. However, special attention should be paid to peaks in residential waste disposal or diversion rates resulting from the seasonal population, which may affect future program design.
If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the following conversion rates to estimate residential wastegeneration weights:
Garbage/mixed waste: UNCOMPACTED COMPACTEDLbs/cubic yard = 600 – 800 Lbs/cubic yard = 1,200 – 1,500Kg/cubic metre = 343 – 476 Kg/cubic metre = 700 – 900
Garbage/mixed waste in cubic yard containersCubic yard UNCOMPACTED COMPACTED
2 0.41 tonnes 0.82 tonnes3 0.61 tonnes 1.22 tonnes4 0.81 tonnes 1.63 tonnes6 1.22 tonnes 2.44 tonnes8 1.63 tonnes 3.25 tonnes
Metric and Imperial conversions
1 cubic yard = 0.764 cubic metres 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 tonne = 2,200 pounds
Total waste diversion is the sum of all materials diverted through the following programs:■ recycling ■ organics centralized composting■ backyard composting ■ household hazardous or special waste■ grass clipping bans ■ white goods
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 13
COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
14 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW
S e c t i o n 2 : R e s i d e n t a l W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n
WO R K S H E E T A2
RESIDENTIAL WASTE GENERATION HELP
Total Recyclables Diversion
tonnes/year
= Residential component of deposit, return programs
tonnes/year+Paper recyclables
tonnes/year+Plastic recyclables
tonnes/year+Metal recyclables (not scrap)
tonnes/year+Glass recyclables
tonnes/year+Other recyclables
tonnes/year
Total organics diverted through backyard composting
tonnes/year
Total organics diverted through grass clipping
tonnes/year
The total waste diversion can be calculated by adding totals from the categories listed on the left.
If you do not have tonnage information for the amount of recyclables divertedthrough your recycling program, use the following density conversion rates toestimate weights for recyclable materials diverted through your program.
Use the following values to account for residential waste handled in yourprovince’s stewardship programs:
Alberta: 11.77 kg/capita (50% of beverage containers—10.67 kg/capita—and 5% of tires and oil—1.1kg/capita);
Nova Scotia: 10.81 kg/capita;
Ontario: 2.61 kg/capita (Brewers Retail System, 2.43 kg/capita glass, and 0.184 kg/capita aluminum).
Calculate the amount of organics diverted through backyard composters bymultiplying the total number of backyard composters sold by the municipalityover the years by 100 kg/composter/yr.
Fill in only if municipality has specific policies that divert grass from the wastestream. The amount is expressed as a % of the leaf and yard waste stream:■ use 2% of the leaf and yard waste stream where a grasscycling program
is in place with a promotion and education campaign;■ use 10% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass
clippings in the yard waste pick-up, as well as a promotion and educationcampaign;
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 15
RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW
WO R K S H E E T A2
S e c t i o n 2 : R e s i d e n t a l W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n
Total organics diverted through a centralized composting program
tonnes/year
Total household hazardous or special wastes(HHW/HSW) diverted though HHW/HSW programs
tonnes/year
■ use 15% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass ingarbage and yard waste streams, and a promotion and education program;
■ use 20% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass inyard waste and garbage streams, a three-bag limit or less, with user -pay onextra bags, and a promotion and education program.
Source: Recycling Council of Ontario, USEPA Reports, RIS In-house Reports
UNCOMPACTED COMP ACTEDMATERIAL lbs/cubic kg/cubic lbs/cubic kg/cubic
yard metre yard metre
OrganicsFood: kitchen waste 800-900 475-534 ● ●
Solid fats and liquid fats/greases 1450-1500 860-890 ● ●
Leaves (loose) 250-450 148-237 450-665 267-395Brush (loose) 250-350 148-208 ● ●
Brush (chips) 500 297 ● ●
Grass clippings 665-740* 395-439 1050-1110 623-659Yard waste (mixed) 300-600* 176-356 1037 615
Source: Recycling Council of Ontario, USEPA Reports, RIS In-house Reports
RESIDENTIAL WASTE GENERATION HELP
Paint waste: 1.47 kg/ litreMotor oil/engine coolant: 1 kg/ litrePropane tanks: one- 1lb tank + 9.08 kgLead-acid batteries (car): 17.9 kg/unitLead-acid batteries (motorcycle): 4.32 kg/unitDry cell/household batteries: 0.0588 kg/ unitMotor oil filters: 1.5 lb or 0.68 kg (average weight)Fire extinguishers: one-10 lb unit: 4.5 kgMisc. HSW (excluding motor oil): 1.235 kg/litre
Source: USEPA Report and Region of Peel, Ontario
16 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW
S e c t i o n 2 : R e s i d e n t a l W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n
WO R K S H E E T A2
RESIDENTIAL WASTE GENERATION HELP
Total white goods diverted through a collectionprogram
tonnes/year
APPLIANCE WEIGHTPounds (lbs) Kilograms (kg)
Air conditioners (room) 64.2 29.2
Dishwashers 92 41.8
Dryers (clothes) 130 59.1
Freezers 193 87.7
Microwave ovens 50 22.7
Ranges 181.1 82.3
Refrigerators 267 121.4
Washers (clothes) 177 80.5
Water heaters 131 59.5
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 17
TASK 3: DETERMINE RESIDENTIAL
RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM COSTS
Two options are provided for generating infor-
mation about your residential resource and
waste management system costs: a comprehensive
cost analysis using GAP (Generally Agreed
Principles – Cost Manual); and a simplified
process using a specifically prepared worksheet
(Worksheet A3 – Residential Resource and
Waste Management Cost).
The GAP residential cost-flow analysis uses
a full-cost accounting technique that captures all
direct and indirect waste management costs and
revenues. This information contributes to making
better decisions about which integrated resource
and waste management strategy makes the most
sense for a community.
If you do not have adequate resources to
complete the GAP analysis, the Residential
Waste Management Cost worksheet provides
a simple method for calculating waste management
costs. Although this worksheet provides
sufficient information to work through the
decision-making tree process, it is not a replace-
ment for the GAP Residential Cost Analysis.
Information RequirementsComplete GAP Cost Manual or Worksheet A3 –
Residential Resource and Waste Management
Cost
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 2); Introduction to GAP Cost-Flow
Analysis with accompanying manual and guide
(hosted at the CSR Web site under: “What’s
New: For Municipalities” at www.csr.org); Full-
cost accounting is discussed in Solid Waste as
a Resource Guide (Review of Waste Policies,
Section 6); Full-cost accounting is described in
A Full Cost Analysis Guide for Municipal Waste
Managers. Published by Alberta Environmental
Protection. September 1995: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/
env/waste/aow/publications.html
18 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESIDENTIAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COST
S e c t i o n 1 : C o m m u n i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
S e c t i o n 2 : T o t a l R e s i d e n t i a l W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m C o s t s
WO R K S H E E T A3
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS HELP
RESIDENTIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT COSTS HELP
Year
Population
Total households or dwellings
Total waste management costs
$ /year
method used
Total household management costs
$ hhld/year
Statistics Canada 2001 Community Census Data http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm
Statistics Canada 2001 Community Dwelling Data:http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm
Once you have identified your community, several options are provided on the right side of the community profile, including the heading “Families andDwellings” which provides the total number of dwellings for the community .
Use one of the following methods to determine your total waste management costs:
Method 1 (preferred): Add the following expenditures using information gathered below:= Annual waste residue costs (2a) + Annual recycling costs (net revenues) (2b) + Annual composting costs (net revenues) (2c) + Other costs (2d) + Annual waste management department administration expenditures (2e) + Annualized capital (2f).
Method 2: Apply last year’s Annual Waste Management OperatingBudget. Add annualized capital (if available) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of recyclables and compost, etc.).
Divide annual residential waste management cost by total number ofdwellings identified above.
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 19
RESIDENTIAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COST
Total waste costs
$ /year
method used
Total household waste costs
$ hhld/year
WO R K S H E E T A3
S e c t i o n 2 b : R e s i d e n t i a l R e c y c l i n g C o s t s
RESIDENTIAL RECYCLING COSTS HELP
S e c t i o n 2 a : R e s i d e n t i a l W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t C o s t s
RESIDENTIAL WASTE COST HELP
Use one of the following methods to determine your total waste management costs:
Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budget dedicated to waste collection and disposal only and add in annualized capital (if available).
Method 2: Add the following expenditures: Annual waste collection contract + Annual disposal contract + Annualized capital costs.
Divide the annual residential waste cost by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.
Recycling costs
$ /year
method used
Total household recycling costs
$ hhld/year
Use one of the following methods to determine your total recycling costs(does not include HHW/HSW, bulky items, white goods, or electronic goods):
Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to all recycling activities and add in annualized capital (ifavailable) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of recyclables).
Method 2: Add the following expenditures:Annual recyclables collection contract + Annual recyclablesProcessing contract + Annualized capital costs – Revenues from the saleof recyclables
Divide the annual residential recycling cost by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.
20 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
WO R K S H E E T A3
RESIDENTIAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COST
S e c t i o n 2 c : R e s i d e n t i a l C o m p o s t i n g C o s t s
RESIDENTIAL COMPOSTING COSTS HELP
Use one of the following methods to determine your total costs for other programs, including HHW, bulky items, white goods, and electronic goods:
Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budget dedicated to all other activities and add in annualized capital (if available) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of scrap metal, etc.).
Method 2: Add the following expenditures:Annual collection contract costs for other goods + Annual processingcontract costs for other goods + Annualized capital costs – Revenuesfrom the sale of scrap metal, etc.
Divide the annual other residential costs by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.
Use one of the following methods to determine your total composting costs:
Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to all composting activities (including backyard composting),add annualized capital (if available), subtract revenues (e.g., from sale ofcompost).
Method 2: Add the following expenditures:
Annual organics collection contract + Annual organics processing contract + Backyard composting capital costs + Annualized capital costs –Revenues from the sale of compost.
Divide the annual residential composting cost by the total number ofdwellings identified above.
Other costs
$ /year
method used
Total household other costs
$ hhld/year
S e c t i o n 2 d : O t h e r R e s i d e n t i a l C o s t s
OTHER RESIDENTIAL COSTS HELP
Composting costs
$ /year
method used
Total household composting costs
$ hhld/year
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 21
WO R K S H E E T A3
RESIDENTIAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COST
S e c t i o n 2 e : A d m i n i s t r a t i v e C o s t s
ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS HELP
Use one of the following methods to determine your total costs for administration and promotion:
Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to administration and promotion, and educational campaigns and programs.
Method 2: Add the following expenditures: Annual administrative salaries + supply expenditures not covered elsewhere + any P&E not covered elsewhere.
Divide the annual administrative costs by the total number of dwellings identified above.
Administrative costs
$ /year
method used
Total household administrative costs
$ hhld/year
Use one of the following methods to determine your amortized capital costs:
Method 1: Use any available information that amortized capital costs forany waste management programs not included elsewhere.
Method 2: Calculate amortized capital costs for technologies, buildingsor equipment not covered elsewhere using the following amortized formulas:■ Land value should be amortized over 20 years, or a maximum of
40 years at 7% interest rate■ Buildings: 20 years (unless a different life identified) at
7% interest rate■ Equipment (MRF, etc): 12 years (unless a different life identified) at
7% interest rate■ Vehicles: 7 years (unless a different life identified) at 7% interest rate.
Divide the amortized costs by the total number of dwellings identified above.
Amortized capital costs
$ /year
method used
Total household amortized costs
$ hhld/year
S e c t i o n 2 f : A m o r t i z e d C a p i t a l C o s t s
AMORTIZED COSTS HELP
22 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
TASK 4: DETERMINE IC&I RESOURCE
AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Establish to what extent your community pro-
vides resource and waste management services
to the IC&I sector and track the amount of
waste, recyclables, and compostables serviced by
the municipality or potentially available from
the IC&I sector. You will need to identify revenues
received from the IC&I sector that support
municipal resource- and waste-related activities,
as well as any existing programs or policies
targeting waste reduction in the IC&I sector.
The process used in the accompanying
worksheet for determining resource and waste
flow for non-residential, municipally managed
waste and privately managed waste augments
the approach prescribed in GAP in the GAP 2
Municipal Waste-Flow Manual. It is recom-
mended that, over time, you complete the GAP
approach for determining waste flow for non-
residential resources and waste.
Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet A4 – IC&I Resource and
Waste Management Characteristics
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide
(Overview, Sections 2 and 7); Introduction to
GAP Non-Residential Waste-Flow Analysis
with accompanying manual (hosted at the CSR
Web site under the heading “What’s New: For
Municipalities” at: www.csr.org)
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 23
WO R K S H E E T A4
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
QUESTION RESPONSE
The process for estimating IC&I resources and waste is a simplified version of the approach used in the GAP 2Manual for non-residential waste. The GAP 2 Manual (see www .csr.org) distinguishes between municipally collected non-residential waste and privately managed non-residential waste, and defines the two categories as:
Non-Residential, Municipally Managed Waste (NRMMW) – Waste that is included in municipal responsibilities,but is generated by non-residential sources. This includes waste from small commercial generators picked upon the municipal route, and waste from various municipal institutions (agencies, boards, commissions, depart-ments, offices, parks, etc.). It also includes municipal waste from commercial operations that the municipalitymanages at MRFs and composting facilities (both fee paying and non-fee paying), and IC&I waste disposed atmunicipal landfills and incinerators.
Privately Managed IC&I Waste – All non-hazardous waste generated and managed off-site by the private sector.
Q1. Which municipal waste management servicesare provided to the IC&I sector? � Curbside collection of waste from small commercial generators or
municipal institutions (street service)
� Curbside collection of recyclables or organics from small commercialgenerators or municipal institutions (street service)
� Non-fee waste collection services provided to municipal institutions(containerized)
� Non-fee recyclable or organic collection services provided to municipal institutions
� Containerized service for waste, fee-for-service, provided to the IC&I sector (contracted service)
� Containerized service for recyclables or organics, fee-for-service or non-fee-for-service, provided to the IC&I sector
� Other
24 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
WO R K S H E E T A4
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q2. Estimate the amount of waste, recyclables,and organics available from street-front businesses that are provided municipal curbside collection.
Total waste tonnes/yr
Total recyclables tonnes/yr
Total organics tonnes/yr
If the amount of waste, recyclables and organics collected from curbside isnot available, use the following approach to make simple estimates:
An estimate of the amount of waste involved can be developed by first estimating the number of stops on the routes that are non-residential.
# stops =
Use the following to calculate the rest:
With no data on weight per non-residential stop: If a route has 700 stops,with 70 non-residential stops and 630 residential stops, and picks up 14 tonnesper route per week:
■ 20 kg per stop is picked up■ 70 non-residential stops x 20 kg average per stop = 1.4 tonnes
non-residential per week■ 1.4 tonnes x 52 weeks collection/yr = 72.8 tonnes/yr .
With information on weight per non-residential stop: If additional research (weighing the amount set out per non-residential stop) shows thatnon-residential stops actually set out 30 kg/stop, then the estimates should bemodified as follows:
■ 70 stops x 30 kg/stop = 2.1 tonnes non-residential■ Residential waste = 14 – 2.1 = 11.9 tonnes■ Residential waste/stop = 11.9/630 stops
= 18.9 kg/stop/week
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 25
WO R K S H E E T A4
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q3. Estimate the amount of non-fee containerizedwaste that is provided to municipal institutions.
Total waste tonnes/yr
Total recyclables tonnes/yr
Total organics tonnes/yr
Q4. Estimate the amount of fee-for-service waste,recyclables and organics collected from otherIC&I clients (contracted containerized service).
