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Word senses
Adam KilgarriffLexical Computing Ltd
Lexicography MasterClass LtdUniversities of Leeds, Sussex
Madrid 2010 Kilgarriff: Word senses 2
What is a word sense?
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Preliminaries
What is language? What is meaning?
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What is language?
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What is language? In our heads
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What is language? In our heads In texts and sound signals
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What is language? In our heads In texts and sound signals Both
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Methodology Study language in our heads
Introspection Semantic analysis Experiments with human subjects
“rationalist” (Leibniz, Chomsky) Problems: coverage, arbitrariness
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Methodology Study text
“empiricist” (Locke, Hume)
Physics: forces, matter Chemistry: chemicals, bonds Language: text, speech
signals
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It goes against the grain
What is important about a sentence? its meaning
Corpus methodology: Throw away individual sentence
meaning Find patterns
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Empiricist linguistics A new way to find out about
language 15 years of rapid ascent
Computers Corpora
bigger and bigger data sets available Language technology tools
lemmatizers, POS-taggers, parsers, machine learning for pattern finding
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Rationalists vs empiricists in the age of the web
semantic web vs Google?
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What are you?
Temperament
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What is meaning?
Fregean Gricean
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Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) Founder of modern logic Truth values
The sentence “grass is green” is true if and only if grass is green (Tarski)
Meanings of words, phrases are such that:
Put them together in a sentence State basic facts Sentence computes to ‘true’ if sentence is
true, ‘false’ if it is false
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Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
Formal semantics Sparkling analyses for quantifiers,
connectives Montague semantics
Foundations for maths, databases, ontologies …
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H. P. Grice (1913-1988)
An agent means something by an utterance if and only if they intended the utterance to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention.
Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind, http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca
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Meaning is something you do
Basis of meaning is Meaning event Speaker’s intention Speaker’s expectation of
interpretation of hearer (messy, hard)
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Relevance to word senses
Fregean Supports reasoning Builds on well-defined word-meanings
Identifying word meanings: can’t help Fall back on Grice
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Fauconnier and Turner
“linguistics expressions prompt for meanings rather than express meanings”
(AK chapter, Agirre and Edmonds WSD book)
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Preliminaries over
What is a word sense
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The lexicographers
They create them Methods
Introspection Other dictionaries Corpus
Atkins, Hanks, Krishnamurthy
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What is a word sense (1)
SFIP Sufficiently frequent insufficiently
predictable (a glass of) whisky x (a glass of) tequila
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What is a word sense (2)
homonymy
analogy polysemy rules
collocation
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What is a word sense (3)
A cluster Of instances of use
Operationalised as: corpus lines Clustered by lexicographers
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What is a word sense (3)
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What is a word sense (3)
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What is a word sense (3)
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What is a word sense (3)
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What is a word sense (3) A cluster
Of instances of use Operationalised as: corpus lines
Clustered by lexicographers Makes sense of
Overlapping senses Different dictionaries, different senses Lumping and splitting
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Exercise
Find the senses for the concordance Use mnemonics for senses Note problems for discussion