work study.pptx

7/27/2019 work study.pptx

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PRODUCTION AND

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

DESIGN OF WORK SYSTEMS


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Work Study-Method Study and Work

Measurement

Work study method was developed to improve performance

of a given work. Work study is the body of knowledge concerned with

analysis of the work methods, and the standard of proposedwork methods.

Objective of work study is to improve operational

efficiency. The purpose of work study is to determine the best or most

effective method of accomplishing a necessary operation.


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Relationship of Time and Motion Study to

Work Study

Time study and motion study are results of

practices developed by F.W. Taylor, Frank andLillian Gilbreth.

Time study: Exercising control over the output inrespect of a job by setting standards for

performance. Time study may be used to compare the

effectiveness of alternative work methods.


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Steps Involved in Work Study


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Method Study or Methods Analysis

Method study is also known as methods

improvement.

Prime objectives of method study is to eliminate

wasteful and inefficient motions.


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Recording Techniques Used in Method

Study Process Charts used in Method Study1. Outline process chart

2. Flow process charts

3. Two handed process chart

4. Multiple activity chart5. String diagram


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Motion StudyMotion study is the science of eliminating

wastefulness resulting from using unnecessary; ill-directed and inefficient motion. The aim of motionstudy is to find and perpetuate the scheme of leastwaste methods of labour.

Micro motion study provides a valuable technique formaking minute analysis of those operations that are

short in cycle, contain rapid movements and involvehigh production over a long period of time.

Micro-motions are also known as Therbligs.


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Principles of Motion Economy

Principles of motion economy are divided into

three groups.

a. Effective use of the operator

b. Arrangement of the workplace

c. Tools and equipment


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Qualified Worker

"A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having the

necessary physical attributes, possessing the required

intelligence and education and having acquired thenecessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in

hand to satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and

quality"


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Techniques of Work Measurement

The main techniques used to measure work are:

1. Direct Time Study.

2. Synthesis Method.

3. Analytical Estimating.

4. Pre determined Motion Time System (PMTS).

5. Work sampling or Activity Sampling or RatioDelay Method.


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Steps in Work Measurement

Work measurement involves seven steps.1. Break the job into elements

2. Record the observed time for each element by means of either timestudy, synthesis or analytical estimating.

3. Establish elemental time values by extending observed time into

normal time for each element by applying a rating factor.4. Assess relaxation allowance for personal needs and physical and

mental fatigue involved in carrying out each element.

5. Add the relaxation allowance time to the normal time for eachelement to arrive at the work content.

6.Determine the frequency of occurrences of each element in the job,multiply the work content of each element by its frequency (i.e.,number of time the element occurs in the job) and add up the timesto arrive at the work content for the job.

7. Add contingency allowance if any to arrive at the standard time todo the job.


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1. TIME STUDY

Time study is concerned with the determination of the

amount of time required to perform a unit of work.

Objective of time study is to establish the standard time. Time study by stop watch: The steps involved are

1. Select the job to be studied

2. Select the worker to be studied

3. Conducting stop watch time study


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2. SYNTHESIS METHOD

Synthesis Method: Building up the time required to do ajob at a defined level of performance.3. ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING

Analytical Estimating: Used to determine the timevalues for jobs having long and non-repetitiveoperations.

4. PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEM(PMTS)PMTS: Normal times are established for basic humanmotions.

5. WORK SAMPLING OR ACTIVITY SAMPLING OR

RATIO-DELAY METHODWork sampling helps determine allowances for inclusionin standard times.


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The work sampling study consists of essentially the following steps:

1. Determine the objective of the study, including definitions ofthe states of activity to be observed.

2. Plan the sampling procedure including:

(a) An estimate of the percentage of time being devoted to eachphase of the activity.

(b) The setting of accuracy limits.

(c) An estimation of the number of observations required.

(d) The selection of the length of the study period and theprogramming of the number of readings over this period.

(e) The establishment of the mechanics of making the

observations, the route to follow and the recording of data.3. Collect the data as planned.

4. Process the data and present the results.


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Productivity and Employees

Production refers to the total output.

Productivity: The amount of goods and servicesproduced with resources used.


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Output in a given period

Partial productivity: Output in a given period divided

by labors hours used in the period.

Labour hours used in the periodPartial productivity =

Total productivity =

Output in a given period

Labour + Capital + Materials + Energy usedin the same period


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Labour Productivity

There are three ways of measuring labourproductivity.

Ways of Improving ProductivityUnderstanding the factors that influence therelationship between output and input.

work study.pptx

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