Total waste tonnes/yr
Total recyclables tonnes/yr
Total organics tonnes/yr
If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the following conversion rates to estimate residential wastegeneration weights:
Garbage/mixed waste:
UNCOMPACTED COMPACTEDLbs/cubic yard = 600-800 Lbs/cubic yard =1200-1500Kg/cubic metre = 343-476 Kg/cubic metre = 700-900
Garbage/mixed waste in cubic yard containers:
Cubic yard UNCOMPACTED COMPACTED2 0.41 tonnes 0.82 tonnes3 0.61 tonnes 1.22 tonnes4 0.81 tonnes 1.63 tonnes6 1.22 tonnes 2.44 tonnes8 1.63 tonnes 3.25 tonnes
Metric and Imperial conversions
One cubic yard = 0.764 cubic metres
If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the conversion rates provided above.
26 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
WO R K S H E E T A4
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q5. What current policies are promoted by Councilat the regional or local level that affect IC&Iwaste generation and diversion rates? (Pleasecheck)
Q6. Does the municipality own the waste disposalfacility?
Q7. If the municipality owns the disposal site, doesit accept IC&I waste? What is the tip fee?
Q8. If the municipality owns the disposal site, doesit accept commercial self-haul waste?
What are the restrictions?
� Disposal ban for
� Mandatory recycling for
� User pay for garbage
� Tipping fee surcharges
� Additional surcharges on specific items delivered for disposal
� Additional surcharges on loads containing recyclables delivered for disposal
� Fee-for-service, containerized collection
� Waste reduction and recycling plans
� Other
� Yes � No
� Yes � No
Tip fee per tonne/volume
� Yes � No
Maximum limit by weight/volume
Tip fee
Free amount by weight/volume
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 27
WO R K S H E E T A4
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q9. What revenues are received from waste-related services provided to the IC&I sector?
$ /year
Q10. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom street-front businesses that could be provided municipal curbside collection.
tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable per year
Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of TorontoBiodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto
Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001
Q11. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom non-fee containerized waste that is pro-vided to municipal institutions
tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable per year
Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of TorontoBiodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto
Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001
$ Tip fees
$ Revenues (sale of recyclables, compost, etc.)
$ Additional tip fee surcharges
$ Enforcement fines
$ User pay
$ Fee-for-service, containerized collection
$ Other
If you have responded to Q2, use the information to generate waste estimates:
(Q2) (A)Total waste/yr / # stops = tonnes waste per stop
(A)Tonnes waste/stop x total stops = total tonnes of waste potentially available
If you have not responded to Q2, use the following approach to estimatepotential waste available:
Total the following:No. employees in food store (i.e., green grocer) x 3.31 tonnesNo. employees in restaurant/fast food x 1.66 tonnes/yrNo. employees in retail x 0.45 tonnes/yrNo. employees in office x 0.48 tonnes/yr
If you have responded to Q3, use the information to generate waste estimates:
(Q3) (A)Total waste/yr / # employees = tonnes waste/employee
(A)Tonnes waste/employee x total employees = total tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable
If you have not responded to Q3, use the following approach to estimatepotential waste available:
Total the following:No. employees in municipal institutions x 0.24 tonnes/yr(may include educational institutions, see below for tonnages)
28 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
WO R K S H E E T A4
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q12. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom fee-for-service collected from other IC&Iclients (contracted containerized service).
tonnes of waste potentially availableper year
Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of TorontoBiodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto
Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001
Q13. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that is or could be availablefrom street-front businesses and providedmunicipal curbside collection.
If you have responded to Q4, use the information to generate waste estimates:
(Q4) (A)Total waste/yr / # employees = tonnes waste/employee
(A)Tonnes waste/employee x total employees = total tonnes of waste potentially available
If you have not responded to Q4, use the following approach to estimatepotential waste available:
Total the following:No. employees in manufacturing x 1.70 tonnes/yrNo. employees in office building x 0.23 tonnes/yrNo. employees in education x 0.39 tonnes/yrNo. employees in hospital/health services x 1.30 tonnes/yr
Identify the total amount of waste collected from curbside commercial generators (typically restaurants, green grocers, and retailers) as calculated in Q10.
tonnes/yr
Determine the percentage of establishments that are:
% food store (i.e., green grocer)% restaurants/fast food establishments% retail% office
100%
Multiply each percentage by the total waste to estimate tonnage of wastegenerated by each group:
tonnes from green grocerstonnes from restaurants/fast food establishmentstonnes from retailtonnes from office
Multiply the tonnes generated by each group by the corresponding wastecomposition information provided below to estimate available recyclables and organics.
GREEN GROCER
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
FOOD SERVICE
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 29
WO R K S H E E T A4
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q14. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that is or could be available fromnon-fee containerized waste that is providedto municipal institutions.
MATERIAL GREEN GROCER FOOD SERVICE RETAIL OFFICE
Paper 7% 15% 22% 43%
Cardboard 20% 18% 32% 8%
Recyclable 8% 20% 9% 30%containers
Organics 40% 42% 11% 8%
Other 25% 5% 26% 11%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Sources: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto BiodegradableWaste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001.Commercial Waste Disposal Assessment Report. Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection, 2002.
Use this information to determine the amount of recyclables, organics, and waste that could be added to your integrated resource and waste management services.
Identify the total amount of waste collected from municipal institutions as calculated in Q11.
________ tonnes/yr
Multiply the tonnes generated by the waste composition information providedbelow to estimate available recyclables and organics.
MUNICIPAL
Paper 38%Cardboard 10%Recyclable containers 10%Organics 2%Other 40%Total 100%
Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto Biodegradable Waste from Landfill.Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001
OFFICE
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
MUNICIPAL
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
RETAIL
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
30 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
WO R K S H E E T A4
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q15. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that could be available from fee-for-service collected from other IC&Iclients (contracted containerized service).
Identify the total amount of waste collected from municipal institutions as calculated in Q12.
tonnes/yr in manufacturingtonnes/yr in office buildingtonnes/yr in educationtonnes/yr in hospital/health services
Multiply the tonnes generated by each group by the corresponding wastecomposition information provided below to estimate available recyclables and organics.
MATERIAL MANUFACTURE OFFICE BUILDING EDUCATION HOSPITALHEALTH
Paper 25% 54% 38% 44%
Cardboard 14% 9% 9% 6%
Recyclable 17% 10% 26% 25%containers
Organics 5% 8% 10% 10%
Other 39% 19% 17% 15%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto Biodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001
OFFICE BUILDING
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
HOSPITAL/HEALTH
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
MANUFACTURE
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
EDUCATION
Paper
Cardboard
Recyclablecontainers
Organics
Other
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 31
ES
TAB
LIS
HIN
GY
OU
RIN
FO
RM
ATI
ON
BA
SE
LIN
EF
IGU
RE
3 Yes
Has
the
GAP
Resi
dent
ial
Was
te F
low
Dat
a An
alys
isbe
en c
ompl
eted
?
Com
plet
e GA
P Fl
ow A
naly
sis
to p
rovi
de a
ccur
ate
data
on
was
tequ
antit
ies
and
effe
cts
of y
our
polic
ies
and
prog
ram
s
No
Yes
Has
the
GAP
Resi
dent
ial
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Cos
tAn
alys
is b
een
com
plet
ed?
Com
plet
e GA
P Co
st A
naly
sis
to p
rovi
de a
ccur
ate
true
cost
in
form
atio
n ab
out y
our w
aste
m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
No
Yes
Has
the
IC&
I Res
ourc
e an
d W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Char
acte
ristic
s bee
n co
mpl
eted
? (U
se W
orks
heet
A4)
Com
plet
e W
orks
heet
A4
befo
re p
roce
edin
g
No
Yes
Has
the
Com
mun
ityCh
arac
teris
tics
Back
grou
ndbe
en c
ompl
eted
? (U
seW
orks
heet
A1)
Com
plet
e W
orks
heet
A1
befo
re p
roce
edin
g
No
Go to
the
Polic
yDe
cisi
on-m
akin
gTr
ees
– Fi
gure
4
Com
plet
e W
orks
heet
A2,
w
hich
pro
vide
s a
sim
ple
met
hod
for c
alcu
latin
g re
side
ntia
l was
te fl
ow
Over
tim
e, c
ompl
ete
the
GAP
Resi
dent
ial W
aste
Flo
w
Data
Ana
lysi
s
Or
Com
plet
e W
orks
heet
A3,
w
hich
pro
vide
s a
sim
ple
met
hod
for
calc
ulat
ing
resi
dent
ial w
aste
m
anag
emen
t cos
ts
Over
tim
e, c
ompl
ete
the
GAP
Resi
dent
ial W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Cost
Ana
lysi
s
Or
It is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at,
over
tim
e, y
ou c
ompl
ete
the
GAP
2 N
on-r
esid
entia
l W
aste
Flo
w A
naly
sis
Or
32 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
Stage B – Policy Decision-making Tree
Resource and solid waste management policies
can help drive waste minimization efforts and
the quantity, quality and type of material available
for waste diversion programs. Some policies are
already in place, typically at the provincial level,
and have affected the amount and composition
of waste remaining. Consequently, decisions on
new policies should be made at the beginning of
an integrated resource and waste management
planning process to determine the effects on the
residential waste stream.
This stage addresses the applicability of various
policies to influence waste reduction, reuse, and
recycling and, at the end of the decision tree,
offers policy considerations that reflect certain
characteristics of your community, including its
innovation level and waste reduction goals and
aspirations.
TASK 1: IDENTIFY WASTE
REDUCTION TARGET
Based on the waste minimization goals set in
Task 2 of the Preliminary Groundwork Stage,
identify which policies and Policy Decision-
making Tree you should use.
If your community has established a waste
reduction goal of:
<50% go to Figure 4
>50% go to Figure 5
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 2)
TASK 2: DETERMINE YOUR COMMUNITY’S
APPETITE FOR INNOVATION
Innovation implies a willingness to try strategies
or techniques that may be less proven and/or
may require extensive community and political
support and participation to ensure success. To
determine how willing your community is to
embrace innovative opportunities at the political
and community level to minimize waste and
divert recyclables, complete Worksheet B1–
Community Innovation Assessment.
However, additional factors specific to your
community may affect the final outcome. Use
your knowledge and understanding of your
community to determine its appetite for
innovation.
Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet B1 – Community
Innovation Assessment
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 2)
COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 33
WO R K S H E E T B1
COMMUNITY INNOVATION ASSESSMENT
INNOVATION ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT YOUR SCORE SCORE
Q1. What is the current waste reduction or diversion goal of your community?
Q2. How would you classify your Council’s attitudein pursuing innovative waste managementideas?
Q3. How active is your community in supportingwaste diversion goals (e.g., through community initiatives)?
Q4. Are your residential recycling programsrequired by Council or through a waste bylawto achieve the following results (over a 10-yearaverage and when factoring in disposal costsavings)?
Q5. What is the level of concern for landfill/disposal capacity in the short term (next 3 years)?
Q6 What is the level of concern for landfill/disposal capacity in the long term (next 7 years)?
Q7. What is the availability of end markets for recyclable materials?
>50% 20 – 50% < 20%
AdventurousTraditional
Very activeSomewhat activeNot active/don’t know
Recycling program may have some financial lossRecycling program costs must break evenRecycling program must make a profit
High concernMedium concernLow concern
High concernMedium concernLow concern
GoodMediumPoor
210
10
210
210
210
210
210
34 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
COMMUNITY INNOVATION ASSESSMENT
WO R K S H E E T B1
Q8. What is the ability to develop local end markets for recyclable materials?
Add up your total score
HighMediumLow
Total Score
210
Compare your score with the following ranks and determine your community’ sinnovation level (high, medium, low) based on your score and how well youknow your community.
Circle the innovation level that best describes your community
Highest innovation 15 points High
Medium innovation 9 points Medium
Lowest innovation 0 points Low
INNOVATION ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT YOUR SCORE SCORE
SCORE AND RANK
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 35
TASK 3: CONSIDER POLICY
OPPORTUNITIES
The Policy Decision-making Trees in Figures 4
and 5 will direct you to policy opportunities and
legislative options that best meet your community’s
waste reduction goal and appetite for innovation.
The higher the waste reduction target and inno-
vation level the greater the variety of policy and
legislative options available for consideration.
The policy decision-making process involves the
following:
■ If <50% waste reduction goal and low
innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option A
■ If <50% waste reduction goal and medium
innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option B
■ If <50% waste reduction goal and high
innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option C
■ If >50% waste reduction goal and low
innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option B
■ If >50% waste reduction goal and medium
innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option C
■ If >50% waste reduction goal and high
innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option D
You should review all the options to identify
additional policy opportunities. This process
must be completed in conjunction with the
Review of Waste Policies and Section 3 of the
Overview.
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 3 and Review of Waste Policies)
TASK 4: EVALUATE POLICY
OPPORTUNITIES
Upon identifying the policy options that best
meet the needs and characteristics of your
community, work through Figure 6 to determine
provincial or municipal legislation that might
affect those policies.
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Review of
Waste Policies)
TASK 5: LIST VIABLE POLICY
OPPORTUNITIES
To complete the policy decision-making process,
develop a list of viable policy and legislative
initiatives for your integrated resource and waste
management system. Enter this list in the spaces
provided in Figure 6 and review other policies in
place at the provincial or regional levels.
As these policy initiatives may affect the imple-
mentation and functioning of selected technologies,
it is critical to keep them in mind as you work
through the next stage.
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Review of
Waste Policies)
36 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
B –
PO
LIC
YD
EC
ISIO
N-M
AK
ING
TRE
EF
IGU
RE
4
≤50
% W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
Yes
Go to
Fig
ure
5
No
Dete
rmin
e th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l (U
se W
orks
heet
B1)
——
inno
vatio
n to
lera
nce
■Ti
ppin
g fe
e su
rcha
rges
(a p
ortio
n of
re
side
ntia
l sel
f-hau
led
garb
age
is c
harg
eda
tippi
ng fe
e, n
o fe
e is
col
lect
ed o
n di
verte
dre
cycl
able
s, o
rgan
ics,
or H
HW)
■Ex
plor
e w
aste
flow
and
full-
cost
acc
ount
ing
tool
s us
ing
GAP
or s
imila
r ana
lysi
s■
User
pay
(may
wis
h to
intro
duce
par
tial
user
pay
, thr
ee-b
ag li
mit
in fi
rst y
ear a
ndgr
adua
lly m
ovin
g to
war
d tw
o-ba
g lim
it,
then
one
-bag
lim
it, th
en fu
ll us
er p
ay o
ver
seve
n-ye
ar p
erio
d)■
Carb
on c
redi
ts (e
xplo
re m
onito
ring
the
effe
ct o
f was
te o
n GH
Gs a
nd id
entif
y ca
rbon
cre
dit o
ptio
ns)
■Vo
lunt
ary
exte
nded
pro
duce
r res
pons
ibili
ty(e
xplo
re ta
ke-it
-bac
k pr
ogra
ms
with
loca
lbu
sine
sses
)■
Enha
nced
pro
mot
ion
(bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g)■
Sour
ce s
epar
atio
n of
leaf
and
yar
d w
aste
(cou
pled
with
pro
mot
ion
of b
acky
ard
com
post
ing)
■Ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent p
rogr
ams
and
soci
al o
bjec
tives
(loo
k fo
r opp
ortu
nitie
s to
prom
ote)
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
and
Rev
iew
of W
aste
Pol
icie
s)
Is y
our c
omm
unity
’s w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<50%
?
■Di
spos
al m
ater
ial b
ans
(on
mat
eria
ls b
eing
effe
ctiv
ely
dive
rted)
with
free
recy
clin
g an
dco
mpo
stin
g■
Wor
k to
war
ds c
urbs
ide
bans
on
mat
eria
ls(e
.g.,
gras
s cl
ippi
ngs)
■M
anda
tory
recy
clin
g (ta
rget
ing
recy
clab
les
–ke
ep fl
exib
le to
inco
rpor
ate
new
mat
eria
ls)
■Ti
ppin
g fe
e su
rcha
rges
(a p
ortio
n of
re
side
ntia
l and
, ove
r tim
e, IC
&I s
elf-h
aule
dga
rbag
e is
cha
rged
a ti
ppin
g fe
e; n
o fe
e is
colle
cted
on
recy
clab
les,
org
anic
s, o
rHH
W)
■Ex
plor
e w
aste
flow
and
full-
cost
acc
ount
ing
tool
s us
ing
GAP
or s
imila
r ana
lysi
s ■
User
pay
(may
wis
h to
intro
duce
par
tial
user
pay
, tw
o-ba
g lim
it in
firs
t yea
r and
grad
ually
mov
ing
tow
ard
one-
bag
limit,
then
full
user
pay
ove
r fiv
e-ye
ar p
erio
d)
■Ca
rbon
cre
dits
(wor
k to
war
ds m
onito
ring
the
effe
ct o
f was
te o
n GH
Gs a
nd id
entif
y ca
rbon
cre
dit o
ptio
ns)
■Vo
lunt
ary
exte
nded
pro
duce
r res
pons
ibili
ty(e
xplo
re ta
ke-it
-bac
k pr
ogra
ms
with
lo
cal b
usin
esse
s)■
Enha
nced
pro
mot
ion
(nat
ural
land
scap
ing
and
mul
chin
g of
gra
ss)
■So
urce
sep
arat
ion
of le
af a
nd y
ard
was
te(c
oupl
ed w
ith p
rom
otio
n of
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g,
natu
ral l
ands
capi
ng, a
nd g
rass
cycl
ing)
■Ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent p
rogr
ams
and
soci
al o
bjec
tives
(loo
k fo
r opp
ortu
nitie
s to
prom
ote)
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
and
Rev
iew
of W
aste
Pol
icie
s)
Yes
No
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l low
?
Yes
No
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l med
ium
?
Your
com
mun
ity s
houl
d re
cons
ider
its
was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s;
high
er ta
rget
s m
ay b
e ac
hiev
able
.
Go to
Fig
ure
5 –
Optio
n C
Yes
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l hig
h?
Revi
sit t
he g
oal-s
ettin
g pr
oces
s.
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Se
ctio
n 2)
and
Wor
kshe
et A
1
OPT
ION
B
OPT
ION
A
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 37
STA
GE
B –
PO
LIC
YD
EC
ISIO
N-M
AK
ING
TRE
EF
IGU
RE
5
≥50
% W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
Yes
Go to
Fig
ure
4
No
Dete
rmin
e th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l (U
se W
orks
heet
B1)
——
inno
vatio
n to
lera
nce
■Di
spos
al m
ater
ial b
ans
(on
mat
eria
ls b
eing
effe
ctiv
ely
dive
rted)
affe
ctin
g re
side
ntia
l and
IC&
I, w
ith fr
ee re
cycl
ing
and
com
post
ing
■W
ork
tow
ards
cur
bsid
e ba
ns o
n m
ater
ials
(e
.g.,
gras
s cl
ippi
ngs)
■
Man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing
(targ
etin
g re
cycl
able
s at
the
resi
dent
ial l
evel
and
, ove
r tim
e, th
e IC
&I
leve
l—ke
ep fl
exib
le to
inco
rpor
ate
new
m
ater
ials
) ■
Tipp
ing
fee
surc
harg
es (a
por
tion
of re
side
ntia
lan
d IC
&I s
elf-h
aule
d ga
rbag
e is
cha
rged
a
tippi
ng fe
e, n
o fe
e is
col
lect
ed o
n re
cycl
able
s,or
gani
cs, o
r HHW
)■
Expl
ore
was
te fl
ow a
nd fu
ll-co
st a
ccou
ntin
g
tool
s us
ing
GAP
or s
imila
r ana
lysi
s■
User
pay
(may
wis
h to
intro
duce
par
tial u
ser
pay,
two-
bag
limit
in fi
rst y
ear a
nd g
radu
ally
mov
ing
tow
ard
one-
bag
limit,
then
full
user
pay
over
five
-yea
r per
iod)
■Ca
rbon
cre
dits
(sta
rt m
onito
ring
the
effe
ct o
fw
aste
on
GHGs
and
iden
tify
carb
on c
redi
top
tions
)■
Volu
ntar
y ex
tend
ed p
rodu
cer r
espo
nsib
ility
(exp
lore
take
-it-b
ack
prog
ram
s w
ith lo
cal
busi
ness
es)
■En
hanc
ed p
rom
otio
n (n
atur
al la
ndsc
apin
g an
dm
ulch
ing
of g
rass
)■
Sour
ce s
epar
atio
n of
leaf
and
yar
d w
aste
(cou
pled
with
pro
mot
ion
of b
acky
ard
com
post
-in
g, n
atur
al la
ndsc
apin
g, a
nd g
rass
cycl
ing)
■In
trodu
ce s
light
ly h
ighe
r tip
ping
fees
for I
C&I
load
s ex
ceed
ing
limits
set
for r
ecyc
labl
es o
rco
mpo
stab
les
■Ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent p
rogr
ams
and
soci
alob
ject
ives
(loo
k fo
r opp
ortu
nitie
s to
pro
mot
e)■
Expl
ore
gree
n pr
ocur
emen
t■
Stro
ng p
rom
otio
n an
d ed
ucat
ion
to in
crea
seaw
aren
ess
■Se
e Se
e So
lid W
aste
as
a Re
sour
ce G
uide
(Ove
rvie
w a
nd R
evie
w o
f Was
te P
olic
ies)
Yes
No
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l low
?
Yes
No
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l med
ium
?
Your
com
mun
ity s
houl
d re
cons
ider
its
was
te
redu
ctio
n go
als,
whi
ch m
ay b
e to
o ad
vent
urou
s.
Go to
Fig
ure
4 –
Optio
n B
Yes
Is th
e in
nova
tion
leve
l hig
h?
Revi
sit t
he g
oal-s
ettin
g pr
oces
s.
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Se
ctio
n 2
and
Wor
kshe
et A
1)
■Di
spos
al m
ater
ial b
ans
(on
mat
eria
ls b
eing
effe
ctiv
ely
dive
rted
and
thos
e th
at c
ould
be
dive
rted,
e.g
., gr
ass
clip
ping
s, H
HW, t
ires,
etc
.)af
fect
ing
resi
dent
ial a
nd IC
&I,
with
free
re
cycl
ing
and
com
post
ing
■Cu
rbsi
de b
ans
on m
ater
ials
(e.g
., gr
ass
clip
ping
s)■
Man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing
(targ
etin
g re
cycl
able
s at
the
resi
dent
ial a
nd IC
&I l
evel
s— k
eep
flexi
ble
to in
corp
orat
e ne
w m
ater
ials
)■
Gree
n pr
ocur
emen
t (sm
alle
r com
mun
ities
will
bene
fit b
y fo
rmin
g pa
rtner
ship
s w
ith o
ther
s)■
Tipp
ing
fee
surc
harg
es (a
ll ga
rbag
e, in
clud
ing
resi
dent
ial a
nd IC
&I s
elf-h
aul i
s ch
arge
d a
tippi
ng fe
e, n
o fe
e is
col
lect
ed o
n re
cycl
able
s,or
gani
cs, o
r HHW
)—ke
ep in
min
d w
illin
gnes
sto
pay
■W
aste
man
agem
ent u
tility
by
oper
atin
g al
lw
aste
man
agem
ent a
ctiv
ities
as
a se
para
teut
ility
(req
uire
s co
mpl
etio
n of
was
te fl
ow a
ndfu
ll-co
st a
ccou
ntin
g us
ing
GAP
anal
ysis
)
■Im
plem
ent w
aste
min
imiza
tion
and
dive
rsio
npo
licie
s on
bus
ines
ses
with
in y
our c
omm
unity
(e.g
., us
er p
ay, o
rgan
ics
dive
rsio
n, c
arbo
ncr
edits
, man
dato
ry ta
ke-it
-bac
k)■
User
pay
(ful
l use
r pay
incl
udes
fee
appl
ied
toal
l bag
s an
d fu
ll co
st re
cove
ry)
■Ca
rbon
cre
dits
(mon
itor t
he e
ffect
of w
aste
on
GHGs
and
iden
tify
carb
on c
redi
t opt
ions
)■
Exte
nded
pro
duce
r res
pons
ibili
ty (i
mpl
emen
tta
ke-it
-bac
k pr
ogra
ms
for a
utom
otiv
e, e
lect
roni
c,ga
rden
sup
plie
s, m
edic
al s
uppl
ies,
HHW
, and
hous
ehol
d pr
oduc
ts)
■En
hanc
ed p
rom
otio
n (e
.g.,
natu
ral l
ands
capi
ng,
mul
chin
g of
gra
ss, “
treas
ure
hunt
”)■
Sour
ce s
epar
atio
n of
org
anic
s (c
oupl
ed w
ithba
n on
gra
ss c
lippi
ngs
at th
e cu
rb a
nd
prom
otio
n of
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g, n
atur
alla
ndsc
apin
g, a
nd g
rass
cycl
ing)
■Ba
n op
en b
urni
ng, b
ut p
rovi
de a
ltern
ativ
edi
vers
ion
oppo
rtuni
ties
■Us
er p
ay a
nd s
ourc
e se
para
tion
prog
ram
s ta
rget
ing
mun
icip
ally
col
lect
ed IC
&I w
aste
■In
trodu
ce h
ighe
r tip
ping
fees
for I
C&I l
oads
exce
edin
g lim
its s
et fo
r rec
ycla
bles
or
com
post
able
s■
Purs
ue e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
s an
dso
cial
obj
ectiv
es (w
ork
with
the
com
mun
ity to
deve
lop
sust
aina
ble
busi
ness
opp
ortu
nitie
san
d pr
ovid
e fin
anci
al in
cent
ives
if n
eces
sary
,e.
g., r
euse
cen
tres)
■Re
quire
was
te re
duct
ion
and
recy
clin
g pl
ans
of IC
&I b
usin
esse
s■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
and
Rev
iew
of W
aste
Pol
icie
s)
Is yo
ur c
omm
unity
’s w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<5
0%?
OPT
ION
C
OPT
ION
D
38 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
B –
PR
OVIN
CIA
L/M
UN
ICIP
AL
LE
GIS
LA
TIO
NF
IGU
RE
6
PO
LIC
YD
EC
ISIO
N-M
AK
ING
TRE
E
Iden
tify
whi
ch p
olic
y op
tion
was
sele
cted
pre
viou
sly
(Fig
ures
4 a
nd 5
):
——
Opt
ion
A—
— O
ptio
n B
——
Opt
ion
C—
— O
ptio
n D
For e
ach
of th
e po
licy
optio
ns
iden
tifie
d pr
evio
usly
, app
ly th
e fo
llow
ing
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
edur
es
No
Is th
is p
olic
y in
pla
ce
at th
e pr
ovin
cial
leve
l?
Curr
ently
in p
lace
—no
act
ion
requ
ired
Yes
No
Is th
is p
olic
y in
pla
ce
as a
byl
aw o
r offi
cial
pro
gram
at
the
regi
onal
or
loca
l lev
el?
Curr
ently
in p
lace
—no
act
ion
requ
ired
Yes
No
Is th
is p
olic
y pe
rmitt
ed
unde
r pro
vinc
ial o
r m
unic
ipal
legi
slat
ion?
Enco
urag
e or
pur
sue
legi
slat
ive
chan
ge
Yes
List
the
polic
ies
(e.g
., m
anda
tory
recy
clin
g re
gula
tion
land
fill b
ans
regu
latio
n)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
List
the
polic
ies
(e.g
., la
ndfil
l ban
s by
law
, us
er p
ay b
ylaw
, bag
lim
it by
law
)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Iden
tify
polic
ies
to p
ursu
e
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 39
Stage C – Integrated Resourceand Waste ManagementSystem Decisions
In this stage you will explore the suitability
of various technologies for your integrated
resource and waste management system needs,
and determine whether partnering with other
communities would benefit your community.
The decision-making trees in Figures 7, 8, 9,
and 10 will help you select among a number of
options. The chosen path will be influenced by
several key factors, including the amount of resi-
dential waste generated annually, your resource
and waste policies, and budgetary constraints.
The residential and IC&I waste information
you generated in Stage A will now help you
evaluate resource and waste management
options. As IC&I volumes are not entirely reliable
for budget certainty, you should recognize their
potential but be cautious as to the extent to
which they are included in your system.
TASK 1: IDENTIFY WASTE TONNAGE RANGE
Once you have compiled the total residential
waste generation information (with or without
the IC&I waste), work through the appropriate
decision-making tree to determine the appropriate
waste category:
■ If <7,000 tonnes of total waste generation peryear, go to Figure 7
■ If 7,000 – 35,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 8
■ If 35,000 – 90,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 9
■ If >90,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 10
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingNone
TASK 2: EVALUATE DIVERSION
GOAL REALITY
As you work through the schematic that corre-
sponds to your total waste generation rate, you
will be prompted to consider the practicality of
your community’s waste reduction goal given
the amount of waste available, the potential
costs, and the level of innovation and community
support required. At the end of this exercise,
you may want to revisit your goals or investigate
other options, such as partnering with adjacent
communities or instituting user pay.
Information RequirementsInformation from Worksheet B1 – Community
Innovation Assessment
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 1 and Review of Waste Policies)
40 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
SYS
TEM
DE
CIS
ION-M
AK
ING
TRE
E(≤
7,0
00
TP
Y)
FIG
UR
E7
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
Furth
er co
st sa
vings
can b
e atta
ined b
y for
ming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing c
omm
unitie
s to
incre
ase t
onna
ges a
nd se
cure
bette
r end
mar
kets
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Or
Yes
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hieve
betw
een 2
5 an
d 50%
redu
ction
th
roug
h eco
nom
ical m
eans
by fo
rming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing co
mm
unitie
s or r
egion
alizin
g se
rvice
s to i
ncre
ase t
onna
ge an
d allo
w fo
r sha
ring o
f tec
hnolo
gies
and r
esou
rces
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Opt
ion
BTh
is p
ath
may
be
chal
leng
ing
to a
ccom
plis
h. Y
ou c
an a
chie
vebe
twee
n 25
and
50%
redu
ctio
n w
ith s
tring
ent d
iver
sion
po
licie
s (s
ee F
igur
e 5)
in p
lace
, rec
yclin
g an
d co
mpo
stin
g of
all o
rgan
ics
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n,
go to
Fig
ure
13
$$$
Sym
bols
$$$$
$ $$
very
exp
ensi
ve
expe
nsiv
e
som
ewha
t exp
ensi
ve
not e
xpen
sive
$$$
a lo
t of i
nnov
atio
nre
quire
d
som
e in
nova
tion
requ
ired
little
inno
vatio
nre
quire
d
a lo
t of c
omm
unity
su
ppor
t req
uire
d
com
mun
ity s
uppo
rt ad
vant
ageo
us
min
imal
com
mun
ity
supp
ort n
eede
d
This
pat
h m
ay b
e ve
ry c
halle
ngin
g
$$$$
Opt
ion
AYo
u ca
n ac
hiev
e <2
5% re
duct
ion
with
min
imal
pro
gram
s (i.
e., s
ome
recy
clin
g, b
acky
ard
com
post
ing,
m
inim
al le
af a
nd y
ard
win
drow
com
post
ing)
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
12$
Go to
Fig
ure
8
Tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Calc
ulat
e us
ing
GAP
Was
te F
low
or
Wor
kshe
et A
2
No
Cons
ider
targ
etin
g IC
&I m
ater
ials
toin
crea
se to
nnag
e
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Dete
rmin
e op
portu
nitie
s us
ing
Wor
kshe
et A
4
Yes
No
Is y
our c
omm
unity
in
nova
tive
and
will
ing
to s
pend
mon
ey o
n ne
w te
chno
logy
?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Is th
e to
tal r
esid
entia
l w
aste
gen
erat
ion
less
than
7,00
0 to
nnes
/yr?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
>50
%?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0%?
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<25
%?
You
may
nee
d to
reas
sess
you
r was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s an
dpo
licy
optio
ns, w
hich
may
incl
ude:
Optio
n A
Optio
n B
Com
bine
d w
ith p
artn
ersh
ips
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2) a
nd W
orks
heet
A1
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 41
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
SYS
TEM
DE
CIS
ION-M
AK
ING
TRE
E(7
,00
0 –
35,0
00
TP
Y)
FIG
UR
E8
Or
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
Furth
er co
st sa
vings
can b
e atta
ined b
y for
ming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing c
omm
unitie
s to
incre
ase t
onna
ges a
nd se
cure
bette
r end
mar
kets
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Or
Yes
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hieve
betw
een 2
5 an
d 50%
redu
ction
th
roug
h eco
nom
ical m
eans
by fo
rming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing co
mm
unitie
s or r
egion
alizin
g se
rvice
s to i
ncre
ase t
onna
ge an
d allo
w fo
r sha
ring o
f tec
hnolo
gies
and r
esou
rces
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Opt
ion
BDe
pend
ing
on th
e si
ze o
f you
r com
mun
ity, t
his
path
may
be
chal
leng
ing
to a
ccom
plis
h. Y
ou c
an a
chie
ve b
etw
een
25 a
nd50
% re
duct
ion
with
stri
ngen
t div
ersi
on p
olic
ies
(see
Fig
ure
5)in
pla
ce, r
ecyc
ling,
and
com
post
ing
of a
ll or
gani
cs
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n,
go to
Fig
ure
13
$$$
Sym
bols
$$$$
$ $$
very
exp
ensi
ve
expe
nsiv
e
som
ewha
t exp
ensi
ve
not e
xpen
sive
$$$
a lo
t of i
nnov
atio
nre
quire
d
som
e in
nova
tion
requ
ired
little
inno
vatio
nre
quire
d
a lo
t of c
omm
unity
su
ppor
t req
uire
d
com
mun
ity s
uppo
rt ad
vant
ageo
us
min
imal
com
mun
ity
supp
ort n
eede
d
This
pat
h m
ay b
e ve
ry c
halle
ngin
g
$$$$
Opt
ion
AYo
u ca
n ac
hiev
e <2
5% d
iver
sion
with
min
imal
pro
gram
s (i.
e., s
ome
recy
clin
g, b
acky
ard
com
post
ing,
m
inim
al le
af a
nd y
ard
win
drow
com
post
ing)
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
12$
Go to
Fig
ure
9
Tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Calc
ulat
e us
ing
GAP
Was
te F
low
or
Wor
kshe
et A
2
No
Cons
ider
targ
etin
g IC
&I m
ater
ials
toin
crea
se to
nnag
e
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Dete
rmin
e op
portu
nitie
s us
ing
Wor
kshe
et A
4
Yes
No
Is y
our c
omm
unity
in
nova
tive
and
will
ing
to s
pend
mon
ey o
n ne
w te
chno
logy
?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Is th
e to
tal r
esid
entia
l w
aste
gen
erat
ion
betw
een
7,00
0 an
d 35
,000
tonn
es/y
r?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
>50
%?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0%?
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<25
%?
You
may
nee
d to
reas
sess
you
r was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s an
dpo
licy
optio
ns, w
hich
may
incl
ude:
Optio
n B
(Fig
ure
13)
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2) a
nd W
orks
heet
A1
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
Depe
nding
on th
e size
of yo
ur co
mm
unity
, this
path
may
be ch
allen
ging t
o acc
ompli
sh ev
en if
form
ing pa
rtner
ships
with
neig
hbou
ring c
omm
unitie
s to s
hare
the
costs
of tw
o- or
thre
e-str
eam
colle
ction
, com
post
ing of
all o
rgan
ics,
and p
ossib
ly ot
her e
mer
ging t
echn
ology
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
42 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
SYS
TEM
DE
CIS
ION-M
AK
ING
TRE
E(3
5,0
00
– 9
0,0
00
TP
Y)
FIG
UR
E9
Or
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
Furth
er co
st sa
vings
can b
e atta
ined b
y for
ming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing c
omm
unitie
s to
incre
ase t
onna
ges a
nd se
cure
bette
r end
mar
kets
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Or
Yes
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hieve
betw
een 2
5 an
d 50%
redu
ction
th
roug
h eco
nom
ical m
eans
by fo
rming
pa
rtner
ships
with
neigh
bour
ing co
mm
unitie
s or r
egion
alizin
g se
rvice
s to i
ncre
ase t
onna
ge an
d allo
w fo
r sha
ring o
f tec
hnolo
gies
and r
esou
rces
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Opt
ion
B
You
can
achi
eve
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0% re
duct
ion
with
stri
ngen
tdi
vers
ion
polic
ies
(see
Fig
ure
5, O
ptio
ns C
or D
) in
plac
e,
recy
clin
g, a
nd c
ompo
stin
g of
all
orga
nics
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n,
go to
Fig
ure
13
$$
Sym
bols
$$$$
$ $$
very
exp
ensi
ve
expe
nsiv
e
som
ewha
t exp
ensi
ve
not e
xpen
sive
$$$
a lo
t of i
nnov
atio
nre
quire
d
som
e in
nova
tion
requ
ired
little
inno
vatio
nre
quire
d
a lo
t of c
omm
unity
su
ppor
t req
uire
d
com
mun
ity s
uppo
rt ad
vant
ageo
us
min
imal
com
mun
ity
supp
ort n
eede
d
This
pat
h m
ay b
e ve
ry c
halle
ngin
g
$$$$
Opt
ion
AYo
u ca
n ac
hiev
e <2
5% re
duct
ion
with
sim
ple
prog
ram
s (i.
e., s
ome
recy
clin
g, b
acky
ard
com
post
ing,
m
inim
al le
af a
nd y
ard
win
drow
com
post
ing)
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
12$
Go to
Fig
ure
10
Tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Calc
ulat
e us
ing
GAP
Was
te F
low
or
Wor
kshe
et A
2
No
Cons
ider
targ
etin
g IC
&I m
ater
ials
toin
crea
se to
nnag
e
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Dete
rmin
e op
portu
nitie
s us
ing
Wor
kshe
et A
4
Yes
No
Is y
our c
omm
unity
in
nova
tive
and
will
ing
to s
pend
mon
ey o
n ne
w te
chno
logy
?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Is th
e to
tal r
esid
entia
l w
aste
gen
erat
ion
betw
een
35,0
00 a
nd 9
0,00
0 to
nnes
/yr?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
>50
%?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0%?
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<25
%?
You
may
nee
d to
reas
sess
you
r was
te re
duct
ion
goal
s an
dpo
licy
optio
ns, w
hich
may
incl
ude:
Optio
n B
(Fig
ure
13)
Refe
r to
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
2) a
nd W
orks
heet
A1
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hieve
>50%
redu
ction
mor
e effe
ctive
ly by
form
ing pa
rtner
ships
with
neig
hbou
ring
com
mun
ities t
o sha
re th
e cos
ts of
two-
or t
hree
-stre
am c
ollec
tion,
com
posti
ng of
all o
rgan
ics, a
nd po
ssibl
y oth
er em
ergin
g tec
hnolo
gy
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Opt
ion
BYo
u ca
n ac
hiev
e be
twee
n 25
and
50%
redu
ctio
n w
ith
strin
gent
div
ersi
on p
olic
ies
(see
Fig
ure
5, O
ptio
ns C
or D
) in
pla
ce, r
ecyc
ling,
and
com
post
ing
of a
ll or
gani
cs
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
13
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 43
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
SYS
TEM
DE
CIS
ION-M
AK
ING
TRE
E(≥
90
,00
0 T
PY)
FIG
UR
E10
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0%?
Yes
Yes
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hieve
>50%
redu
ction
mor
e ec
onom
ically
by f
orm
ing pa
rtner
ships
with
ne
ighbo
uring
com
mun
ities o
r reg
ionali
zing s
ervic
es to
incr
ease
to
nnag
e and
allow
for s
harin
g of t
echn
ologie
s and
reso
urce
s
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
Opt
ion
CYo
u ca
n ac
hiev
e >5
0% re
duct
ion
mor
e ef
fect
ivel
y by
form
ing
partn
ersh
ips
with
nei
ghbo
urin
g co
mm
uniti
es to
sha
re th
eco
sts
of tw
o- o
r thr
ee-s
tream
col
lect
ion,
com
post
ing
of a
llor
gani
cs, a
nd p
ossi
bly
othe
r em
ergi
ng te
chno
logy
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n,
go to
Fig
ure
14
$$$
Sym
bols
$$$$
$ $$
very
exp
ensi
ve
expe
nsiv
e
som
ewha
t exp
ensi
ve
not e
xpen
sive
$$$
a lo
t of i
nnov
atio
nre
quire
d
som
e in
nova
tion
requ
ired
little
inno
vatio
nre
quire
d
a lo
t of c
omm
unity
su
ppor
t req
uire
d
com
mun
ity s
uppo
rt ad
vant
ageo
us
min
imal
com
mun
ity
supp
ort n
eede
dO
ptio
n A
You
can
achi
eve
<25%
redu
ctio
n w
ith lo
w-te
ch p
rogr
ams
(i.e.
, som
e re
cycl
ing,
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g, m
inim
al le
af a
ndya
rd w
indr
ow c
ompo
stin
g)
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
12$
Tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Calc
ulat
e us
ing
GAP
Was
te F
low
or
Wor
kshe
et A
2
Cons
ider
targ
etin
g IC
&I m
ater
ials
toin
crea
se to
nnag
e
____
____
_ton
nes/
yr
Dete
rmin
e op
portu
nitie
s us
ing
Wor
kshe
et A
4Ye
s
No
Is y
our c
omm
unity
in
nova
tive
and
will
ing
to
incr
ease
the
was
te
man
agem
ent b
udge
t?
Yes
Yes
Is th
e to
tal r
esid
entia
l w
aste
gen
erat
ion
>90,
000
tonn
es/y
r?
No
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
>50
%?
Is th
e w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<25
%?
Part
ners
hip
Opt
ion
You c
an ac
hiev
e bet
wee
n 25 a
nd 50
% re
duct
ion
thro
ugh e
cono
mica
l mea
ns by
form
ing
partn
ersh
ips w
ith ne
ighbo
urin
g com
mun
ities o
r reg
ionali
zing
serv
ices t
o inc
reas
e ton
nage
and a
llow
for s
harin
g of t
echn
ologie
san
d res
ourc
es
If yo
u de
cide
to p
ursu
e th
is o
ptio
n, g
o to
Fig
ure
11
$
44 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
WO R K S H E E T C1
P a r t A : E s t a b l i s h i n g t h e N e e d f o r P a r t n e r s
TASK 3: EVALUATE PARTNERSHIP
OPPORTUNITIES
Forming partnerships with other municipalities
may provide access to technical opportunities
not feasible otherwise. Partnerships can be par-
ticularly beneficial to smaller municipalities with
high waste diversion expectations because they
help overcome limited access to funds, personnel,
training, and technical support.
In this task, you will evaluate partnering
opportunities with other communities by working
through the decision-making tree in Figure 11
and completing Worksheet C1 – Establishing
Partnerships with other Communities. The
worksheet allows you to identify benefits and
goals that must be compatible with those of
other communities and concerns that may need
to be overcome before entering into a partner-
ship arrangement. You will also begin to identify
potential partnering communities.
In the decision-making process, you will
need to determine the collective amount of
resources available from all partnering commu-
nities. Refer to Task 5 on page 60 for further
instructions.
Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet C1 – Establishing
Partnerships with Other Communities
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Section 4)
ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES
QUESTION RESPONSE
Q1. Identify the benefits that your communitywould hope to receive from establishing part-nerships with other communities. (Rank interms of importance)
� Reducing waste
� Overall system cost savings
� Increasing the quantity of end-market materials
� Recognize environmental benefits (e.g., reduced number of vehicles on the road, reduced greenhouse gases)
� Opportunity to hire more expertise
� Opportunity to create new jobs
� Other
QUESTION RESPONSE
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 45
WO R K S H E E T C1
ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES
P a r t A : E s t a b l i s h i n g t h e N e e d f o r P a r t n e r s
Q2. Identify which integrated waste managementactivities your community would wish to pursue with other partnering communities.(Please check)
Q3. Determine whether your staff and Council can overcome and resolve possible con-cerns/trade-offs arising from establishing a partnership arrangement with other communities.
Q4. Identify other concerns that may arise fromestablishing a partnership arrangement withother communities. (Please list)
� Sharing curbside collection equipment for recyclables, organics,and/or waste
� Sharing processing equipment (MRF) for recyclables
� Sharing composting technologies (e.g., channel, in-vessel, anaerobic digestion)
� Sharing disposal technologies (e.g., landfill, thermal technologies)
� Sharing household hazardous or special waste collection and storage/bulking activities
� Sharing administrative resources
� Other
YES NO DON’T KNOW
� � � Different waste reduction goals
� � � Increased bureaucracy
� � � Less flexibility over decisions
� � � Potential conflict over budgets
� � � Uneven playing field
1.
2.
3.
4.
46 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
QUESTION RESPONSE
ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES
P a r t A : E s t a b l i s h i n g t h e N e e d f o r P a r t n e r s
WO R K S H E E T C1
P a r t B : I d e n t i f y i n g P o t e n t i a l P a r t n e r i n g C o m m u n i t i e s
Identifying Potential Partners RANK
Q5. Evaluate your responses to questions 1 through 4 and decide whether establishing a partnership arrangement with other communities makes sense for your community.
� Yes, partnership makes sense
� No, partnership does not make sense
� Re-evaluate at a later date
Notes:
Q6. Rank the importance of having characteristics of partnering communities similar to your community. (Circle one of the following: high,med, or low importance)
Having similar waste diversion goals
Being of similar size
Sharing same waste management programneeds
Sharing similar essential services (e.g.,road, water supply, landfill)
Sharing the same regional boundaries
High Medium Low
High Medium Low
High Medium Low
High Medium Low
High Medium Low
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 47
WO R K S H E E T C1
P a r t B : I d e n t i f y i n g P o t e n t i a l P a r t n e r i n g C o m m u n i t i e s
IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL PARTNERS RANK
Q7. Using insights gained fromQuestion 6, rank the followingboundaries in terms of impor-tance in pursuing partner com-munities. See Guide (Overview,Section 4) for definitions of eachboundary. (Give one rank toeach)
Q8. Within the preferred boundaryarea established in Question 7,make a list of potential partnercommunities (keep in mind thecharacteristics that you feel areimportant as a result of the ranking process completed inQuestion 6).
Regional boundaries
Pre-established waste management boundaries
Service area boundaries
Conservation authority boundaries
Other boundaries
Provide name and contact and population size
Community Name Contact Population Size
Community 1
Community 2
Community 3
Community 4
Community 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES
48 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
PA
RTN
ER
SH
IPO
PTI
ON
ES
TAB
LIS
HIN
GP
AR
TNE
RS
HIP
SW
ITH
OTH
ER
CO
MM
UN
UIT
IES
FIG
UR
E11 Ye
s
Does
form
ing
a pa
rtner
ship
with
othe
r com
mun
ities
mak
ese
nse
for y
our c
omm
unity
? (U
se W
orks
heet
C1,
Pa
rt A)
Is y
our w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
<25
%?
Go to
Fig
ure
12an
d re
cons
ider
at a
late
r dat
e
No
Yes
Have
you
id
entif
ied
othe
r po
tent
ial p
artn
erin
g co
mm
uniti
es?
Use
Wor
kshe
et C
1, P
art B
to id
entif
ypo
tent
ial p
artn
erin
g co
mm
uniti
es
No
Yes
Have
you
ap
proa
ched
pot
entia
l pa
rtner
ing
com
mun
ities
an
d in
tere
st is
sho
wn?
If co
mm
uniti
es a
re n
ot in
tere
sted
,re
-eva
luat
e yo
ur s
elec
tion
proc
ess
and
appr
oach
oth
er c
omm
uniti
es
Use
Wor
kshe
et C
1, P
art B
to
iden
tify
new
pot
entia
l pa
rtner
ing
com
mun
ities
No
Yes
Have
you
co
nsid
ered
targ
etin
g IC
&I w
aste
to in
crea
se
volu
me
of m
ater
ials
?
Use
Wor
kshe
et A
4 to
est
imat
eto
nnes
of w
aste
, rec
ycla
bles
and
orga
nics
pot
entia
lly a
vaila
ble
from
the
IC&
I sec
tor
No
Com
plet
e th
epa
rtner
ship
proc
ess
on th
ene
xt p
age
Is y
our w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
betw
een
25 a
nd 5
0%?
Go to
Fig
ure
13an
d re
cons
ider
at a
late
r dat
e
Is y
our w
aste
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
>50
%?
Go to
Fig
ure
14
and
reco
nsid
er a
t a la
ter d
ate
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 49
STA
GE
C –
PA
RTN
ER
SH
IPO
PTI
ON
ES
TAB
LIS
HIN
GP
AR
TNE
RS
HIP
SW
ITH
OTH
ER
CO
MM
UN
UIT
IES
FIG
UR
E11
No
Is th
e to
tal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
>90,
000
tonn
es/y
r?
Go b
ack
to F
igur
e 10
Yes
No
Is th
e to
tal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
ge
nera
tion
betw
een
35,0
00 a
nd 9
0,00
0to
nnes
/yr?
Go b
ack
to F
igur
e 9
Yes
No
Is th
e to
tal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
ge
nera
tion
betw
een
7,00
0 an
d 35
,000
to
nnes
/yr?
Go b
ack
to F
igur
e 8
Yes
Yes
Is th
e to
tal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
gen
erat
ion
<7,0
00 to
nnes
/yr?
Go b
ack
to F
igur
e 7
Yes
For a
ll pa
rtner
ing
com
mun
ities
, col
lect
ivel
y de
term
ine
the
Amou
nt o
fAv
aila
ble
Reso
urce
s (u
seW
orks
heet
C2
and
Tabl
e 1)
Curr
ent p
rogr
am
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
Figu
re 1
1co
ntin
ued
from
pr
evio
uspa
ge
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
With
5-y
ear p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
50 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
TASK 4: DETERMINE RESOURCES
AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
At various points along the decision-making
process you will need to determine the amount
of materials available for recovery. This will
typically refer to residential resources, but may
include other resources (i.e., IC&I).
Worksheet C2 – Resources Available for
Recovery and Table 1 – Residential Waste
Composition will help you calculate available
material for recovery. The worksheet relies on
residential waste composition information from
waste audits performed in small, medium and
large Canadian communities. If your community
has conducted a residential waste audit, those
audit results should be used in preference to the
waste composition information provided in
Table 1.
When the worksheet is completed you may
need to add potential resources available from
the IC&I sector and other partnering communities.
Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet C2 – Resources Available
for Recovery
Refer to Table 1 – Residential Waste Composition
Companion ReadingNone
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 51
482
0
482
x 2,500
Subtract recyclables divertedthrough outside agencies(refer to the GAPWaste Flow Data)
Total available recyclables(tonnes/year)
Paper recyclables (includes ONP,OMG and OCC)
19.3% = (0.193)
(this is the sum offigures from Table 1for the includedcategories of paperrecyclables)
Sample Exercise for Dixie Township
(population 7,300):
Total Residential Waste Generation 2,500 tonnes/year
Waste Composition Audit used for this Worksheet North Glengarry Township, Ontario
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
S a m p l e E x e r c i s e
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Calculating Available Material for Recovery
From the selected waste composition table in Table 1, calculate the total percentage composition of the targetedmaterial categories and place the number in the column “Total Composition.” Multiply the % composition by the“Total Residential Waste Generation” figure identified above to arrive at the subtotal of potential availableresources currently in the waste stream. Subtract any materials collected by an outside agency (e.g.,deposit/return program). Place the final number in the column “Total Available Resource.”
WO R K S H E E T C2
52 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
Calculate Available Recyclable Materials:
WO R K S H E E T C2
482x 2,500
x
x
x
x
x
S A M P L E
Paper recyclables(includes ONP, OMGand OCC)
Paper RecyclablesIncludes:
Plastic RecyclablesIncludes:
Metal RecyclablesIncludes:
Glass RecyclablesIncludes:
OtherIncludes:
19.3% = (0.193)
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Subtract recyclables diverted through outside agencies(Refer to the short GAP guide for default values or calculate the tonnages
by selecting the percentage composition of each deposit/return material and multiplying by total waste generation rate.)
Total available recyclables (tonnes/year)
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 53
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
Calculate Available Organic Resources:
WO R K S H E E T C2
32.5x 2,500
x
x
x
S A M P L E
Leaf and yard waste(includes woody andother yard waste)
Leaf and yard wasteIncludes:
Food waste Includes:
OtherIncludes:
1.3% = (0.013)
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Subtract organics diverted through backyard composters and grasscycling(Refer to the Short GAP guide or calculate the grass tonnages by selecting the percentagecomposition of grass material and multiplying by total waste generation rate and calculatebackyard composters by multiplying the total number of backyard composters sold by the
municipality over the years by 100 kg/composter/yr.)
Total available organics(tonnes/year)
Leaf and yard waste: leaves, brush, woody waste, and grass,unless banned at curbside.
Food waste: vegetable food waste and may include animal foodwaste (meats, fats, oils) and animal waste (feces from pets, petlitter and bedding).
Other organic waste may include manure, non-recyclablepapers and paper products, if no markets exist.
54 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
Calculate Available Bulky Wastes and White Goods:
WO R K S H E E T C2
x 2,500
x
x
S A M P L E
Bulky wastes (includesfurniture, but notelectronic appliances)
Bulky wastesIncludes:
White goodsIncludes:
n/a
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Subtract bulky wastes and white goods collected by outside agency(Refer to the short GAP guide or calculate the tonnages of the bulky items
and white good items by selecting their percentage composition and multiplyingby total waste generation rate.)
Total available bulky wastes and white goods(tonnes/year)
Bulky waste: furniture and mattresses, but not small electronics(stereos, televisions) or computers and supporting equipment(printers, fax machines, copiers).
White goods: large appliances (stoves, refrigerators, washers,dryers, air conditioners), but not small electronics (stereos, televisions) or computers and supporting equipment (printers, fax machines, copiers).
NOTE: Computers and small electronics are dealt with separately in this workbook due to pending extended producerresponsibility initiatives at the federal level.
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 55
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
Calculate Available Electronic and Electrical Resources:
WO R K S H E E T C2
50x 2,500
x
S A M P L E
Electronic waste*(includes computersand electronic goods)
Electronic wasteIncludes:
2.0% = (0.02)
2.0% = (0.02)*
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Subtract electronics/electrical products collected by outside agency
Total available electronic and electrical wastes(tonnes/year)
* Relatively few waste audits have focused on electronic wastebecause, traditionally, they have been combined with otherwaste categories or they did not regularly appear in the auditedwaste stream. Several recent residential waste audits conductedfor the City of Calgary, Alta., the Region of Durham, Ont., and the City of Toronto, Ont., show ranges from 1 – 3% of thewaste stream. Consequently, we have chosen an estimate of2% for use here.
Electronic waste: computer waste and electronic goods.
Computer waste: monitors, hard drives, laptops and supportingequipment (printers, fax machines, copiers).
Electronic goods: small electronics (stereos, televisions, andradios).
56 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY
Calculate Available Household Hazardous Wastes:
WO R K S H E E T C2
5.0x 2,500
x
S A M P L E
HHW or HSW includesbatteries, paint, motoroil, flammables, andother HHW/HSW
Household hazardousor special wastesIncludes:
0.2% = (0.002)
RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)
Subtract HHW/HSW collected by retail stores or outside agency(Refer to B.5 and B.6 Cells of the GAP W aste Flow Data or calculate the tonnages of
household hazardous waste by selecting the percentage composition of each categorythat is diverted and multiplying by total waste generation rate.)
Total available household hazardous or special wastes(tonnes/year)
HHW or HSW waste includes batteries, paint, motor oil, flammables, medicines, syringes, aerosols.
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 57
1. PAPER FIBRES
RESIDENTIAL WASTE COMPOSITIONTABLE 1
NewspaperMagazinesPhone BooksCardboardBoxboard/RollsMixed PapersMolded PulpBooksKraft PaperSpiral WoundTissue/TowelingOther PaperGable Top CartonsAseptic Containers
Municipality:
Population:
Setting:
Households:
NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.
10,589
rural
mostly single-familyhhlds4,100 dwellings
SUDBURY, ONT.
85,000
urban/rural
mostly single-familyhhlds37,400 dwellings
CITY OF CALGARY, ALTA.
880,000
urban
2/3rds single-familyhhlds330,000 dwellings
11.14.60.03.63.12.10.40.41.00.22.00.70.40.0
29.7
10.4
0.34.23.34.8
4.40.40.1
27.8
11.11.80.13.63.73.70.20.40.50.12.50.70.20.0
28.6
ONP, inserts
OMG
OTB
OCC
OBB
junk mail, fine household papers
egg cartons, drink trays
hard and soft cover
paper bags
frozen juice, pringles-type packaging
tissues, napkins, paper towels
multi-layered, waxed, wrapping, fast food
milk, juice
tetra-type packaging
Waste sort categories
Waste sort descriptions Composition%
Composition%
Composition%
Subtotal Paper Fibres
2. PLASTICS
PETE Soft DrinkLCBO ContainersPETE OtherHDPE bottlesPVCLDPE & PP BottlesWide-mouth Tubs and LidsPSRecyclable FilmNon-recyclable FilmOther ContainersOther Plastics
0.50.00.50.70.10.20.40.61.12.30.01.8
8.3
0.3
1.00.1
0.3
0.7
4.2
2.1
8.7
0.40.50.60.10.00.10.20.81.70.20.51.3
6.4
#1 soft drink
alcoholic beverage containers
water, juice, food, dish soap, trays
#2
#3, bottles, packaging
#4 and #5, squeezable
#2,4,5 and 6
#6, trays, cups, packaging
shopping bags, milk pouches
garbage bags, chip bags, shrink wrap
#7, trays, bottles, unmarked plastics
non-pkg, garden hose, VCR tape, toys
Subtotal Plastics
58 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
3. METALS
RESIDENTIAL WASTE COMPOSITIONTABLE 1
Aluminum CansAluminum Foil TraysSteel CansOther Metal
Municipality: NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.
SUDBURY, ONT.
CITY OF CALGARY, ALTA.
0.70.11.80.8
3.4
0.40.31.30.6
2.6
1.20.12.61.0
4.9
food and beverage cans
pie plates, etc.
food and beverage cans
scrap metal, other containers, bikes
4. GLASS
LCBO ClearLCBO ColouredClearColouredOther Glass
2.02.73.20.70.3
9.0
1.5
0.5
2.0
1.30.62.20.30.6
5.0
clear glass alcoholic beverages
coloured glass alcoholic beverages
food and beverage containers
food and beverage containers
lightbulbs, window glass, cups, ceramics
Subtotal Glass
Subtotal Paper Fibres
5. HOUSEHOLD SPECIAL WASTES
BatteriesPaintMotor OilFlammablesAerosol CansPaint CansOther HSW
0.00.10.10.00.30.20.0
0.6
0.10.10.00.0n/an/a0.8
1.0
0.10.30.00.00.20.20.0
0.8
all types
paints (not empty)
used oil, filters
starter fluid, solvents
empty
empty
sharps, drugs, acids, antifreeze
Subtotal HSW
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 59
6. COMPOSTABLES
RESIDENTIAL WASTE COMPOSITIONTABLE 1
Vegetable Food WasteAnimal Food WasteGrassWoody Yard WasteOther Yard WasteAnimal WasteWood Ashes
Municipality: NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.
SUDBURY, ONT.
CITY OF CALGARY, ALTA.
26.00.60.00.40.92.00.0
30.0
18.51.6
14.61.66.52.2n/a
45.0
25.8
10.1
2.3n/a
38.2
vegetable and fruit peelings
meats, fats, oils
grass clippings
brush, branches, wood chips
leaves, soil, garden wastes
feces, animal litter and bedding
fireplaces and stoves
Subtotal Compostables
7. OTHER WASTE MATERIALS
TextilesBuilding RenovationsWhite GoodsSanitary ProductsRubberFurnitureElectronicsOther
2.10.50.1
12.30.20.0n/a3.8
19.0
100.0
3.81.60.04.10.1
n/a1.22.0
12.8
99.9
4.26.01.32.30.11.00.01.2
16.1
100.0
clothing, shoes
drywall, lumber, carpeting
large appliances
diapers, napkins
tires, mats, tubing
sofas, chairs, cabinets
televisions, radios, computers
materials not classified elsewhere
Subtotal Other Waste Materials
TOTAL COMPOSITION
60 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
TASK 5: RECONFIRM PRIORITIES AND
POLICIES
Reconfirm key priorities and visions established
for the community, and identify existing policies
and promising policy opportunities from Stage
B. This exercise reinforces the importance of
understanding your community’s broader priorities
and goals, its waste reduction goal, and other
complementary waste diversion policies.
It also sets the stage for evaluating integrated
resource and waste management system options.
Information RequirementsInformation from Worksheet B1–
Community Innovation Assessment
Policy opportunities identified in Stage B
Companion ReadingNone
TASK 6: IDENTIFY INTEGRATED RESOURCE
AND WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
The final set of integrated resource and waste
management system options you select (by
working through Figures 12, 13, and 14) will
depend on which of the following factors take
priority in your community:■ waste reduction and environmental effects■ system cost■ high quality of end-market materials
The complexity of the technical considerations
and capital expenditures required will be affected
by the guiding priorities, the waste reduction
target, and the amount of available resources.
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,
Sections 5 to 9 and Review
of Waste Technologies)
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 61
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NA
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
≤25%
FIG
UR
E12
Iden
tify
polic
ies
that
sho
uld
be
intro
duce
d ov
er th
e ne
xt c
oupl
e of
yea
rs (u
se P
olic
y De
cisi
on-
mak
ing
Tree
– F
igur
e 6)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Add
in re
sour
ces
from
IC&
Ise
ctor
and
/or p
artn
erin
gco
mm
uniti
es, i
f app
licab
le
Curr
ent p
rogr
am
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
With
5-y
ear p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te)
■W
eekl
y or
biw
eekl
y cu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
recy
clab
les
(sin
gle-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—co
min
gled
—or
two-
stre
amre
cycl
able
s—pa
per a
nd c
onta
iner
s) u
sing
exi
stin
geq
uipm
ent,
such
as
a re
ar p
acke
r in
the
case
of s
mal
lco
mm
uniti
es, o
r dua
l-com
partm
ent c
olle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e,or
co-
colle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e (e
.g.,
rura
l are
as, e
spec
ially
ifla
ndfil
l and
MRF
are
clo
se to
geth
er) a
nd d
epot
s fo
rad
ditio
nal m
ater
ials
not
col
lect
ed th
roug
h cu
rbsi
de(a
ssum
ing
mar
kets
ava
ilabl
e)■
Priv
ate-
sect
or c
olle
ctio
n co
ntra
ct a
n op
tion,
but
nee
d to
con
side
r effe
ct o
f rec
ycla
bles
col
lect
ion
syst
em o
npr
oces
sing
cos
ts a
nd v
ice
vers
a ■
Prov
ide
resi
dent
s w
ith c
lear
ly m
arke
d, v
isib
le re
cycl
ing
cont
aine
rs a
nd in
trodu
ce p
olic
ies,
suc
h as
man
dato
ryre
cycl
ing,
par
tial u
ser p
ay, a
nd s
ome
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
to s
uppo
rt in
itiat
ives
■Cu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
leaf
and
yar
d w
aste
in p
aper
bags
(opp
ortu
nity
to a
lter c
olle
ctio
n w
eeks
with
sin
gle-
stre
amre
cycl
able
s), a
nd p
oten
tial b
an o
n gr
ass
clip
ping
s■
Priv
ate-
sect
or p
roce
ssin
g co
ntra
ct if
recy
clab
le
mat
eria
ls n
eed
to b
e pr
oces
sed
outs
ide
the
com
mun
ity(<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
. Con
side
r effe
ct o
n co
llect
ion
■Si
mpl
e op
en, t
urne
d w
indr
ow c
ompo
stin
g (n
o m
inim
umsi
ze re
quire
men
t), w
hich
requ
ires
larg
er b
uffe
r are
a(1
50+
met
res)
, sup
porte
d by
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g ca
mpa
ign
■Co
llect
pai
nts
thro
ugh
sim
ple
HHW
faci
lity
and/
orm
obile
HHW
dep
ot s
hare
d w
ith o
ther
com
mun
ities
■Pr
ovid
e or
con
tract
bul
ky w
aste
and
whi
te g
oods
with
poss
ible
exc
hang
e ce
ntre
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
aw
aren
ess
■Se
e So
lid W
aste
as
a Re
sour
ce G
uide
(Ove
rvie
w a
ndRe
view
of W
aste
Tec
hnol
ogie
s)
No
Opt
ion
A1
Was
te d
iver
sion
or e
nviro
nmen
tal
conc
erns
Yes
Optio
n A
cont
inue
d on
ne
xt p
age
Iden
tify
polic
ies
curr
ently
in p
lace
(u
se W
orks
heet
A1)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Iden
tify
the
key
prio
ritie
s fo
r es
tabl
ishi
ng a
n In
tegr
ated
Res
ourc
ean
d W
aste
Man
agem
ent P
lan
(use
Wor
kshe
et A
1). K
ey p
riorit
ies
are:
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_Us
e the
se p
riorit
ies to
help
in
the d
ecisi
on-m
aking
proc
ess
Dete
rmin
e th
e Am
ount
of
Avai
labl
e Re
sour
ces
(use
Wor
kshe
et C
2 an
d Ta
ble
1)
A1
Cons
ider
atio
ns
62 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NA
CO
NTI
NU
ED
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
≤25%
FIG
UR
E12
Figu
re 1
2co
ntin
ued
from
prev
ious
page
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te)
■W
eekl
y or
biw
eekl
y cu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
sour
ce-s
epar
ated
, tw
o-st
ream
recy
clab
les
(rear
pac
ker c
an b
e us
ed fo
r pap
er a
nd
cont
aine
rs o
n al
tern
ate
wee
ks) o
r mul
ti-st
ream
recy
clab
les
(e.g
., hy
drau
lic s
ide-
load
ing
recy
clin
g tru
ck)
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
col
lect
ion
cont
ract
an
optio
n,bu
t nee
d to
con
side
r effe
cts
of re
cycl
able
sco
llect
ion
syst
em o
n pr
oces
sing
cos
ts a
ndvi
ce v
ersa
. Wan
t low
com
pact
ion
rate
s to
max
imize
qua
lity
of m
ater
ials
■Pr
ovid
e re
side
nts
with
cle
arly
mar
ked,
vis
ible
recy
clin
g co
ntai
ners
and
intro
duce
pol
icie
s,su
ch a
s m
anda
tory
recy
clin
g, p
artia
l use
r pay
,an
d so
me
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
to s
uppo
rtin
itiat
ives
■Cu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
leaf
and
yar
d w
aste
,an
d po
ssib
le b
an o
n gr
ass
clip
ping
s
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if re
cycl
able
mat
eria
ls m
ust b
e pr
oces
sed
outs
ide
the
com
mun
ity (<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
, but
need
to c
onsi
der e
ffect
on
colle
ctio
n or
, with
hydr
aulic
sid
e-lo
ader
and
mul
ti-st
ream
sor
t at
the
curb
by
colle
ctio
n cr
ew, m
ater
ials
may
be
clea
n en
ough
to b
e sh
ippe
d di
rect
ly to
mar
ket
■Si
mpl
e op
en, t
urne
d w
indr
ow c
ompo
stin
g (n
om
inim
um s
ize re
quire
men
t), w
hich
requ
ires
larg
er b
uffe
r are
a (1
50+
met
res)
, sup
porte
d by
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g ca
mpa
ign
■Co
llect
pai
nts
thro
ugh
sim
ple
HHW
faci
lity
and/
or m
obile
HHW
dep
ot s
hare
d w
ithot
her c
omm
uniti
es■
Prov
ide
or c
ontra
ct b
ulky
was
te a
nd w
hite
good
s w
ith p
ossi
ble
exch
ange
cen
tre■
Stro
ng p
rom
otio
n an
d ed
ucat
ion
to in
crea
seaw
aren
ess
■Se
e So
lid W
aste
as
a Re
sour
ce G
uide
(Ove
rvie
w a
nd R
evie
w o
f Was
te T
echn
olog
ies)
No
Opt
ion
A3
Is h
igh
qual
ity o
f end
mat
eria
ls
(bot
h re
cycl
able
s an
d co
mpo
stab
les)
the
high
est p
riorit
y in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess?
Yes
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
col
lect
ion
cont
ract
pro
babl
e,bu
t nee
d to
con
side
r effe
ct o
f col
lect
ion
sys-
tem
on
proc
essi
ng c
osts
for r
ecyc
labl
es a
ndco
mpo
st■
Self-
haul
(dro
p-of
f dep
ot c
olle
ctio
n fo
r rec
y-cl
able
s), o
r biw
eekl
y, o
r mon
thly
cur
bsid
e co
l-le
ctio
n of
recy
clab
les
usin
g ad
ditio
nal
equi
pmen
t cur
rent
ly a
vaila
ble
(e.g
., ad
ditio
nal
rear
pac
kers
col
lect
ing
sing
le-s
tream
or t
wo-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s) w
ith re
side
nts
prov
idin
gth
eir o
wn
recy
clin
g co
ntai
ners
with
som
e tip
ping
fee
surc
harg
es■
Self-
haul
(dro
p-of
f dep
ot c
olle
ctio
n fo
r lea
fan
d ya
rd w
aste
) or s
easo
nal c
urbs
ide
colle
c-tio
n of
leaf
and
yar
d w
aste
usi
ng a
dditi
onal
equi
pmen
t (e.
g., r
ear p
acke
rs) w
ith re
side
nts
prov
idin
g le
af a
nd y
ard
was
te in
pap
er b
ags
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if re
cycl
able
mat
eria
ls n
eed
to b
e pr
oces
sed
outs
ide
the
com
mun
ity (<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
■Si
mpl
e op
en, t
urne
d pi
les
or w
indr
ow
com
post
ing
(no
min
imum
size
requ
irem
ent),
whi
ch re
quire
s la
rger
buf
fer a
rea
(150
+m
etre
s)■
Colle
ct p
aint
s th
roug
h si
mpl
e HH
W fa
cilit
yan
d/or
mob
ile H
HW d
epot
sha
red
with
oth
erco
mm
uniti
es■
Have
resi
dent
s se
lf-ha
ul b
ulky
was
te a
ndw
hite
goo
ds to
land
fill
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
and
Rev
iew
of W
aste
Tec
hnol
ogie
s)
Opt
ion
A2
Is s
yste
m c
ost t
he h
ighe
st
prio
rity
in th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s?
Yes
Opt
ion
A3
Cons
ider
atio
nsO
ptio
n A
2 Co
nsid
erat
ions
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 63
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NB
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
25 –
50
%F
IGU
RE
13
Iden
tify
polic
ies
that
sho
uld
be
intro
duce
d ov
er th
e ne
xt c
oupl
e of
yea
rs (u
se P
olic
y De
cisi
on-
mak
ing
Tree
– F
igur
e 6)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Add
in re
sour
ces
from
IC&
Ise
ctor
and
/or p
artn
erin
g co
mm
uniti
es, i
f app
licab
le
Curr
ent p
rogr
am
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
With
5-y
ear p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te)
or p
ossi
bly
two-
stre
am s
yste
m (w
et a
nd d
ry) i
f tot
al
resi
dent
ial w
aste
>40
,000
tpy
■Fo
r thr
ee-s
tream
sys
tem
, wee
kly
or b
iwee
kly
curb
side
colle
ctio
n of
recy
clab
les
(sin
gle-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—co
min
gled
— o
r tw
o-st
ream
recy
clab
les—
pape
r and
co
ntai
ners
) usi
ng e
xist
ing
equi
pmen
t, su
ch a
s a
rear
pack
er in
the
case
of s
mal
l com
mun
ities
, or d
ual-c
om-
partm
ent c
olle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e, o
r co-
colle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e(e
.g.,
rura
l are
as, e
spec
ially
if la
ndfil
l and
MRF
are
cl
ose
toge
ther
)■
Priv
ate-
sect
or c
olle
ctio
n co
ntra
ct a
n op
tion,
but
nee
d to
con
side
r effe
ct o
f rec
ycla
bles
col
lect
ion
syst
em o
n pr
oces
sing
cos
ts a
nd v
ice
vers
a■
Prov
ide
resi
dent
s w
ith c
lear
ly m
arke
d, v
isib
le re
cycl
ing
cont
aine
rs a
nd in
trodu
ce p
olic
ies,
suc
h as
mat
eria
l ban
s,m
anda
tory
recy
clin
g, p
artia
l or f
ull u
ser p
ay, a
nd s
ome
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
to s
uppo
rt in
itiat
ives
■
Curb
side
col
lect
ion
of le
af a
nd y
ard
was
te w
ith e
vent
ual
ban
on g
rass
clip
ping
s an
d po
ssib
le in
clus
ion
of fo
odw
aste
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if re
cycl
able
mat
eria
lsne
ed to
be
proc
esse
d ou
tsid
e th
e co
mm
unity
(<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
■Op
en, t
urne
d w
indr
ow c
ompo
stin
g or
mor
e co
stly
aer
ated
stat
ic-p
ile c
ompo
stin
g w
ith p
ossi
ble
incl
usio
n of
food
was
te if
ver
y la
rge
buffe
r are
a (e
.g.,
400
met
res)
(eith
er
is g
ood
for r
ural
com
mun
ities
), or
cha
nnel
com
post
ing
syst
ems
if fo
od w
aste
incl
uded
with
eco
nom
ies
of s
cale
or u
rban
com
mun
ity (s
mal
ler b
uffe
r are
a re
quire
d, e
.g.,
<150
met
res)
. All
syst
ems
shou
ld b
e su
ppor
ted
by b
ack-
yard
com
post
ing
cam
paig
n■
Colle
ct a
ll ho
useh
old
haza
rdou
s w
aste
s (H
HW) a
t a p
er-
man
ent H
HW fa
cilit
y an
d pr
ovid
e m
obile
HHW
dep
ots
thro
ugho
ut th
e ar
ea (p
oten
tially
sha
red
with
oth
er c
om-
mun
ities
)■
Prov
ide
or c
ontra
ct b
ulky
was
te a
nd w
hite
goo
ds w
ithpo
ssib
le e
xcha
nge
cent
re■
Stro
ng p
rom
otio
n an
d ed
ucat
ion
to in
crea
se a
war
enes
s■
Prov
ide
free
on-s
ite re
cycl
ing
and
com
post
ing
faci
litie
sfo
r ban
ned
mat
eria
ls a
nd m
ake
them
ava
ilabl
e to
sel
f-ha
ul w
aste
(res
iden
tial a
nd IC
&I)
■Se
e So
lid W
aste
as
a Re
sour
ce G
uide
(Ove
rvie
w a
ndRe
view
of W
aste
Tec
hnol
ogie
s)
No
Opt
ion
B1
Was
te d
iver
sion
or e
nviro
nmen
tal
conc
erns
Yes
Optio
n B
cont
inue
d on
ne
xt p
age
Iden
tify
polic
ies
curr
ently
in p
lace
(u
se W
orks
heet
A1)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Iden
tify
the
key
prio
ritie
s fo
r es
tabl
ishi
ng a
n In
tegr
ated
Res
ourc
ean
d W
aste
Man
agem
ent P
lan
(use
Wor
kshe
et A
1). K
ey p
riorit
ies
are:
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_Us
e th
ese
prio
ritie
s to
hel
p in
th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s
Dete
rmin
e th
e Am
ount
of
Ava
ilabl
e Re
sour
ces
(use
Wor
kshe
et C
2 an
d Ta
ble
1)
B1
Cons
ider
atio
ns
64 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NB
CO
NTI
NU
ED
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
25 –
50
%F
IGU
RE
13
Figu
re 1
3 co
ntin
ued
from
prev
ious
pag
e
■Th
ree-
stre
am sy
stem
(rec
ycla
bles
, leaf
, and
yard
was
te) o
r pos
sibly
two-
stre
am sy
stem
(wet
and
dry)
if to
tal r
esid
entia
l was
te >
40,00
0 tpy
■Fo
r thr
ee-s
tream
syst
em, w
eekly
or b
iwee
klycu
rbsid
e co
llect
ion
of so
urce
-sep
arat
ed, t
wo-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s usin
g ex
istin
g eq
uipm
ent,
such
as a
rear
pac
ker i
n th
e ca
se o
f sm
all c
om-
mun
ities
(rea
r pac
ker c
an b
e us
ed fo
r pap
er a
ndco
ntai
ners
on
alte
rnat
e w
eeks
), or
dua
l-com
part-
men
t col
lect
ion
vehi
cle,
or m
ulti-
stre
am re
cy-
clab
les (
e.g.
, hyd
raul
ic si
de-lo
adin
g re
cycl
ing
truck
)■
Priva
te-s
ecto
r col
lect
ion
cont
ract
an
optio
n bu
tne
ed to
con
sider
effe
ct o
f rec
ycla
bles
col
lect
ion
syst
em o
n pr
oces
sing
cost
s and
vice
vers
a. W
ant
low
com
pact
ion
rate
s to
max
imize
qua
lity o
fm
ater
ials
■Pr
ovid
e re
siden
ts w
ith c
lear
ly m
arke
d, vi
sible
recy
clin
g co
ntai
ners
and
intro
duce
pol
icie
s, su
chas
mat
eria
l ban
s, m
anda
tory
recy
clin
g, p
artia
l or
full u
ser p
ay, a
nd so
me
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
tosu
ppor
t ini
tiativ
es■
Curb
side
colle
ctio
n of
leaf
and
yard
was
te w
ithev
entu
al b
an o
n gr
ass c
lippi
ngs a
nd p
ossib
lein
clus
ion
of fo
od w
aste
if vi
able
■Pr
ivate
-sec
tor p
roce
ssin
g co
ntra
ct if
recy
clab
lem
ater
ials
mus
t be
proc
esse
d ou
tsid
e th
e co
mm
unity
(<30
,000 t
py o
f rec
ycla
bles
), bu
t nee
d to
con
dide
ref
fect
on
colle
ctio
n. E
xpec
t hig
hest
qua
lity o
fm
ater
ials
with
mul
ti-st
ream
recy
clab
les c
olle
ctio
n■
Open
, tur
ned
win
drow
com
post
ing
or m
ore
cost
lyae
rate
d st
atic
-pile
com
post
ing
with
pos
sible
incl
usio
n of
food
was
te if
very
larg
e bu
ffer a
rea
(e.g
., 400
met
res)
(eith
er is
goo
d fo
r rur
al c
omm
u-ni
ties)
, or c
hann
el c
ompo
stin
g sy
stem
s if f
ood
was
te in
clud
ed w
ith e
cono
mie
s of s
cale
or u
rban
com
mun
ity (s
mal
ler b
uffe
r are
a re
quire
d, e
.g.,
<150
met
res)
. All s
yste
ms s
houl
d be
supp
orte
d by
back
yard
com
post
ing
cam
paig
n■
Colle
ct a
ll hou
seho
ld h
azar
dous
was
tes (
HHW
) at
a pe
rman
ent H
HW fa
cilit
y and
pro
vide
mob
ileHH
W d
epot
s thr
ough
out t
he a
rea
(pot
entia
llysh
ared
with
oth
er c
omm
uniti
es)
■Pr
ovid
e or
con
tract
bul
ky w
aste
and
whi
te g
oods
with
pos
sible
exc
hang
e ce
ntre
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
Prov
ide
free
on-s
ite re
cycl
ing
and
com
post
ing
faci
litie
s for
ban
ned
mat
eria
ls an
d m
ake
them
avai
labl
e to
self-
haul
was
te (r
esid
entia
l and
IC&I
)■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a R
esou
rce
Guid
e (O
verv
iew
and
Revie
w o
f Was
te Te
chno
logi
es)
No
Opt
ion
B3
Is h
igh
qual
ity o
f end
mat
eria
ls
(bot
h re
cycl
able
s an
d co
mpo
stab
les)
the
high
est p
riorit
y in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess?
Yes
■Th
ree-
stre
am sy
stem
(rec
ycla
bles
, leaf
, and
ya
rd w
aste
)■
Wee
kly o
r biw
eekly
cur
bsid
e co
llect
ion
of
recy
clab
les (
singl
e-st
ream
recy
clab
les—
com
ingl
ed—
or t
wo-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—pa
per
and
cont
aine
rs) u
sing
exist
ing
equi
pmen
t, su
chas
a re
ar p
acke
r in
the
case
of s
mal
l com
mun
ities
,or
dua
l-com
partm
ent c
olle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e, o
r co
-col
lect
ion
vehi
cle
(e.g
., rur
al a
reas
, esp
ecia
llyif
land
fill a
nd M
RF a
re c
lose
toge
ther
)■
Priva
te-s
ecto
r col
lect
ion
cont
ract
an
optio
n,
but n
eed
to c
onsid
er e
ffect
of r
ecyc
labl
es
colle
ctio
n sy
stem
on
proc
essin
g co
sts a
nd
vice
vers
a■
Prov
ide
resid
ents
with
cle
arly
mar
ked,
visib
lere
cycl
ing
cont
aine
rs a
nd in
trodu
ce p
olic
ies,
such
as m
ater
ial b
ans,
man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing,
pa
rtial
or f
ull u
ser p
ay, a
nd so
me
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
to su
ppor
t ini
tiativ
es■
Curb
side
colle
ctio
n of
leaf
and
yard
was
te w
ithev
entu
al b
an o
n gr
ass c
lippi
ngs
■Pr
ivate
-sec
tor p
roce
ssin
g co
ntra
ct if
recy
clab
lem
ater
ials
mus
t be
proc
esse
d ou
tsid
e th
eco
mm
unity
(<30
,000 t
py o
f rec
ycla
bles
), bu
t ne
ed to
con
sider
effe
ct o
n co
llect
ion
■Op
en, t
urne
d w
indr
ow c
ompo
stin
g or
mor
e co
stly
aera
ted
stat
ic-p
ile c
ompo
stin
g w
ith
poss
ible
incl
usio
n of
food
was
te if
very
larg
ebu
ffer a
rea
(e.g
., 400
met
res)
(eith
er is
goo
d fo
r rur
al c
omm
uniti
es),
or c
hann
el c
ompo
stin
gsy
stem
s if f
ood
was
te in
clud
ed w
ith e
cono
mie
sof
scal
e or
urb
an c
omm
unity
(sm
alle
r buf
fer a
rea
requ
ired,
e.g
., <15
0 met
res)
. All s
yste
ms s
houl
dbe
supp
orte
d by
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
g ca
mpa
ign
■Co
llect
hou
seho
ld h
azar
dous
was
tes (
HHW
)th
roug
h sim
ple
hous
ehol
d fa
cilit
y and
mob
ileHH
W d
epot
shar
ed w
ith o
ther
com
mun
ities
■Pr
ovid
e or
con
tract
bul
ky w
aste
and
whi
tego
ods a
nd c
harg
e a
fee
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
Prov
ide
free
on-s
ite re
cycl
ing
and
com
post
ing
faci
litie
s for
ban
ned
mat
eria
ls an
d m
ake
them
avai
labl
e to
self-
haul
was
te (r
esid
entia
l and
IC&I
)■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a R
esou
rce
Guid
e (O
verv
iew
and
Revie
w o
f Was
te Te
chno
logi
es)
Opt
ion
B2
Is s
yste
m c
ost
the
high
est p
riorit
y in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess?
Yes
Opt
ion
B2
Cons
ider
atio
nsO
ptio
n B
3 Co
nsid
erat
ions
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 65
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NC
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
≥50
%F
IGU
RE
14
Iden
tify
polic
ies
that
sho
uld
be
intro
duce
d ov
er th
e ne
xt c
oupl
e of
yea
rs (u
se P
olic
y De
cisi
on-
mak
ing
Tree
– F
igur
e 6)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Add
in re
sour
ces
from
IC&
Ise
ctor
and
/or p
artn
erin
gco
mm
uniti
es, i
f app
licab
le
Curr
ent p
rogr
am
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
With
5-y
ear p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
Recy
clab
les
Orga
nics
Bulk
y/W
hite
goo
dsHH
W
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
____
____
_to
nnes
/yr
____
____
____
__to
nnes
/yr
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te),
or tw
o-st
ream
sys
tem
(wet
and
dry
) if t
otal
resi
dent
ial
was
te >
40,0
00 tp
y, o
r pot
entia
l sin
gle-
stre
am s
yste
m(m
ixed
was
te p
roce
ssin
g, w
hich
is s
till e
mer
ging
te
chno
logy
)■
If th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m, t
hen
wee
kly
or b
iwee
kly
curb
side
colle
ctio
n of
recy
clab
les
(sin
gle-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—co
min
gled
—or
two-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—pa
per a
nd
cont
aine
rs) u
sing
exi
stin
g eq
uipm
ent,
such
as
a re
arpa
cker
in th
e ca
se o
f sm
all c
omm
uniti
es, o
r dua
l-com
-pa
rtmen
t col
lect
ion
vehi
cle,
or c
o-co
llect
ion
vehi
cle
(e.g
., ru
ral a
reas
, esp
ecia
lly if
land
fill a
nd M
RF a
re c
lose
toge
ther
)■
If tw
o-st
ream
sys
tem
, the
n w
eekl
y co
llect
ion
of d
ryst
ream
usi
ng d
ual-c
ompa
rtmen
t col
lect
ion
vehi
cle
or
co-c
olle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e (e
.g.,
rura
l are
as, e
spec
ially
if
land
fill a
nd M
RF a
re c
lose
toge
ther
)■
Priv
ate-
sect
or c
olle
ctio
n co
ntra
ct a
n op
tion,
but
nee
d to
con
side
r effe
ct o
f rec
ycla
bles
col
lect
ion
syst
em o
npr
oces
sing
cos
ts a
nd v
ice
vers
a■
Prov
ide
resi
dent
s w
ith c
lear
ly m
arke
d, v
isib
le re
cycl
ing
cont
aine
rs o
r car
ts a
nd in
trodu
ce p
olic
ies,
suc
h as
m
ater
ial b
ans,
man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing,
full
user
pay
, and
fu
ll tip
ping
fee
surc
harg
es to
sup
port
initi
ativ
es
■Cu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
all
orga
nics
(lea
f and
yar
d w
aste
,an
d fo
od w
aste
) with
pot
entia
l ban
on
gras
s cl
ippi
ngs
(dep
ends
on
com
post
ing
syst
em)
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if th
ree-
stre
am
syst
em re
cycl
able
s (<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
or t
wo-
stre
am d
ry m
ater
ials
nee
d to
be
proc
esse
d ou
tsid
e th
eco
mm
unity
■Ch
anne
l com
post
ing
syst
ems
or in
-ves
sel c
ompo
stin
g fo
rfo
od w
aste
s in
larg
e or
urb
an c
omm
uniti
es, o
r pos
sibl
ean
aero
bic
dige
stio
n (if
tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
>40
,000
tpy)
coup
led
with
cha
nnel
or i
n-ve
ssel
com
post
ing
afte
r. Al
lsy
stem
s sh
ould
be
supp
orte
d by
bac
kyar
d co
mpo
stin
gca
mpa
ign
■Co
llect
all
hous
ehol
d ha
zard
ous
was
tes
(HHW
) at a
pe
rman
ent H
HW fa
cilit
y an
d pr
ovid
e sm
alle
r sat
ellit
ean
d/or
mob
ile H
HW d
epot
s th
roug
hout
the
area
(p
oten
tially
sha
red
with
oth
er c
omm
uniti
es)
■Pr
ovid
e or
con
tract
bul
ky w
aste
and
whi
te g
oods
with
poss
ible
exc
hang
e ce
ntre
■Op
tion
of th
erm
al tr
eatm
ent t
echn
olog
y fo
r lar
ge
com
mun
ities
(lar
ge p
opul
atio
n re
quire
d, e
.g.,
300,
000)
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
aw
aren
ess
■Pr
ovid
e fre
e on
-site
recy
clin
g an
d co
mpo
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
for b
anne
d m
ater
ials
and
mak
e th
em a
vaila
ble
to s
elf-
haul
was
te (r
esid
entia
l and
IC&
I)■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de (O
verv
iew
and
Revi
ew o
f Was
te T
echn
olog
ies)
No
Opt
ion
C1W
aste
div
ersi
on o
r env
ironm
enta
lco
ncer
ns
Yes
Optio
n C
cont
inue
d on
ne
xt p
age
Iden
tify
polic
ies
curr
ently
in p
lace
(u
se W
orks
heet
A1)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Iden
tify
the
key
prio
ritie
s fo
r es
tabl
ishi
ng a
n In
tegr
ated
Res
ourc
ean
d W
aste
Man
agem
ent P
lan
(use
Wor
kshe
et A
1). K
ey p
riorit
ies
are:
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_Us
e the
se p
riorit
ies to
help
in
the d
ecisi
on-m
aking
proc
ess
Dete
rmin
e th
e Am
ount
of
Ava
ilabl
e Re
sour
ces
(use
Wor
kshe
et C
2an
d Ta
ble
1)
Opt
ion
C1 C
onsi
dera
tions
66 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TO
PTI
ON
S
OP
TIO
NC
CO
NTI
NU
ED
– W
AS
TER
ED
UC
TIO
NTA
RG
ET
≥50
%F
IGU
RE
14
Figu
re 1
4co
ntin
ued
from
pr
evio
us p
age
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te) o
r pos
sibl
y tw
o-st
ream
sys
tem
(wet
and
dry
) if t
otal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
>40
,000
tpy,
but e
xpec
t low
er q
ualit
y of
end
mat
eria
ls■
If th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m, t
hen
wee
kly
orbi
wee
kly
curb
side
col
lect
ion
of re
cycl
able
s(s
ingl
e-st
ream
recy
clab
les—
com
ingl
ed—
ortw
o-st
ream
recy
clab
les—
pape
r and
con
tain
-er
s) u
sing
exi
stin
g eq
uipm
ent,
such
as
a re
arpa
cker
in th
e ca
se o
f sm
all c
omm
uniti
es, o
rdu
al-c
ompa
rtmen
t col
lect
ion
vehi
cle,
or c
o-co
llect
ion
vehi
cle
(e.g
., ru
ral a
reas
, esp
ecia
lly
if la
ndfil
l and
MRF
are
clo
se to
geth
er)
■If
two-
stre
am s
yste
m, t
hen
wee
kly
colle
ctio
nof
dry
stre
am u
sing
dua
l-com
partm
ent c
olle
c-tio
n ve
hicl
e or
co-
colle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e (e
.g.,
rura
lar
eas,
esp
ecia
lly if
land
fill a
nd M
RF a
re c
lose
toge
ther
)■
Priv
ate-
sect
or c
olle
ctio
n co
ntra
ct a
n op
tion
but
need
to c
onsi
der e
ffect
of r
ecyc
labl
es c
olle
ctio
nsy
stem
on
proc
essi
ng c
osts
and
vic
e ve
rsa.
■Pr
ovid
e re
side
nts
with
cle
arly
mar
ked,
vis
ible
recy
clin
g co
ntai
ners
and
intro
duce
pol
icie
s,su
ch a
s m
ater
ial b
ans,
man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing,
full
user
pay
, and
full
tippi
ng fe
e su
rcha
rges
tosu
ppor
t ini
tiativ
es■
Curb
side
col
lect
ion
of a
ll or
gani
cs (l
eaf a
ndya
rd w
aste
, and
food
was
te) w
ith p
oten
tial b
anon
gra
ss c
lippi
ngs
(dep
ends
on
com
post
ing
syst
em)
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m re
cycl
able
s (<
30,0
00 tp
y of
recy
clab
les)
or p
ossi
ble
two-
stre
am d
ry
mat
eria
ls n
eed
to b
e pr
oces
sed
outs
ide
the
com
mun
ity■
Chan
nel c
ompo
stin
g sy
stem
s or
in-v
esse
lco
mpo
stin
g fo
r foo
d w
aste
s in
larg
e or
urb
anco
mm
uniti
es, o
r pos
sibl
e an
aero
bic
dige
stio
n(if
tota
l res
iden
tial w
aste
>40
,000
tpy)
cou
pled
with
cha
nnel
or i
n-ve
ssel
com
post
ing
afte
r. Al
lsy
stem
s sh
ould
be
supp
orte
d by
bac
kyar
dco
mpo
stin
g ca
mpa
ign
■Co
llect
all
hous
ehol
d ha
zard
ous
was
tes
(HHW
)at
a p
erm
anen
t HHW
faci
lity
and
prov
ide
mob
ile H
HW d
epot
s th
roug
hout
the
area
(pot
entia
lly s
hare
d w
ith o
ther
com
mun
ities
)■
Prov
ide
or c
ontra
ct b
ulky
was
te a
nd w
hite
good
s w
ith p
ossi
ble
exch
ange
cen
tre■
Optio
n of
ther
mal
trea
tmen
t tec
hnol
ogy
for
larg
e co
mm
uniti
es (l
arge
pop
ulat
ion
requ
ired,
e.g.
, 300
,000
)■
Stro
ng p
rom
otio
n an
d ed
ucat
ion
to in
crea
seaw
aren
ess
■Pr
ovid
e fre
e on
-site
recy
clin
g an
d co
mpo
stin
gfa
cilit
ies
for b
anne
d m
ater
ials
and
mak
e th
emav
aila
ble
to s
elf-h
aul w
aste
(res
iden
tial a
ndIC
&I)
■Se
e So
lid W
aste
as
a Re
sour
ce G
uide
(Ove
rvie
w a
nd R
evie
w o
f Was
te T
echn
olog
ies)
No
Opt
ion
C3Is
hig
h qu
ality
of e
nd m
ater
ials
(b
oth
recy
clab
les
and
com
post
able
s)th
e hi
ghes
t prio
rity
in th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s?
Yes
■Th
ree-
stre
am s
yste
m (r
ecyc
labl
es, l
eaf,
and
yard
was
te) o
r pos
sibl
y tw
o-st
ream
sys
tem
(wet
and
dry
) if t
otal
resi
dent
ial w
aste
>4
0,00
0 tp
y ■
For t
hree
-stre
am s
yste
m, w
eekl
y or
biw
eekl
ycu
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n of
recy
clab
les
(sin
gle-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—co
min
gled
—or
two-
stre
am re
cycl
able
s—pa
per a
nd c
onta
iner
s)us
ing
exis
ting
equi
pmen
t, su
ch a
s a
rear
pack
er in
the
case
of s
mal
l com
mun
ities
, or
dual
-com
partm
ent c
olle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e, o
r co-
colle
ctio
n ve
hicl
e (e
.g.,
rura
l are
as, e
spec
ially
if la
ndfil
l and
MRF
are
clo
se to
geth
er)
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
col
lect
ion
cont
ract
an
optio
n,bu
t nee
d to
con
side
r effe
ct o
f rec
ycla
bles
col
-le
ctio
n sy
stem
on
proc
essi
ng c
osts
and
vic
eve
rsa
■Pr
ovid
e re
side
nts
with
cle
arly
mar
ked,
vis
ible
recy
clin
g co
ntai
ners
and
intro
duce
pol
icie
s,su
ch a
s m
ater
ial b
ans,
man
dato
ry re
cycl
ing,
parti
al o
r ful
l use
r pay
, and
som
e tip
ping
fee
surc
harg
es to
sup
port
initi
ativ
es■
Chan
nel c
ompo
stin
g sy
stem
s or
in-v
esse
lco
mpo
stin
g fo
r foo
d w
aste
s in
larg
e or
urb
an-
com
mun
ities
, whi
ch s
houl
d be
sup
porte
d by
back
yard
com
post
ing
cam
paig
n
■Pr
ivat
e-se
ctor
pro
cess
ing
cont
ract
if re
cycl
able
mat
eria
ls m
ust b
e pr
oces
sed
outs
ide
the
com
-m
unity
(<30
,000
tpy
of re
cycl
able
s), b
ut n
eed
to c
onsi
der e
ffect
on
colle
ctio
n■
Colle
ct p
aint
s th
roug
h si
mpl
e ho
useh
old
faci
lity
and/
or m
obile
HHW
dep
ot s
hare
d w
ith o
ther
com
mun
ities
■Pr
ovid
e or
con
tract
bul
ky w
aste
and
whi
tego
ods
and
char
ge a
fee
■Op
tion
of th
erm
al tr
eatm
ent t
echn
olog
y w
ithec
onom
ies
of s
cale
■St
rong
pro
mot
ion
and
educ
atio
n to
incr
ease
awar
enes
s■
Char
ge a
ll se
lf-ha
ul w
aste
(res
iden
tial a
ndIC
&I)
and
prov
ide
free
recy
clin
g an
d co
mpo
stin
g■
See
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
and
Rev
iew
of W
aste
Tec
hnol
ogie
s)
Opt
ion
C2Is
sys
tem
cos
t th
e hi
ghes
t prio
rity
in th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s?
Yes
Opt
ion
C2 C
onsi
dera
tions
(unl
ikel
y to
ach
ieve
resu
lts w
ithou
t lar
ge in
fusi
on o
f cap
ital)
Opt
ion
C3 C
onsi
dera
tions
Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 67
TASK 7: DEFINE THE INTEGRATED
RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
At the end of the process you should have a list
of technical considerations that best reflects the
needs and characteristics of your community.
Evaluation of the technical considerations must
take into consideration the effect of policy
options. Work through Figure 15 – System
Design Chart to review the selected policy and
technical options and determine their compati-
bility with one another and with the broader
community goals and priorities.
Information RequirementsNone
Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide
(Overview, Section 10)
68 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource
STA
GE
C –
IN
TEG
RA
TED
RE
SO
UR
CE
AN
DW
AS
TEM
AN
AG
EM
EN
TS
YS
TEM
SYS
TEM
DE
SIG
NC
HA
RT
FIG
UR
E15
Yes
No
Do th
e se
lect
ed
polic
ies
and
tech
nolo
gies
su
ppor
t the
bro
ader
com
mun
ity
prio
ritie
s an
d go
als?
Have
you
con
side
red
the
trade
-offs
(e
.g.,
reco
very
vs.
cos
t vs.
qu
ality
of m
ater
ial)?
Do th
e se
lect
ed
polic
ies
and
tech
nolo
gies
su
ppor
t one
ano
ther
?Ye
s
Mod
ify th
e po
licie
s or
tech
nolo
gies
, or
se
t asi
de u
ntil
a fu
ture
dat
e
No
Yes
Take
the
time
to c
onsi
der
Revi
ew S
tage
B o
f thi
s W
orkb
ook
and
Solid
Was
te a
s a
Reso
urce
Gui
de(O
verv
iew
, Sec
tion
10)
No
Revi
sit c
omm
unity
goa
ls a
nd p
riorit
ies,
or
m
odify
the
polic
ies
or te
chno
logi
esId
entif
y te
chno
logi
es to
pur
sue
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Iden
tify
polic
ies
to p
ursu
e
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
G U I D E
F E D E R A T I O N O F C A N A D I A N M U N I C I P A L I T I E S
for Susta inable Communit ies
Solid Wasteas a Resource
Solid Waste as a ResourceTable of Contents i
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Integrated Resource and Waste Management for Sustainable Communities . . . . 7
Understanding Your System and Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Policy and Legislative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Partnership Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Technology Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Energy and Greenhouse Gas Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Financial and Economic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
End-use Market Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Promotion and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Review of Waste Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Policy Options Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Criteria for Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Regulatory Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Economic Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Voluntary Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Strategic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Community Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Review of Waste Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Waste Management System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Thermal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Landfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
The Overview, Review of Waste Policies and Review of Waste Technologies sections each include a detailed
table of contents and a list of tables and figures.
Solid Waste as a ResourceGlossary 261
Glossary
TERM DESCRIPTION
Anaerobic digestion A biological process using microbes to break down organic material
(AD) in the absence of oxygen. Digestion takes place in an enclosed chamber,
where critical environmental conditions (e.g., moisture content,
temperature and pH levels) can be controlled to maximize microbe
generation, gas generation, and waste decomposition rates.
Backyard composting Composting of residential organic materials by a household, usually in
the backyard. Generally considered a method of source reduction.
Buy-back A staffed facility that usually purchases post-consumer recyclable
containers and materials, such as aluminum cans, glass, and newspapers
from the public. May consist of mobile units. They seldom perform
materials processing.
Centralized composting Process using a central facility within a defined area to compost
organic material.
“Clean” recyclable or Material collected in a source-separated program, where contamination
compostable material is minimal.
Commingled Recycling programs where a number of different materials are mixed
together, not collected separately.
Composting A biological process whereby organic matter is decomposed through
microbial activity, in the presence of oxygen, to produce a peat-like
humus.
Container material Recyclable materials used in drink and food containers, typically
plastic, metal and glass.
Contamination Material that is collected as part of a recycling or organics program and
that must be removed before processing or marketing.
Co-collection The collection of recyclables and organics together with municipal
garbage in one truck; separated later for recycling and
composting/digestion or disposal.
262 GlossarySolid Waste as a Resource
Collection The process of picking up waste, recyclables, or compostable material
from a household or business.
Curbside collection Collection of waste, organics, or recyclables from the curb.
Deposit/refund systems Systems to collect fees on items when sold; fees are reimbursed when
the used product is returned.
Disposal bans Regulation prohibiting disposal of materials or products (e.g., yard
waste, or lead-acid batteries) in landfills and/or incinerators; typically
targets items that contribute substantial volume or toxicity to the solid
waste stream.
Drop-off/depot Facilities (staffed or unstaffed) where the public brings recyclable
materials, organics, or garbage for management by the municipality.
Separate drop boxes may be available for different materials, such as
newspaper, glass, or metal.
Fibre Paper materials, such as cardboard, newsprint, and mixed papers.
Flow control Legislation that limits free market access to specific wastes and ensures
their disposal at a particular processing or ultimate disposal facility.
Full cost accounting Assigning all known waste management costs to the waste manage-
ment program, including those shared with other operations or
programs. May also be applied to landfills.
Grasscycling Leaving grass clippings on the lawn and allowing them to decompose
naturally instead of collecting them for composting, digestion, or
disposal.
Hierarchy (for waste) A hierarchical method of solid waste management. The following
practices are ranked in order of preference: source reduction; reuse;
recycling; energy and material recovery; and landfill disposal.
In-vessel composting Composting involving a closed tank or unit with physical controls.
Landfill mining Materials are recovered from a landfill by excavation. Organic matter
may be reused as a daily cover, and material, such as wood, metal,
brick, plastics and glass, may be recovered and recycled.
Solid Waste as a ResourceGlossary 263
Landspreading A procedure whereby organic material is applied directly to land
(usually agricultural) to improve the physical and chemical properties
of soil.
Mandatory separation A regulation requiring waste generators to separate designated
recyclable or compostable materials from the waste stream for recycling.
Market development Policies or measures used by organizations or governments to stimulate
demand for secondary materials (i.e., procurement policies, regulations,
or mandated recycled content).
Material recovery facility A facility that separates and processes source-separated secondary
(MRF) materials (such as glass, metals, plastics, or paper) into marketable
materials.
Mixed MSW Mixed municipal solid waste. The residual waste stream after some
recyclables have been removed.
Mixed-waste processing Through manual or mechanical means, some recyclable material is
removed from waste. The remaining fraction may be used to make a
fuel product, be composted, or both.
Municipal solid waste The controlled decomposition of municipal solid waste, including
composting some form of preprocess to remove non-compostable material.
On-site composting Composting conducted at or near the (generation) source of the
organic material.
Organics The organic fraction of the waste stream, consisting of material that is
biodegradable, typically food, yard waste, and paper.
Processing Preparation of solid waste for sale to markets through such activities
as hand sorting, magnetic and/or mechanical separation or shredding,
composting, or digestion.
Procurement The purchase of goods or services, usually by an organization or
government. Procurement policies or regulations may establish
requirements for purchasing goods that contain a minimum level of
recycled content and/or are recyclable.
Rendering Processing of animal wastes at high temperatures to produce oil, fats,
or animal feed.
264 GlossarySolid Waste as a Resource
Reuse The use of a product, such as a refillable beverage bottle, more than
once, possibly with slight modification.
Source reduction The conservation of materials and energy by preventing the formation
(also waste reduction of wastes such that no treatment, reuse, or disposal is required of
at source) excess or discarded materials. Source reduction is a subset of waste
reduction.
Source separation The separation of materials suitable for recycling or composting from
solid waste at the source of generation (e.g., households, businesses).
Thermal treatment Technologies that process waste using high temperatures to reduce the
quantity of material requiring disposal, stabilize the material requiring
disposal, and recover energy and potentially material resources.
Tipping fee surcharges A surcharge or levy applied on a per-tonne basis to all wastes delivered
to landfill sites, waste-to-energy plants and/or other waste handling
facilities.
User pay Waste collection system whereby generators pay for disposal according
to tonnage or volume of waste produced. User pay systems may result
in a reduction of the amount of solid waste requiring collection and
management.
Variable tipping fees Different fees may be charged at waste recovery, processing, and
disposal facilities based on the particular kind of wastes in a specific
load and/or the extent to which waste has been source-separated.
Vermicomposting Worms digest organic wastes.
Waste composition The various component materials of the waste stream, typically
described as a percentage of the entire waste stream by weight.
Waste diversion The redirection of generated wastes away from disposal through reuse,
recycling, or recovery. It does not include source reduction.
Waste diversion credits Financial incentive provided by municipalities to encourage or to
reward waste diversion based on tonnage diverted from the waste
stream.
Solid Waste as a ResourceGlossary 265
Waste exchange System for transferring waste material from one company to another
that can use it. For example, packaging foam received by one company
can be transferred to a stuffed toy manufacturer for use as stuffing.
Waste minimization Measures or techniques, including plans and directives, that reduce
the amount of wastes for disposal to the greatest degree practical.
(Getting as close to zero waste as practical.) Methods to achieve
minimization include source reduction, reuse, environmentally sound
recycling, and recovery.
Waste reduction The decreasing to some extent of the waste stream, requiring disposal
through source reduction, reuse, recycling, or recovery. It is often
confused with the more limited "source reduction," which deals with
policies and approaches only from the curbside on, not further
upstream.
Waste stream The waste output of a community, region, or facility. Total waste can
be categorized into different waste stream components (e.g., wet
organic waste, construction waste, household hazardous waste, or
white goods).
Wet/dry collection The separation of residential solid waste into at least two components
for collection: wet wastes, which are organic and collected for
composting; and dry wastes, which are sorted at a central facility
where the recyclables are removed for further processing.
Windrow composting Composting process whereby piled organic material is placed in a
series of rows, usually two metres deep. The rows are turned
periodically for natural aeration.
A AD – anaerobic digestion
AMRC – Ontario’s Association of Municipal
Recycling Coordinators
B BEST – Businesses for an Environmentally
Sustainable Tomorrow
BNQ – Le Bureau de normalisation du Québec
BOD – biological oxygen demand
BRBA – Buy Recycled Business Alliance in the U.S.
C CCI – Canada Compost Inc.
CCME – Council of Ministers of the Environment
Cd – cadmium
C&D – construction and demolition
CFCs – chlorofluorocarbons
CNG – compressed natural gas
CO2 – carbon dioxide
D DfE – design for the environment
E eCO2 – equivalent carbon dioxide
ECS – eddy current separators
E-E – Eco-Emballages
EFW – energy from waste
ENGOS – environmental non-profit organizations
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency
EPP – environmentally preferable procurement
EPR – extended producer responsibility
F FCM – Federation of Canadian Municipalities
G GAP – Generally Agreed Principles
GERT – Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading
GFNCR – Greening of Facilities National
Capital Region
GHG – greenhouse gas
GIPPER – Governments Incorporating Procurement
Policies to Eliminate Refuse
GJ– Gigajoule, a measure of energy. A joule is a watt
per second
GMF – Green Municipal Funds
GVRD – Greater Vancouver Regional District
H HCl – hydrochloric acid
HDPE – high density polyethylene
Hg – mercury
HHW or HSW – household hazardous waste
(called household special waste in some provinces)
HRM – Halifax Regional Municipality
I IC&I – industrial, commercial and institutional
IWM – integrated waste management
L LCA – life cycle analysis
LFG – landfill gas
M MRF – material recovery facilities
MSW – municipal solid waste
MTCE – metric tonnes of carbon equivalent
N NaPP – National Packaging Protocol
NIR – near infrared
NORA – Northern Ontario Recycling Association
NRC – National Recycling Coalition
NOx – nitrogen oxides
O OCC – old corrugated cardboard
ONP – old newspapers
OMG – old magazines
P PAYT – pay-as-you-throw
Pb – lead
PET – polyethylene terephthalate
P&E – promotion and education
PERT – Pilot Emissions Reduction Trading Project
PROs – Producer Responsibility Organizations
PM – particulate matter
R RDF – refuse derived fuel
RMDZ – recycling market development zones
RRFB – Nova Scotia Resource Recovery Fund Board
RRQ – Reseau des Ressourceries du Quebec
S SOx – sulphur oxides
SSO – source-separated organics
SUBBOR – Super Blue Box Recycling Corporation
SDS – sustainable development strategies
SWICO – Swiss Association for Information,
Communication and Organization
V VOCs – volatile organic compounds
W WRAC – Ontario Waste Reduction Advisory
Committee
Acronyms
Solid Waste as a ResourceAcronyms 267